DOCSLIB.ORG

Halotolerance, Ligninase Production and Herbicide Degradation Ability of Basidiomycetes Strains

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Halotolerance, Ligninase Production and Herbicide Degradation Ability of Basidiomycetes Strains Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 44, 4, 1207-1214 (2013) Copyright © 2013, Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia ISSN 1678-4405 www.sbmicrobiologia.org.br Research Paper Halotolerance, ligninase production and herbicide degradation ability of basidiomycetes strains R.L. Arakaki, D.A. Monteiro, M. Boscolo, R. Dasilva, E. Gomes Laboratório de Bioquímica Aplicada, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil. Submitted: August 13, 2012; Approved: April 4, 2013. Abstract Fungi have been recently recognized as organisms able to grow in presence of high salt concentration with halophilic and halotolerance properties and their ligninolytic enzyme complex have an unspe- cific action enabling their use to degradation of a number of xenobiotic compounds. In this work, both the effect of salt and polyols on growth of the basidiomycetes strains, on their ability to produce ligninolytic enzyme and diuron degradation were evaluated. Results showed that the presence of NaCl in the culture medium affected fungal specimens in different ways. Seven out of ten tested strains had growth inhibited by salt while Dacryopinax elegans SXS323, Polyporus sp MCA128 and Datronia stereoides MCA167 fungi exhibited higher biomass production in medium containing 0.5 and 0.6 mol.L-1 of NaCl, suggesting to be halotolerant. Polyols such as glycerol and mannitol added into the culture media improved the biomass and ligninases production by D. elegans but the fungus did not reveal consumption of these polyols from media. This fungus degraded diuron in medium control, in presence of NaCl as well as polyols, produced MnP, LiP and laccase. Key words: basidiomycetes, halotolerance, ligninases, diuron degradation. ing the growth and activities of microorganisms (Petrovic Introduction et al., 2002; Abou-Elela et al., 2010). In this way, the utili- The ability to growth and the mechanisms involved in zation of salt-tolerant organisms in biological treatment adaptation to low water activity (aw) has been well under- could be an interesting approach. A successful degradation stood for prokaryote groups. However, only in the last de- of xenobiotics by halotolerant Penicillium spp, Trametes cade fungi were isolated from saline and hypersaline envi- and Flavodon flavus (Leitão et al., 2005; Cantrell et al., ronments (Moubasher et al., 1990; Cantrell et al., 2006) but 2010) has been described. their adjustment mechanisms to halophile conditions is still The increasing in the use of agricultural chemicals re- not clear. Two proteins, in the membrane and in the cyto- sults in the accumulation of these compounds and their de- plasm (HwHhk7 and HwSho1) have been reported to act as rivatives in soil and water. Diuron is a phenylurea herbicide osmosensors in halophile fungus which is a signal for cas- (N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea; CAS 330- cade of the MAPKs, leading to phosphorylation of Hog1 54-1) and it is one of the most often employed agrochemi- that is translocated into the nucleus, regulating the expres- cals for controlling weeds in sugarcane, citrus and coffee sion of a number of genes involved in salt tolerance crops. It has high mobility in soils, low susceptibility to nat- (Gostinc et al., 2011). Lenassi et al. (2011) described dif- ural attenuation and strong toxicity. Besides, more toxic ferences among adaptive, obligate halophiles and salt-sen- metabolites with genotoxic and teratogenic actions such as sitive fungi at the molecular level involving enzyme as 3,4-dichloroanilines, N-3,4-dichlorophenylurea and N- glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase Gpd1. (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methylurea can be generated from Sometimes, high salinity of the medium containing diuron by biotic and abiotic reactions (Tixier et al., 2000; xenobiotics can difficult the biodegradation process, affect- Dellamatrice and Monteiro, 2004; Giacomazzi and Cochet, Send correspondence to E. Gomes. Laboratory of Biochemistry and Applied Microbiology, Ibilce, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil. E-mail: [email protected]. 1208 Arakaki et al. 2004). The dissipation of phenylurea herbicides in the envi- also studied. For diuron degradation experiments, a ronment was reported as a predominantly biological pro- commercial formulation of diuron Karmex® (dupont) was cess, suggesting that the restoration of polluted sites employed in culture medium. The pesticide was diluted in through bioremediation is a promising tool (Cameron et al., methanol (12.5 mg.mL-1), homogenized by two sonication 2000; Sørensen et al., 2003). pulses of 15 min and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min at Fungi from basidiomycetes group are referred by rea- 10 °C. Then, the solution was sterilized by filtration son of their noticeable versatility to oxidize a wide range of through a 0.22 mm Millipore membrane. Aliquots were dis- xenobiotic, phenolic or non-phenolic compounds (Cerni- pensed into sterile 125 mL flasks in a laminar flow. After glia, 1997), dyes (Trovaslet et al., 2007), pesticides (Gian- solvent evaporation, each one received 25 mL of sterile liq- freda and Rao, 2004), chlorophenols and organophos- uid culture medium previously described, resulting in final phorus (Keum and Li, 2004). The mechanisms consist of concentration of 5 and 10 mg.L-1 of diuron. Diuron dissipa- carbon bond breakage with aromatic ring fission, aryl-alkyl tion and ligninolytic enzyme production were evaluated for breakage and lateral chains removal. until 10 days in slight agitation at 28 °C, in the dark. At the In spite of their ability to degrade several compounds, end of the cultivation period, cultures were centrifuged at a few strains of basidiomycetes were evaluated in relation 10,000 g for 10 min and the mycelium was dried at 70 °C to to their salt-tolerance. Therefore, the aim of this work was quantification of both biomass and the filtered used for de- to investigate the effect of NaCl concentration on the ability termination of diuron degradation. of basidiomycetes species to grow, produce ligninases and degrade herbicide diuron. HPLC analysis All media samples were centrifuged and afterwards Materials and Methods filtered through a 0.22 mm membrane. Diuron degradation Fungal cultures rates were estimated using an isocratic Jasco HPLC, em- ploying a UV-975 detector adjusted to 240 nm and a Ten basidiomycetes strains, previously isolated from starchromatography 4.0 Varian software. Analyses were decaying wood in the Atlantic Rainforest fragments, at developed with a C18 (Perkin Elmer) column, in an oven “Estação Ecológica do Noroeste Paulista”, northeast of São stated at 40 °C. The pesticides were eluted by a degassed Paulo State, Brazil (Santos et al., 2004; Abrahão et al., mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and water 2008) were used in this work. The fungi were being pre- (60/40 v.v-1), with a flow rate of 1 mL.min-1. As standard served using Castellani’s method, under mineral oil and liq- for calibration curve diuron Ultrachem was employed (99% uid Nitrogen. purity). All samples were injected three times and the re- sults represent the means taken. Culture medium, inoculum and cultivation condition Mycelium was scraped from agar plates, under sterile Enzyme assays conditions, and transferred to 120 mL Erlenmeyer flasks Enzymatic activities in the crude extract of fungal loosely capped with cotton plugs, containing 50 mL of the -1 cultures were determined spectrophotometrically, by reac- basal medium composed of (g.L ): 5.0 glucose, 2.0 yeast tions carried out at 40 °C. Laccase (EC 1.10.3.2) was mea- extract, 1.0 potassium sodium tartrate, 1.0 ammonium sured based on ABTS (Sigma) oxidation (e = 3.6.104 M-1 phosphate monobasic, 0.5 magnesium sulfate, 0.2 potas- cm-1), at 420 nm Buswell et al. (1984). Lignin peroxidase sium chloride and 1.0 mL of micronutrient solution. (EC 1.11.1.14) (LiP) activity was estimated by means of The pH was adjusted to 5.5. After growing for 6-7 days, at veratryl alcohol (Fluka) oxidation to veratraldehyde 28 °C, the medium was removed and the mycelium washed e 3 -1 -1 twice with Knapp buffer (Tixier et al., 2000). After that, ( = 9.3.10 M cm ) at 310 nm Li et al. (2003). Manga- nese-dependent peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13) (MnP) had its fungal biomass was mixed with the buffer in a sterile mixer, 3+ and cell suspension was diluted to reach the optical density activity determined by generation of lactate-Mn com- e 3 -1 -1 of 0.5 at the wavelength of 550 nm. This suspension was plexes ( = 8.1.10 M cm ), absorbing at 240 nm (Glenn et used as inoculum for experiments using the same medium. al., 1986; Aitken and Irvine, 1990). For all cases, 1 unit of The incubation was carried out for 10 days at 28 °C. enzymatic activity was expressed as the amount of enzyme capable of oxidizing 1 mmol of substrate per minute, under Culture conditions for halotolerance, effect of assay conditions, and expressed as U per gram of dry bio- mannitol and glycerol on growth and diuron mass. degradation Analytical procedures In order to evaluate the tolerance of the fungi to salt concentrations, the culture medium was supplemented with Reducing sugars were determined by DNS method 0.5, 0.6 and 0.8 mol.L-1 of NaCl. The effect of addition of (Miller, 1959), using D-glucose as standard. The separation mannitol and glycerol at 0.5 M to the culture medium was and identification of carbohydrate was carried out by Herbicide degradation ability of basidiomycetes strains 1209 HPAEC-PAD (ICS 3000, Dionex Corporation, EUA), with Demoulin (1997). Phlebia sp tolerated 30 to 50% (26) and AS40 automated sampler and carbopac PA-1 anionic col- Formitopis,47g.L-1 (Miyazaki et al., 2007; Li et al., 2002). umn.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Ppz Protein Phosphatases Are Key Regulators of K+ and Ph Homeostasis: Implications for Salt Tolerance, Cell Wall Integrity and Cell Cycle Progression
    The EMBO Journal Vol. 21 No. 5 pp. 920±929, 2002 The Ppz protein phosphatases are key regulators of K+ and pH homeostasis: implications for salt tolerance, cell wall integrity and cell cycle progression Lynne Yenush, Jose M.Mulet, but the mechanisms that regulate their activity to achieve JoaquõÂn ArinÄ o1 and Ramo n Serrano2 cation homeostasis are only starting to be elucidated (Serrano and Rodriguez-Navarro, 2001). Instituto de BiologõÂa Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad PoliteÂcnica de Valencia-CSIC, Camino de Vera s/n, Several lines of evidence have indicated the existence of E-46022 Valencia and 1Departament de BioquõÂmica i Biologia a link between cation homeostasis and the cell cycle. Molecular, Fac. VeterinaÁria, Universitat AutoÁnoma de Barcelona, Speci®cally, previous studies have established a correl- Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, Spain ation between cytosolic alkalinization and G1 progression 2Corresponding author in yeast (Gillies et al., 1981) and animal cells (Nuccitelli e-mail: [email protected] and Heiple, 1982). This increased intracellular pH may be either a regulatory signal (Perona and Serrano, 1988) or The yeast Ppz protein phosphatases and the Hal3p merely permissive for cell proliferation (Grinstein et al., inhibitory subunit are important determinants of salt 1989). More recently, in the eukaryotic model system tolerance, cell wall integrity and cell cycle progression. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, alterations in the expression of We present several lines of evidence showing that several genes encoding signal transduction proteins have these disparate phenotypes are connected by the fact been shown to affect both intracellular ion homeostasis that Ppz regulates K+ transport. First, salt tolerance, and cell cycle, again suggesting a possible link between cell wall integrity and cell cycle phenotypes of Ppz these two highly regulated cellular processes.
    [Show full text]
  • The Halotolerance and Phylogeny of Cyanobacteria with Tightly Coiled Trichomes (Spirulina Turpin) and the Description of Halospirulina Tapeticola Gen
    International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2000), 50, 1265–1277 Printed in Great Britain The halotolerance and phylogeny of cyanobacteria with tightly coiled trichomes (Spirulina Turpin) and the description of Halospirulina tapeticola gen. nov., sp. nov. Ulrich Nu$ bel,† Ferran Garcia-Pichel‡ and Gerard Muyzer§ Author for correspondence: Ulrich Nu$ bel. Tel: j1 406 994 3412. Fax: j1 406 994 4926. e-mail: unuebel!montana.edu Max-Planck-Institute for The morphologies, halotolerances, temperature requirements, pigment Marine Microbiology, compositions and 16S rRNA gene sequences of five culture collection strains Bremen, Germany and six novel isolates of cyanobacteria with helical, tightly coiled trichomes were investigated. All strains were very similar morphologically and could be assigned to the genus Spirulina (or section Euspirulina sensu Geitler), according to traditional classification. However, the isolates showed significantly different requirements for salinity and temperature, which were in accordance with their respective environmental origins. The genetic divergence among the strains investigated was large. The results indicate the drastic underestimation of the physiological and phylogenetic diversity of these cyanobacteria by the current morphology-based classification and the clear need for new taxa. Three of the isolates originated from hypersaline waters and were similar with respect to their high halotolerance, broad euryhalinity and elevated temperature tolerance. By phylogenetic analyses, they were
    [Show full text]
  • Osmoregulatory Physiology and Its Evolution in the Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus Aculeatus) Jeffrey N
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn Doctoral Dissertations University of Connecticut Graduate School 8-24-2016 Osmoregulatory Physiology and its Evolution in the Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) Jeffrey N. Divino University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Divino, Jeffrey N., "Osmoregulatory Physiology and its Evolution in the Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)" (2016). Doctoral Dissertations. 1217. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1217 Osmoregulatory Physiology and its Evolution in the Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) Jeffrey Nicholas Divino, PhD University of Connecticut, 2016 Maintaining ion balance in environments of changing salinity is one of the greatest physiological challenges facing aquatic organisms and by comparing populations inhabiting different salinity regimes, we can learn how physiological plasticity evolves in response to local osmotic stress. I characterized the evolution of osmoregulatory responses in representative marine, anadromous, and freshwater (FW) populations of Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) by comparing survival and physiological measures in F1-generation fish following salinity challenge. Juveniles from a population landlocked for ~10,000 years displayed ontogenetically-delayed seawater (SW) tolerance, a lower maximum salinity threshold, and did not upregulate the Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) ion transporter as much as marine counterparts (Chapter 1). Stickleback also responded to salinity stress by remodeling their gill epithelium: I observed a higher density of ionoregulatory cells when juveniles were subjected to both low and high salinities, and the latter treatment induced strong upregulation of ion secretory cells (Chapter 2). Finally, I examined the speed at which osmoregulatory plasticity evolves by comparing halotolerance between an anadromous population and descendants that had been FW-restricted for only two generations (Chapter 3).
    [Show full text]
  • Bioprospecting for Novel Halophilic and Halotolerant Sources of Hydrolytic Enzymes in Brackish, Saline and Hypersaline Lakes of Romania
    microorganisms Article Bioprospecting for Novel Halophilic and Halotolerant Sources of Hydrolytic Enzymes in Brackish, Saline and Hypersaline Lakes of Romania Robert Ruginescu 1,*, Ioana Gomoiu 1, Octavian Popescu 1,2, Roxana Cojoc 1, Simona Neagu 1, Ioana Lucaci 1, Costin Batrinescu-Moteau 1 and Madalin Enache 1 1 Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] (I.G.); [email protected] (O.P.); [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (S.N.); [email protected] (I.L.); [email protected] (C.B.-M.); [email protected] (M.E.) 2 Molecular Biology Center, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai-University, 42 Treboniu Laurian St., 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 4 November 2020; Accepted: 30 November 2020; Published: 30 November 2020 Abstract: Halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms represent promising sources of salt-tolerant enzymes that could be used in various biotechnological processes where high salt concentrations would otherwise inhibit enzymatic transformations. Considering the current need for more efficient biocatalysts, the present study aimed to explore the microbial diversity of five under- or uninvestigated salty lakes in Romania for novel sources of hydrolytic enzymes. Bacteria, archaea and fungi were obtained by culture-based approaches and screened for the production of six hydrolases (protease, lipase, amylase, cellulase, xylanase and pectinase) using agar plate-based assays. Moreover, the phylogeny of bacterial and archaeal isolates was studied through molecular methods. From a total of 244 microbial isolates, 182 (74.6%) were represented by bacteria, 22 (9%) by archaea, and 40 (16.4%) by fungi.
    [Show full text]
  • Unlocking Survival Mechanisms for Metal and Oxidative Stress in the Extremely Acidophilic, Halotolerant Acidihalobacter Genus
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Unlocking Survival Mechanisms for Metal and Oxidative Stress in the Extremely Acidophilic, Halotolerant Acidihalobacter Genus Himel Nahreen Khaleque 1,2, Homayoun Fathollazadeh 1 , Carolina González 3,4 , Raihan Shafique 1, Anna H. Kaksonen 2 , David S. Holmes 3,4,5 and Elizabeth L.J. Watkin 1,* 1 School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia; [email protected] (H.N.K.); [email protected] (H.F.); raihan.shafi[email protected] (R.S.) 2 CSIRO Land and Water, Floreat 6014, Australia; [email protected] 3 Center for Bioinformatics and Genome Biology, Fundacion Ciencia y Vida, Santiago 7750000, Chile; [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (D.S.H.) 4 Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580000, Chile 5 Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago 8320000, Chile * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +61-8926-629-55 Received: 28 September 2020; Accepted: 22 November 2020; Published: 24 November 2020 Abstract: Microorganisms used for the biohydrometallurgical extraction of metals from minerals must be able to survive high levels of metal and oxidative stress found in bioleaching environments. The Acidihalobacter genus consists of four species of halotolerant, iron–sulfur-oxidizing acidophiles that are unique in their ability to tolerate chloride and acid stress while simultaneously bioleaching minerals. This paper uses bioinformatic tools to predict the genes and mechanisms used by Acidihalobacter members in their defense against a wide range of metals and oxidative stress. Analysis revealed the presence of multiple conserved mechanisms of metal tolerance.
    [Show full text]
  • Osmoregulation and Other Survival Strategies Deployed by The
    Pakistan Journal of Marine Sciences, Vol.1(1), 73-86, 1992 REVIEW ARTICLE COPING WITH EXCESS SALT IN THEIR GROWTH ENVI­ RONMENTS: OSMOREGULATION AND OTHER SURVIVAL STRA1EGIES DEPLOYED BY THE MANGROVES. Saiyed I. Ahmed School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, U.S.A. INTRODUCI'ION Mangroves are defined here as a collection of woody plants and the associated fauna and flora that use a coastal depositional environment. Mangrove forests consist of plant communities that belong to many different genera and families that are not always related phylogenetically. However, they share some common characteristics based upon physiological, reproductive and morphological adaptations that enable them to grow in a broad range of coastal environments in the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. By this definition, they occupy the interface between the land and the sea (Walsh, 1974). Throughout the world, approximately 54 species of plants belonging to about 20 genera in 16 families have been recognized as belonging to the mangroves (Tomlinson, 1986). The mangrove forests of Pakistan consist of 8 species in the Indus River delta region and 5 species along the Makran Coast. However, the species of the genusAvicennia are the dominant members in both these areas and represent 90-95% of the total mangrove vegetation (Snedaker, 1984). Jennings and Bird (1967) have described the six most important geomorphological characteristics that affect estuaries, and they are: (1) aridity, (2) wave energy, (3) tidal conditions, ( 4) sedimentation, (5) mineralogy and (6) neotectonic effects. All of these directly or indirectly affect the establishment of mangroves. Walsh (1974) and Chapman (1975, 1977) have described in all seven characteristics that may be consid­ ered as essential requisites for mangroves on a world-wide basis; (1) air temperature (within a restricted range), (2) mud substrate, (3) protection, (4) salt water, (5) tidal range, (6) ocean currents, and (7) shallow shores.
    [Show full text]
  • Salinity Stress Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms in Eukaryotic Green Microalgae
    cells Review Salinity Stress Responses and Adaptation Mechanisms in Eukaryotic Green Microalgae Prateek Shetty 1, Margaret Mukami Gitau 1 and Gergely Maróti 1,2,* 1 Institute of Plant Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Biological Research Centre, 6726 Szeged, Hungary; [email protected] (P.S.); [email protected] (M.M.G.) 2 Faculty of Water Sciences, National University of Public Service, 6500 Baja, Hungary * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +36-308-270455 Received: 1 October 2019; Accepted: 12 December 2019; Published: 17 December 2019 Abstract: High salinity is a challenging environmental stress for organisms to overcome. Unicellular photosynthetic microalgae are especially vulnerable as they have to grapple not only with ionic imbalance and osmotic stress but also with the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) interfering with photosynthesis. This review attempts to compare and contrast mechanisms that algae, particularly the eukaryotic Chlamydomonas microalgae, exhibit in order to immediately respond to harsh conditions caused by high salinity. The review also collates adaptation mechanisms of freshwater algae strains under persistent high salt conditions. Understanding both short-term and long-term algal responses to high salinity is integral to further fundamental research in algal biology and biotechnology. Keywords: high salt stress; green algae; adaptation; transcriptome; salinity; Chlamydomonas 1. Introduction Algae refer to a broad group of micro- and macroorganisms capable of oxygenic photosynthesis, yet show striking differences compared to land plants. The traditional and common definition of algae includes prokaryotic cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae belonging to highly different phylogenetic clades. Eukaryotic microalgae are polyphyletic in origin and have an extensive ecological niche and evolutionary history.
    [Show full text]
  • Extremely Halotolerant and Halophilic Fungi Inhabit Brine in Solar Salterns Around the Globe
    170 N. GUNDE-CIMERMAN and P. ZALAR: Fungi in Solar Salterns, Food Technol. Biotechnol. 52 (2) 170–179 (2014) ISSN 1330-9862 minireview (FTB-3566) Extremely Halotolerant and Halophilic Fungi Inhabit Brine in Solar Salterns Around the Globe Nina Gunde-Cimerman1,2* and Polona Zalar1 1Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia 2Centre of Excellence for Integrated Approaches in Chemistry and Biology of Proteins (CIPKeBiP), Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Received: November 19, 2013 Accepted: March 31, 2014 Summary For a long time halotolerant and halophilic fungi have been known exclusively as con- taminants of food preserved with high concentrations of either salt or sugar. They were first reported in 2000 to be active inhabitants of hypersaline environments, when they were found in man-made solar salterns in Slovenia. Since then, they have been described in different salterns and salt lakes on three continents. The mycobiota that inhabit these natural hypersaline environments are composed of phylogenetically unrelated halotoler- ant, extremely halotolerant, and halophilic fungi, which are represented not only by spe- cies previously known only as food contaminants, but also by new and rare species. The dominant representatives are different species of black yeast-like and related melanized fungi of the genus Cladosporium, different species within the anamorphic Aspergillus and Penicillium, and the teleomorphic Emericella and Eurotium, certain species of non-melanized yeasts, and Wallemia spp. Until the discovery and description of indigenous saltern myco- biota, the physiological and molecular mechanisms related to salt tolerance in eukaryotic microorganisms were studied using salt-sensitive model organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • Should Highlight That Salinity Is Not A
    Success Stories in Agriculture Salt and Crops: Salinity Tolerance Jian-Kang Zhu,1 Ray A. Bressan,2 P. Mike Hasegawa,2 Jose M. Pardo,3 and Hans J. Bohnert4 Soils are delicate structures, and careless agricultural practices can destroy them. Crop decline resulting from increased soil salinity can be traced back thousands of years to Sumer and Babylonia. There, the original “Fertile Crescent” eventually turned into desert, destroyed by deforestation, unwise planting, and irrigation-induced soil salinity. Such decline in soil productivity also was evident in the U.S. Dust Bowl of the 1930s and is occurring in present-day Australia. Irrigation, currently practiced on about 15% of the world’s farmland, produces more than one-third of the world’s crops but often leaves soils with high salinity. Increased demand for fresh water for urban use not only decreases the amount available for agriculture but also requires that less suitable, often moderately saline, water serves as a replacement. In addition, replacing perennial native plants, which evaporate most of the rainwater, with crops that grow only part of the year can lead to a rise of saline groundwater that ultimately will kill many plants (Figure 1). Flooding, incursion of sea water into coastal fresh water reservoirs, and erratic weather patterns, which seem to increase and which add drought years, compound the effects of increasing soil salinity. 1 The problem for crops in soils with elevated salinity, contributed by a number of metal ions, is that irrigation without connection to the ground water table inevitably and over time increases the concentration of ions in the root zone.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncovering the Mechanisms of Halotolerance in the Extremely Acidophilic Members of the Acidihalobacter Genus Through Comparative Genome Analysis
    fmicb-10-00155 February 8, 2019 Time: 16:55 # 1 ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 08 February 2019 doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00155 Uncovering the Mechanisms of Halotolerance in the Extremely Acidophilic Members of the Acidihalobacter Genus Through Comparative Genome Analysis Himel N. Khaleque1,2, Carolina González3, Raihan Shafique4, Anna H. Kaksonen2, David S. Holmes3,5 and Elizabeth L. J. Watkin1* 1 School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia, 2 CSIRO Land and Water, Floreat, WA, Australia, 3 Center for Bioinformatics and Genome Biology, Science for Life Foundation, Santiago, Chile, 4 Sodexo Australia, Perth, WA, Australia, 5 Centro de Genómica y Bioinformática, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile There are few naturally occurring environments where both acid and salinity stress exist Edited by: together, consequently, there has been little evolutionary pressure for microorganisms to Claudia P. Saavedra, develop systems that enable them to deal with both stresses simultaneously. Members Universidad Andrés Bello, Chile of the genus Acidihalobacter are iron- and sulfur-oxidizing, halotolerant acidophiles that Reviewed by: Mario A. Vera, have developed the ability to tolerate acid and saline stress and, therefore, have the Pontificia Universidad Católica potential to bioleach ores with brackish or saline process waters under acidic conditions. de Chile, Chile T Nicolas Guiliani, The genus consists of four members, A. prosperus DSM 5130 , A. prosperus DSM Universidad de Chile, Chile 14174, A. prosperus F5 and “A. ferrooxidans” DSM 14175. An in depth genome *Correspondence: comparison was undertaken in order to provide a more comprehensive description Elizabeth L. J.
    [Show full text]
  • Halotolerant and Chaotolerant Microfungi from Littoral Anchialine Caves Golubinka and Medova Buža (Croatia)
    Andrzej Chlebicki and Natalia Jakus. Halotolerant and chaotolerant microfungi from littoral anchialine caves Golubinka and Medova Buža (Croatia). Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 81, no. 3, p. 153-161. DOI:10.4311/2016MB0149 HALOTOLERANT AND CHAOTOLERANT MICROFUNGI FROM LITTORAL ANCHIALINE CAVES GOLUBINKA AND MEDOVA BUŽA (CROATIA) Andrzej Chlebicki1, C and Natalia Jakus2 Abstract Rock-inhabiting fungi were isolated for rock walls in Golubinka and Medova Buža littoral anchialine caves in Croatia and tested for their halotolerance. Isolates were identified as Cladosporium psychrotolerans, C. delicatulum, Mucor circi- nelloides, Rhizopus stolonifer, Aureobasidium pullulans var. pullulans, and Talaromyces diversus. Of them, T. diversus appears most resistant to cosmotropic (NaCl) and chaotropic (KCl) salts. It was also the most common species isolated from rock walls. Despite the negative influence of salinity on acid production, we propose that some fungal strains can be recognized as active agents in carbonate dissolution and as good competitors on rocks in saline environments. Anchialine caves can be a refugium for unique halotolerant fungi. Introduction The coastal sea area including islands of the Republic of Croatia is about 33,200 km2. In comparison with the area of the eastern Adriatic territorial waters, the groups of islands covers a large area, being divided into several groups (Duplančić et al. 2004). The Adriatic Carbonate Platform (AdCP), is covered by Palaeozoic–Triassic deposits, Late Cre- taceous–Palaeogene flysch, or Neogene and Quaternary deposits (Vlahović et al. 2005). The major types of rocks that build AdCP are freshwater or brackish and foraminiferal limestones; mudstones; marles; and silicoclastics. The region was changed by several tectonic events during the Palaeogene, Oligocene, and Miocene (Vlahović et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Euryhalinity in an Evolutionary Context Eric T
    University of Connecticut OpenCommons@UConn EEB Articles Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 2013 Euryhalinity in an Evolutionary Context Eric T. Schultz University of Connecticut - Storrs, [email protected] Stephen D. McCormick USGS Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://opencommons.uconn.edu/eeb_articles Part of the Comparative and Evolutionary Physiology Commons, Evolution Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Schultz, Eric T. and McCormick, Stephen D., "Euryhalinity in an Evolutionary Context" (2013). EEB Articles. 29. https://opencommons.uconn.edu/eeb_articles/29 RUNNING TITLE: Evolution and Euryhalinity Euryhalinity in an Evolutionary Context Eric T. Schultz Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut Stephen D. McCormick USGS, Conte Anadromous Fish Research Center, Turners Falls, MA Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst Corresponding author (ETS) contact information: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT 06269-3043 USA [email protected] phone: 860 486-4692 Keywords: Cladogenesis, diversification, key innovation, landlocking, phylogeny, salinity tolerance Schultz and McCormick Evolution and Euryhalinity 1. Introduction 2. Diversity of halotolerance 2.1. Empirical issues in halotolerance analysis 2.2. Interspecific variability in halotolerance 3. Evolutionary transitions in euryhalinity 3.1. Euryhalinity and halohabitat transitions in early fishes 3.2. Euryhalinity among extant fishes 3.3. Evolutionary diversification upon transitions in halohabitat 3.4. Adaptation upon transitions in halohabitat 4. Convergence and euryhalinity 5. Conclusion and perspectives 2 Schultz and McCormick Evolution and Euryhalinity This chapter focuses on the evolutionary importance and taxonomic distribution of euryhalinity. Euryhalinity refers to broad halotolerance and broad halohabitat distribution.
    [Show full text]