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Iechnical Publication No. 81. Paul J STATE OF UTAH IEPAR'IMENT OF NA'IURAL RESaJRCES 'Iechnical Publication No. 81. GRlJND-WATER CDNDITIDNS IN 'lHE KAlPARCWI'IS ILA'lEAU AREA, UTAH .AND ARIZONA, WI'lH EMRIASIS ON 'lHE NNAJO SANnS'IDNE Paul J. Blanchard Hydrologist, U.s. Geological Survey PreIared t¥ the united States Geological Survey in <boperation with '!he utah ~IartInent of Natural Resourres Division of water Rights 19ffi illNTENTS Page Abstract ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1 Introduction ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 Purpose and scope of the study •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 Previous investigations ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 2 General description of the stuqy area ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 Numbering system for hydrogeologic-data sites ••••••••••••••••••••• 5 Ackn~ledgnents ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 GeOlogy and its effects on hydrology ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 stratigraphy •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7 Struct.ure ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 12 ~drologic setting ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14 Hydrologic bUdget of the Kairarooits Plateau area. ••••••••••••••••• 14 Precipita.tion ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17 Surfa~water ooOOitions •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 17 Ground-water conditions ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 21 Hydrologic characteristics of the Navajo. Entrada. and Wingate sa.ndstol1es ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 22 Ground water in the Navajo sandstone ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 Re-dlar ge •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 27 ~an.ent •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 Disdlarge ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 29 Storat;;Je 39 O1anica.l qualiq 42 Effects of Lake Powell............................................ 45 Effects of large-scale withdrawal................................. 50 Sumnary, conclusions, and recmunendations for further stuqy • ••••• •••••• 51 References cited ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 54 Publications of the Utah ~partment of Natural Resources, Division of water Rigllts ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 76 JLLUS'ffiATIONS [Plates are in pocket] Plate 1. Map shooing selected hydrogeOlogic information in the Kaiparooits Plateau area, Utah and Arizona. 2. loBp shooing general geOlogy of the KairarCMits Plateau area, Utah and Arizona. Figure 1- Map sha-"ing location of the KairarCMits Plateau area. ••••••• 3 2. Diagram shooing nunbering cystem for qydrogeologic-d3.ta sites in Utah ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 6 3. Photograth shaNing Navajo Sandstone OI1erlain t¥ cannel Fortna.tion ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 4. Photograth shooing fractured Navajo Sandstone in the East Kaibab monocline •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 13 5. Mlp sha-"ing approxirna.te potentiaretric surface and general direction of IIlOlJement of water in the Na'Vajo Sandstone and related fonnations •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 28 iii IIJ.,US'IRATION&--Cbntin ued Page Figure 6. PhotograFh shaving seep fran the Navajo sandstone in wall of canyon of Fif~ile Creek •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 33 7. Map shaving subdivisions of the Escalante River resin used in wetland consunptive-use ootermination ••••••••••••• 37 8. Map shaving approximate altituoo of the top of the Navajo sa.ndstol'le ......•...•.•....••..•.•.•.••...•..•.•.•••..••••• 40 9. Map shaving approximate thickness of the Navajo sandstone and the Glen canyon Group, undiviood •••••••••••••••••••••• 41 10. GraFhs shaving water levels in selected observation wells completed in the Navajo sandstone ••••••••••••••••••• 43 11. GraFhs shaving water levels of Lake Powell and in several near~ observation wells •••..•.•••••.••••••••••••••••••••• 46 12. Map shaving water levels of Lake Powell (lg)3-80) and in selected wells near Lake Powell at selected times ••••••••• 47 13. Map shONing major ion dlanistry of water in wells in the Wabveap Bay area, in Lake Powell, and in the Cblorado River at Lees Ferry at selected times ••••••••••••••••••••• 49 14. GraFh shONing theoretical effect on water levels caused ~ withdra-lals fran the Navajo sandstone •••••••••••••••••• 52 TMLES '!able 1. Description of geologic fonnations in the Kaip:lrONits Plateau area. ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 8 2. Selected springs that discharge fran the carmel Fonnation arove resal siltstone of lav ~rmeability •••••••••••••••••• 14 3. Hydrologic and p1¥sical characteristics of shallow core and outcrop samples ootermined fran laroratory analyses •••••••• 15 4. Hydrologic budget of the Escalante River, Paria River, and Wahweap Creek basins •••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 16 5. Selected streamflCM data in the Kaip:l.rCMits Plateau area.... 18 6. Miscellaneous surface-water measuranents in the Escalante River and Paria River basins ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 20 7. canp:lrison of 1¥drologic and physical dlaracteristics of the Navajo sandstone and results of C:quifer tests in the Kaip:lravits Plateau area with those in the laver Dirty DaTil River resin, the up~r Virgin River and Kanab O:eek l:asins, and the central Virgin River basin ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 8. Results of C:quifer tests in and near the Kaip:lravits Plateau area ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 24 9. Records of selected springs discharging fran the Navajo sandstone or overlying all~iun •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 31 10. Seep:lge to tributaries of the Colorado River in Glen canyon fran the Navajo sandstone, Kayenta Formation, and Wingate sa.ndstone •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 35 11. Drillers' logs of selected wells •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 57 12. Records of selected water wells ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 60 iv 'mBLES--Continood Page 13. Water lel7els in selected observation wells •••••••••••••••••• 62 14. O1enical analyses of major constituents in ground and surface water at selected sites •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 70 15. Water lel7els of Lake Powell at Glen Cilf¥on Darn, 1%3-82 ••••• 72 16. Olanical analyses of trace elanents in ground and surface water at selected sites •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 74 <DNJERSION mcroRS For readers who prefer to use metric units, roJ1llersion factors for indl­ lX)und units used in this report are listed below: Multiply inch-pound units To obtain acre 0.4047 square hectaneter 0.004047 square kilaneter acr~foot (acr~ft) 0.001233 cubic hectaneter cubic foot ~r second (ft3/s) 0.02832 cubic meter per second foot (ft) 0.3048 meter foot ~r day (ft/d) 0.3048 meter ~r day foot squared per day (ft2/d) 0.0929 meter fquared ~r day gallon ~r minute (gal/min) 0.06308 liter ~r second inch (in) 25.40 millimeter 2.540 centimeter mile (mi) 1.609 kilaneter square mile (mi2) 2.590 square kilaneter Water tem~rature is given in degrees celsius (OC) , which can be coJ1llerted to degrees Fahrenheit (OF) by the follow ing equation: OF = 1.8(OC) + 32 DEFINITION OF TERMS Chemical Classification of Ground Water Water quality in terms of concentrations of dissolved solids has been classified as follows: Classification Concentration. in milligrams per liter Fresh Less than 1,000 Slightly saline 1,000-3,000 Moderately saline 3,000-10,000 Very saline 10,000-35,000 Briny lttJre than 35,000 v HYdrologic PrOPerties of water-Bearing Materials Lohnan (1972) and Hood and Ianielson (1981) have defined hydrologic pro~rties of water-bearing materials. Porosity (N) is defined t¥ Lohman (1972, p. 3) as the ratio of the volune of interstices to the total vo1une of a rock or soil, expressed as a fraction or t:ercentage. Hood and Danielson (l9ffi., p. 5) define hydraulic oonductivity (K) of a water-bearing material as the volune of water that will JOOIle through a unit cross section of the material in unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient. Trananissivity (T) is defined 1:¥ Lohman (1972, p. 6) as the rate at which water of the prelTailing kinanatic visoosity is trananitted through a unit width of the cquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient, and is equal to the average hydraulic oonductivity of the aquifer times the thickness of the cquifer. units are feet 5:Iuared per day. Lohman (1972, p. 8) defines storage coefficient (8) as the volune of water an aquifer releases fran or takes into storage per unit surface area of the aquifer per unit change in head. '!he storage coefficient is dimensionless. vi GIOJND-WATER CDNDITIDNS IN '!HE KAIl?AR(}lIW ILA'IENJ AREA, UTJIH AND ARIZONA, WI'IH EMRIASIS ON '!HE NlWAJO SANOS'IONE By Paul J. Blandlard Hydrologist, u.s. Geological Survey MS'IRACI' '!he Kai:r:arCMits Plateau area is located in amtral Garfield and eastern ~ne Cbunties of Utah and north-~ntral Cboonino Cbunt¥ of Arizona. 'lhe area covers about 4,850 square miles and includes the drainages of the Escalante and Paria Rivers, and several smaller drairages to the Colorado River I::etween the Escalante and Paria River drairages. '!be consolidated-rock aquifer that has the most potential for ground­ water developnent is the Navajo sandstone of Triassic(?) and Jurassic age. 'lhe Entrada Sandstone of Jurassic age is a secondary cquifer, and the Wingate sandstone of Triassic age presently is not developed but potentially is a significant cquifer. '!he top of the Navajo sandstone ranges in depth fran the surfa~ near Boulder, on the
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