Bobby Fischer 1 Bobby Fischer

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Bobby Fischer 1 Bobby Fischer Bobby Fischer 1 Bobby Fischer Bobby Fischer Bobby Fischer Olimpiada de Leipzig en 1960. Nombre Robert James Fischer Nacimiento 9 de marzo de 1943 Estados Unidos, Chicago Fallecimiento 17 de enero de 2008, 64 años Islandia, Reikiavik Nacionalidad estadounidense-islandés Otros nombres Bobby Ocupación Ajedrecista Padres Regina Wender Hans Gerhardt Fischer Robert James Fischer, más conocido como Bobby Fischer (* Chicago, Illinois, Estados Unidos, 9 de marzo de 1943 - Reikiavik, Islandia, 17 de enero de 2008[1]), fue un gran maestro de ajedrez, campeón mundial entre 1972 y 1975. Obtuvo el título máximo del ajedrez mundial al vencer al soviético Borís Spassky en el denominado «match del siglo». De origen estadounidense, poseía la nacionalidad islandesa y se consideraba refugiado político, perseguido por traición en su país natal. Primeros años Aunque se le reconoce como niño prodigio, Bobby Fischer no fue estrictamente uno, como José Raúl Capablanca, Samuel Reshevsky o Arturo Pomar. Su desarrollo al principio fue más bien lento. Hasta los trece años no comenzó a despuntar como un jugador de capacidad superior; antes de esa edad no se apreciaban en sus resultados y su calidad de juego signos de genialidad. Es exacta la aseveración del árbitro internacional español Pablo Morán en el sentido de que "Como niño prodigio no fue muy brillante; en cambio, como adolescente prodigio no ha tenido parangón en la historia del ajedrez".[2] Fue hijo de la enfermera suiza Regina Wender y del físico de origen alemán Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, aunque existe controversia respecto de si este último fue el verdadero padre biológico de Bobby, pues Regina y Hans-Gerhardt no vivían juntos desde 1939.[3] En cualquier caso, la pareja no obtuvo el divorcio hasta 1945, cuando Fischer tenía dos años, quedando con su hermana Joan al cuidado de su madre. En 1949, la familia se trasladó a Nueva York, a un pequeño apartamento en Brooklyn. Fischer aprendió a jugar ajedrez por sí mismo, a partir de las instrucciones que venían en un estuche con diversos juegos que le regaló su hermana. En enero de 1951, gracias a un anuncio en el periódico, Fischer participó en una sesión de simultáneas contra el maestro Max Pavey; esa fue su primera aparición pública como ajedrecista, y aunque perdió, según confesión propia, le sirvió de estímulo para seguir estudiando. El presidente del Brooklyn Chess Club, Carmine Nigro, fue su mentor de ajedrez, quien le enseñó los fundamentos de Bobby Fischer 2 la estrategia y lo introdujo en el mundo del ajedrez de competición. En 1955 ingresó al Manhattan Chess Club y participó por primera vez en el Campeonato Junior de Estados Unidos, finalizando en décimo lugar. Un año después, en Filadelfia, conquistaría el título juvenil, ganando ocho partidas, empatando una y perdiendo otra. Poco después de esta victoria, Fischer abandonó la Erasmus Hall High School para dedicarse por completo al ajedrez. Sus profesores lo recordaban como un muchacho difícil, aunque su coeficiente intelectual, el mismo de Albert Einstein según las pruebas,[4] rebasaba los 180 puntos. En 1956, John W. Collins, que había sido tutor de otros jugadores sobresalientes, como Robert Byrne y William Lombardy, le aceptó como alumno. En algunas ocasiones se ha descrito a Collins como una figura paterna para Fischer. Sobre su partida con D. Byrne, conocida por algunos como la "partida del siglo", el doctor Max Euwe, campéon del mundo entre 1935 y 1937, comentó: "que un renombrado Maestro se confíe demasiado ante un jugador joven en pleno progreso, y sufra por ello una seria derrota, no Bobby Fischer sonriendo en una partida contra tiene en sí nada de particular, y en la historia del ajedrez se registran John Collins (c. 1958). bastantes ejemplos. Mas lo que no sucede todos los días es que un escolar de trece años supere francamente en la combinación a uno de los mejores jugadores de América. Las combinaciones de Fischer no son particularmente profundas, mas tampoco evidentes".[5] Ajedrez profesional Su carrera coincide con el encumbramiento de la escuela soviética del ajedrez que, subvencionada gubernamentalmente, dominó la disciplina de 1948 a 1972. El campeonato de Estados Unidos de 1957 tenía para la FIDE, en el sistema de candidatos al título mundial, categoría zonal. Bobby Fischer, que había terminado noveno en la edición anterior, campeón juvenil de Norteamérica, se alzó con el primer lugar, calificándose al Torneo Interzonal de Portoroz del año siguiente, en el que se clasificaría sexto. Un resultado magnífico que le permitió acceder al torneo de Candidatos, y obtener de forma automática el título de Gran Maestro. Muchos jugadores han superado desde entonces el récord de precocidad de Fischer al obtener el máximo título (15 años, 6 meses, 1 día), cabe señalar, sin embargo, que el estadounidense lo alcanzó con recursos muy limitados, en una época en la que la información ajedrecística, particularmente la que llegaba a Estados Unidos, era mínima y en muchos casos obsoleta, sin entrenadores, como los jugadores soviéticos que recibían apoyo oficial, y sin el auxilio de potentes programas de juego y bases de datos como acostumbran los jugadores actuales. Debieron pasar treinta y tres años para que la húngara Judit Polgár estableciera una nueva marca. Bobby Fischer 3 Donald Byrne vs Bobby Fischer, Nueva York, 1956. Posición después de 16... Ae6. Disputó nueve veces el Torneo Rosenwald de Nueva York, en el que se dirimía el campeonato de Estados Unidos. En su primera participación sólo pudo ganar un par de partidas, aunque una de ellas, su victoria ante Donald Byrne, lo proyectó a la fama internacional pues se publicó en revistas especializadas prácticamente de todo el mundo. En dicho juego Fischer ligó varias combinaciones brillantes que lo condujeron a dar mate a su rival, aún más sorprendentes si se toma en cuenta que apenas contaba con trece años de edad. En sus restantes ocho apariciones obtuvo el título nacional con al menos un punto de ventaja sobre el segundo lugar. En la edición de 1963, además, logró la proeza de coronarse campeón triunfando en todas las partidas, una hazaña jamás repetida, pues participaban en el certamen leyendas del ajedrez occidental como Samuel Reshevsky, Larry Evans, Pal Benko y Robert Byrne. Olimpiadas de Ajedrez Robert Fischer acudió a cuatro Olimpiadas de ajedrez con el equipo de Estados Unidos. En todas ellas consiguió resultados sobresalientes, incluyendo dos medallas de plata y una de bronce defendiendo el primer tablero de su país. Sus enfrentamientos contra el equipo soviético, cuyo primer tablero generalmente ocupaba el campeón del mundo, produjeron partidas extraordinarias que recogen las antologías. En Leipzig, en 1960, empató espectacularmente con Mijaíl Tal; al término del juego, Fischer le dijo con sorna al campeón: "no juega usted mal", a lo que Tal respondió: "es la primera vez que usted lo reconoce, y si me hubiera ganado afirmaría que jugué como un genio".[6] En Varna, dos años después, se encontraría con el legendario Mijaíl Botvinnik al que dominó durante toda la partida, aunque éste salvaría el empate gracias al análisis en el aplazamiento de sus compañeros de equipo, especialmente de Efim Geller, alcanzando un final de tablas teóricas en desventaja material. En la Olimpiada de La Habana, la Unión Soviética reservó al campéon Petrosián, y Fischer tuvo que jugar con el subcampeón Borís Spaski con quien firmaría el empate después de cincuenta y siete movimientos de una Apertura Española o Ruy López. En su última presentación "olímpica", en Siegen, Alemania, Spassky, ya como campeón mundial, derrotaría brillantemente al gran maestro de Brooklyn. Fischer en total ganó cuarenta partidas, empató dieciocho y perdió siete en la máxima competición por equipos del ajedrez, con un porcentaje de efectividad de 75,4 por ciento. Torneos Internacionales El campeonato del mundo, aún con su enorme talento y dedicación al juego, habría de esperar algunos años. En 1959, en Yugoslavia, terminó en un discreto sexto lugar, empatado en puntos con el local Svetozar Gligorić. En 1962, triunfó en el Interzonal de Estocolomo, con dos puntos de ventaja sobre Geller y Petrosián, quien se coronaría campéon del mundo un año después. En el Torneo de Candidatos de Curazao, sin embargo, Fischer terminaría sorprendentemente en un lejano cuarto lugar, detrás de Petrosián, Keres y Geller, y denunciaría en un artículo de revista que los soviéticos jugaban en equipo, asistiéndose, y haciendo tablas fáciles entre ellos para repartirse los puntos y no cansarse, a efecto de asegurar que ningún jugador occidental ganara el torneo. Las acusaciones de Fischer desde luego no pudieron probarse, pero poco después la FIDE cambiaría las reglas del campeonato del mundo, sustituyendo el sistema del torneo de candidatos por el de los enfrentamientos individuales. Fischer se retiró temporalmente del ajedrez profesional algunos meses entre 1964 y 1965, dedicado a dar exhibiciones, y no participó en el ciclo de candidatos que culminó con la partida entre Tigran Petrosián y Boris Spassky en 1966, ni acudió a la Olimpiada de Tel Aviv. En 1967, no obstante, se presentaría al Interzonal de Sousse Bobby Fischer 4 en una nueva acometida por el título mundial. Después de diez rondas, Fischer encabezaba la clasificación con un récord impresionante de siete victorias y tres empates, cuando decidió intempestivamente abandonar el torneo, aduciendo un calendario cargado. La crítica de Fischer parecía injusta pues el torneo se había estructurado, entre otras cosas, para respetar los días de descanso
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