DOCSLIB.ORG

Runx2 Inhibits Chondrocyte Proliferation and Hypertrophy Through Its Expression in the Perichondrium

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Runx2 Inhibits Chondrocyte Proliferation and Hypertrophy Through Its Expression in the Perichondrium Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 27, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press RESEARCH COMMUNICATION then enlarge through proliferation of chondrocytes that Runx2 inhibits chondrocyte elongate to form prehypertrophic chondrocytes that will proliferation and hypertrophy eventually exit the cell cycle to become bona fide hyper- trophic chondrocytes. Genetically, hypertrophic chon- through its expression drocytes differ from proliferating chondrocytes as they in the perichondrium express ␣1(X) Collagen but not ␣1(II) Collagen (Kronen- berg 2003). Throughout skeletogenesis, layers of ␣1(I) Eiichi Hinoi,1,2,6 Peter Bialek,2,6 Collagen-expressing undifferentiated mesenchymal cells 3 2 persist and surround cartilage anlagen to form a struc- You-Tzung Chen, Marie-Therese Rached, ture called the perichondrium (Kronenberg 2003). 4 3 Yoram Groner, Richard R. Behringer, The transcriptional control of cell differentiation dur- David M. Ornitz,5 and Gerard Karsenty1,2,7 ing skeletogenesis has been a topic of intense studies in 1 the last 10 yr, leading to the identification of several key Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia genes. For instance, Sox9 along with Sox5 and Sox6 are University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, 2 seen as the main transcription factors triggering mesen- New York 10032, USA; Department of Molecular chymal condensations and initiating chondrocyte differ- and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 3 entiation (Lefebvre et al. 1998; Bi et al. 1999; Smits et al. Texas 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, 2001). On the other hand, Runx2 appears to be the ear- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 4 liest transcriptional determinant of osteoblast differentia- Texas 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, tion (Ducy et al. 1997; Komori et al. 1997; Otto et al. 1997). Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; 5 Runx2 has broader functions during skeletogenesis since it Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, is, along with Runx3, an inducer of chondrocyte hypertro- Washington University School of Medicine, phy (Takeda et al. 2001; Ueta et al. 2001; Yoshida et al. St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA 2004). This latter role of Runx2 is explained by its transient expression in prehypertrophic chondrocytes. The perichondrium, a structure made of undifferentiated Runx2 is also expressed at high levels and throughout mesenchymal cells surrounding growth plate cartilage, skeletogenesis in cells of the perichondrium, suggesting regulates chondrocyte maturation through poorly under- that it may have additional roles during chondrogenesis stood mechanisms. Analyses of loss- and gain-of-func- (Ducy et al. 1997). This hypothesis is further supported tion models show that Twist-1, whose expression in car- by the recognized influence exerted by the perichon- tilage is restricted to perichondrium, favors chondrocyte drium on chondrocyte maturation defined here as chon- maturation in a Runx2-dependent manner. Runx2, in drocyte proliferation and hypertrophy. Indeed, removal turn, enhances perichondrial expression of Fgf18, a regu- of the perichondrium from chicken tibia organ cultures lator of chondrocyte maturation. Accordingly, com- results in an increase in chondrocyte proliferation and in a larger zone of chondrocyte hypertrophy (Long and Lin- pound heterozygous embryos for Runx2 and Fgf18 dele- senmayer 1998; Di Nino et al. 2001), implying that a yet tion display the same chondrocyte maturation pheno- unknown genetic cascade takes place in perichondrium type as Fgf18-null embryos. This study identifies a to inhibit chondrocyte maturation. transcriptional basis for the inhibition of chondrocyte While studying the regulation of Runx2 osteogenic maturation by perichondrium and reveals that Runx2 function, we observed that the nuclear protein Twist-1 fulfills antagonistic functions during chondrogenesis. inhibits it by binding to its DNA-binding domain through a novel domain, the Twist box (Bialek et al. Supplemental material is available at http://www.genesdev.org. 2004). Part of this demonstration relied on the use of a Received August 16, 2006; revised version accepted hypomorphic Twist-1 allele called Charlie Chaplin (CC/ September 11, 2006. CC) in which a missense mutation in the Twist box decreases Twist-1’s ability to interact with Runx2. We show here that chondrocyte maturation is regulated by Endochondral bone formation is a complex process that Twist-1 although it is never expressed in chondrocytes involves several cell types with distinct patterns of gene during development. Instead, Twist-1 expression is re- expression. The initial step in this process is character- stricted to cells of the perichondrium, where it regulates ized by the aggregation of undifferentiated mesenchymal the function of Runx2 that in turn controls expression of cells expressing ␣1(I) and ␣1(III) Collagen into conden- Fgf18, a negative regulator of chondrocyte maturation sations at the location and with the overall shape of fu- (Liu et al. 2002; Ohbayashi et al. 2002). This study pro- ture skeletal elements. Subsequently, cells within these poses a genetic and molecular basis for the role exerted condensations differentiate into chondrocytes that do by the perichondrium on chondrocyte maturation. In ad- not express any more ␣1(I) Collagen but instead, and dition, it demonstrates that Runx2 exerts a broader array ␣ among other genes, 1(II)b Collagen. Cartilage anlagen of functions during chondrogenesis than initially thought. [Keywords: Twist-1; Runx2; FGF18; perichondrium; chondrocyte matu- ration] Results and Discussion 6These authors contributed equally to this work. 7Corresponding author. Twist-1 favors chondrocyte maturation E-MAIL [email protected]; FAX (212) 923-2090. Article published online ahead of print. Article and publication date are With the original purpose of analyzing Twist-1 functions online at http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gad.1482906. during osteoblast differentiation, we generated trans- GENES & DEVELOPMENT 20:000–000 © 2006 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press ISSN 0890-9369/06; www.genesdev.org 1 Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 27, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Hinoi et al. genic embryos expressing, under the control of ␣1(I) Col- Remarkably, E16.5 ␣1(I) Collagen-HA-Twist-1 em- lagen regulatory elements that are active in mesenchy- bryos displayed a marked advance in chondrocyte matu- mal cells (Rossert et al. 1995), an HA-tagged Twist-1 ration in both ribs and humeri (Fig. 1D,E; Supplementary molecule or an HA-tagged truncated Twist-1 molecule Fig. 1B,C). This was characterized by a significant in- containing Twist-1’s N-terminal region (HA-Twist-1N) crease in chondrocyte proliferation measured by BrdU (Fig. 1A). This latter form of Twist-1 contains its nuclear incorporation and by an increase of the extent of the localization signal but does not affect Runx2 function zone of hypertrophic chondrocytes determined histologi- (Bialek et al. 2004). These transgenic embryos were ana- cally and by ␣1(X) Collagen expression. In contrast, ␣1(I) lyzed at embryonic day 15.5 (E15.5) and E16.5. Real-time Collagen-HA-Twist-1N embryos did not show any abnor- PCR showed an ∼1.5-fold increased expression of Twist-1 mality in chondrocyte maturation (Fig. 1D,E; Supple- and Twist-1N in all founder transgenic embryos, and im- mentary Fig. 1B,C). munohistochemical study established that HA-Twist-1 This observation was surprising since an overexpres- and HA-Twist-1N proteins were present in cells of the sion of Twist-1 should result in a decrease in the activity bone collar and perichondrium in ribs and humeri but of Runx2, a factor inducing chondrocyte hypertrophy not in chondrocytes of transgenic embryos (Fig. 1B,C; (Takeda et al. 2001; Ueta et al. 2001). Thus, to determine Supplementary Fig. 1A). if this was revealing an important biological function of Twist-1, we turned our attention to two loss-of-function models. The first one, the CC/CC mouse, harbors a mis- sense mutation in the Twist box that decreases Twist-1’s ability to interact with Runx2 and possibly other pro- teins. The second one, generated through homologous recombination in embryonic stem (ES) cells, lacks the entire Twist-box domain (⌬TB−/−) (Supplementary Fig. 2). Both mutant mouse strains displayed major pattern- ing defects affecting fore- and hindlimbs (data not shown); therefore we restricted our analysis of chondro- cyte maturation to the ribs that are normally patterned in these mutant embryos. BrdU incorporation showed that chondrocyte proliferation was decreased in CC/CC and ⌬TB−/− embryos at all stages analyzed (Fig. 1F). Chondrocyte hypertrophy, whether it was analyzed his- tologically or through ␣1(X) Collagen expression, was also less advanced in ⌬TB−/− compared with wild-type embryos (Fig. 1G). These results are the mirror image of what was observed in ␣1(I) Collagen-Twist-1 embryos; thus, gain- and loss-of-function models concur to show that favoring chondrocyte maturation is a biological function of Twist-1. Twist-1 is not expressed and has no overt function in chondrocytes To elucidate how Twist-1 could regulate chondrocyte maturation, we first analyzed its pattern of expression between E13.5 and E16.5 in developing ribs and limbs. At both stages, Twist-1 expression could be detected in ␣1(I) Collagen-expressing cells of the bone collar and Figure 1. Twist-1 regulates chondrocyte maturation. (A) Sche- perichondrium but not in ␣1(II) Collagen-expressing pro- matic representation of the ␣1(I) Collagen-Twist and ␣1(I) Colla- liferating chondrocytes or ␣1(X) Collagen-expressing hy- gen-TwistN constructs. (B) Real-time PCR analysis for Twist-1 of pertrophic chondrocytes (Fig. 2A; Supplementary Fig. 3). ␣1(I) Collagen-Twist ␣1(I) Collagen-Twist wild-type (WT), , and N That in situ hybridization failed to detect Twist-1 ex- expression. (C) Immunohistochemical analysis of ribs of wild-type, ␣ ␣ pression in chondrocytes did not formally exclude that 1(I) Collagen-Twist, and 1(I) Collagen-TwistN embryos using an anti-HA antibody.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ICRS Heritage Summit 1
    ICRS Heritage Summit 1 20th Anniversary www.cartilage.org of the ICRS ICRS Heritage Summit June 29 – July 01, 2017 Gothia Towers, Gothenburg, Sweden Final Programme & Abstract Book #ICRSSUMMIT www.cartilage.org Picture Copyright: Zürich Tourismus 2 The one-step procedure for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral lesions Aesculap Biologics Facing a New Frontier in Cartilage Repair Visit Anika at Booth #16 Easy and fast to be applied via arthroscopy. Fixation is not required in most cases. The only entirely hyaluronic acid-based scaffold supporting hyaline-like cartilage regeneration Biologic approaches to tissue repair and regeneration represent the future in healthcare worldwide. Available Sizes Aesculap Biologics is leading the way. 2x2 cm Learn more at www.aesculapbiologics.com 5x5 cm NEW SIZE Aesculap Biologics, LLC | 866-229-3002 | www.aesculapusa.com Aesculap Biologics, LLC - a B. Braun company Website: http://hyalofast.anikatherapeutics.com E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: +39 (0)49 295 8324 ICRS Heritage Summit 3 The one-step procedure for the treatment of chondral and osteochondral lesions Visit Anika at Booth #16 Easy and fast to be applied via arthroscopy. Fixation is not required in most cases. The only entirely hyaluronic acid-based scaffold supporting hyaline-like cartilage regeneration Available Sizes 2x2 cm 5x5 cm NEW SIZE Website: http://hyalofast.anikatherapeutics.com E-mail: [email protected] Telephone: +39 (0)49 295 8324 4 Level 1 Study Proves Efficacy of ACP in
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-Tailed Opossum (Monodelphis Domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis Virginiana)
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 12-2001 Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) Lee Anne Cope University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Cope, Lee Anne, "Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana). " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2001. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2046 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Lee Anne Cope entitled "Comparative Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract of the Gray Short-tailed Opossum (Monodelphis domestica) and North American Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Animal Science. Robert W. Henry, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Dr. R.B. Reed, Dr. C. Mendis-Handagama, Dr. J. Schumacher, Dr. S.E. Orosz Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R.
    [Show full text]
  • Skeletal System
    Skeletal System Overview • The skeletal system composed of bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments, accounts for about 20% of the body mass (i.e., about 30 pounds in a 160-pound person). o Bones make up most of the skeleton o Cartilages occur only in isolated areas, such as the nose, parts of ribs, and the joints o Ligaments connect bones and reinforce joints, allowing required movements while restricting motions in other directions. o Joints are the junctions between bones which provide for the mobility of the skeleton Skeletal Cartilages • Human skeleton initially made up of cartilages and fibrous membranes; most are soon replaced with bone • In adults, the few areas where cartilage remains are mainly where flexible skeletal tissue is needed. • Cartilage tissue consists mainly of water—approximately 80%; high water content allows cartilage to be resilient (i.e., spring back to its original shape after being compressed). • Cartilage contains no nerves or blood vessels. • Perichondrium (“around the cartilage”) is dense irregular connective tissue; surrounds the cartilage and acts like a girdle to resist outward expansion when cartilage is compressed. o Perichondrium contains the blood vessels from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach the cartilage cells. This mode of nutrient delivery limits cartilage thickness. • Three types of Cartilage Tissue in body o All three have cells called chondrocytes encased in small cavities (called lacunae) within an extracellular matrix containing a jellylike ground substance and fibers. o Skeletal cartilages contain representatives from all three types. Hyaline cartilages • Looks like frosted glass • Most abundant skeletal cartilages • Their chondrocytes appear spherical • Only fiber type in their matrix is fine collagen (undetectable microscopically) • Skeletal hyaline cartilages include: o Articular Cartilages —cover ends of most bones at movable joints o Costal cartilages —connect ribs to sternum o Respiratory cartilages —form skeleton of the larynx (voicebox) and reinforce other respiratory passages.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Anatomy and Physiology
    LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty in a health care field. Human Anatomy and Physiology Preface There is a shortage in Ethiopia of teaching / learning material in the area of anatomy and physicalogy for nurses. The Carter Center EPHTI appreciating the problem and promoted the development of this lecture note that could help both the teachers and students.
    [Show full text]
  • Adult Chondrogenesis and Spontaneous Cartilage Repair in the Skate, Leucoraja Erinacea Aleksandra Marconi1, Amy Hancock-Ronemus2,3, J Andrew Gillis1,3*
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Adult chondrogenesis and spontaneous cartilage repair in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea Aleksandra Marconi1, Amy Hancock-Ronemus2,3, J Andrew Gillis1,3* 1Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; 2Charles River Laboratories, Wilmington, Massachusetts, United States; 3Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, United States Abstract Mammalian articular cartilage is an avascular tissue with poor capacity for spontaneous repair. Here, we show that embryonic development of cartilage in the skate (Leucoraja erinacea) mirrors that of mammals, with developing chondrocytes co-expressing genes encoding the transcription factors Sox5, Sox6 and Sox9. However, in skate, transcriptional features of developing cartilage persist into adulthood, both in peripheral chondrocytes and in cells of the fibrous perichondrium that ensheaths the skeleton. Using pulse-chase label retention experiments and multiplexed in situ hybridization, we identify a population of cycling Sox5/6/9+ perichondral progenitor cells that generate new cartilage during adult growth, and we show that persistence of chondrogenesis in adult skates correlates with ability to spontaneously repair cartilage injuries. Skates therefore offer a unique model for adult chondrogenesis and cartilage repair and may serve as inspiration for novel cell-based therapies for skeletal pathologies, such as osteoarthritis. Introduction Hyaline cartilage is a skeletal tissue that consists of a single cell type (the chondrocyte) embedded *For correspondence: [email protected] within a homogeneous, collagenous extracellular matrix (reviewed in Gillis, 2018). In mammals, hya- line cartilage is predominantly an embryonic tissue, making up the anlage of the axial (chondrocra- Competing interests: The nial, vertebral and rib) and appendicular (limb) endoskeleton. The vast majority of mammalian authors declare that no hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone during the process of endochondral ossification, with cartilage competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • World's Largest Science, Technology & Medicine Open Access Book
    PUBLISHED BY World's largest Science, Technology & Medicine Open Access book publisher 107,000+ 3,300+ INTERNATIONAL 113+ MILLION OPEN ACCESS BOOKS AUTHORS AND EDITORS DOWNLOADS AUTHORS AMONG BOOKS 12.2% TOP 1% AUTHORS AND EDITORS DELIVERED TO MOST CITED SCIENTIST 151 COUNTRIES FROM TOP 500 UNIVERSITIES Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Chapter from the book Cartilage Repair and Regeneration Downloaded from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/cartilage-repair-and- regeneration Interested in publishing with InTechOpen? Contact us at [email protected] DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70406 Provisional chapter Chapter 4 Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering for Cartilage CellRepair Therapy and Tissue Engineering for Cartilage Repair María Piñeiro-Ramil, Rocío Castro-Viñuelas, Clara Sanjurjo-Rodríguez, Tamara Hermida- María Piñeiro-Ramil, Rocío Castro-Viñuelas, Gómez, Isaac Fuentes-Boquete, Francisco J. deClara Toro-Santos, Sanjurjo-Rodríguez, Francisco J.Tamara Blanco-García Hermida-Gómez, andIsaac Silvia Fuentes-Boquete, M. Díaz-Prado Francisco J. de Toro-Santos, Francisco J. Blanco-García and Silvia M. Díaz-Prado Additional information is available at the end of the chapter Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.70406 Abstract The integrity of the articular cartilage is necessary for the proper functioning of the diar- throdial joint. The self-repair capacity of this tissue is very limited and, currently, there is no effective treatment capable of restoring it. The degradation of the articular cartilage leads to osteoarthritis (OA), a leading cause of pain and disability mainly among older people.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomina Histologica Veterinaria, First Edition
    NOMINA HISTOLOGICA VETERINARIA Submitted by the International Committee on Veterinary Histological Nomenclature (ICVHN) to the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists Published on the website of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists www.wava-amav.org 2017 CONTENTS Introduction i Principles of term construction in N.H.V. iii Cytologia – Cytology 1 Textus epithelialis – Epithelial tissue 10 Textus connectivus – Connective tissue 13 Sanguis et Lympha – Blood and Lymph 17 Textus muscularis – Muscle tissue 19 Textus nervosus – Nerve tissue 20 Splanchnologia – Viscera 23 Systema digestorium – Digestive system 24 Systema respiratorium – Respiratory system 32 Systema urinarium – Urinary system 35 Organa genitalia masculina – Male genital system 38 Organa genitalia feminina – Female genital system 42 Systema endocrinum – Endocrine system 45 Systema cardiovasculare et lymphaticum [Angiologia] – Cardiovascular and lymphatic system 47 Systema nervosum – Nervous system 52 Receptores sensorii et Organa sensuum – Sensory receptors and Sense organs 58 Integumentum – Integument 64 INTRODUCTION The preparations leading to the publication of the present first edition of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria has a long history spanning more than 50 years. Under the auspices of the World Association of Veterinary Anatomists (W.A.V.A.), the International Committee on Veterinary Anatomical Nomenclature (I.C.V.A.N.) appointed in Giessen, 1965, a Subcommittee on Histology and Embryology which started a working relation with the Subcommittee on Histology of the former International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee. In Mexico City, 1971, this Subcommittee presented a document entitled Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft as a basis for the continued work of the newly-appointed Subcommittee on Histological Nomenclature. This resulted in the editing of the Nomina Histologica Veterinaria: A Working Draft II (Toulouse, 1974), followed by preparations for publication of a Nomina Histologica Veterinaria.
    [Show full text]
  • 264 December 2005 1 CE Credit
    14 The Surgical TechnologistTable 1: Human embryonic Development in weeks 1–8 Age (days) DECEMBER 2005 1 oocyte fertilization 2–3 morula (4–16 cells) 4 free blastocyst 5–6 attachment of blastocyst to endometrium 7–12 implantation • bilaminar embryo with primary yolk sac 13–15 trilaminar embryo with primitive streak • chorionic villi 16 gastrulation • formation of notochordal process 18 Hensen’s node and primitive pit • notochord and neurenteric canal • appearance of neural plate, neural folds and blood islands 20 appearance of first somites • deep neural groove • elevation of cranial neural folds • early heart tubes 22 beginning of fusion of neural folds • formation of optic sulci • presence of first two pharyngeal arches • beginning of heart beat • curving of embryo 24 closure of cranial neuropore • formation of optic vesicles • rupture of oropharyngeal membrane 26 closure of caudal neuropore • formation of pharyngeal arches 3 and 4 • appearance of upper limb buds and tail bud • formation of otic vesicle 28 appearance of lower limb buds • lens placode • separation of otic vesicle from surface ectoderm Table 1: Human embryonic Development in weeks 1–8 Age (days) 1 oocyte fertilization 2–3 morula (4–16 cells) 4 free blastocyst 5–6 attachment of blastocyst to endometrium 7–12 implantation • bilaminar embryo with primary Embryological Development yolk sac of 13–15 trilaminar embryo Bob Caruthers, with primitive streak • the chorionic villi n the first eight weeks of development, incred 16 gastrulation • formation I ible changes take place that define the struc cle will provide an overview of the development of notochordal process of the musculoskeletalture of the system.human embryo (Table 1).
    [Show full text]
  • Bone Cartilage Dense Fibrous CT (Tendons & Nonelastic Ligaments) Dense Elastic CT (Elastic Ligaments)
    Chapter 6 Content Review Questions 1-8 1. The skeletal system consists of what connective tissues? Bone Cartilage Dense fibrous CT (tendons & nonelastic ligaments) Dense elastic CT (elastic ligaments) List the functions of these tissues. Bone: supports the body, protects internal organs, provides levers on which muscles act, store minerals, and produce blood cells. Cartilage provides a model for bone formation and growth, provides a smooth cushion between adjacent bones, and provides firm, flexible support. Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments attach bone to bone. 2. Name the major types of fibers and molecules found in the extracellular matrix of the skeletal system. Collagen Proteoglycans Hydroxyapatite Water Minerals How do they contribute to the functions of tendons, ligaments, cartilage and bones? The collagen fibers of tendons and ligaments make these structures very tough, like ropes or cables. Collagen makes cartilage tough, whereas the water-filled proteoglycans make it smooth and resistant. As a result, cartilage is relatively rigid, but springs back to its original shape if it is bent or slightly compressed, and it is an excellent shock absorber. The extracellular matrix of bone contains collagen and minerals, including calcium and phosphate. Collagen is a tough, ropelike protein, which lends flexible strength to the bone. The mineral component gives the bone compression (weight-bearing) strength. Most of the mineral in the bone is in the form of hydroxyapatite. 3. Define the terms diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, medullary cavity, articular cartilage, periosteum, and endosteum. Diaphysis – the central shaft of a long bone. Epiphysis – the ends of a long bone. Epiphyseal plate – the site of growth in bone length, found between each epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone and composed of cartilage.
    [Show full text]
  • School of Physical Education and Sports Science
    ARISTOTELIAN UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI School of Physical Education and Sports Science Bachelor's Thesis: "MYOFASCIAL NETWORK IN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND TRAINING" Name: Tsourvakas Konstantinos Supervisor: Papadopoulos Panagiotis PhD Thessaloniki, June 2018 1 ABSTRACT Physical activity can lead people, regardless of age, to a healthier and more quality life. Especially nowadays, that most people follow an intense routine, good physical condition is an essential factor to take care of in order to achieve health and well- being. This project refers to the myofascial system of the human body. It is about a scientific review whose purpose is to highlight the importance of self myofascial release (SMR), to quote the process of SMR through the use of specific tools and methods, and the analysis of its effects to the human body. In the first place, the fascial network of the human body is described, along with the properties, the function and the usefulness of the fascia. Subsequently, the assignment focuses on the significance of self myofascial release for the human body and mostly the way it increases and improves the range of motion. In addition, there is a presentation of SMR's techniques and methods with the application of tools such as foam rollers, roller massagers and tennis balls. The assignment ends up with conclusions and suggestions on further improvement of range of motion. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract……………………………………………………………………….………2 Table of Contents ……………………….......………………………………………...3 1. Introduction...………………………………………………………………..……...4 2. The Fascial System………………………………………………..………………..5 2.1 Definition….…………………………………………………..…………………..5 2.2 Structure….……………………………………………………………..…………5 2.3 Function………………………………………………………………..…………22 3. Importance of training fascia …………….....……………………………………..27 3.1 Principles of training fascia....................................................................................27 3.2 Fascia and elastic recoil.........................................................................................31 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Kumka's Response to Stecco's Fascial Nomenclature Editorial
    Journal of Bodywork & Movement Therapies (2014) 18, 591e598 Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/jbmt FASCIA SCIENCE AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS: RESPONSE Kumka’s response to Stecco’s fascial nomenclature editorial Myroslava Kumka, MD, PhD* Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College, Department of Anatomy, 6100 Leslie Street, Toronto, ON M2H 3J1, Canada Received 12 May 2014; received in revised form 13 May 2014; accepted 26 June 2014 Why are there so many discussions? response to the direction of various strains and stimuli. (De Zordo et al., 2009) Embedded with a range of mechanore- The clinical importance of fasciae (involvement in patho- ceptors and free nerve endings, it appears fascia has a role in logical conditions, manipulation, treatment) makes the proprioception, muscle tonicity, and pain generation. fascial system a subject of investigation using techniques (Schleip et al., 2005) Pathology and injury of fascia could ranging from direct imaging and dissections to in vitro potentially lead to modification of the entire efficiency of cellular modeling and mathematical algorithms (Chaudhry the locomotor system (van der Wal and Pubmed Exact, 2009). et al., 2008; Langevin et al., 2007). Despite being a topic of growing interest worldwide, This tissue is important for all manual therapists as a controversies still exist regarding the official definition, pain generator and potentially treatable entity through soft terminology, classification and clinical significance of fascia tissue and joint manipulative techniques. (Day et al., 2009) (Langevin et al., 2009; Mirkin, 2008). It is also reportedly treated with therapeutic modalities Lack of consistent terminology has a negative effect on such as therapeutic ultrasound, microcurrent, low level international communication within and outside many laser, acupuncture, and extracorporeal shockwave therapy.
    [Show full text]
  • Variations in the Appearance of Human Elastic Cartilage1
    366 DONALD R. GEIGER Vol. 69 VARIATIONS IN THE APPEARANCE OF HUMAN ELASTIC CARTILAGE1 MARTHA E. (WELCH) SUCHESTON AND MARVIN S. CANNON Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio ABSTRACT Cartilage from the external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube from 22 adult human cadavers, ranging in age from 52 to 64 years, and from seven newborn infants was examined microscopically to ascertain any morphological differences in structure. All cartilages from the newborn infants were hyaline, showing evenly dispersed chondrocytes and lack of elastic fibers, with the exception of the epiglottic cartilage, which possessed a few such fibers at this stage. In adult cartilages, the presence or absence and location of young growing, mature, and/or calcined chondrocytes is described. All cartilages had a PAS-positive matrix. The distribution of elastic fibers is denned. The differences in adult human cartilages are summarized and lead us to suggest the term elastoid as the name for the cartilage of the auditory tube. INTRODUCTION Elastic cartilage occurs in only a few places in the human body: (1) external ear, (2) epiglottis, (3) auditory tube, and (4) some laryngeal and bronchiolar cartilages (Bailey, 1964; Bloom and Fawcett, 1968). Investigators (Urbants- ]Manuscript received November 21, 1968. THE OHIO JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 69(6): 366, November, 1969. No. 6 HUMAN ELASTIC CARTILAGE 367 chitsch, 1884; Citelli, 1905; Bryant, 1907; Graves and Edwards, 1944) have presented varying opinions as to the microscopic appearance and structure of the hook of cartilage associated with the auditory tube. Urbantschitsch (1884) believed that the tubal cartilage changed with age: in children it was hyaline with an even distribution of chondrocytes; in contrast, in adults the chondrocytes were grouped into island-like clusters surrounded by elastic fibers.
    [Show full text]