The United States Has Made Great Strides by Relying on Science to Inform Our Decision Making

August 1, 2006

Dear Members of Congress:

The United States has made great strides by relying on science to inform our decision making. Science helped us travel to the moon; advance medicine and health; and understand the complex web of life on land and in rivers, lakes, and oceans. Science has also opened our eyes to the workings of forests and provided blueprints for federal plans to better protect the abundant natural resources of our public lands.

When we, as scientists, see policies being developed that run counter to the lessons of science, we feel compelled to speak up. Proposed post-disturbance legislation (specifically the Forest Emergency Recovery and Research Act [HR 4200] and the related Forests for Future Generations Act [S. 2079]), crafted as a response to recent fires and other disturbances, is misguided because it distorts or ignores recent scientific advances. Under the labels of “recovery” and “restoration,” these bills would speed logging and replanting after natural disturbances.

Although logging and replanting may seem like a reasonable way to clean up and restore forests after disturbances like wildland fires, such activity would actually slow the natural recovery of forests and of streams and creatures within them. Many scientist-reviewed studies and syntheses (please see the selected citations appended to this letter) have recently come to this conclusion. For example, no substantive evidence supports the idea that fire-adapted forests might be improved by logging after a fire. In fact, many carefully conducted studies have concluded just the opposite. Most plants and animals in these forests are adapted to periodic fires and other natural disturbances. They have a remarkable way of recovering⎯literally rising from the ashes⎯because they have evolved with and even depend upon fire.

We are concerned that HR 4200 and S. 2079 will bind us to land management practices that, perhaps logical in the past, are no longer tenable in the light of recent scientific understanding. Specifically, post-disturbance logging impedes regeneration of forest landscapes when it compacts soils, removes or destroys so-called biological legacies (such as soil organic material, seeds in the soil, large standing and downed trees), damages riparian corridors, introduces or spreads invasive species, causes erosion, delivers sediment to streams from logging roads and steep slopes, degrades water quality, and damages populations of many aquatic species. In testimony before the House Subcommittee on Resources (November 10, 2005), eminent forest ecologist and University of Washington Professor Jerry Franklin noted that logging dead trees often has greater negative impacts than logging of live trees. He concluded that “timber salvage is most appropriately viewed as a ‘tax’ on ecological recovery.”

Beyond those concerns, post-disturbance logging often intensifies the potential severity of future fires by concentrating the slash from logging at or near the ground. Rather than leaving plant material standing⎯and providing perching, nesting, and feeding sites for wildlife⎯such logging abruptly moves the material to the ground. Most of this material would naturally fall to the ground, adding important supplies of nutrients and energy to the forest floor and structure in the form of woody debris to stream channels. But this naturally happens over decades, not in the relatively short time associated with a logging operation. Advocates of post-disturbance logging may argue that this slash can be disposed of with controlled burns and other treatments. Yet such treatments can severely damage underlying soils, imposing other taxes on natural recovery.

One additional tax concerns us. Postfire logging taxes the public treasury. Recent analysis of postfire logging operations after Oregon’s Biscuit fire of 2002 shows that costs of the logging operations exceeded revenue by about $14 million for logging that removed more than 53 million board feet of timber (DellaSala et al. 2006).

Science provides the best insight into the real consequences of our policies and actions. Ironically, this legislation is crafted to ignore the science by waiving environmental reviews, reviews that would make use of the scientific knowledge often available only because of expenditures of public funds. Failure to conduct full environmental reviews informed by that science will inevitably lead to ecological and economic harm from post-disturbance logging.

In short, neither ecological benefits nor economic efficiency result from post-disturbance logging. We therefore urge you to defeat these legislative efforts because they will set back forest recovery. We urge you to work with your fellow lawmakers to craft legislation that will rely on the most up-to-date scientific knowledge to protect the natural resources of the nation’s public lands.

Sincerely,*

Isabella A. Abbott, Ph.D. Christopher B. Allen Wilder Professor of Botany, Emerita Research Associate, Silviculture University of Hawaii at Manoa School of Renewable Natural Resources Honolulu, Hawaii Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge, Louisiana Margaret Adam Wildlife Biologist William S. Alverson, Ph.D. Twentynine Palms, California Conservation Ecologist, ECP Field Museum of Natural History Anurag Agrawal Chicago, Illinois Associate Professor Department of Ecology and Richard F. Ambrose, Ph.D. Evolutionary Biology Professor, Environmental Science and Cornell University Engineering Program Ithaca, New York University of California Los Angeles, California Paul Alaback, Ph.D. Forest Ecologist Loren Ammerman, Ph.D. University of Montana Assistant Professor of Biology Missoula, Montana Angelo State University San Angelo, Texas Matthew Albrecht Ph.D. Candidate, Forest Ecologist Environmental and Plant Biology Ohio University Athens, Ohio

2 James P. Amon, Ph.D. Richard H. Baker, Ph.D. Professor, Wetland Biologist Professor Emeritus Department of Biological Sciences Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory Wright State University University of Florida Dayton, Ohio Vero Beach, Florida

Thomas H. Anderson, Ph.D. William L. Baker, Ph.D. Professor, Geology and Planetary Science Department of Geography University of Pittsburgh University of Wyoming Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Laramie, Wyoming

William D. Anderson, Jr., Ph.D. Bruce G. Baldwin, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Professor, Integrative Biology Grice Marine Biological Laboratory Curator, Jepson Herbarium College of Charleston University of California Charleston, South Carolina Berkeley, California

Robert Angus, Ph.D. Andy Baltensperger Professor of Biology M.S. Candidate University of Alabama at Birmingham Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology Birmingham, Alabama Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Joseph E. Armstrong, Ph.D. Professor of Botany Mark Bamberger, Ph.D. Illinois State University Professor, Geology and Environmental Sciences Normal, Illinois Miami University, The Union Institute and University, and Capital University Julian D. Avery Ohio Avian Ecologist Eastern New Mexico University Raymond Barbehenn, Ph.D. Portales, New Mexico Associate Research Scientist Department of Ecology and Laura Backus Evolutionary Biology Professional Wetland Scientist University of Michigan Wildlands Restoration Volunteers Ann Arbor, Michigan Boulder, Colorado Shannon Barber-Meyer Ken Bagstad Scripps Institution of Oceanography Graduate Research Assistant La Jolla, California Ph.D. Program in Natural Resources/Ecological Economics Keith Barnes University of Vermont Ecologist Burlington, Vermont Boise State University Boise, Idaho Dirk V. Baker Ph.D. Candidate Linda Sue Barnes, Ph.D. Colorado State University Professor, Biology (specialty Botany) Fort Collins, Colorado Methodist College Fayetteville, North Carolina Richard G. Baker, Ph. D. Professor Emeritus Frank Barnwell, Ph.D. Department of Geoscience Professor, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Iowa University of Minnesota Iowa City, Iowa St. Paul, Minnesota 3 James Barron, Ph.D. Tom Bell Assistant Professor of Biology Retired biology teacher Department of Biological and Grey Cloud Island Physical Sciences Saint Paul Park, Minnesota Montana State University - Billings Billings, Montana Craig W. Benkman, Ph.D. Professor, Zoology and Physiology Paul E. Bartelt, Ph.D. University of Wyoming Department of Biology Laramie, Wyoming Waldorf College Forest City, Iowa T.W. Bennett, Jr., Distinguished Professor Emeritus, Sciences Andrew M. Barton, Ph.D. University of Southern Mississippi Forest Ecologist Hattiesburg, Mississippi Associate Professor of Biology University of Maine at Farmington David H. Benzing, Ph.D. Farmington, Maine Professor of Biology Oberlin College Joe Bartoszek Oberlin, Ohio Environmental Specialist Division of Surface Water, Water Quality Unit May R. Berenbaum, Ph.D. Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Swanlund Professor and Head Dayton, Ohio Department of Entomology University of Illinois Carol J. Baskauf, Ph.D. Urbana, Illinois Professor of Biology Austin Peay State University David J. Berg, Ph.D. Clarksville, Tennessee Professor, Department of Zoology Miami University Gordon Becker, M.S. Oxford, Ohio Senior Scientist Center for Ecosystem Management and Brad Bergstrom, Ph.D. Restoration Professor of Biology Oakland, California Valdosta State University Valdosta, Georgia Peter Bednekoff, D.Phil. Associate Professor of Biology Carolyn Bergstrom, Ph.D. Eastern Michigan University Post-Doctoral Fellow Ypsilanti, Michigan Bamfield Marine Science Center British Columbia, Canada James Beets Chair, Marine Science Department Robert L. Beschta, Ph.D. University of Hawaii-Hilo Emeritus Professor, Forest Hydrology Hilo, Hawaii Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon Paul Beier, Ph.D. Professor, School of Forestry Alfred Beulig, Ph.D. Northern Arizona University Professor, Biology Flagstaff, Arizona New College of Florida Sarasota, Florida Michael A. Bell, Ph.D. Department of Ecology and Evolution Stony Brook University Stony Brook, New York 4 Charles Birkeland, Ph.D. Stephanie Bohlman, Ph.D. Adjunct Professor Research Scientist Department of Zoology Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Hawaii Princeton University Honolulu, Hawaii Princeton, New Jersey

John G. Bishop, Ph.D. Jennifer Boisvert Associate Professor, Biology Research Biologist Washington State University ABR, Inc. - Environmental Research & Services Vancouver, Washington Anchorage, Alaska

Norman A. Bishop Stephen K. Boss, Ph.D. Retired Resources Interpreter Director, Environmental Dynamics Program National Park Service Department of Geosciences Bozeman, Montana University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas Scott Hoffman Black Ecologist/Entomologist Reed Bowman, Ph.D. Executive Director Associate Research Biologist Portland, Oregon Head, Avian Ecology Lab Archbold Biological Station Robert Blaisdell, Ph.D. Lake Placid, Florida Rangeland Ecologist (Retired) Bayfield, Colorado Richard L. Boyce, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Forest Ecologist David E. Blockstein, Ph.D. Northern Kentucky University Chair, The Ornithological Council Highland Heights, Kentucky Washington, District of Columbia David Barton Bray, Ph.D. Jessica Blois Department of Environmental Studies Ph.D. Candidate Florida International University Department of Biological Sciences Miami, Florida Stanford University Stanford, California Richard A. Bradley, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Evolution, Ecology and Michael H. Blust, Ph.D. Organismal Biology Professor, Biology Ohio State University Green Mountain College Marion, Ohio Poultney, Vermont Steven W. Brewer, Ph.D. Jane H. Bock, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Plant Ecology Professor Emerita University of North Carolina Wilmington Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Wilmington, North Carolina University of Colorado Boulder, Colorado Martin R. Brittan, Ph.D. Professor of Biological Sciences, Emeritus P. Dee Boersma, Ph.D. California State University, Sacramento Wadsworth Endowed Chair in Conservation Sacramento, California Science, Professor Department of Biology William R. Bromer, Ph.D. University of Washington Professor, Biology and Environmental Science Seattle, Washington University of St. Francis Joliet, Illinois

5 Lincoln P. Brower, Ph.D. Abel Bult-Ito, Ph.D. Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus Associate Professor, Biology Zoology Institute of Arctic Biology University of Florida University of Alaska Fairbanks Gainesville, Florida Fairbanks, Alaska

David Brown, Ph.D. Tom Bultman, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Biology Department Department of Biology and Hope College Environmental Science Holland, Michigan Marietta College Marietta, Ohio Noel M. Burkhead Fish Biologist Greg Brown, Ph.D. USGS Professor, Natural Resource Management Gainesville, Florida Green Mountain College Poultney, Vermont Robyn J. Burnham, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Ecology and Jeremy M. Brown Evolutionary Biology and Ph.D. Candidate in Ecology, Evolution, and Curator of Paleontology Behavior University of Michigan The University of Texas at Austin Ann Arbor, Michigan Austin, Texas George S. Bush Joyce Marie Brown Soil Scientist EPA STAR Fellow, BGSA President Port Townsend, Washington Ph.D. Student of Conservation Biology University of Central Florida Ramona J. Butz Orlando, Florida Ph.D Candidate, Ecology University of California, Davis Ken Brown, Ph.D. Davis, California Professor of Biological Sciences Louisiana State University James Byers, Ph.D. Baton Rouge, Louisiana Associate Professor, Zoology University of New Hampshire Milford Brown, Ph.D. Durham, New Hampshire Plant Biochemist/Physiologist (Retired) U.S. Department of Agriculture Bernard H. Byrnes, Ph.D. Soil Science Sharon T. Brown Wild South Wildlife Biologist Moulton, Alabama Beavers: Wetlands and Wildlife Inc. Dolgeville, New York Diane Campbell, Ph.D. Professor, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Kurt Brownell University of California Natural Resource Specialist Irvine, California St. Paul District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mississippi River Natural Resource Project Philip D. Cantino, Ph.D. La Crescent, Minnesota Professor Department of Environmental and Plant Biology Deborah Buitron, Ph.D. Ohio University Research Associate, Biology Athens, Ohio North Dakota State University Fargo, North Dakota 6 Ken Carloni, Ph.D. Robin L. Chazdon, Ph.D. Forest Ecologist Professor Umpqua Community College Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Roseburg, Oregon University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut Gary Carnefix, M.S. Research Associate Anita F. Cholewa, Ph.D. Pacific Rivers Council Botany, M.S. Forest Ecology Polson, Montana Blaine, Minnesota

John L. Carr, Ph.D. David Christophel, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Biology Professor of Botany University of Louisiana at Monroe Director of the Arboretum Monroe, Louisiana University of Denver Denver, Colorado. C. Ronald Carroll, Ph.D. Professor, Institute of Ecology Barbara J. Clement, Ph.D. Co-Director for Science, River Basin Center Associate Professor of Biology University of Georgia Doane College Athens, Georgia Crete, Nebraska

Bobb Carson, Ph.D. Robert C. Clover, Ph.D. Professor- and Dean-Emeritus Ecology (Retired) Department of Earth and Environmental California State University, Long Beach Sciences Long Beach, California College of Arts and Sciences Lehigh University Robert Coats, Ph.D. Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Forest Hydrologist University of California, Davis Kefyn M. Catley, Ph.D. Davis, California Assistant Professor, Spider Biology Vanderbilt University Bruce E. Coblentz, Ph.D. Nashville, Tennessee Professor of Wildlife Ecology Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Christopher Chabot, Ph.D. Oregon State University Professor, Biology Corvallis, Oregon Plymouth State University Plymouth, New Hampshire Martin L. Cody, Ph.D. Professor, Biology Kai M. A. Chan, Ph.D. University of California Los Angeles Assistant Professor Los Angeles, California Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability William J. Cohen, Ph.D. University of British Columbia Senior Lecturer Vancouver, British Columbia Department of Community and Regional Planning F. Stuart Chapin, III, Ph.D. Temple University Ecosystem Ecologist Ambler, Pennsylvania Institute of Arctic Biology University of Alaska Fairbanks Robert K. Colwell, Ph.D. Fairbanks, Alaska Board of Trustees Distinguished Professor Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut 7 Marty Condon, Ph.D. Amanda Curtin, Ph.D. Associate Professor Postdoctoral Fellow/Higher Education Department of Biology Learning Specialist Cornell College Department of Biology/ Mount Vernon, Iowa Academic Resource Center Duke University Laura E. Conkey, Ph.D. Durham, North Carolina Associate Professor, Geography Dartmouth College Sally Dahir Hanover, New Hampshire Forest Health Specialist Department of Natural Resources Ian M. Cooke, Ph.D. Madison, Wisconsin Professor, Zoology University of Hawaii Pete David, M.S. Honolulu, Hawaii Wildlife Biologist Ecosystem Management, Inc. Clay E. Corbin, Ph.D. Albuquerque, New Mexico Assistant Professor, Biology Biological and Allied Health Sciences Ana Davidson, Ph.D. Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania Postdoctoral Research Associate Department of Biology John Costello, Ph.D. University of New Mexico Professor, Biology Department Albuquerque, New Mexico Providence College Providence, Rhode Island Paul Dayton, Ph.D. Professor of Marine Ecology Bruce C. Cowell, Ph.D. University of California, San Diego Professor of Biology (Retired) La Jolla, California University of South Florida Tampa, Florida Amrita G. de Soyza, Ph.D. Senior Ecologist Joel Cracraft University of Nevada Reno Lamont Curator and Curator-in-Charge Reno, Nevada Department of Ornithology American Museum of Natural History James E. Deacon, Ph.D. New York, New York Distinguished Professor Emeritus Department of Environmental Studies and Lance Craighead, Ph.D. Biology Executive Director University of Nevada Las Vegas Craighead Environmental Research Institute Las Vegas, Nevada Bozeman, Montana D. Robert Deal, Ph.D. T. Patrick Culbert, Ph.D. Professor, Plant Biology Professor Emeritus Shawnee State University Department of Anthropology Portsmouth, Ohio University of Arizona Santa Fe, New Mexico Kelly Decker, Ph.D. Research Faculty David A. Culver, Ph.D. Division of Science and Public Policy Professor, Evolution, Ecology and California State University - Monterey Bay Organismal Biology Seaside, California The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

8 Kevin J. Delaney, Ph.D. R. Scot Duncan, Ph.D. Plant Ecophysiology Restoration Ecologist Visiting Assistant Professor in Biology Birmingham-Southern College University of Washington Birmingham, Alabama Seattle, Washington Peter W. Dunwiddie, Ph.D. Dominick A. DellaSala, Ph.D. Affiliate Professor, Biology Forest Ecologist University of Washington World Wildlife Fund Seattle, Washington Ashland, Oregon Phillip Dustan, Ph.D. FLS Thomas H. DeLuca, Ph.D. Marine Ecologist Professor, Forest Soils Department of Biology University of Montana College of Charleston Missoula, Montana Charleston, South Carolina

Saara J. DeWalt, Ph.D. L. L. Eberhardt, Ph.D. Plant Ecologist Retired from Battelle-Northwest Assistant Professor, Biological Sciences Affiliate Professor Clemson University Washington State University Clemson, South Carolina Montana State University

David S. Dobkin, Ph.D. Vincent M. Eckhart, Ph.D. Senior Ecologist Associate Professor of Biology High Desert Ecological Research Institute Grinnell College Bend, Oregon Grinnell, Iowa

Dana E. Dolsen, M.S. Thomas Egan Forest Science Senior Ecologist Holladay, Utah AMEC Earth and Environmental and Conservation Chair Richard J. Douglass, Ph.D. Mojave Chapter CNPS Department of Biology Montana Tech of the University of Montana Patrick M. Eggleston, Ph.D. Butte, Montana Department of Biology Keene State College Craig C. Downer Keene, New Hampshire Wildlife Ecologist Andean Tapir Fund John F. Elder, Ph.D. Minden, Nevada Aquatic Ecologist (Retired) U.S. Geological Survey Jean Dubach, Ph.D. Corvallis, Oregon Population Genetics Department of Conservation Science Elise Elliott-Smith, M.S. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield Zoo Wildlife Biologist Brookfield, Illinois Corvallis, Oregon

Tom Dudley, Ph.D. Michelle Elmore Marine Science Institute M.S. Student, Botany University of California University of Hawaii-Manoa Santa Barbara, California Honolulu, Hawaii Natural Resource and Environmental Sciences University of Nevada Reno, Nevada 9 John M. Emlen Mary Ferm Research Ecologist Masters, School of Natural Resources Western Fisheries Research Center University of Michigan, Ann Arbor U.S. Geological Survey Bainbridge Island, Washington Seattle, Washington Melissa K. Fierke, Ph.D. Eve Emshwiller, Ph.D. Forest Entomology Assistant Professor of Botany University of Arkansas University of Wisconsin Fayetteville, Arkansas Madison, Wisconsin Paul Fine William R. Engels, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Professor, Genetics Department of Ecology and University of Wisconsin - Madison Evolutionary Biology Madison, Wisconsin University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan J.H. Epler, Ph.D. Aquatic Entomologist Mark Fiorini Crawfordville, Florida Fisheries Management, Natural Sciences President, Maiden Creek Watershed Association Christopher W. Evans Kempton, Pennsylvania College of Natural Sciences Hawaii Pacific University Thomas L. Fleischner, Ph.D. Kaneohe, Hawaii Professor, Environmental Studies Prescott College Jonathan P. Evans, Ph.D. Prescott, Arizona Director, Landscape Analysis Laboratory Associate Professor, Biology Erica Fleishman, Ph.D. University of the South National Center for Sewanee, Tennessee Ecological Analysis and Synthesis Santa Barbara, California Margaret Evans, Ph.D. Donnelley Fellow Erica Fleishman, Ph.D. Department of Ecology and Senior Research Scientist Evolutionary Biology Department of Biological Sciences Yale University Stanford University New Haven, Connecticut Stanford, California

Douglas Eveleigh, Ph.D. R. Wills Flowers, Ph.D. Biochemistry and Microbiology Center for Biological Control Cook College, Rutgers Florida A&M University New Brunswick, New Jersey Tallahassee, Florida

Christopher Farmer, Ph.D. George W. Folkerts, Ph.D. North American Monitoring Coordinator Wetland Biology, Aquatic Insects, Hawk Mountain Sanctuary Herpetology, Natural History Kempton, Pennsylvania Professor, Biological Sciences Auburn University Laura Farrell Auburn, Alabama Ph.D. student, Biology University of Vermont Burlington, Vermont

10 Joseph Fortier, Ph.D. Karen P. Frutchey, M.S. Assistant Professor of Biology Resource Management Specialist Five Entomologist JIMAR Saint Louis University University of Hawaii Saint Louis, Missouri Honolulu, Hawaii

Elizabeth A. Forys, Ph.D Jed Fuhrman, Ph.D. Professor of Environmental Science and Biology McCulloch-Crosby Chair of Marine Biology Eckerd College University of Southern California St. Petersburg, Florida Los Angeles, California

Brian Foster, Ph.D. Alder Fuller, Ph.D. CRES, Zoological Society of San Diego Ecology/Evolution El Cajon, California Euglena Edu/ProtoTista Eugene, Oregon CJ Fotheringham, M.S. Fire Ecologist Cyn Gabriel Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Native Plant Steward Biology Washington Native Plant Society University of California, Los Angeles Seattle, Washington Los Angeles, California Kristin Gade David M. Fox Ph.D. Candidate M.S. Wildlife IGERT Urban Ecology Fellow Louisiana State University School of Life Sciences Department of Renewable Arizona State University Natural Resources Tempe, Arizona Baton Rouge, Louisiana George J. Gamboa, Ph.D. G.J. Franz, M.S., M.A. Professor of Biology Former Professor Ecology/Biology Oakland University Long Island University Rochester, Michigan New York, New York Timothy J. Gaudin, Ph.D. Mary Frazer, M.E.M. UC Foundation Professor and Acting Head Environmental Specialist Department of Biological and North Carolina State Government Environmental Sciences Raleigh, North Carolina University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Chattanooga, Tennessee Lee E. Frelich, Ph.D. Forest Ecologist Thomas M. Gehring, Ph.D. University of Minnesota Department of Biology St. Paul, Minnesota Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant, Michigan Terrence J. Frest, Ph.D. Malacologist Donald Geiger, S.M., Ph.D. Seattle, Washington Department of Biology University of Dayton Chris Frissell, Ph.D. Dayton, Ohio Senior Staff Scientist The Pacific Rivers Council Polson, Montana

11 Vanessa Brooks Genovese David L. Gorchov, Ph.D. Research Scientist Associate Professor Division of Science and Environmental Policy Department of Botany California State University, Monterey Bay Miami University Seaside, California Oxford, Ohio

Bob Gillespie, Ph.D. Steven Green, Ph.D. Science Faculty Professor, Biology Wenatchee Valley College-Omak University of Miami Omak, Washington Coral Gables, Florida

Frank S. Gilliam, Ph.D. Gary K. Greer, Ph.D. Plant Ecologist Associate Editor, American Fern Journal Department of Biological Sciences Biology Department Marshall University Grand Valley State University Huntington, West Virginia Allendale, Michigan

Rosanna Giordano, Ph.D. Carole S. Griffiths, Ph.D. Department of Plant and Soil Science Professor, Biology University of Vermont Long Island University Burlington, Vermont Brooklyn, New York

Travis C. Glenn, Ph.D. Jon Grinnell Molecular Ecologist FM Uhler Chair in Biology Savannah River Ecology Laboratory Gustavus Adolphus College Universities of Georgia and South Carolina St. Peter, Minnesota Aiken, South Carolina Betty J. Grizzle, D.Env. Michale Glennon, Ph.D. Wetland Scientist Associate Conservation Scientist Everglades Foundation Wildlife Conservation Society's Palmetto Bay, Florida Adirondack Communities and Conservation Program Thurman L. Grove, Ph.D. Saranac Lake, New York Professor, Zoology North Carolina State University Robert C. Glotzhober Raleigh, North Carolina Curator, Natural History Ohio Historical Society Daniel S. Gruner Columbus, Ohio Postdoctoral Scholar Bodega Marine Lab Karen Goetz, M.S. University of California, Davis Conservation Biology (Amphibian Ecology) Bodega Bay, California San Francisco State University San Francisco, California John S. Gunn, Ph.D. Forest Ecologist Enrique Gomezdelcampo, Ph.D. The Trust to Conserve Northeast Forestlands Hydrologist Hebron, Maine Center for Environmental Programs Bowling Green State University James Haas, Ph.D. Bowling Green, Ohio Ecologist Sacramento, California

12 Erin Hagen Marilyn M. Harlin, Ph.D. Wildlife Biologist Professor Emerita, Botany College of Forest Resources University of Rhode Island University of Washington Portland, Oregon Seattle, Washington David D. Hart, Ph.D. Judy Haggard Director and Professor Wildlife Biologist Senator George J. Mitchell Center for Haggard Wildlife Consulting Environmental and Watershed Research Fieldbrook, California University of Maine Orono, Maine Stacey Halpern, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Donna Hart, Ph.D. Biology Department Department of Anthropology Pacific University University of Missouri - St. Louis Forest Grove, Oregon St. Louis, Missouri

Richard W. Halsey, M.A. John Harte, Ph.D. Director/Fire Ecology Professor California Chaparral Field Institute Energy and Resources Group Escondido, California University of California Berkeley, California Steven Hamburg, Ph.D. Ittleson Associate Professor of Mary Ellen Harte, Ph. D. Environmental Studies Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory Forest Ecologist Crested Butte, Colorado Brown University Providence, Rhode Island David Hastings, Ph.D. Associate Professor Michael Hamilton, Ph.D. Eckerd College Director, James San Jacinto Mountains Reserve St Petersburg, Florida University of California, Riverside Idyllwild, California Skippy Hau Aquatic Biologist Alexander H. Harcourt, Ph.D. Hawaii Division of Aquatic Resources Professor, Graduate Group in Ecology and Wailuku, Maui, Hawaii Department of Anthropology University of California Rain L. Healer Davis, California Biology Teaching Associate California State University, Fresno James A. Harding, Ph.D. Fresno, California Associate Professor of Recreation and Natural Resource Management Rosanne Healy Green Mountain College Research Associate Poultney, Vermont Iowa State University Ames, Iowa Annita Harlan, Ph.D. Adjunct Instructor Robert T. Heath, Ph.D. Department of Ecology and Professor of Biological Sciences Evolutionary Biology Director, Water Resources Research Institute The University of Arizona Kent State University Tucson, Arizona Kent, Ohio

13 Brooke Parry Hecht, Ph.D. Marcel Holyoak, Ph.D. Ecosystem Ecology Professor Scholar, Center for Humans and Nature Department of Environmental Chicago, Illinois Science and Policy University of California Mark Heifner Davis, California Ecologist Southwestern Ecological Services Michael H. Horn, Ph.D. Denver, Colorado Professor, Biological Science California State University Alex L. Heindl Fullerton, California Curator of Herpetology Marjorie Barrick Museum of Natural History Thomas R. Horton, Ph.D. University of Nevada, Las Vegas Assistant Professor, Mycorrhizal Ecology Las Vegas, Nevada State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry Ken R. Helms, Ph.D. Syracuse, New York Research Assistant Professor of Biology Department of Biology G.F. Hrusa, Ph.D. University of Vermont Senior Plant Taxonomist Burlington, Vermont California Department of Food and Agriculture Sacramento, California Peggy S. M. Hill, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Biological Science Robert Huber, Ph.D. University of Tulsa Associate Professor, Biological Sciences Tulsa, Oklahoma Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, Ohio Bill Hilton Jr., M.A.T., M.S. Executive Director Ron Hubert Hilton Pond Center for Project Director Piedmont Natural History Sustainable Communities Research Project York, South Carolina Center for Sustainable Environments Northern Arizona University Gregory Hoffman Flagstaff, Arizona Fishery Biologist U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Russell Huddleston PWS Libby, Montana Wetlands Ecologist / Botanist CH2MHILL Richard T. Holmes, Ph.D. Harris Professor of Environmental Biology Jarvis E. Hudson, Ph.D. Emeritus Assistant Professor, Biology Dartmouth College Fayetteville State University Hanover, New Hampshire Fayetteville, North Carolina

Debora R. Holmes Robert M. Hughes, Ph.D. Managing Editor, Environmental Practice, Research Associate Professor Journal of the National Association of Department of Fisheries and Wildlife Environmental Professionals Oregon State University Olympia, Washington Corvallis, Oregon

Malcolm Hunter Libra Professor of Conservation Biology University of Maine Orono, Maine 14

Richard Hutto, Ph.D. Kurt J. Jirka Professor and Director Senior Aquatic Biologist Avian Science Center Ichthyological Associates, Inc. Division of Biological Sciences Ithaca, New York University of Montana Missoula, Montana Bart R. Johnson, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Landscape Architecture and Daria Hyde Environmental Studies Program Associate Conservation Planner University of Oregon Michigan Natural Features Inventory Eugene, Oregon Lansing, Michigan Rebecca Johnson G. J. Ikenberry, Ph.D. Center for Environmental Research and Biology Professor (Retired) Conservation McPherson College Columbia University McPherson, Kansas New York, New York

David K. Imper Kyle Joly, M.S. Ecologist Ecology US Fish and Wildlife Service Wildlife Biologist Arcata, California Fairbanks, Alaska

Timothy Ingalsbee, Ph.D. Laura E. Jones, Ph.D. Fire Sociologist Research Associate, Theoretical Ecology University of Oregon Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Eugene, Oregon Cornell University Ithaca, New York Haruhiko Itagaki, Ph.D. Professor, Biology Timmothy Kaminski Kenyon College Wildlife ecologist Gambier, Ohio Mountain Livestock Cooperative Augusta, Montana Jerome A. Jackson Professor of Biology James R. Karr, Ph.D. Florida Gulf Coast University Professor, Aquatics Sciences and Biology Fort Myers, Florida University of Washington Seattle, Washington Daniel H. Janzen, Ph.D. Dimaura Professor of Conservation Biology Nancy E. Karraker Department of Biology Ph.D. Candidate, EPA Fellow University of Pennsylvania, State University of New York Philadelphia, Pennsylvania College of Environmental Science and Forestry Syracuse, New York Douglas L. Jeffries, Ph.D. Plant Ecologist Sterling C. Keeley, Ph.D. Professor of Biology and Environmental Studies Professor University of the Ozarks Department of Botany Clarksville, Arkansas University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii David G. Jenkins, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Biology University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida 15 Barbara A. Knuth, Ph.D. Shawn Kuchta, Ph.D. Professor and Chair Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology Department of Natural Resources Earth and Marine Sciences Cornell University University of California, Santa Cruz Ithaca, New York Santa Cruz, California

Walter D. Koenig, Ph.D. Christa Kugler Research Zoologist Wild Animal Keeper University of California, Berkeley Bronx Zoo, Wildlife Conservation Society Carmel Valley, California New York, New York

Sally Gregory Kohlstedt, Ph.D. Melinda Laituri, Ph.D. Professor, History of Science (including Geographer Environmental Sciences) Colorado State University School of Geology and Geophysics Fort Collins, Colorado University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota Rick Landenberger, Ph.D. Research Assistant Professor Loraine U. Kohorn, Ph.D. Department of Geology and Geography Plant Ecologist West Virginia University Brunswick, Maine Morgantown, West Virginia

Julie E. Korb, Ph.D. Sarah Lauerman Department of Biology M.S. Candidate, Wildlife and Fisheries Biology Fort Lewis College Clemson University Durango, Colorado Clemson, South Carolina

Andrew Kota, M.S. Charles Laun, B.S., M.S. Forestry-Utah State University Forestry, Ecology, Forest Ecology, Climatology Stewardship and Protection Associate Professor of Ecology (Retired) Foothills Conservancy of North Carolina Columbia, Missouri Morganton, North Carolina Patrick Leacock, Ph.D. Laurie Koteen, M.S. Adjunct Curator, Mycology Ecologist Field Museum of Natural History University of California, Berkeley Chicago, Illinois Berkeley, California David S. Lee Adrienne Kovach, Ph.D. Curator of Birds (Retired) Research Assistant Professor North Carolina State Museum Department of Natural Resources Raleigh, North Carolina University of New Hampshire Director, The Tortoise Reserve Durham, New Hampshire White Lake, North Carolina

Sarah Kraszewski, M.S. Derek E. Lee, M.S. Restoration Ecologist Fire Ecologist Madison, Wisconsin Petaluma, California

Fred Kraus, Ph.D. Carol J. Leonard, M.S. Department of Natural Sciences Instructor, Marine Sciences Bishop Museum Charlotte County Public Schools Honolulu, Hawaii Englewood, Florida

16 Christopher A. Lepczyk, Ph.D. Brian Logan, M.S. Honorary Fellow Wildlife Biologist University of Wisconsin-Madison Bozeman, Montana Madison, Wisconsin Frank T. Logiudice, M.S. Mark K. Lesher, M.S. Undergraduate Program Coordinator Environmental Scientist Department of Biology U.S. EPA University of Central Florida Kansas City, Kansas Orlando, Florida

Susan G. Letcher Kathleen LoGiudice, Ph.D. Doctoral Candidate in Ecology Assistant Professor University of Connecticut Department of Biological Sciences Storrs, Connecticut Union College Schenectady, New York Simon Levin, Ph.D. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Marilyn D. Loveless, Ph.D. Princeton University Population Ecologist Princeton, New Jersey Professor, Biology College of Wooster Joyce N. Levine, PhD, AICP Wooster, Ohio Urban and Regional Planning Florida Atlantic University Irmgard Lukanik Ft. Lauderdale, Florida Masters Student Department of Biology William Z. Lidicker, Jr., Ph.D. University of South Florida Professor Emeritus, Integrative Biology Tampa, Florida University of California, Berkeley Berkeley, California Bruce Lyon, Ph.D. Associate Professor Patrick Lieske, M.S. University of California, Santa Cruz Wildlife Biologist Santa Cruz, California Brookings, Oregon William Mackay, Ph. D. Gene E. Likens, Ph.D. Desert Ecologist Millbrook, NY Professor University of Texas Creighton M. Litton, Ph.D. El Paso, Texas Research Faculty, Ecosystem Ecology California State University Fullerton Jason MacKenzie, Ph.D. Fullerton, California Post-Doc, Rainforest Ecology and Evolution Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Dale R. Lockwood, Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley Postdoctoral Fellow Berkeley, California Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Julie Maier, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Science John P. Loegering, Ph.D. University of Alaska Associate Professor of Wildlife Ecology Fairbanks, Alaska University of Minnesota Crookston, Minnesota

17 Martin B. Main, Ph.D. Brady J. Mattsson, Ph.D. Associate Professor and Wildlife Ecologist Avian Ecologist Program Leader, Florida Master Naturalist Warnell School of Forestry and Program Natural Resources University of Florida University of Georgia Immokalee, Florida Athens, Georgia

Julin Maloof, Ph.D. William W. Mautz, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Plant Biology Professor, Natural Resources University of California, Davis University of New Hampshire Davis, California Durham, New Hampshire

Marion Mann Declan McCabe, Ph.D. Fishery Biologist Assistant Professor of Biology Hatfield Marine Science Center Saint Michael’s College Newport, Oregon Colchester, Vermont

Barton C. Marcy, Jr. Keith R. McCaffery Senior Fellow Scientist-Ichthyologist (Retired) Northern Forest Research Biologist Aiken, South Carolina Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Rhinelander, Wisconsin Janet Marsden Assistant Professor Brian McCarthy, Ph.D. Canino School of Engineering Forest Ecologist SUNY Canton Ohio University Canton, New York Athens, Ohio

Robert E. Marra, Ph.D. Charles A. McClaugherty, Ph.D. Plant Pathology and Ecology Professor, Ecology and Environmental Science The Connecticut Agricultural Mount Union College Experiment Station Alliance, Ohio New Haven, Connecticut Brent H. McCown Laura Marx, Ph.D. Gottschalk Distinguished Professor, Forest Ecologist Horticulture Westfield, Massachusetts Nelson Institute of Environmental Sciences Director, Center for Integrated Agricultural John M. Marzluff, Ph.D. Systems (CIAS) Denman Professor of University of Wisconsin-Madison Sustainable Resource Science Madison, Wisconsin Professor of Wildlife Science College of Forest Resources Dale A. McCullough, Ph.D. University of Washington Senior Fishery Scientist Seattle, Washington Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission Portland, Oregon Glenn Matlack, Ph.D. Environmental and Plant Biology Allison S. McDaniel Ohio University Biologist Athens, Ohio Frederick, Maryland

18 Mara A. McDonald, Ph.D. Scott McNaught, Ph.D. Administrator, Evolution Initiative Associate Professor of Biology Assistant Administrator, Genetics Central Michigan University University of Wisconsin Mount Pleasant, Michigan Madison, Wisconsin Michael J. Medler, Ph.D. William H. McDowell, Ph.D. Department of Environmental Studies Professor, Water Resources Management Huxley College Director, NH Water Resources Research Center Western Washington University University of New Hampshire Bellingham, Washington Durham, New Hampshire Rebecca P. Meegan Amy B. McEuen, Ph.D. Wildlife Biologist Forest Ecologist Coastal Plains Institute and Land Conservancy Assistant Professor, Biology Tallahassee, Florida University of Illinois Springfield, Illinois Robert J. Meese, Ph.D. Staff Research Associate IV Daniel J. McGarvey Department of Environmental Science & Policy Ph.D. Candidate University of California Department of Biological Sciences Davis, California Aquatic Biology Program University of Alabama Gary K. Meffe, Ph.D. Tuscaloosa, Alabama Editor Conservation Biology Department of Wildlife Ecology & Conservation Patrick McGuire, Ph.D. University of Florida Director Gainesville, Florida Genetic Resources Conservation Program University of California Sergio Merino Davis, California Forest Ecologist/Biologist Lafayette, Louisiana Julie McIntyre Ecology Ph.D. Student Robert W. Merriam, Ph.D. University of New Mexico Biological Science Albuquerque, New Mexico Retired SUNY Stony Brook Invasive Species Specialist Melissa McKay, M.S. North Carolina Chapter, The Nature Lynnwood, Washington Conservancy 1995-2000

William O. McLarney, Ph.D. J.P. Michaud, Ph.D. Director, Upper Little Tennessee Watershed Assistant Professor of Entomology Biomonitoring Program Kansas State University Little Tennessee Watershed Association Agricultural Research Center-Hays Franklin, North Carolina Hays, Kansas

K. W. McLeod, Ph.D. Anne Millhollen, Ph.D. Associate Ecologist, Emeritus Biologist/Anthropologist Savannah River Ecology Laboratory University of Oregon University of Georgia Eugene, Oregon Aiken, South Carolina Andrew G. Milroy Jack D. McMillen, Ph.D. Natural Resources Manager Washington Natural Heritage Program West Springfield, Massachusetts Olympia, Washington 19 Arlee Montalvo, Ph.D. Philip Myers, Ph.D. Plant Restoration Ecologist and Associate Curator of Mammals Population Biologist Associate Professor, Ecology and Resource Conservation District and Evolutionary Biology University of California University of Michigan Riverside, California Museum of Zoology Ann Arbor, Michigan Richard R. Montanucci, Ph.D. Systematic Herpetologist and Ecologist Dhruba Naug, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Biological Sciences Assistant Professor, Biology Clemson University Colorado State University Clemson, South Carolina Fort Collins, Colorado

Randall Moorman, MEM Mark Neff, M.S. Ph.D. Student Ph.D. Student Department of Botany School of Life Sciences University of Hawai’i Arizona State University Honolulu, Hawaii Dr. C. Riley Nelson Peter B. Moyle, Ph.D. Professor, Integrative Biology Professor, Fisheries Biology Brigham Young University Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Provo, Utah Conservation Biology University of California, Davis Cheryl Nenn, M.S. Davis, California Milwaukee Riverkeeper Friends of Milwaukee’s Rivers Rob Mrowka, M.S. Milwaukee, Wisconsin Forest Ecology Manager, Environmental Planning Division William D. Newmark, Ph.D. Las Vegas, Nevada Research Curator Utah Museum of Natural History Christa P.H. Mulder, Ph.D. University of Utah Associate Professor of Ecology Salt Lake City, Utah University of Alaska Fairbanks Fairbanks, Alaska Barry R. Noon, Ph.D. Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Dennis D. Murphy, Ph.D. Conservation Biology Professor, Biology Colorado State University University of Nevada Fort Collins, Colorado Reno, Nevada Elaine Norman, Ph.D. K. Greg Murray, Ph.D. Stetson University Professor of Biology DeLand, Florida Hope College Holland, Michigan Elliott A. Norse, Ph.D. President Michael P. Murray, Ph.D. Marine Conservation Biology Institute Fire Ecologist Bellevue, Washington Wildlands Management Institute Crater Lake, Oregon Gretchen North, Ph.D. Department of Biology Occidental College Los Angeles, California

Reed Noss, Ph.D. Marilyn Ortt Professor, Conservation Biology Field Botanist (Retired) University of Central Florida Ohio Department of Natural Resources Orlando, Florida Marietta, Ohio

Gary Nuechterlein, Ph.D. John A. Osborne, Ph.D. Professor Professor, Limnology Department of Biology Department of Biology North Dakota State Univesity University of Central Florida Fargo, North Dakota Orlando, Florida

Mary O'Brien, Ph.D. Richard S. Ostfeld, Ph.D. Botanist/Ecologist Senior Scientist Grand Canyon Trust Institute of Ecosystem Studies Eugene, Oregon Millbrook, New York

Kevin O'Connor Andrea Ouse, M.S. M.S. Student, Fish Ecology Lab Adjunct Faculty San Diego State University Maricopa County Community Colleges and San Diego, California Northern Arizona University New River, Arizona Kathleen O'Reilly, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Biology Kimberly A. O. Pacheco, Ph.D. University of Portland Assistant Professor of Chemistry Portland, Oregon School of Chemistry, Earth Sciences, and Physics Dennis C. Odion, Ph.D. University of Northern Colorado Vegetation Ecologist Greeley, Colorado University of California, Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California and Joel E. Pagel, Ph.D. Southern Oregon University Research Associate Ashland, Oregon Santa Cruz Predatory Bird Research Group Ashland, Oregon Erin O'Doherty, Ph.D. Ecologist Francis H. Palmer, D.Env Laramie, Wyoming Environmental Scientist-Water Quality Sacramento, California Richard R. Old, Ph.D. Weed Identification Specialist Lydia C. Pan, Ph.D. XID Services Senior Principal Scientist Pullman, Washington Pfizer Global Research and Development Groton, Connecticut Guy W. Oliver, Ph.D. Research Associate Michael Parke, Ph.D. Institute of Marine Science Research Biologist University of California, Santa Cruz University of Hawaii Santa Cruz, California Honolulu, Hawaii

Gordon H. Orians, Ph.D. Michael S. Parker, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus of Biology Professor, Biology University of Washington Southern Oregon University Seattle, Washington Ashland, Oregon

David F. Parkhurst, Ph.D. Joy B. Perry Botany (Plant Ecology) Lecturer, Biological Sciences Professor Emeritus of Environmental Science University of Wisconsin-Fox Valley Indiana University Menasha, Wisconsin Bloomington, Indiana Kimberly A. Peters, Ph.D. David R. Parsons Director of Research and Monitoring Wildlife Biologist Cape May Bird Observatory The Rewilding Institute New Jersey Audubon Albuquerque, New Mexico Cape May Court House, New Jersey

Arthur Dean Partridge, Ph.D. Jeff Phillips, MESM, CA REA II Professor Emeritus, Forest Disease and Wildlife Biologist Insect Ecology Santa Barbara, CA College of Forestry, Wildlife & Range Sciences University of Idaho Carlos F. A. Pinkham, Ph.D. Moscow, Idaho Environmental Biologist Biology Department Carol Joan Patterson Norwich University Graduate student, Biological Sciences Northfield, Vermont University of Arkansas Fayetteville, Arkansas Jay Pitocchelli, Ph.D. Professor, Biology Gustav Paulay, Ph.D. Saint Anselm College Associate Professor Manchester, New Hampshire Florida Museum of Natural History University of Florida J. Dan Pittillo, Ph.D. Gainesville, Florida Biology Professor (Retired) Western Carolina University Timothy A. Pearce, Ph.D. Cullowhee, North Carolina Assistant Curator and Head, Section of Mollusks Carnegie Museum of Natural History Mechthild Pohlschroder, Ph.D. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Assistant Professor, Biology University of Pennsylvania James L. Pease, Ph.D. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Ellen Popodi, Ph.D. Iowa State University Assistant Scientist, Biology Ames, Iowa Indiana University Bloomington, Indiana J. Akers Pence, Ph.D. Research Lepidopterist Jacquelyn Potter State Coordinator, Florida Butterfly Monitoring Illinois Natural History Survey Network Champaign, Illinois McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity H. Douglas Pratt Florida Museum of Natural History Research Curator of Birds Gainesville, Florida North Carolina State Museum of Natural Sciences David Perry, Ph.D. Raleigh, North Carolina Ecosystem Studies and Management Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 22 Jennifer E. Price, Ph.D. Jessica Reichmuth Biologist Ph.D. Candidate South Carolina Department of Department of Biological Sciences Natural Resources Rutgers University Fisheries Research Section Newark, New Jersey Eastover, South Carolina Richard J. Reiner, Ph.D. James J. Provenzano Senior Ecologist President The Nature Conservancy Clean Air Now Chico, California Los Angeles, California Karl J. Reinhard, Ph.D. Anne Pusey, Ph.D. Professor, School of Natural Resources McKnight Distinguished University Professor Fulbright Scholar Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior University of Nebraska University of Minnesota Lincoln, Nebraska St. Paul, Minnesota Bradford G. Rence, Ph.D. Robert Michael Pyle, Ph.D. Entomologist Lepidopterist/Author Professor and Chair of Biology Grays River, Washington Lawrence University Appleton, Wisconsin G. S. Rahi, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Natural Sciences Ann F. Rhoads, Ph.D. Fayetteville State University Senior Botanist, Pennsylvania Flora Project Fayetteville, North Carolina Morris Arboretum of the University of Pennsylvania Jan A. Randall, Ph.D. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Professor Emerita of Biology San Francisco State University Jon Rhodes San Francisco, California Hydrologist Portland, Oregon Lisa Rapaport Behavioral Ecologist Cecil F. Rich, Ph.D. Department of Biological Sciences Aquatic Ecologist Clemson University Anchorage, Alaska Clemson, South Carolina David I. Richard, Ph.D. Brenda Rashleigh, Ph.D. Professor, Biology Aquatic Ecologist Rollins College Athens, Georgia Winter Park, Florida

Margaret K. Reed Lisa Richardson-Calfee, Ph.D. Environmental Resource Specialist Department of Biology U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Queens University of Charlotte Omaha, Nebraska Charlotte, North Carolina

Sarah Reed Dan L. Richter, Ph.D. M.S. Student, Environmental Science and Policy Forest Pathologist Northern Arizona University Michigan Technological University Flagstaff, Arizona Houghton, Michigan

23 Brett R. Riddle, Ph.D. Sievert Rohwer, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Curator of Birds President, International Biogeography Society Burke Museum School of Life Sciences University of Washington University of Nevada, Las Vegas Seattle, Washington Las Vegas, Nevada Thomas P. Rooney, Ph.D. Jennifer Riddell Forest Ecologist Graduate Student, Plant Biology Department of Botany EPA Fellow University of Wisconsin School of Life Sciences Graduate Programs Madison, Wisconsin Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona Stephen T. Ross, Ph.D. Eco-Consulting Services, LLC Catherine Riseng, Ph.D. Pagosa Springs, Colorado Research Associate II Curator Emeritus of Fishes School of Natural Resources and Environment Museum of Southwestern Biology University of Michigan University of New Mexico Ann Arbor, Michigan Albuquerque, New Mexico

Bruce H. Rittenhouse Peter Reagel Manager of Conservation Programs Ph.D. Student Center for Plant Conservation Department of Entomology Missouri Botanical Garden University of Illinois St. Louis, Missouri Urbana-Champaign

David W. Roberts, Ph.D. John T. Rotenberry, Ph.D. Professor and Head Professor, Biology Department of Ecology University of California Montana State University Riverside, California Bozeman, Montana Steve Rothenberger, Ph.D. Oscar J. Rocha Professor, Biology Assistant Professor, Biological Sciences University of Nebraska at Kearney Kent State University Kearney, Nebraska Kent, Ohio Betsie B. Rothermel, Ph.D. Carlton L. Rockett, Ph.D. Assistant Research Scientist Professor, Biological Sciences University of Georgia Bowling Green State University Aiken, South Carolina Bowling Green, Ohio Stephen I. Rothstein, Ph.D. Gary W. Roemer, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology Assistant Professor Department of Ecology, Evolution and Department of Fishery and Wildlife Sciences Marine Biology New Mexico State University University of California, Santa Barbara Las Cruces, New Mexico Santa Barbara, California

William Rogers, Ph.D. Leanne H. Roulson, M.S. Professor of Biology Fisheries Biologist Winthrop University Bozeman, Montana Rock Hill, South Carolina

24 Barbara A. ("Bitty") Roy, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Ecology Carl Safina, Ph.D. University of Oregon President Eugene, Oregon Blue Ocean Institute Cold Spring Harbor, New York Suzanne M. Royer, Ph.D. Senior Research Associate D. Scott Samuels, Ph.D. Department of Biology Associate Professor, Biology Colorado State University University of Montana Fort Collins, Colorado Missoula, Montana

Matthew Rubino Sahotra Sarkar, Ph.D. Conservation Biologist/GIS Analyst Professor of Integrative Biology SE-GAP/Biodiversity and University of Texas Spatial Information Center Austin, Texas Department of Zoology North Carolina State University Raymond A. Saumure, Ph.D. Raleigh, North Carolina Wildlife Biologist The Springs Preserve Deborah D. Rudis Las Vegas, Nevada Wildlife Biologist US Fish and Wildlife Service N. Elizabeth Saunders, M.S. Juneau, Alaska Department of Plant Biology Southern Illinois University Cristina Rumbaitis del Rio, Ph.D. Carbondale, Illinois Research Fellow Columbia University Earth Institute Melissa Savage, Ph.D. New York, New York Emerita Associate Professor, Geography University of California, Los Angeles James Runkle, Ph.D. Los Angeles, California Professor, Biological Sciences Wright State University John F. Schalles, Ph.D. Dayton, Ohio Professor of Biology Director of the Environmental Science Program Sam Rushforth, Ph.D. Creighton University Professional Ecologist and Omaha, Nebraska Dean of Science and Health Utah Valley State College Tracy Scheinkman, M.S. Orem, Utah Genetics (specialty Wildlife Conservation) Adjunct Professor, Biology James R. Ruzycki, Ph.D. Pima Community College Adjunct Professor, Fisheries and Wildlife Tucson, Arizona Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon Joseph R. Schiller, Ph.D. Aquatic Ecologist Emily Saarinen Austin Peay State University Ph.D. Candidate Clarksville, Tennessee Department of Entomology and Nematology University of Florida Gainesville, Florida Andrew Schnabel, Ph.D. Thalia Sachtleben, M.S. Associate Professor, Evolution and Ecology Managing Editor, The Condor Indiana University South Bend High Desert Ecological Research Institute South Bend, Indiana Bend, Oregon 25 Tania Schoennagel, Ph.D. Ruth G. Shaw, Ph.D. Fire Scientist Evolutionary geneticist University of Colorado Professor Boulder, Colorado Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota Robert L. Schooley, Ph.D. St. Paul, Minnesota Assistant Professor Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences Kathleen L. Shea, Ph.D. University of Illinois Professor of Biology Urbana, Illinois St. Olaf College Northfield, Minnesota Krysten L. Schuler Ph.D. Candidate Dennis K. Shiozawa Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences Aquatic Ecologist South Dakota State University Department of Integrative Biology Brookings, South Dakota Brigham Young University Provo, Utah Bronwyn Scott, M.S. Invasive Species Ecologist Brian R. Shmaefsky, Ph.D. Ph.D. student, University of Washington Professor of Biology and Adjunct Life Science Faculty, Bellevue Service Learning Coordinator Community College Kingwood College Bellevue, Washington Kingwood, Texas

Tim Seastedt, Ph.D. George Sideris, Ph.D. Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Biology Department University of Colorado Long Island University Boulder, Colorado Brooklyn, New York

Jack A. Seilheimer, Ph.D. Barbara A. Siems Professor of Biology (Limnologist) Ecologist, geologist Colorado State University-Pueblo Retired University of Colorado Instructor Pueblo, Colorado Miles R. Silman, Ph.D. Holmes Semken, Ph.D. Forest Ecologist Department of Geoscience Associate Professor, Biology University of Iowa Wake Forest University Iowa City, Iowa Winston-Salem, North Carolina

Tara Seoane Tony Silvaggio, Ph.D. M.S. Candidate Environmental Sociology Biodiversity, Conservation, and Policy Department of Sociology SUNY University at Albany Humboldt State University Albany, New York Arcata, California

Bonita Shanafelt Rebecca Simmons, Ph.D. Support Scientist Assistant Professor Forest Service, PNW Research Station Department of Biology Wenatchee, Washington University of North Dakota Grand Forks, North Dakota

26 Jack W. Sites, Jr. Preston Smith Maeser Professor of Integrative Biology Ph.D. Student, Environmental Sciences Curator of Herpetology Wright State University Brigham Young University Dayton, Ohio Provo, Utah Sherilyn G. F. Smith, Ph.D. Kathy Skalbeck Associate Professor, Biological Sciences Wildlife Biologist Le Moyne College Member of The Wildlife Society Syracuse, New York Albuquerque, New Mexico Erica Smithwick, Ph.D. Carol Skinner, Ph.D. Ecosystem Ecologist/Fire Scientist Department of Biology University of Wisconsin Edinboro University (Retired) Madison, Wisconsin Consulting Scientist, Ecology, Ornithology; Geauga Park District; Holden Arboretum Paul Sneed, Ph.D. Chesterland, Ohio Environmental Studies Core Faculty, Graduate Programs Diane E. Sklensky, Ph.D. Prescott College Professor, Biological Sciences Prescott, Arizona Le Moyne College Syracuse, New York Anthony Snider, Ph.D. North Carolina Coastal Reserve Stephen A. Skrabal, Ph.D. UNCW Center for Marine Science Associate Professor, Chemistry & Biochemistry Wilmington, North Carolina University of North Carolina, Wilmington Wilmington, North Carolina Eric B. Snyder, Ph.D. Stream Ecologist Shawn Smallwood, Ph.D. Assistant Professor, Biology Ecologist Grand Valley State University Davis, California Allendale, Michigan

Bryce E. Smith, Ph.D. Tex A. Sordahl, Ph.D. Botanist/Ecologist (Retired) Professor of Biology Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan Luther College Decorah, Iowa David L. Smith, Ph.D. Associate Professor and Chair Candan Soykan Department of Biological Sciences Graduate Student Le Moyne College School of Life Sciences Syracuse, New York Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona Gerald Smith, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus John Sovell, M.S. Department of Ecology and Zoology Team Leader and Invertebrate Evolutionary Biology Zoologist, Colorado Natural Heritage Program University of Michigan College of Natural Resources Ann Arbor, Michigan Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Jennifer Smith, Ph.D. National Center for Ecological Analysis Wayne D. Spencer, Ph.D. and Synthesis Senior Conservation Biologist University of California Santa Barbara Conservation Biology Institute Santa Barbara, California San Diego, California 27

Timothy P. Spira, Ph.D. Paul M. Stewart, Ph.D. Plant Ecologist Professor of Environmental Sciences Professor, Biological Sciences Troy University Clemson University Troy, Alabama Clemson, South Carolina Lacey Stokes Stephen M. Spomer M.S. Candidate Research Associate Department of Forestry and Agriculture Department of Entomology Nacogdoches, Texas University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska Richard Strathmann, Ph.D. Friday Harbor Laboratories James R. Spotila, Ph.D. Friday Harbor, Washington Betz Chair Professor of Environmental Science Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Lori J. Stratton Drexel University Environmental Toxicologist, Plant Physiologist, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Former employee of the U.S. Forest Service Aiken Research Station Peter B. Stacey, Ph.D. Burlington, Vermont Research Professor Department of Biology James R. Strittholt, Ph.D. University of New Mexico Executive Director, Landscape Ecologist Albuquerque, New Mexico Conservation Biology Institute Corvallis, Oregon Nathaniel Stafford Ph.D. Candidate Matthew Struckhoff Seagrass Gap Dynamics Ecologist University of South Florida U.S. Geological Survey Tampa, Florida Columbia, Missouri

Richard Steiner, Ph.D. Mel Sunquist, Ph.D. Professor Professor, Wildlife Ecology and Conservation University of Alaska University of Florida Anchorage, Alaska. Gainesville, Florida

Susan Stephens Samuel S. Sweet, Ph.D. Graduate Student, Environmental Professor Geography/Water Resource Management Department of Ecology, Evolution and University of New Mexico Marine Biology Albuquerque, New Mexico University of California Santa Barbara, California Robert Stiles, Ph.D. Ichthyologist Michael C. Swift, Ph.D. Department of Biology Aquatic Ecologist Samford University Biology Department Birmingham, Alabama St. Olaf College Northfield, Minnesota Glenn R. Stewart, Ph.D. Professor Emeritus Adam Switalski, M.S. Zoology and Environmental Science Science Coordinator Biological Sciences Department Wildlands CPR California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Missoula, Montana Pomona, California 28 William A. Szelistowski, Ph.D. A. Spencer Tomb, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Biology Plant Systematics and Evolution Eckerd College Associate Professor, Biology St. Petersburg, Florida Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas Robert Tafanelli, Ph.D. Research Associate/Assistant Professor (Retired) Gayle S. Tonkovich, M.S. Wildlife Sciences Department Botanist New Mexico State University Field Museum of Natural History Las Cruces, New Mexico Chicago, Illinois

David Tallmon, Ph.D. David W. Tonkyn, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Biology Associate Professor, Biological Sciences University of Alaska Southeast Clemson University Juneau, Alaska Clemson, South Carolina

David Winship Taylor, Ph.D. Vicki Tripoli, Ph.D. Botanist Center for Conservation Science and Policy Professor and Head of Biology National Science Advisory Board Curator of the Herbarium Ashland, Oregon Indiana University Southeast New Albany, Indiana Stephen C. Trombulak, Ph.D. Professor, Biology and Douglas Tempel, M.S. Environmental Studies Wildlife Biologist Middlebury College Big Bear Lake, California Middlebury, Vermont

Stephen T. Tettelbach, Ph.D. William J. Trush, Ph.D. Professor of Biology Adjunct Professor, Fisheries C.W. Post Campus of Long Island University Humboldt State University Brookville, New York Arcata, California

Guy A. Thompson, Jr., Ph.D. Michael Tuma, M.S. Professor Emeritus and Wildlife Biologist Former chairman, Department of Botany Sierra Madre, California University of Texas Austin, Texas Robin Tyser, Ph.D. Professor, Ecology Tamara Ticktin, Ph.D. University of Wisconsin - La Crosse Botany Department La Crosse, Wisconsin University of Hawaii at Manoa Honolulu, Hawaii Michael Van Clef, Ph.D. Ecological Solutions, LLC Brian N. Tissot, Ph.D. Great Meadows, New Jersey Associate Professor, Environmental Science Washington State University Vancouver David Van Horn Vancouver, Washington Graduate Student Department of Biology Steve Todd University of New Mexico Habitat Biologist Albuquerque, New Mexico Point No Point Treaty Council Kingston, Washington

29 Thomas T. Veblen, Ph.D. Richard M. Walton Professor, Geography Professor of Physics (Retired) University of Colorado Rocky Mountain College Boulder, Colorado Billings, Montana

Kristin Vessey, Ph. D. Richard T. Ward, Ph.D. Center for Environmental Programs (Retired) Professor Emeritus of Alpine and Bowling Green State University Forest Ecology Bowling Green, Ohio Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Adrienne Viosca M.S. Forestry Candidate James H. Warner, Ph.D. Louisiana State University Ecologist Baton Rouge, Louisiana Professor Emeritus, Biology University of Wisconsin - La Crosse Frank von Hippel, Ph.D. La Crosse, Wisconsin Associate Professor, Aquatic Ecology University of Alaska Anchorage Peter Warner, M.A. Anchorage, Alaska Ecology Environmental Scientist Floyd Waddle, Ph.D. California Department of Parks and Recreation Associate Professor Little River, California Fayetteville State University Fayetteville, North Carolina Stephen Wathen Ph.D. Candidate (disturbance ecology, plant Robert O. Wagner, Ph.D. community ecology, fire ecology) MS (forestry, Wildlife Ecologist natural resource management) DeRidder, Louisiana Ecology Graduate Group, or natural resource management D. Alexander Wait, Ph.D. University of California Associate Professor, Biology Davis, California Missouri State University Vicki Watson, Ph.D. Mashuri Waite Professor and Watershed Ecologist Graduate Student, Botany University of Montana University of Hawaii Missoula, Montana Honolulu, Hawaii Beth Wee, Ph.D. Christine A. Walker Biologist Marine Biologist Tulane University Half Moon Bay, California New Orleans, Louisiana

Don Waller, Ph.D. Judith S. Weis, Ph.D. Forest Ecologist Professor or Biological Sciences Department of Botany Rutgers University University of Wisconsin Newark, New Jersey Madison, Wisconsin Michael E. Welker B. Michael Walton, Ph.D. Research Scientist Director, Environmental Institute Department of Biological Sciences Associate Professor, Biological, Geological, and University of Alabama Environmental Sciences Tuscaloosa, Alabama Cleveland State University Cleveland, Ohio 30 Tom Wessels Jack E. Williams, Ph.D. Professor, Ecology Chief Scientist Antioch New England Graduate School Trout Unlimited Keene, New Hampshire Medford, Oregon

Raymond R. White, Ph.D. Marcus Williams Biological and Health Sciences Ph.D. student studying evolutionary ecology De Anza College New Mexico State University Cupertino, California Las Cruces, NM

Kathy Whiteman Scott Williamson, M.S. Department of Biology Invasive Species Biologist New Mexico State University State of Hawaii Las Cruces, New Mexico Department of Land and Natural Resources Division of Forestry and Wildlife Walter G. Whitford, Ph.D. Pearl City, Hawaii Professor Emeritus New Mexico State University Hope Woodward Senior Research Ecologist Emeritus Ph.D. Candidate New Mexico State University Department of Range, Wildlife, and Las Cruces, New Mexico Fisheries Management Texas Tech University Kathleen Whitney Lubbock, Texas Wildlife Biologist Ph.D. Candidate Jerry Woolpy, Ph.D. Department of Ecology, Evolution and Emeritus Professor of Biology Marine Biology Earlham College University of California, Santa Barbara Richmond, Indiana Santa Barbara, California J. Timothy Wootton, Ph.D. Sue Wick, Ph.D. Professor Department of Plant Biology and Department of Ecology and Evolution Biology Program The University of Chicago University of Minnesota Chicago, Illinois St.Paul/Minneapolis, Minnesota Theresa L. Wusterbarth, M.S. Gary J. Wiles, M.S. Ph.D. Candidate Wildlife Biologist Department of Biological Sciences Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife Northern Illinois University Olympia, Washington DeKalb, Illinois

Cindy Deacon Williams Ruth D. Yanai, Ph.D. Fisheries Biologist Associate Professor Headwaters SUNY College of Environmental Science and Ashland, Oregon Forestry Syracuse, New York Elizabeth Williams, M.S. Biologist, Water Pollution Control Division Thomas M. Yuill, Ph.D. Tennessee Department of Environment and Professor Emeritus, Wildlife Ecology Conservation University of Wisconsin-Madison Jackson, Tennessee Madison, Wisconsin

*Affiliations listed for identification purposes only. Signatories as of August 1, 2006. 31

Selected references:

Beschta R. L., J. J. Rhodes, J. B. Kauffman, R. E. Gresswell, G. W. Minshall, J. R. Karr, D. A. Perry, F. R. Hauer, and C. A. Frissell. 2004. Postfire management on forested public lands of the western United States. Conservation Biology 18:957–967.

DellaSala, D. A., G. Nagle, R. Fairbanks, D. Odion, J. Williams, J. R. Karr, C. Frissell, and T. Ingalsbee. 2006. The facts and myths of post-fire management: a case study of the Biscuit fire, southwest Oregon. Unpublished Report, World Wildlife Fund, Klamath-Siskiyou Program, 116 Lithia Way, Ashland, Oregon.

Dombeck, M., J. E. Williams, and C. A. Wood. 2004. Wildfire policy and public lands: integrating scientific understanding with social concerns across landscapes. Conservation Biology 18:883-889.

Donato, D. C., J. B. Fontaine, J. L. Campbell, W. D. Robinson, J. B. Kauffman, and B. E. Law. 2006. Post-wildfire logging hinders regeneration and increases fire risk. Science 311:352.

Franklin, J. F., and J. Agee. 2003. Scientific issues and national forest fire policy: forging a science-based national forest fire policy. Issues in Science and Technology 20:59-66.

Karr, J. R., J. J. Rhodes, G. W. Minshall, F. R. Hauer, R. L. Beschta, C. A. Frissell, and D. A. Perry. 2004. The effects of postfire salvage logging on aquatic ecosystems in the American West. Bioscience 54:1029-1033.

Lindenmayer, D. B, D. R. Foster, J. F. Franklin, M. L. Hunter, R. F. Noss, F. A. Schmeigelow, and D. Perry. 2004. Salvage harvesting policies after natural disturbance. Science 303:1303.

Turner, M. G., W. H. Romme, and D. B. Tinker. 2003. Surprises and lessons from the 1998 Yellowstone Fires. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1:351-358.