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École Nationale Vétérinaire D'alfort Année 2019 RÉALISATION DE FICHES TECHNIQUES ET PÉDAGODIQUES ACCESSIBLES PAR FLASH CODES SUR LES PLANTES MÉDICINALES DU JARDIN BOTANIQUE DE L’ENVA THÈSE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR VÉTÉRINAIRE présentée et soutenue publiquement devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE CRÉTEIL le 3 décembre 2019 par Mégane, Magali, Géraldine FAFIN Née le 16 août 1994 à Saint Germain en Laye (Yvelines) sous la direction de Bénédicte GRIMARD Professeur à la Faculté de Médecine Président du jury : M. Jean-Pascal LE FAUCHEUR de CRÉTEIL Professeur de Zootechnie Economie 1er Assesseur : Mme Bénédicte GRIMARD Rurale à l’EnvA Maître de Conférences en 2nd Assesseur : M. Sébastien PERROT Pharmacologie Toxicologie à l’EnvA REMERCIEMENTS Au professeur de la Faculté de médecine de Créteil Qui m’a fait l’honneur d’accepter la présidence de mon jury de thèse Hommage respectueux. A Bénédicte GRIMARD Pour m’avoir encadrée et aiguillée pour la rédaction de cette thèse Sincères remerciements. A Sébastien PERROT Pour avoir accepté d’être assesseur de cette thèse Sincères remerciements. A Monsieur ALLOUCHE Bruno Pour l’aide sur la mise en ligne des fiches Sincères remerciements. TABLE DES MATIERES TABLE DES MATIERES .......................................................................................................... 1 TABLE DES ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 9 PREMIERE PARTIE : LES PLANTES MÉDICINALES UTILISÉES CHEZ LES ANIMAUX – ÉTUDE BIBLIOGRAPHIQUE ............................................................................................... 11 I) Généralités sur les plantes médicinales ................................................................................... 11 A) Définitions ....................................................................................................................... 11 B) Le marché de la phytothérapie ......................................................................................... 13 1) Statut des plantes médicinales ......................................................................................... 14 2) Statut des produits de phytothérapie vétérinaire .............................................................. 14 3) L’étendue du marché en médecine vétérinaire ................................................................ 16 4) Le marché de la formation en phytothérapie ................................................................... 18 C) L’essor de la phytothérapie .............................................................................................. 20 D) Utilisation de la phytothérapie ......................................................................................... 21 E) Présentation des principaux principes actifs .................................................................... 22 1) Métabolites primaires ...................................................................................................... 23 a) Acides aminés .............................................................................................................. 23 b) Lipides .......................................................................................................................... 23 c) Glucides ....................................................................................................................... 24 d) Acides nucléiques ........................................................................................................ 25 2) Métabolites secondaires ................................................................................................... 25 a) Polyphénols .................................................................................................................. 25 b) Terpènes ....................................................................................................................... 28 c) Alcaloïdes..................................................................................................................... 30 d) Hétérosides ................................................................................................................... 31 e) Mucilages ..................................................................................................................... 33 f) Vitamines ..................................................................................................................... 33 g) Minéraux ...................................................................................................................... 33 F) Les différentes voies d’administration ............................................................................. 33 1) Formes d’utilisations ....................................................................................................... 34 1 a) Plantes sèches et poudres ............................................................................................. 35 b) Tisanes ......................................................................................................................... 35 c) Macérations .................................................................................................................. 35 2) Voie orale ......................................................................................................................... 36 3) Voie cutanée .................................................................................................................... 37 4) Autres voies ..................................................................................................................... 37 G) Précautions d’emploi ....................................................................................................... 38 1) Toxicité ............................................................................................................................ 38 a) Hépatotoxicité .............................................................................................................. 39 b) Troubles cutanés .......................................................................................................... 40 c) Cardiotoxicité ............................................................................................................... 40 d) Génotoxicité ................................................................................................................. 40 e) Troubles digestifs ......................................................................................................... 40 f) Autres ........................................................................................................................... 40 2) Contre-indications ............................................................................................................ 41 a) Gestation et lactation .................................................................................................... 41 b) Animaux reproducteurs ................................................................................................ 41 c) Chirurgie et mise-bas ................................................................................................... 42 d) Usage interne................................................................................................................ 42 3) Interactions ...................................................................................................................... 42 a) Interactions pharmacodynamiques ............................................................................... 43 b) Interactions pharmacocinétiques .................................................................................. 43 II) Revue des propriétés des plantes médicinales ..................................................................... 44 A) Appareil cardio-circulatoire ......................................................................................... 44 1) Cardioprotecteur .............................................................................................................. 44 2) Vasodilatateur .................................................................................................................. 45 3) Brady / tachycardie .......................................................................................................... 45 4) Hypotenseur ..................................................................................................................... 45 5) Anticoagulant ................................................................................................................... 46 B) Appareil respiratoire .................................................................................................... 46 1) Antitussif.......................................................................................................................... 46 2) Bronchodilatateur ............................................................................................................ 46 C) Appareil urinaire .......................................................................................................... 47 D) Appareil digestif ........................................................................................................... 47 2 1) Antispasmodique ............................................................................................................
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