E-Magazine

Interactive E-Magazine Volume 2 • Issue 4 July/August 2011

Famous Artists and Chess Part #2

Child Prodigies

The Art of Sacrificing

Reuben Fine Chess Scandals White Review Chess E-Magazine

Table of Contents

contents EDITORIAL- “My Move” 3

4 ARTICLE- Chess Prodigies INTERACTIVE CONTENT FEATURE- Players, Spies & Codebreakers 6

______BIOGRAPHY- 11 • Click on title in Table of Contents BEGINNER’S CORNER-“The Art of ” 14 to move directly to Understanding when & how to sacrifice page.

• Click on “White 16 Knight Review” on HUMOR- Chess Players Nicknames the top of each page to return to NEWS - Chess News around the World 17 Table of Contents. • Click on red type to continue to next FEATURE- Famous Artists and Chess” 18 page Part #2 • Click on ads to go to their websites BOOK REVIEW-“Lessons with a ” 26 • Click on email to byBoris Gulko & Joel Sneed open up email program FEATURE- Chess Scandals 28 • Click up URLs to go to ANNOTATED GAME -Spassky – Alex 30 websites. Avtonomov 31 COMMENTARY- “Ask Bill”

July August 2011 White Knight Review July/August 2011

My Move [email protected] editorial -Jerry Wall Chess is no doubt a game of intrigue. It has a certain mystic about it unlike other playful games. Perhaps its the strategy, the thinking, the foresight that gives chess it’s allure. Perhaps its the combativeness, the rivalry, White Knight the drive for an advantage or competitive edge that pins man to man into Review dogged intellectual warfare. Chess E-Magazine Chess, often reflects the reality of life, good against bad, one side against another, the heroes against the villains, the white hat cowboys against Executive Editor/Writer the black hat desperadoes or even spy vs spy. Bill Wall In this issue of WHITE KNIGHT REVIEW we [email protected] take a look at the sorted side of chess. Bill has written about scandals, cheaters and scallywags in his article on Chess scandals. Then we take a look Publisher /Editor/ Creative at how chess players have gotten involved in Director covert affairs, the spy game and even code Gerald Wall breaking during war eras. [email protected] Chess has produced some definitely intriguing characters. But it’s not all bad. We also have an article on Child prodigies in Chess. Yes there are Production/ Marketing many Goons of chess but we also have to make Steve Wall room for the Gifted in chess. Some children [email protected] seemed to grasp the complexities and nuances of chess at a very early age. We are fascinated when we see a young pup wiping out many competitors For Subscription in a and later in life [email protected] become giants at the game.

I hope you enjoy all the intrigue! For Advertising Rates [email protected]

Jerry Wall © Copyright 2011 Editor All Rights Reserved. Let us know what you think of the magazine. Perhaps you have Unauthorized reproduction, some suggestions for future articles or have other comments. in any manner is prohibited Let us know and drop me a line at: without expressed permission [email protected] from the Author or Editor.

www.offthewallchess.com

3 White Knight Review July/August 2011 Jerry Wall

Chess prodigies are children master at the age of 10. Fischer’s record by becoming a world championship candidate at 15 years and who play chess so well that (born in 1984) learned one month. He later became the world’s they beat chess masters and/ chess at the age of 6. At 10 years and highest rated chess player. He learned or have become chess masters 176 days, Bhat became the youngest U.S. chess at the age of 8 and becam an themselves. Here is a list of master, breaking the record previously International Master at the age of 13. held by Jordy Mont-Reynaud (later some of the prodigies in chess: broken by ). At age of (born in the ------15 years and 10 months, he became an USA) became a GM at the age of 14 years, International Master, at the time the 11 months. Michael Adams (born in 1971) youngest ever in U.S. history. became an International Master (IM) at of became a GM at the age 15 and grandmaster at age 17. of (born in 1985) age of 14 years, 2 months. became a grandmaster at the age of 13 learned the years, 10 months in 1999 and was the became a grandmaster game of chess at age seven. At 16, he won World-Under 14 chess champion. at the age of 15 years, 6 months. He the All Russian Amateur Tournament was the U.S. Open and the U.S. Closed and became ’s youngest master. He Former world champion Jose Champion at age 14. He learned chess was playing at grandmaster strength by Capablanca (1888-1942) was a chess at 6 and played in his first rated chess age 18. prodigy who was beating strong adult tournament at age 12. At 13, he won the opponents at the age of 12. He learned U.S. Championship and became Viswanathan (Vishy) Anand became the game at age four by watching his America’s youngest master. ’s first Grandmaster at the age of 18. father play, and was one of the strongest players in Cuba in his early teens. He beat Former world woman champion Nona Etienne Bacrot of became his country’s chess champion in a match Gaprindashvili learned at age five after a grandmaster at the age of 14 years, 2 when he was 12. watching her five chess-playing brothers. months in 1997, at the time, the youngest She won the world’s women chess GM in the world. He started playing of (born championship when she was 21. chess at 4. He won the French Junior in 1990) became the second youngest championship at age 10 and was the GM (behind Karjakin) ever at the age of became India’s youngest FIDE (world chess federation) 13 years, 4 months. In 2005, he broke youngest GM at age 15. 4 White Knight Review July/August 2011

Hou Yifan, a girl from China, became he was the Cadet (Under 16) In 2001, , became a GM at the age of 14 years, 6 months. Champion. the world’s youngest Grandmaster at the She is the youngest female GM in history. age of 14 years and 14 days. He comes (1837-1884) was a chess from , the same home town of Gary In 2007, David Howell became the prodigy who was beating strong adult Kasparov. At the age of 12, he was the youngest GM in UK history at 16 years opponents at the age of 12. He beat world-under 18 chess champion. At the and one month. Johann Lowenthal, one of the top players age of 15, he was ranked as one of the top in the world, 3-0 at the age of 12. 100 chess players in the world. In 2004, (born in 1974) was he took 3rd place at the FIDE World rated 2650 at the age of 16. He won the Hikaru Nakamura (born in 1987) Championship in Tripoli. He also learned Soviet under-20 championship twice became the youngest master in the USA at the game at the age of 4. before he was 16. At the age of 12, he the age of 10 years, 79 days in 1998 (since defeated veteran GM broken by Nicholas Nip). He became Alejandro Ramirez became a GM in a tournament game. At the time, America’s youngest International Master at 15 and was the first GM ever from he was the youngest person to beat a at the age of 13. In 2003, he became Central America. grandmaster. America’s youngest GM at 15 years, 2 months. In 2004, at the age of 17, he won Richard Rapport of became (pronounced the U.S. Championship, the youngest a GM at the age of 13 years, 11 months. car-yack-kin) of the became since Fischer. a grandmaster at 12 years, 7 months (1911-1992) was in 2002. He was the world’s youngest of India became a giving simultaneous chess exhibitions grandmaster. He won the World GM at the age of 13 years, 4 months. at the age of six. He learned how to Under-12 Championship. play chess at the age of 4. By the age In 2008, 9-year-old Nicholas Nip (born of 6, he was giving simultaneous chess (born in 1951) March 10, 1998) is the youngest master exhibitions. By the age of 8, he was became a GM at age 19. He learned chess ever in the United States. He broke the defeating some of the country’s most at the age of 4. By the age of 15, he was a record for the youngest USCF Master prominent chess players. He came to the Soviet chess master. He won the World at the age of 9 years, 11 months and 26 United States at the age of 9. His first Junior Championship at age 18 and days. He first learned to play chess in simultaneous exhibition was with 20 became the world’s youngest GM in 1970 kindergarten. officers and cadets at the Army Military at the age of 19. Academy at West Point. He won 19 Former world champion Tigran games and drew one. His family then became a GM at 17 Petrosian learned the moves at age eight. took him on tour of the United States. and was world champion at age 22. When his parents died when he was The 9-year-old played over 1,500 games 16, he found consolation in chess and and only lost 8 games. Humpy Koneru of India became a soon began to win tournaments. He was GM at the age of 15 years, 1 month. She playing grandmaster strenght by age 20. of the United States started playing chess at age 5. She won became a GM at the age of 14 years, 11 four world championship titles, including The Polgar sisters (Susan, Sofia, and months. World Girls Under-10, Under-12, Judit) were all chess prodigies. Judit Under-14, and World Girls Junior Polgar became a men’s Grandmaster at In 2010, (born Championships. the age of 15 years, 4 months. She was an December 26, 2000) became the youngest International Master at age 11, younger National Master in USCF history at the of Hungary became a than Fischer and Kasparov. At the age of age of 9 years, 11 months and 23 days. He grandmaster at the age of 14 years, 4 13, she was World Under-14 Champion beat Nicholas Nip’s record by 3 days. months in 1994. He was an International and the world’s highest rated female. In Master at age 12. In 1996, he was the 1988, she became the first woman in tied for 1st in the British World Under-16 champion. history to win the US Open. In 2003, she Championship at age 14. was one of the top 10 chess players in the Luke McShane won the World world. Former world champion Vasily Under-10 Chess Championship at the age Smyslov learned the game at six by of 8. played in the Spanish studying chess books in his father’s Chess Championship at the age of 10 and library Henrique Mecking of Brazil became a master at age 13. He drew world learned the game at 6 and was giving champion Alexander Alekhine when he of the became a simultaneous displays at age 9. He won was 13. GM at the age of 14 years, 1 month. the Brazilian championship at age 13. He became an International Master at 15. of the Ukraine was a became a grandmaster at the age of 14 who became the world’s youngest Jordy Mont-Reynaud (born August years, 17 days in 1997. At the age of 10, he grandmaster in 1955 at the age of 18. 16, 1983) became America’s youngest won the World Under-12 Championship. Spassky learned the game of chess at age master at the time at age 10 years and At the age of 12, he won the European 5. By age 18 he had won the World Junior 209 days in 1994. In 1992, he was the Under-18 Championship. In 2002, he Championship, took 3rd place in the National Primary (K-3) Champion. For became the youngest FIDE champion ever USSR Championship, and qualified as a his successful early career, he was asked at the age of 18. Candidate for the World Championship. to play the starring role of Josh Waitzkin in the 1993 movie Searching for Bobby became a U.S. master learned chess at Fischer, but refused the offer. In 1994, he at age 11 years and 10 months. the age of 8. He won the Latvian was the National K-8 Champion. In 1999, championship at the age of 12.

5 White Knight Review July/August 2011

6 White Knight Review July/August 2011 The GCCS was directed by Chess Players, Spies & Codebreakers Commander Alastair Den- By Bill Wall a chess game with the Russian niston, who was convinced of player Mikhail Chigorin by the inevitability of war with Many Chess players certainly cable using abbreviated code . His mission was to were men of intrigue and many for the chess moves. Shortly decode the German ENIGMA were somewhat nefarious but afterward, the New York po- (pictured) messages. The did you know many chess play- lice arrested Stein- team created the world’s first ers were involved in espionage? itz as a Russian spy. electronic computer It only seems natural that a They assumed that (COLOSSUS), thinking man with interna- the chess code being which was kept se- tional ties could easily be a spy sent over cable was a cret until the 1970s. or codebreaker. secret spy code. The Denniston believed .. / .-.. --- ...- . / -.-...... incident was later that chess players cleared up. had an aptitude During the Civil War, there for cryptanalysis were rumors that Paul Mor- In 1919, Alexander and tried to recruit phy was working for General Alekhine was sus- chess players and P.G.T. Beauregarde as a con- pected of being a spy mathematicians. federate spy. and was arrested by Sir Philip Stu- the Cheka. art Milner-Berry In 1870, Joseph Henry He spent two weeks (1906-1995) was Blackburne was placed under in the Odessa death a strong interna- house-arrest overnight as a cell. He was released tional chess player suspected spy while playing when the authorities and was hired to in the Baden-Baden chess realized that he was a be a code breaker tournament. It was during the famous chess player. when World War II broke out. outbreak of the Franco-Prus- Milner-Berry was the first to sian War and the authorities In August 1939, the British be recruited by . thought that Blackburne was a Government Code and Cy- He then recruited Hugh Alex- Frnech spy after sending some pher School (GCCS) moved ander and . chess moves in the mail. to Bletchley Park (B.P.) in Milner-Berry was head of Buckinghamshire, and became “Hut 6,” a section responsible In 1891, world champion known as the Golf Club and for deciphering messages William Steinitz was playing Chess Society. The Bletchley which had been encrypted Park grounds were fenced using the German enigma in and huts were completed machine. Milner-Berry ex- for cryptographers to work pressed the intensity of code- in. The guards were told breaking in terms of chess. their purpose was to keep the “It was rather like playing a “inmates” of this purported tournament game (sometimes lunatic asylum from wander- several games) every day for ing away. Bletchley Park was five and a half years.” chosen because it was half- way between Cambridge and One of the members of the Oxford, the two universities Golf Club and Chess Society that would serve as the pri- was Jack Good (1916-2009). mary sources of cryptoanalytic He was considered a math- trainees. Bletchley Park was ematical genius and the Cam- built to appear as a hospital to bridgeshire chess champion. William Steinitz deter bombing. He was later the technical and 7 Continue White Knight Review July/August 2011

Chess Players, Spies & Codebreakers Continued scientific advisor for Stanley Kubrick for the film 2001: A Space Odyssey. Good was recruited by Hugh Alexan- der, the reigning British chess champion (British champion in 1938 and 1956), to work at Bletchley Park. Good found himself working for Alan Tur- ing deciphering German naval codes. Good and Turing also worked together in Manches- ter on the first ever computer Bletchley Park- Home of many Codebreakers controlled by an internally stored program. Bletchley included Donald Soviet chess master Georgy Michie, who later became in- Schneiderman-Stepanov was Harry Golombek, another volved in artificial intelligence shot just after World War II top British chess player, was and chess computers. began by the Soviets. He was hired to work at Bletchley Park shot on suspicion as a code breaker. Golombek, Shaun Wylie of being a Ger- Alexander, and Miler-Berry was another strong man spy only all abandoned the 1939 Chess chess player and because there was Olympiad in to mathematician that a German general return to Britain and became worked at Bletchley named Schnei- code breakers. Park. derman.

In view of the During World chess talent at War II, one of the Bletchley Park, top Swedish code newcomers were breakers was Ake advised not to play Lundqvist (1913- chess for money 2000), a strong with any of the staff. Shaun Wylie chess player. He later became a In December 1944, the grand- Bletchley Chess Society played master and was Swedish corre- a chess match with Oxford spondence champion in 1945. University and won the match He played in three world cor- 8-4. C.H.O’D Alexander respondence championships, played board 1 and Harry placing as high as 3rd place. Harry Golumbek An- Golombek played board 2. other During World War II inter- chess player hired to work cepted communiqués called at Bletchley Park was James In the United States, Reu- the Venona files were used to McRae Aitken, 10-time Scot- ben Fine, one of America’s find a pattern of espionage and tish chess champion. He top chess players, worked for betrayal in the United States. worked in Hut 6. the Navy plotting out possible One of the agents, who was enemy submarine (U boats) later arrested in 1944, was a Another chess player at routes. chess player who’s cover name 8 White Knight Review July/August 2011

Chess Players, Spies & Codebreakers Continued was Chess Knight. He was a of communicating during the In 1958, the FBI was worried KGB officer in City. Cold War. He also said the that the Russians were go- VENONA first revealed the Russians in particular favored ing to recruit Bobby Fischer existence of Soviet espionage using chess as a method of when he made a trip to Mos- at Los Alamos, communicating. It was their cow that year. FBI agents great national pastime and did a complete background During World War on him and his II, international chess family, even posing games by mail were During World War II, international as student journalists stopped. Both the chess games by mail were stopped. to get more informa- USA and the United Both the USA and the United - tion. The read Regina Kingdom had an Of- dom had an Office of Censorship Fischer’s mail, quizzed fice of Censorship that that banned chess by mail... here neighbors, and banned chess by mail even studied all her and even extracted cancelled checks to see crossword puzzles from letters information would often be if she was getting money from which could have concealed a disguised as chess moves. the Soviets. secret message. Postal chess was not allowed between civil- In a KGB handbook, a sec- In Washington, D.C. dur- ians and servicemen. tion described how to use ing the 1960s and 1970s, the chess moves when commu- Soviet embassy had a resident During World War II, the nicating. For example, one chess expert on staff that was Japanese confiscated chess move could ascertain what later identified as a KGB agent. books from prisoners, think- was happening and another He was Lev Zaitsev, the Soviet ing they were military code. could give instructions. cultural attache, a chess expert Agents would be trained to and a KGB colonel. He had understand chess moves. been assigned to the Soviet embassy in Ottawa, Canada Grandmaster Yuri Aver- and in Washington, DC bakh said that from the 1950s through 1960s a KGB officer always accompanied chess players who played outside the USSR, including the Interzon- als and Candidates tourna- ments. Chess player Claude Blood- good claimed to have been a Nazi spy during World War II. After the war, Cold War spies in Germany sent post- cards back to MI5 contain- Anatoly Karpov ing coded messages written in cryptic text base around a In the 1970s, V.D. Ba- series of postal chess games. turinsky, head of the Soviet Gordon Thomas, historian for delegation for Karpov in his MI5 and MI6, said that chess world championship matches, moves were a common way was a KGB colonel. Another 9 Continue White Knight Review July/August 2011

Chess Players, Spies & Codebreakers Continued KGB agent, Vladimir Pich- in the hall trying to hypnotize Garry Kasparov’s former tchenko, followed Karpov on him. There were KGB agents coach. Alexander Nikitin all his foreign trips. at the event as well as Viktor records that KGB Lt. Colonel Bubnov, who was from the Viktor Litvinov always In the 1970s, preventing Soviet military intelligence, accompanied Kasparov when dissident Soviet chess players the GRU, and had differ- he played outside the Soviet from winning matches and ent priorities because of the Union. tournaments was a priority of NATO and American bases at KGB foreign operations. Iceland. In 2008, Roustan Kamsky, father of Gata Kamsky, wrote In 1972, After Bobby Fischer won an article on how the KGB the Soviets the world chess champion- influenced the world of chess accused the ship in 1972, he stated that and politics thru advertising CIA of bug- he feared assassination by the and the press. ging Boris KGB, which was one of the Spassky’s reasons why he refused to play In 2009, a book was pub- chair during chess after his match with Bo- lished in Russia called The the Fischer- ris Spassky. KGB Plays Chess. The authors Spassky are a Russian-American histo- In 1979, Grandmaster Lev rian, a former KGB lieutenant match in Iceland. Both chairs Alburt defected from the colonel, , and were later X-rayed and no USSR. Speaking at Harvard’s Boris Gulko. The book de- electronic bugs were found. Russian Research Center, scribes the interferences of the During the world champion- Alburt said some Soviet Russian KGB in the course ship match, Fischer com- grandmasters were “used as of world chess. plained that KGB men were KGB infiltrators.”

Mobile Chess? Move In Motion

10 White Knight Review July/August 2011 RUEBEN fINE uben Fine was born in 1931 he was regularly win- New York on October ning blitz chess tournaments 11, 1914, into a Russian- in New York. He later played RJewish family who had emi- chess for money at a conces- grated to the United States in sion in Coney Island to sup- the early 20th century. His plement the family income. father abandoned the fam- In 1931, at age 16, he took ily when Reuben was 2 and 2nd place in the New York he learned how to play chess State Championship, behind from his uncle at the age of 8. , held in Rome, He later became member of New York. He then won the the Marshall and 15th developed into a strong blitz Championship of 1931-32, chess player. ahead of Reinfeld. He also Fine enrolled captained the City College of in high school New York (CCNY) to the 1931 in 1927 at the National Collegiate team title. age of 12 and In 1932, he won the West- joined the ern Open (U.S. Open) Chess chess club at Championship in Minne- Townsend Har- apolis, ahead of Samuel Re- ris High school shevsky. Fine repeated as for gifted champion of the Marshall students. He Chess Club in 1932. graduated from In 1933, at the age of 18, he high school at graduated from CCNY with a the age of 14 in B.S. in mathematics and de- 1929 and be- cided to become a professional came a junior chess player. The economic member of the situation at the time made it Marshall Chess difficult to find a well—paid, Club. There steady job. He soon became were no junior a contributing editor of Chess members at Review. the Manhattan In 1933, he won the Western Chess Club. Open (forerunner of the U.S. In 1930, he tied for 2nd place Open) again, ahead of Re- at a Marshall Chess Club rapid shevsky. He also played board transit . By three for the USA team at the 11 Continue White Knight Review July/August 2011 Folkestone . 1937), and won them both. was employed by the U.S. The USA team won the gold No foreigner did that before or Navy to calculate where en- medal and Fine won the silver since. emy submarines might surface medal for board three. In 1938, he took 2nd in the in the Atlantic Ocean based He also won the U.S. Championship, on positional probability. He 17th Marshall behind Reshevsky. later did research on Japanese Club Cham- He tied for 1st place Kamikaze attacks. He also pionship in in the prestigious worked as a translator and 1932-33. AVRO tournament editor for the Federal Trade In 1934, he in the Nether- Commission, as he could tied for first lands. The tourna- speak French, Spanish, Italian, at the West- ment included the Dutch, German, and Yiddish. ern Open (US world’s eight stron- In 1944, he took 2nd in the Open) with gest chess players U.S. Championship, behind Reshevsky in Chi- (Keres, Fine, Botvinnik, . Fine won the cago. He also started Alekhine, Reshevsky, Euwe, U.S. Speed Championship. playing correspondence chess Capablanca, and Flohr). First Fine was 4-time U.S. Speed and offering his services as an place was $550. Champion from 1943 through opponent. In 1938-39, he updated the 1945. In 1935, he again won the 6th edition of Modern Chess In 1945, Fine was working Western Open (US Open), Openings. on his doctorate in psychology held in . He also In 1939, he won the U.S. from the University of South- played board one for the USA Open at New York. He also ern California. He earned his at the Warsaw Chess Olym- won the 23rd Marshall Club Ph.D in 1948 and taught at piad. The USA team took 1st Championship. Also in 1939, place and won the gold medal. he completed his master’s de- In 1935/36, Fine won at gree at CCNY, with an M.S. in Hastings, England, a point education. He was also giving ahead of . chess lessons for $2.50 an hour In 1936, he tied for 3rd-4th and charging $5 to play an place in the U.S. Champion- opponent my mail. Except for ship, won by Reshevsky. In chess, Fine was unemployed the summer of 1956, he went from 1939 through 1941. to Europe and stayed for about In 1940, he won the U.S. 18 months. He took 1st place Open in and took 2nd in 11 out of 17 tournaments in the U.S. Championship, that he played in Europe. behind Reshevsky. In 1937, he played board In 1941, he won the New two for the USA at the Stock- York State Championship, the holm Chess Olympiad. The Marshall Chess Club Champi- USA won the gold medal and onship for the fifth time, and Fine won the gold medal for the U.S. Open in St. Louis. He USC from 1945 to 1948. top board two. Fine stayed in had won the U.S. Open seven In 1946, world champion the and married times between 1932 and 1941. Alexander Alekhine died. Af- Emma Thea Keesing, a news- In 1941, he wrote one of ter his death, Fine considered paper reporter in the Nether- the all-time classic endgame himself the current co-cham- lands. They were divorced in books, Basic Chess Endings. pion of the world with Paul 1944. From 1938 to 1942, Fine Keres until a world champion- In 1937, Fine played in two won 116 games, drew 29, and ship tournament was held. He strong USSR tournaments lost only 6 games. based it on the results of the (Leningrad 1937 and During World War II, Fine strong AVRO tournament in

12 White Knight Review July/August 2011 Fine won seven U.S. Open titles (1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1939, 1940, 1941), but never the U.S. Closed Champion- ship. Fine took first place in 23 of the 27 important chess tour- naments in his career. Fine was the only player to have a total plus score in his games against world cham- pions without being a world champion himself. He played five world chess champions. He had overall plus scores 1938. title of International Grand- against Lasker (one win), In 1946, he married Sonya master by FIDE (World Chess Alekhine (3 wins, 2 losses, 3 Lebeaux of , Federation) on its inaugural draws), and Botvinnik (1 win with whom he had two chil- list. and 2 draws), and even scores dren (Benjamin and Ellyn). His last appearance at a ma- against Capablanca (5 draws) In 1948, he was invited to jor chess tournament was New and Euwe (2 wins and 2 loss- participate in the 1948 World York 1951 where he took 4th es). Championship, but declined place. Fine gave up competi- Reuben Fine died of a stroke due to his studies and he was tive chess at the age of 36. and pneumonia at St. Luke’s- dissatisfied with the schedul- In 1956, the National Psy- Roosevelt Medical Center on ing of the tournament and the chological Association for March 26, 1993. He was 79. possibility that the Russians Psychoanalysis published his He was survived by his wife would throw games to each work, The Psychology of the Marcia, his son Benjamin, his other in order for the top Rus- Chess Player. The book is a daughter Ellyn, and stepson sian to win. Freudian account of the game Harry. Fine had been married In 1948, Fine earned a doc- of chess. five times with four previous torate in psychology and his Fine continued in private marriages that ended in di- dissertation was entitled “The practice, becoming an inter- vorce. Personailty of the Asthmatic nationally respected Freudian Child.” He was a teaching psychoanalyst. fellow at USC before entering In 1961, he was Visiting Fine – Botvinnik, Holland private practice of psychoanal- Professor of Psychology at the (AVRO tournament) 1938 ysis in New York. He taught University of . 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Nc3 Bb4 psychoanalysis at eight differ- 4.e5 c5 5.dxc5 Ne7 6.Nf3 Nbc6 ent universities. 7.Bd3 d4 8.a3 Ba5 9.b4 Nxb4 On July 31, 1950, the U.S. 10.axb4 Bxb4 11.Bb5+ Nc6 Chess Federation published 12.Bxc6+ bxc6 13.Ra4 Bxc3+ its first rating list. Fine was 14.Bd2 f6 15.O-O O-O 16.Bxc3 ranked #1 at 2817, followed by dxc3 17.Qe1 a5 18.Qxc3 Reshevsky at 2770. Ba6 19.Rfa1 Bb5 20.Rd4 In 1949, Fine returned to Qe7 21.Rd6 a4 22.Qe3 Ra7 New York to teach at CCNY 23.Nd2 a3 24.c4 Ba4 25.exf6 and work as a clinical psychol- Qxf6 26.Rxa3 Re8 27.h3 Raa8 ogist for the Veterans Admin- 28.Nf3 Qb2 29.Ne5 Qb1+ istration. 30.Kh2 Qf5 31.Qg3 1-0 In 1950, he was awarded the

13 White Knight Review July/August 2011

Beginner’s Corner by Bill Wall

A sacrifice is a move giving up a piece in the hopes of gaining tactical or positional in other forms. A sacrifice is usually a deliberate of a of higher value ( or ) for an op- ponent’s piece of lower value (, knight, or ). THE ART OF S To gain time to attack SACRIFICING S To start an attack after enough accumulation of power to sustain it A sacrifice usually comes as a surprise S To gain to one’s opponent, who must now calculate S whether the sacrifice is sound or not and S To gain whether to aceept it or not. Usually, the most brilliant type of sacrifice is when one sacrifices S To create passed pawns that yield a the queen to win the game. winning endgame advantage S To gain time to promote a Sacrifice can be made to achieve one of to a queen or other piece the following: S To get back more material that what S To threaten mate was given up in the original sacrifice S To drive the enemy king into the open To carry out a successful sacrifice, plan where it can be attacked by other out the with your opponent’s pieces possible reactions in mind and calculate all S To remove protective pawns to expose forced moves first. Calculate the risks to the king to attack losing one of your pieces. Accumulate your forces and position them through tactical S To a defending piece away to free maneuvers. You may have to make secondary up the line of attack sacrifices. Sometimes sacrificial attacks S To divert a piece from a certain square involves a series of sacrifices. Try to maintain that could enable an attack on your the surprise element by trying to hide your own position intention. Make sure, while you are planning a sacrifice, that you forget to notice what your S To gain space for other active pieces that can be used in an attack opponent is doing and its impact on your plans. Don’t overlook a mate threat. As soon S To free a square needed for one’s own as you think that your preparation is ready, pieces initiate your attack with a sacrifice. Sacrifice a chess piece if you can gain a valuable check S To open files or lines of attack or out of the deal. 14 White Knight Review July/August 2011 Here are some nice Sacrifices.

Carlsen – Harestad, Forgacs – Tartakower, -2003 St. Petersburg 1909

White to play White to play Solution: 1.Qxg5! fxg5 2.Rxf7+ Kxh6 3.Rxh7 Solution 1.Rf5! fxe6 2.Nf7+ Qxf7 3.Rh5+ mate Kg7 4.Rxg6 mate

Anderssen – Kieseritsky, Navara – Helbich, 1851 1998

White to play White to play Solution: 1.Qf6+! Nxf6 2.Be7 mate Solution: 1.Bg6! Qf6 2.Bxf6 gxf6 3.Rxf6 Rxe8 4.Bf7 mate

15 White Knight Review July/August 2011 Chess Player Nicknames

Adams, Michael...... Mickey Loyd, Sam...... The Puzzle King Alekhine, Alexander...... Ale-and-Wine Matulovic, Milan...... J'adoubovic Anand Viswanathan...... Tiger of Madras; Vishy; Miles, Tony...... Beast of Birmingham Lightning Kid; Fast Breeder Morphy, Paul...... The Pride and Ashley, Maurice...... Mo Sorrow of Chess Beliavsky, Alexander...... Big Al Morrison, William...... The Terminator Blackburne, Joseph...... Henry Black Death Nimzovich, Aron...... Crown Prince of Chess Botvinnik, Mikhail...... The Great Stone Face; Nunn, John...... The Good Doctor The Engineer Owen, John...... Alter Browne, Walter...... Mr. 6-time Petroff, Alexander...... The Northern Philidor Byrne, Robert...... Rapid Robert Petrosian, Tigran...... The Iron Tigran; The goalkeeper Capablanca, Jose...... The Chess Machine from Armenia; The Python Curdo, John...... The Doctor Pillsburr, Harry...... Hero of Hastings Doel, Erik van den...... The flying Dutchman Polgar, Judith...... Lassie Dokhyan, Yuri...... Defcom Man Polgar, Susan...... Sugar Dzindzichashvili, Roman...... Dzindzy Portisch, Lajos...... The Hungarian Evans, Larry D...... Larry "the other" Evans Petrosian; The Little Botvinnik Fedorowicz, John...... Fed; Rocky Richter, Kurt...... Executioner of Fine, Reuben...... Kid Gafaehrlich (Kid Dangerous) Sarratt, Jacob...... Professor of Chess Fraenkel, Heinrich...... Assiac Schlechter, Karl...... The Drawing Master Furman, Semyon...... The Walking ECO Seirawan, Yasser...... Yaz Greco, Gioacchino...... The Calabrese Sherzer, Alex...... The Surgeon Gufeld, Eduard...... Goofy Shirov, Alexei...... Giraffe; The Matador Helms, Hermann...... Dean of American Chess Showalter, Jackson...... The Kentucky Lion Ivanchuk, Vassily...... Chucky Smith, Ken...... Top Hat Khalifman, Alexander...... The Maestro; Sasha Spielmann, Rudolf...... The Last Knight of the Karpov, Anatoly...... Baby Snake King's Kashdan, Isaac...... The Little Capablanca Steinitz, Wilhelm...... The Austrian Morphy (der kleine Capablanca) Tal, Mikhail...... The Magician of Riga; Mischa Kasparov, Garry...... Beast of Baku; Tarrasch, Siegbert...... Praeceptor Germaniae Gazza; Garry the Terrible Tate, Emory...... E.T. Keene, Raymond...... The Penguin Teichmann, Richard...... Richard the Fifth Koltanowski, George...... Dean of American Chess Velimirovic, Dragoljub...... Yugoslavian Tal Korchnoi, Victor...... Iron Victor; Victor the Terrible Wojtkiewicz, Alex...... Wojt Kramnik, Vladimir...... Vlad the Impaler; Vlady; Yermolinsky...... The Yerminator Volodya; Ovik; The Iceberg Yusupov, Mikhail...... The Wall Leonardo, Giovanni...... The Boy Zuckerman, Bernard...... The Book; Zuk

16 White Knight Review July/August 2011 Chess News Chess News from Around the World Havana Philadelphia – Vassily Ivanchuk won the 46th Capa- – The 2011 World Open was won by blanca Memorial, Gata Kamsky and Michael Adams, with held in Havana, 6.5 out of 9. The event was held from Cuba from May July1 through July 4, 2011. 10 through May 21, 2011. – Magnus Carlsen Kazan, Russia won on tiebreaks – of Israel defeated Alex- over Sergey Karjakin ander Grischuk of Russia in the FIDE at the Bazna Kings Candidates match in May 2011, and the tournament in Medias, Romania. The right to play Vishy Anand for the event was held from June 11-22, world championship in 2011. 2012. Russia – Alexander Morozev- Las Vegas ich won the 2011 – Loek Van Wely Higher League Russian and Varuzhan tied Championship, held for 1st at the Na- from June 15 through tional Open, held June 26, 2011. June -12, 2011. Each received $4,800. St. Louis – Gregory Young won the2011 U.S. New Delhi Junior Championship. He won $3,000 – World Junior No. 1 Fabiano Caruana and an entry into the 2010 U.S. Chess won the Airports Authority of India Championship. (AAI) International Grandmasters Chess Tournament, held from June 20 Ukraine through July 3, 2011. – Ruslan Ponomariov won the 2011 Ukrainian Championship in June.

17 White Knight Review July/August 2011 Feature

by Bill Wall ome of the greatest artists used primarily consisted of graphic playing chess and another lady chess as their subject in their works and landscape paintings . He watching. paintings and sculpture. Here painted “Schachspieler.” Carl Herpfer (1836-1897) was a Sis a partial list in this second part Henri Hayden (1883-1970) German portrait painter. In 1887, article: was a Polish-born artist who later he painted “The Chess Players,” James Hamilton (1819-1878) moved to . His first important which was first exhibited in Mu- was an Irish-born American paint- painting was “The Chess Players at nich. er. He painted “A Game of Chess,” La Totonde,” which was displayed Johannes Hermanus van Hey- depicting a man and a woman play- at the Salon des Independants in den (1825-1907) was a Durch ing chess. 1914. In 1919, he painted “Still painter. He painted “The Chess Johann Hamza (1850-1927) was Life with Ace of Clubs and Chess Game,” depicting a man and a a Austrian painter of genre scenes Pieces.” woman playing chess by candle and portraits. In 1881, he painted Rene Georges Hermann-Paul light as the rest of the family watch- “The Chess Players.” (1864-1940) was a French artist and es. Frederick Daniel Hardy (1827- well-known illustrator. He etched John Callcott Horsley (1817- 1911) was an English genre painter. “Les Joueses d’échecs,” (the chess 1903) was a British narrative paint- In 1872, he painted “Checkmate,” players) depicting two women er best known as the designer of depicting two men playing chess the first Christmas card, created in and a woman standing and watch- 1843. In 1862, he painted “Check- ing the game. mate Next Move,” which appeared Johann Peter Hasenclever in the Illustrated London News. (1810-1853), was a German portrait Arthur Boyd Houghton (1836- painter. In 1851, he painted “Chess 1875), born in India, was a British Players.” painter, illustrator and caricaturist. Martin Hausle (1903-1966) was He is best known for his illustra- an Austrian painter whose work tions to Dalziel’s Arabian Nights. 18 White Knight Review July/August 2011 He painted “The Brother and Sister is exhibited in the Galleria d’Arte of the Artist Playing Chess.” Moderna in Milan, Italy. It is also Jean Huber (1721-1786) was known as “Fernando and Iolanda born in Geneva and began his Playing Chess.” career as an artist producing sil- John B. Irving (1826-1879) was houettes of landscapes and figures. an American painter. In 1872, he He later made his reputation as the painted “The End of the Game,” portrait of Voltaire. In 1775, he depicting one player being stabbed painted “Voltaire at a ,” by a sword by another player over which hangs in the Geneva Mu- a chess game. The painting was seum of Art and History. m exhibited at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, but has since disappeared. Moritz Jung (1885-1915) was born in Moravia and became an He escaped from Belgium and fled Austrian printmaker. In 1911, to the Netherlands. In 1923, he he painted “Wiener Café: Die became ill and abandoned his work Schachspieler.” as an engineer. While in recovery, Wassily Kandinsky (1866-1944) he became a painter. During World was a Russian painter and non- War II, his studio was bombed objective art theorist. He is cred- and over 200 of his paintings were ited with painting the first modern destroyed. In 1960, he painted “De abstract works. In 1937, he painted Zusjes,” depicting two lady figures “Schach-Theorie.” in blue playing chess. George Goodwin Kilburne Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880- Johann Erdmann Hum- (1839-1924) was an English genre 1938) was a German expressionist mel (1769-1852) was a German painter specializing in accurate painter and printmaker. In 1913, painter. In 1818, he painted “Die drawn interiors with figures. He he painted “Erich Heckel and Otto Schachpartie in Palais Voss.” The painted, “A Game of Chess,” also Mueller Playing Chess.” He was painting portrays the sons of King called “A Hopeless Case,”depicting a branded a “degenerate” by the Na- Friedrich Wilhelm II playing chess lady and a man playing chess.m zis. In 1947, over 600 of his works and observed by friends and the were sold or destroyed. In 1938, he painter himself. committed suicide at the age of 58. John Newton Hyde (1846-1927) Paul Klee (1879-1940) was a was an American painter. In 1871, Swiss and German painter, influ- he sketched “Mate in One Move,” enced by expressionism, cubism, which first appeared in Frank Les- and surrealism. In 1931, he painted lie’s Illustrated Newspaper. m “The Great Chess Game” which is exhibited in the Kunstmuseum in Zurich, Switzerland. In 1937, he painted “Super Chess.” Josef Arpad Koppay (1857-1927) was an Austria-Hungarian painter. He painted “In Gedanken,” depict- Reimond Kimpe (1885-1970) ing a chess game in the background was a Flemish-Dutch painter. He between two players. Jerome (Gerolamo) Induno began his career as a civil engi- Rudolf Koselitz (1861-1948) (1825-1890) was an Italian painter. neer. After World War I, he was was a German painter. In 1910, he In 1881, he painted, “La Partita a sentenced to death for his member- painted “Schachspieler” (Chess- Scacchi,” (A Game of Chess) which ship of the Council of Flanders. player). 19 Continue White Knight Review July/August 2011 Albert Kotin (1907-1980) was versity of Washington. In 1970, he Karel van Mander (1548-1606) an American Abstract Expression- painted “Chess Players.” In 1996, was a Flemish-born Dutch painter. ist painter. He painted, “Chess he painted “Two Builders Playing In 1603, he painted “Ben Jonson P l ay e r.” chess.” and Playing Andrea Landini (1847-1935) Adolphe Alexandre Lesrel at Chess.” The painting is part of was an Italian painter. He concen- (1839-1929) was a French painter the private collection of Frank de trated on portrait painting, gain- who painted in a highly detailed Heymann of New York.m ing a considerable reputation and and finished style. In 1898, he numerous commissions amongst painted “An Interesting Game.” In Florentine society. He painted “In- 1910, he painted “The Chess Play- decisione,” depicting a cardinal and ers.” an aristocrat playing chess. Lucas van Leyden (1494-1533) Hans August Lassen (1857- was a Dutch engraver and painter. 1927) was a German painter. In In 1508, he painted “Partita a scac- 1885, he painted “Drei Junge Her- chi” (The Chess Players) when he ren Beim Schach” (Three Young was only 14 years old. He painted Men Playing Chess). In 1900, the 8 by 12 courier chess board he painted “Drei Herren Beim in his scene. The painting is also Louis Marcoussis (Ludwig Schach.” He also painted “Vier Of- known as “The Chess Match” and Casimir Ladislas Markus) (1878- fiziere Beim Spiel.”m “The Chess Game.” The painting 1941) was a painter and engraver of later found its way to the Royal Polish origin who lived in Paris for Museum of Berlin.m much of his life. He drew cartoons for satirical journals. Impression- ism influenced his early paintings, but later became part of the Cubist movement. In 1912, he painted “Still Life with a Chess Board.” Artur Markowicz (1872-1934) was a Polish painter of Jewish John Lavery (1856-1941) was origin. In 1926, he painted “Gra an Irish painter best known for his w szachy,” (Chess Players), depict- portraits. In 1929, he painted “The ing two old Jewish players playing Chess Players,” which hangs in the Rene Magritte (1898-1967) was chess.m Tate Gallery in London. It depicts a Belgian surrealist artist. In 1926, two children playing chess. he painted “Échecs et Mat.” Jacob Lawrence (1917-2000) was Allan Douglass Mainds (1881- an American painter whose style 1945) was a British painter. In was called “dynamic cubism.” He 1931, he painted “A Lesson in was among the best-known 20th Chess,” depicting a mother and century African-American painters. daughter playing chess. In 1970, he settled in Seattle and Konstantin Makovsky (1839- became an art professor at the Uni- 1915) was an influential Russian painter. He painted “The Death of Jean-Henri Marlet (1771-1847) Ivan the Terrible,” which depicts was a French painter. In 1843, Ivan the Terrible dying by his chess he painted “The Game of Chess,” board. which depicted Salvatore Maldarelli (1866- playing chess with Pierre Charles 1935) was an Italian painter. In Fournier de Saint Amant at the 1897, he painted “Partita a Scacchi,” Café de la Régence in Paris. Marlet depicting two ladies playing chess 20 White Knight Review July/August 2011 and Saint Amant were good friends. Jean-Louis Ernest Meissonier In 1916 he painted, “Le Soldat a la Frank Mason (1921-2009) was (1815-1891) was a French Classicist partie d’échecs” (Soldier at a Game a New York realist painter. He painter and sculptor. In 1836, he of Chess). It is now displayed at painted “The Chess Game,” depict- the University Museum of Art in ing two chess players playing chess . in an art studio. Hans Mielich (Muelich) (1516- (1869-1954) was 1573) was a German painter and a French artist and a leading figure illuminator of the late Renaissance. in . He painted sev- He was a leading painter in Munich eral paintings with chess themes, of religious compositions, manu- including “La Famille du Peintre” scripts illuminations and portraits. (The Painter’s Family) in 1911, In 1552, he painted “Albrecht and “Femme a Cote d’un Echiquier” in Anna Playing Chess.” It depicts 1928, and “Odalisques” in 1928. In Duke Albert V (1528-1579) of Ba- 2009, Sophie Matisse, great-grand- varia and his wife Anna of Austria daughter of Henri, sponsored “The playing chess. Art of the Game” exhibition, which Louis Charles Moeller (1855- featured uniquely painted chess 1930) was an American painter. He sets. exhibited “Chess Player” in the Sa- painted “Cronies,” depicting two lon, the official art exhibition of the older gentlemen playing chess and Academie des Beaux-Arts in Paris. a third man kibitzing on the side. He painted “The Chess Players” in 1858 and “The Chess Players #2” in 1863. Adolph Menzel (1815-1905) was a German artist noted for his drawings, etchings, and paint- ings. In 1863, he painted “A Game of Chess.” It was his first painting Edward Harrison May (1824- in oil. It is now displayed at the 1887) was a British painter. In Lanesmuseum in Hanover, Ger- Otto Moeller (1883-1964) was 1867, he painted “Lady Howe many. a German painter. In 1922, he Mating Benjamin Franklin.” The Jean Metzinger (1883-1956) was painted “Chessplayers.” painting hangs in the Yale Uni- a French painter, influenced by Fau- Anthonis Mor (1519-1576) was versity Art Gallery in New Haven, vism, Impressionism, and Cubism. a Netherlands portrait painter. In Connecticut. 1549, he painted “Von Sachsen Walter McEwen (1860-1943) Playing Chess with a Spanish was an American painter. In 1900, Nobleman.” he painted “The Chess Players,” M. Adrien Moreau (1843-1906) depicting two ladies playing chess. was a French painter, sculptor and Dorothy Mead (1928-1975) illustrator whose work fell into the was a British painter. In 1958, she class of historical genre. His art painted “,” which hangs studio in Paris was destroyed by an in the Tate Gallery in London. explosion during the Franco-Prus- Israhel van Meckenem (1445- sian war of 1870-71. He painted 1503) was a German printmaker “Partie d’echecs” (Game of Chess). and goldsmith. He was the most Henry Siddons Mowbray (1858- prolific engraver of the 15th centu- 1928) was born in Alexandria, ry. He engraved in copper “Death Egypt, raised in Massachusetts, Playing Chess with a King.” and worked in Paris and . He

21 Continue White Knight Review July/August 2011 painted “Repose, A Game of Chess.” rowdean in 1917. William Quiller Orchardson It depicts two girls playing chess. John Opie (1761-1907) was a (1832-1910) was a noted Scottish William James Mueller (1812- British historical portrait painter. portraitist and painter of domestic 1845), born in Bristol, England, was He painted “Boys Playing at Chess.” and historical subjects. In 1875, the son of a Prussian refugee. He Moritz Daniel Oppenheim he painted “Mrs. Charles Moxon,” was considered one of the greatest (1800-1882) was a German painter which has her seated behind a chess painters of the English landscape, who is regarded as the first Jewish board. The painting is now part of but best known for paintings of painter of the modern era. In 1856, the Tate Collection in England. the Middle East. He later became he painted “Lavater and Lessing Antal Peczely (1891-1944) was curator of the Bristol Museum. visit Moses Mendelssohn.” The a Hungarian painter. He painted He painted “The Chess Players at “Arabs Playing Chess.” Cairo.” In 1874, the painting sold Pierre Henri Picou (1824-1895) for $20,260 in London. was a French painter. In 1876, he Luigi Mussini (1813-1888) was painted “Indian Chess.” an Italian painter and director of Henry Varnum Poor (1888- the Academy of Fine Arts at Sienna. 1970) was an American painter, In 1882 he painted “Una Sfida Scac- architect, sculptor, muralist, and chistica alla Corte del Re di Spagna” potter. In 1939, he painted “The (A Chess Match at the Court of the Chess Game.” King of Spain). The painting de- Gerard Portielje (1856-1929) picts Leonardo di Cutri playing Ruy was a Belgian painter. He painted Lopez at the Court of Philip II. “Avec le Jeu D’Échecs.” It depicts two men playing chess and another man watching from the side. painting portrays an imagined Hildur Nilsen Prahl (1855- meeting of Moses Mendelsohn 1940) was a Norwegian painter. In , Gotthold Lessing and Johann 1885, he painted “Checkmate in 3 Lavater with a chess table in the Moves.” It depicts two men playing library. Another painting with a chess and another man standing chess theme that he did was “The and watching. David Dalhoff Neal (1838-1915) Kindling of the Hanukkah Lights” was an American artist. In 1892, in 1880. he painted “The Sultan Saladin and Max Oppenheimer (1885- his Sister Sittah.” It depicts a chess 1954), a native of Vienna, later board and set in the middle of the went to and was one of painting. the first Czech avant-garde art- Willi Neubert (1920- ) is a ists. He painted “Die Schachpar- German painter, known for his tie.” In 1942, he painted “Chess large-format murals. In 1964, he with .” He was also painted “Schachspieler” (Chess- known as Maximilian Mopp. player), depicting a man smoking a cigarette and studying a chess position. James Northcote (1746-1831) was an English painter. He was a Alois Heinrich Priechenfried full academician at the Royal Acad- (1867-1953) was an Austrian emy of Arts in London. In 1807, he painter. In 1902, he painted “Beim exhibited “Chess Players: Portraits” Schachspiel.” at the Royal Academy. The paint- Carl Probst (1854-1924) was ing was sold by Lady Vaux of Har- an Austrian painter. In 1902, he 22 White Knight Review July/August 2011 painted “The Chess Match,” depict- Players.” Game,” which hangs in the Harvard ing two children playing chess. Martinus Rorbye (1803-1848) Club in New York. The painting Johann Baptist Raunacher was a Danish painter, known both depicts his niece playing a game of (1705-1757) was an Austrian for genre works and landscapes. In chess with his valet on the Italian- painter. In 1755, he painted “Eine 1845, he painted “Orientals Playing Swiss border. Schachpartie.” The board is set Chess in Front of a Café.” Carl Schleicher (1855-1871) was up wrong, with the dark-colored Giulio Rosati (1858-1917) was an Austrian painter. He painted square to the right of the player. an Italian painter. He painted “Monks Playing Chess.” Man Ray (1890-1976) was an “Giocatori di scacchi” (The Chess Henry Schwartz (1927-2009) American artist. He was described Players), depicting a cardinal play- was an American Expressionist as a modernist, contributing to the ing a lady being watched by a few painter in Boston, illustrator, and Dada and Surrealist movements. spectators. teacher. In 1958, he painted “The He designed chess pieces out of Thomas Rowlandson (1756- Chess Players.” He committed sui- silver-plated and oxidized silver- 1827) was an English artist and cide in 2009 at the age of 81. plated brass in the 1920s. He was caricaturist. In 1790, he painted a chess-playing partner of Marcel “Checkmate.” The painting is now Duchamp. at the Yale Center for British Art in Moritz August Retzsch (1779- Hartford, Connecticut. 1857) was a German painter, Ferdinand Victor Leon Roybet draughtsman, and etcher. In 1831, (1840-1920) was a French painter. he painted “Die Schachspieler” (the In 1881 he painted “Musketeers Chess Player), or “Man vs. Mephis- Playing Chess in a Tavern,” which topheles.” It depicted Satan playing now hangs in the National Museum chess with Man as a guardian angel of Western Art in Tokyo. watches the game. The model for the painting was Goethe’s Faust. Viatcheslav Schwarz (1838- 1869) was a Russian painter. In 1865, he painted “Scene From the Domestic Life of the Tsar.” It depicts the Tsar playing chess while two others watch. Kurt Schwitters (1887-1948) was a German painter who worked Moshe Rynecki (1881-1943) was in several genres. He was most a Jewish-Polish artist who usually famous for his collages, called painted scenes of Jewish life. In Merz Pictures. In 1946, he painted 1935, he painted “Chess Table” and “Portrait of Dr. George Ainsle John- Arturo Ricci (1854-1919) was “Chess Players.” ston,” which depicts Dr. Johnston an Italian painter who specialized Walter Dendy Sadler (1854- playing chess with Schwitters. in elegant genre scences and cos- 1923) was a British painter. In Abani Sen (1905-1972) was born tume pieces. In 1880, he painted 1882, he painted “The Chess Game” in Dhaka, Bangladesh and settled “The Game of Chess,” depicting depicting two catholic priests play- in India. He was one of the early two ladies playing chess as a man ing a game of chess. In 1882, he looks on. In 1884, he painted “Sala also painted “Mated,” depicting a Artistica,” depicting a man and a man and a woman playing chess. woman playing chess as another John Singer Sargent (1856- man observes the game. 1925) was an American painter William Roberts (1895-1980) and a leading portrait painter of his was an English painter and war era. He was an avid chess player. artist. In 1930, he painted “Chess In 1907, he painted “The Chess

23 Continue White Knight Review July/August 2011

Indian modernists. He painted studied at the Rodean School in execution in prison in Naples. The “Chess Players.” Johannesburg, later studying in painting is now in the Hermitage in Luigi Serra (1846-1888) was an Paris with Maurice Denis. She was St. Petersburg. Italian painter. In 1870, he painted known for her watercolor paintings. Jose Mongrell Torrent (1870- “Annibale Bentivolglio Jouant Aux She painted “Chess.” 1937) was a Spanish painter, sculp- Échecs.” tor and muralist. He became a Pieter Geerard Sjamaar (1819- professor at the Escuela de Bellas 1876) was a Dutch painter. He Artes de San Jorge in , painted “A Game of Chess,” depict- Spain. In 1894, he painted “Muske- ing a chess game played by candle- teers Playing Chess.” light. Karl Truppe (1887-1959) was a Raffaello Sorbi (1844-1931) was German painter. In 1942, he paint- an Italian painter and one of the ed “Vita Victorix.” It depicts Death most popular Italian artists of the losing a game of chess to a man 19th century. In 1886, he painted who is laughing. He also painted “The Chess Players.” In 1889, he “Schachspiel mit dem Tod.” painted “Osteria a Fiesole.” In 1892, Dorothea Tanning (1910- ) is he painted “Osteria all’aperto.” an American painter (Surrealism movement), printmaker, sculptor and writer. She is now 100 years old. In 1942, she met the artist Max Ernest and they played chess. In 1944, she painted “End game.” She married artist Max Ernest in 1946 in a double wedding with Man Ray and Juliet Browner. Ludwig Valenta (1882-1943) was Richard Earl Thompson an Austrian painter. He painted (1914-1991) was an American “Checkmate,” depicting two men Impressionist. He painted “Con- playing chess as a third man stands Ary Stillman (1891-1967) was a centration,” depicting an old man and watches. Russian-American abstract painter. studying a game of chess. Alessandro Varotari (1588- In 1936, he painted “Chess Players,” 1649), also known as Otavio Pado- depicting two men playing chess, vanino, was an Italian painter of the observed on the side by another late-mannerist and early-baroque person. Venetian school. In 1630, he Alice Kent Stoddard (1885- painted “Marte Gioca a Scacchi con 1976) was an American painter. Venere” (Mars Playing Chess With She painted “Chess Players.” Venus) It depicts Mars playing a Julius Studnicki (1905-1978) game of chess with Venus. She is was a Polish painter, illustrator and assisted by her son Armor on her educator. During World War II, he Johann Heinrich Wilhelm knees. Her husband, Vulcan, is in was imprisoned in Auschwitz and Tischbein (1751-1828) was a Ger- the background. survived. He painted “Clergyman man painter. In 1785, he painted Playing Chess with the Devil.” “Konradin von Schwaben und Jindrich Styrsky (1899-1942) Friedrich von Baden Vernehmen was a Czech Surrealist painter and Beim Schachspiel ihr Todesurteil” graphic artist. In 1925, he painted (Konradin of Swabia and Friederich “Paysage d’échecs.” of Baden Awaiting Sentence). It Maud Sumner (1902-1985) depicts two people playing chess was a South African painter who while being informed of their 24 White Knight Review July/August 2011 Victor Vasarely (1906-1997) was (1908-1992) was a Portuguese- picting a lunch break after a game a Hungarian French painter, known French abstractionist painter. In of chess. for his optical art (Op-art). In 1948, she painted “Jacque Mate.” Andreas Paul Weber (1893- 1935, he painted “Chess Board.” He Jacques Villon (1875-1963) was 1980) was a German painter, politi- also painted “Chess Cube.” ’s older brother cal satirist and graphic artist. Dur- (born Gaston Emile Duchamp). In ing the early days of Nazi Germany, 1904, Jacques sketched “La Partie he was arrested by the Gestapo in d’echecs,” featuring 17-year-old connection with general persecu- Marcel Duchamp playing chess tion of the “Resistance Circle” and with his sister, Susanne (1889- sent to al concentration camp. He 1963). was permitted to draw as long as Jacques-Clement Wagrez (1846- the work was apolitical. He did his 1908) was a French painter who first “Chess Players” series while in painted life of the Middle Ages and prison in Berlin, an later, while in the Renaissance. He painted “The prison in Nuremberg. In 1976, he painted “Don Quijote und Sancho Pan s a .” Emile-Georges Weiss (1861- Benjamin Vautier (1829-1898) 1921) was a French painter. In was a Swiss painter. He was an ac- 1897, he painted “The Chess tive illustrator and was a royal pro- Game,” depicting two men playing fessor at Duesseldorf. He painted chess as two others watch. “Die Schachpartie,” depicting a man Nils Gustav Wentzel (1859- making a chess move as another 1927) was a Norwegian painter. He man watches. painted “Chessplayers.” Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen (1500- Joseph Walter West (1860-1933) 1559) was a Dutch Northern was a British painter. In 1920, he Renaissance painter. In 1552, he painted “Black to Move.” painted “John Frederick the Mag- Louis Wolchonok (1898-1973) naminous Playing Chess.” Chess Players,” depicting two ladies was an American painter. In 1930, Liberale da Verona (1441-1526) playing chess as a man watches one he painted “Chess in the Park.” was an Italian painter of the Renais- of the ladies. Gustav Heinrich Wolff (1886- sance period. Around 1475-1480, George Watson (1767-1837) was 1934) was a German painter. In he may have painted “Partita a a Scottish painter and established 1902, he etched “Playing Chess,” Scacchi” (The Chess Players), which himself as a professional portrait which was published in the Gazette hangs in the Metropolitan Museum painter in Edinburgh. In 1816, he des Beaux-Arts. of Art in New York. It depicts two painted “The game is mine, she Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala chess players, with three kibitzers cries with joy, you can’t prevent (1841-1871) was a Spanish academ- behind each player. Other sources checkmate.” ic painter who studied with Jean- say the painting was done by Gi- Frederick Judd Waugh (1861- Louis-Ernest Meissonier. In 1867, rolamo da Cremona (1455-1485), 1940) was an American artist, he painted “Checkmated,” depicting who was a manuscript illumina- primarily known as a marine artist. two dwarfs playing chess against a tor and worked with Liberale da In 1891, he painted “Chess Players,” clown. Verona. depicting two ladies playing chess. Johann Zoffany (1733-1810) was Eberhard Viegener (1890-1967) Charles Meer Webb (1830-1895) a German neoclassical painter, ac- was a German painter. In 1932, he was a British painter. In 1864, he tive mainly in England. He painted painted “Stilleben mit spielkarten painted “Checkmate.” “Jugando al Ajedrez” (Playing und schachbrett.” He also painted Alfred Weber (1859-1922) was a Chess). It depicts a father teaching “Bodegon con ajedrez.” Swiss painter. In 1913, he painted chess as the rest of the family Maria-Helena Vieira da Silva “The Lunch of his Eminence,” de- looks on.

25 White Knight Review July/August 2011 Book Review by Bill Wall Lessons with a Grandmaster by Boris Gulko & Dr. Joel Sneed The authors work through games in a con- , 2011 - 304 pages versational style, with Dr. Sneed asking ques- tions and suggesting moves that the average This book contains 25 well annotated games player might have suggested. The type of dia- by Grandmaster Boris Gulko, the only player logue would be helpful to anyone who wants to hold both the USSR (1977) and the US to improve their positional understanding and championship (1994) titles (his wife, Anna how to form a plan in complex middlegames. Akhsharumova also won the USSR and US Gulko describes his own decision making pro- titles for women). The purpose of the book is cess when it comes to critical positions. to bridge the gap between grandmaster and Some of Gulko’s psychology appears in his amateur through a conversation. notes. In the first game that he annotates, Gulko explains his games and he is playing a younger, less ideas to student Joel Sneed, and experienced grandmaster. His amateur chess player and profes- quiet opening (1.g3 g6 2.Bg3 sor of psychology. Bg7 3.d4 d6 4.e4) was selected Joel begins by interviewing because, as he stated, more ex- Gulko on how he developed as perienced players excel in quit a chessplayer, when he started positions and endgames where chess, and what was it like. Bo- experience plays a more impor- ris started playing chess in 1959 tant role than the calculation of at the age of 12 after entering concrete variations, which benefits the House of Pioneers chess young players. Experience play- club in the . Gulo ers are better in positions without then describes his chess career, queens, whereas younger players first in the USSR, then in the are better in positions that require USA. He immigrated to the calculations. So he steered his United States in 1986 after game into one without queens (he trying to leave the Soviet Union for 7 years and traded queens on move 6) and won being arrested by the KGB for demonstrating. in the rook and pawn endgame. The two collaborated by going over Gulko’s Gulko’s next game was with Walter Browne, games to understand the tactics and strategy 6-time US champion. The game demonstrated involved, as well as the psychology involved that if you do not play actively you will lose the in chess. The both examined Gulko’s games advantage (rule of Steinitz). Moves had to be with Karpov, Kasparov, Smyslov, Korchnoi, aggressive. In the end, Browne got into time and some of the other top chess players in the trouble (he almost always does) and Gulko world that Gulko has played. The goal was to played more complicated lines as a psycho- make the inner knowledge of a grandmaster logical trick. In general, it is better to take the available to the reader. simpler path, but Gulko took advantage of Gulko points out that chess cannot be mas- the and made it complicated and ter simply by reading. The best method of eliminated counterplay. This turned the posi- achieving mastery was the finding of solutions. tion into a technical win. In each of his games, he posed problems for The rest of the book and the 25 games are the reader to solve, then to compare with the all deeply annotated, ending with a victory of analysis of the grandmaster (Gulko) and of the world champion Garry Kasparov in 1990. This amateur player (Sneed – rated around 1600 at a very good book to learn how grandmas- the time the book was written ). ters think and play. 26

White Knight Review July/August 2011

In 1880, the In 1967, Grandmaster Milan Matulovic played a losing was held in New York. First place was $500 move at the Sousse , but then took it back after (over $11,000 in today’s currency). One of saying “j’adoube” (I adjust). His opponent complained to the the players, Preston Ware, was willing to sell tournament director, but there was no proof that he took the one of his chess games for $20 to Grundy, move back or said “J’adoube” before touching the piece. who offered him a bribe in the last round if he would play for a draw. Ware played the game In 1971, a chess antique dealer was arrested and charged weakly for a draw, but Grundy changed his in court in London for indecent exhibition on display in his mind, played for a win and did win the game. window. Each of the chess pieces showed couples in sexual Ware then became upset about being “cheated” when Grundy positions. He was fined $132 and had to pay court costs. won the game and was out of the prize money. Other players may have been bribed to refrain from winning games in the In the 1970s, the Coles Publishing Company of Canada chess tournament. published several chess books with phony authors that were identical to earlier chess books of known authors, but different In 1932, chess master Norman Whitaker was involved in titles only. a confidence trick involving the Lindbergh kidnapping. He concocted a scheme to $104,000 from a wealthy heiress In 1978, Grandmaster Victor Korchnoi by claiming to be in contact with the kidnappers. He was accused the Russian of cheating by sending arrested as the bagman to pick up her money. messages to Karpov in the form of which yoghurt to send Karpov during their From 1940 through 1964, it has been alleged that the world championship match in Baguio, the Soviet chess grandmasters colluded with each other to agree Philippines. to easy draws amongst themselves to help their chances in tournament play. In the 1980s, the Soviet Union banned cosmonauts from playing each other in space In the 1940s, Humphrey Bogart lost after a fist fight once broke out between cosmonauts over a chess a game to a friend, then went home. He game during a Soyuz mission. then called up his friend and challenged him to another game, this time for In 1985, Nick Down, a former British Junior Correspondence money. Bogart and the friend played the champion, entered the British Ladies Correspondence Chess game over the phone and Bogart won. Championship as Miss Leigh Strange. She (he) won the He later admitted he cheated because event. He was later caught and banned from the British at his house was the former U.S. chess Correspondence Chess Association. champion , who helped Bogart make his moves. In 1992, a grandmaster was disqualified from an Internet Chess Club tournament, accused of cheating by using a In 1954, the Argentine Chess Federation called off its computer. national chess tournament after a chess player punched one of the chess arbiters. In 1993, an unrated Black chess player used the name “John von Neumann” (a famous computer science pionner) played In 1962, chess master was stabbed to death by in the World Open in Philadelphia. He wore headphones and Theodore Smith at the office of magazine. Smith was suspected of getting chess moves was a clerk-typist employed by the publication who said he after he drew a grandmaster and beat stabbed Turner because Secret Service agents told him to. an International Master. When he was quizzed by the tournament director, he In 1966, USSR grandmaster Mikhail Tal was flirting with a was unable to demonstrate a sufficient woman at a bar in Havana when her jealous boyfriend got into a knowledge of chess of an average chess fight with him and hit him over the head with a beer bottle. Tal player and was disqualified from missed the first 5 rounds of the Havan Chess Olympiad because winning any prize money. of his injuries in the bar fight.

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In 1994, world champion Garry Kasparov changed his move In 2006, a chess master resigned from the U.S. Chess against woman champion Judit Polgar. He moved a piece, then Federation executive board after being accused of ethics took it back and moved another piece, violating the “touch violations. He was accused of fabricating or manipulating move” rule. He went on to win the game. The tournament chess tournament results to keep his master’s rating by playing organizers had video tape proving that his hand left the pieces, repeated games within a closed group of friends that either did but refused to release the video evidence. not exist or never played chess anywhere else.

In 1994, Rustam Kamsky, Gtat Kamsky’s In 2006, Grandmaster accused reigning father, threated to kill grandmaster Nigel world chess champion of making suspicious Short at a restauraunt during a Kamsky- 50 trips to the bathroom during a single game during their Short chess match. Rustam, a former boxer, World Chess Championship match. Topalov implied that would often go to chess tournaments with his Kramnik was secretly consulting chess-playing software or son and threaten anyone who he perceived talking on his cellphone to get moves. was disturbing the concentration of his son. At the World Open in July 2006, a player was found to be In 1995, International Master Gilles Andruet, a former using a wireless transmitter and receiver called a “Phonito.” If French chess champion, was murdered in Paris over gambling he had won his final round, he would have won $18,000. He was debts. caught and was disqualified from the event. Another player had a wireless device in his ear, claiming it was a hearing aid. In the 1990s, life prisoner Claude Bloodgood organized chess games in his In 2006, during the Turin Chess Olympiad, a British prison in Virginia, playing fellow inmates. grandmaster punched an Armenian grandmaster at a nightclub. He rigged the ratings of the players, then beat The two got in a jealous dispute over a 19-year-old chess-playing all these top players in match after match over beauty, who was energetically dancing with the Armenian. the years. By 1996 he had a rating of 2702, the second-highest rated player in the USA. In 2006-2007, many forged email posts were made on The U.S. Chess Federation changed its rating the Internet targeting several U.S. Chess Federation members system to prevent “closed pool” rating inflation. and candidates in the upcoming USCF election. The fake identities were alleged to come from Suan Polgar, former world In 2001, a grandmaster was accused of faking his chess women’s chess champion and a board member of the USCF, and rating by fixing chess matches for his own benefit and falsifying her husband, Paul Truong. In 2009, both were removed from the chess tournament results. The rating increase scam allowed the executive board of the USCF. Their webmaster, Gregory him to get ranked as high as number 33 in the world. Alexander, was indicted by a federal grand jury on 34 counts of email haking and one count of aggravated identity theft. In 2003, a player was caught in the bathroom using a handheld PC with a chess program on it. He wad disqualified In 2007, a chess team captain was caught outside the playing and the tournament director asked his chess federation to ban room using a PDA with a Pocket chess playing program. the player in other tournaments. The player was banned to play in any further league matches. In October, 2004, the World Chess Federation vice president was punched, wrestled to the ground and dragged In 2008, an untitled Iranian player was caught to jail by a group of security agents. It was during the closing receiving suggested moves by text message on his ceremonies of the Chess Olympiad. He tried to get closer to mobile phone. The game was being relayed live the stage to make an announcement on an award, but security over the Internet and it was alleged that his friends people stepped in front of him, pushed him back, and assaulted were following it and guiding him using a chess him. engine.

In 2005, one of the grandmaster In November 2008, Grandmaster Vassily competitors in the San Luis World Ivanchuk, ranked number three in the world, refused to submit Championship accused grandmaster a urine sample for a drug test at the 38th Chess Olympiad in Veselin Topalov of cheating with Dresden. He was considered guilty of doping and faced a two- a computer. It was alleged that year ban in organized chess events. He had just lost a game on Topalov’s delegation was using a the last day of the Olympiad when a judge asked him to submit laptop computer in the playing hall to analyze the moves and to a drug test. Instead, Ivanchuk stormed out of the room, somehow signaling the moves to Topalov. kicking a concrete pillar on the way. The drug testing idea in chess is part of the World Chess Federation’s idea of getting In 2005, chess master Robert Snyder, chess author and chess to be a recognized sport by the International Olympic teacher, was arrested in Colorado on charges of sexual assault Committee. on a child and unlawful sexual contact. He was known as a chess instructor for children and teenagers (chess for Juniors). In 2011, three members of France’s chess team were He jumped bail (registered sex offender) and was later featured suspended after allegations of an elaborate cheating scheme. on America’s Most Wanted, and captured a few months later in The trio is reported to have used text messaging and computer Belize. He had started teaching chess to young boys again. software to help beat their opponents at a chess tournament in Siberia in 2010. Phone bill records were examined showing over In 2006, a player from India was banned for 10 years for 150 text messages to one player and another 30 text messages to cheating after he was caught using his mobile phone’s wireless the other player. Two players received five year suspensions device to win his chess games. and the third player was given a lifetime ban.

29 White Knight Review July/August 2011 Annotated Game 15.Bxd5] Be7 [if 13...Qe7, then 14.Nxd5 exd5 15.Re1] 14. Bxf6 by Bill Wall gxf6 [14...Bxf6 15.Nxd5 is strong for White] 15. Nxd5 Spassky Bxd5 [better may be 15...exd5 Versus 16.Nd4 Qd7] 16. Bxd5 [White Avtonomov could have also played 16.Nh4, then 17.Bxd5 exd5 18.Nf5] Boris Spassky was born on Jan exd5 17. Nd4 [Spassky could 30, 1937. In 1949, at age 12, he have played 17.Qd2 or 17.Qd3 played in the Leningrad Junior and win the d-pawn, but he Championship and pulled off saw more than just winning a a nice win playing the Queen's pawn] Kf8 [if 17...O-O, then Gambit Accepted as White. 18 Nf5, threatening 19.Nxe7 or Boris started out as a 1.d4 mate; Black could have tried player, then later switched to 17...Qd7, but White could play an 1.e4 player. This game was 18.Qf3 and 19.Nf5] 18. Nf5 the best played in this event. h5 [to prevent 19.Qh5. If 18... Bc5, then 19.Rac1 Rc8 20.b4. Spassky – Alex Avtonomov, 18...Ra7 looks bad after 19.Qe3 Leningrad 1949 threatening 20.Qxa7 and 1. d4 d5 2. c4 dxc4 [Queen’s 20.Qh6] Gambit Accepted] 3. Nf3 [other good choices are 3.Nc3; 3.e3; and 3.e4] Nf6 4. e3 e6 [trying to hold on to the pawn with 4… b5 usually fails to 5.a4] 5. Bxc4 [getting his pawn back] c5 6. O-O a6 7. Qe2 b5 8. Bb3 Nc6 9. Nc3 cxd4 10. Rd1 [pinning the pawn since 10…dxc3?? loses the queen after 11.Rxd8] Bb7 [perhaps better is 10…b4] 11. exd4 Nb4 [best may be 11... Na5 12.Bc2 Be7; other moves Click on ads to visit websites that have been played are 11... Ne7; 11...b4; 11...d3; 11...B7] 12. d5!? [Interesting move for 19. Rxd5! [nice sac of the a 12 year old and perhaps the Rook by a 12-year old in best move at this point. White 1949] Qxd5? [This loses for could also try 12.Ne5] Nbxd5 Black. Perhaps Black should [12...Bxd5 13.Bxd5 looks good just play 19...Qc7 or 19...Qe8] for White; if 12...Nfxd5, then 20. Qxe7+ Kg8 21. Qxf6 [White 13.a3 wins for White] 13. Bg5 now threatens 22.Qg7 mate or [Again, the strongest move. 22.Ne7+ forking Queen and White threatens 14.Nxd5 Bxd5 King. Black resigned.] 1-0

30 White Knight Review July/August 2011

balanced. Fancy chess sets are Pope Pius V and often played Ask Bill Bill Wall usually no allowed in tourna- chess with them. He was one [email protected] ments. Most are made of wood of the fisrt to give simultaneous or plastic. The king usu- exhibitions and could play 3 From Mike K. ally has a on its topmost people blindfolded simultane- layer. The queen usually has ously. Inn 1576, he was taken Do you consider a small, round sphere instead prisoner and sold as a slave to chess a sport? of a cross. The bishops have a Turk. He gained his freedom pointed heads. The knights my teaching his master how to Mike, chess is considered bear a horse-shaped figure. play chess. In 1598, at the age a sport by the International The rooks have a castle-shaped of 70, he lost a chess match to a Olympic committee and by figure. The pawns are the player named Salvio in Naples. many countries, such as Rus- shortest piece and have a round Three days later, he was found sia. I guess we have to define a head. dead in his lodging. Some sport. If you mean sport is an sources say he was poisoned by organized, competitive activity, From Adam B. jealous rivals. then chess is a sport. But there may not be too much physical My favorite actor is Humphrey From Dan G. activity involved, except for Bogart. Was he a strong chess sitting. And if chess is a sport, player? Who was the first official then perhaps every game is a world champion? sport. Some just call chess a Adam, yes, Bogart was a “mind sport” like poker and strong player and addicted Dan, Wilhelm (William) go and backgammon. But it chess player. He appeared on Steinitz (1836-1900) was the does not seem to fall under the cover of the June-July, 1945 first official world champion. the normal traditional sports issue of Chess Review. He was In 1886, he defeated Johannes definition. Now combine chess playing chess with Charles Zukertort ina match held in with , and you have a Boyer while his wife, Lauren New York, St. Louis, and New real sport, (which Bacall, looked on. He was Orleans. Steinitz won the really exists). about expert strength and used match on March 29, 1886 with to hustle chess during the De- 10 wins, 5 losses, and 5 draws From Henrique. pression in New York. There and was proclaimed official were several chess scenes in his world champion. He was prob- What is the standard movie Casablanca, which were ably the unofficial world cham- used in tournaments? all Bogart’s idea. He once drew pion from 1866 (when he a game with Samuel Reshevsky. defeated Adolf Anders- Henrique, this is normally Bogart claimed to be the stron- sen) until 1886. Stein- the so called “Staunton” design gest chess player among Holly- itz was the first un- chess set. Chess pieces used wood stars. disputed world chess for tournaments and matches champion and held the are usually figurines that are From David M. title from 1886 to 1894, taller than wider, with the losing his title to Eman- king around 3.75 inches tall. Who was Paoli Boi? uel Lasker. Steinitz The Staunton design is named came to the USA in after the 19th century Howard David, Paoli Boi (1528-1598) 1883 and became a Staunton, and was designed was one of the leading chess US citizen in 1888. He by Nathaniel Cook. The first players of the 16th century. In won every serious chess Staunton chess sets were made 1574, he defeated match from 1862 until in 1849 by Jaques of London. in a match at the court of King 1892. Usually the pieces are weighted Phillip II of Spain. He was and felted, making them well friends with Pope Paul II and

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