Computer Ethics Historical Notes
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Early Stored Program Computers
Stored Program Computers Thomas J. Bergin Computing History Museum American University 7/9/2012 1 Early Thoughts about Stored Programming • January 1944 Moore School team thinks of better ways to do things; leverages delay line memories from War research • September 1944 John von Neumann visits project – Goldstine’s meeting at Aberdeen Train Station • October 1944 Army extends the ENIAC contract research on EDVAC stored-program concept • Spring 1945 ENIAC working well • June 1945 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC 7/9/2012 2 First Draft Report (June 1945) • John von Neumann prepares (?) a report on the EDVAC which identifies how the machine could be programmed (unfinished very rough draft) – academic: publish for the good of science – engineers: patents, patents, patents • von Neumann never repudiates the myth that he wrote it; most members of the ENIAC team contribute ideas; Goldstine note about “bashing” summer7/9/2012 letters together 3 • 1.0 Definitions – The considerations which follow deal with the structure of a very high speed automatic digital computing system, and in particular with its logical control…. – The instructions which govern this operation must be given to the device in absolutely exhaustive detail. They include all numerical information which is required to solve the problem…. – Once these instructions are given to the device, it must be be able to carry them out completely and without any need for further intelligent human intervention…. • 2.0 Main Subdivision of the System – First: since the device is a computor, it will have to perform the elementary operations of arithmetics…. – Second: the logical control of the device is the proper sequencing of its operations (by…a control organ. -
Women in Computing
History of Computing CSE P590A (UW) PP190/290-3 (UCB) CSE 290 291 (D00) Women in Computing Katherine Deibel University of Washington [email protected] 1 An Amazing Photo Philadelphia Inquirer, "Your Neighbors" article, 8/13/1957 2 Diversity Crisis in Computer Science Percentage of CS/IS Bachelor Degrees Awarded to Women National Center for Education Statistics, 2001 3 Goals of this talk ! Highlight the many accomplishments made by women in the computing field ! Learn their stories, both good and bad 4 Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace ! Translated and extended Menabrea’s article on Babbage’s Analytical Engine ! Predicted computers could be used for music and graphics ! Wrote the first algorithm— how to compute Bernoulli numbers ! Developed notions of looping and subroutines 5 Garbage In, Garbage Out The Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or truths. — Ada Lovelace, Note G 6 On her genius and insight If you are as fastidious about the acts of your friendship as you are about those of your pen, I much fear I shall equally lose your friendship and your Notes. I am very reluctant to return your admirable & philosophic 'Note A.' Pray do not alter it… All this was impossible for you to know by intuition and the more I read your notes the more surprised I am at them and regret not having earlier explored so rich a vein of the noblest metal. -
10, June 5, 1981 ------The Address of the ASC Is: 2131 G St
Newsletter of the American Society for Cybernetics I Roger Conant. Editor ~ 1108 SEO. UICC Box 4348 11" Chicago.IL 60680 312+996-2308 Number 10, June 5, 1981 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The address of the ASC is: 2131 G St. N.W., Washington DC 20052. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- THE NEW C~BERNETICS ASC Annual Meeting Finally, we hope to keep the registration Marvin Center, George Washington University fee as low as possible. However, due to October 30 - November 3, 1981 the difficulty in planning space require Program Chairperson - Larry Richards ments at the Marvin Center we urge you to register as soon as possible and will pro vide a discount for those who submit their The program for the first annual meeting registration materials at least one month of the ASC in a number of years is now in advance of the meeting. If you have being finalized. You should receive a any suggestions for enhancing the quality program announcement and registration form of our society's first major conference, semetime in July. Due to unanticipated, or if you have any questions, please feel but extremely encouraging, interest in free to contact me. participating in the conference, we may extend its length to four days as opposed Dr. Laurence D. Richards to the original plan of thr ~ e days. Department of Administrative Science Colby College The program is shaping up to be indeed Waterville,Maine 04901 very exciting, with such well known per phone: 207/873-1131x587 sonalitis as Heinz von Foerster, Ernst von Glasersfeld, Lars LÖfgren, Russell Ackoff, Lillian Schwartz, Paul Rubinyi, Gerrit Broekstra, Klaus Krippendorff, Robert Lilienfeld, Herbert BrÜn, and Roberto Canete already agreeing to participate in various ways. -
The HP Garage—The Birthplace of Silicon Valley 367 Addison Avenue, Palo Alto, California
Brochure A home for innovation The HP Garage—the Birthplace of Silicon Valley 367 Addison Avenue, Palo Alto, California HP Corporate Archives Brochure A home for innovation Tucked away on a quiet, tree-lined residential street near Stanford University, the HP Garage stands today as the enduring symbol of innovation and the entrepreneurial spirit. It was in this humble 12x18-foot building that college friends Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard first pursued the dream of a company of their own. Guided by an unwavering desire to develop innovative and useful products, the two men went on to blaze a trail at the forefront of the electronics revolution. The history of the HP Garage The HP Garage in 1939 (top) and The garage stands behind a two-story Shingle restored in 2005 (bottom). Style home built for Dr. John C. Spencer about 1905. The exact construction date of the garage is unknown, but while there is no evidence of its presence on insurance maps dated 1908, by 1924 it is clearly denoted on updated documents as a private garage. In 1938, Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard decided to “make a run for it” in business. Dave left his job at General Electric in Schenectady, New York, and returned to Palo Alto while Bill scouted rentals. The garage was dedicated as the Birthplace of Silicon Valley in 1989, and HP acquired the He found one perfect for their needs on Addison property in 2000. HP is proud to have worked Avenue. Chosen specifically because of a garage closely with the City of Palo Alto to return the he and Dave could use as their workshop, the house, garage, and shed to conditions much property also offered a three-room, ground- as they were in 1939. -
Gender and Technology Looking to the Post
Gender and Technology Looking to the Post by Denise M. Sbortt have made towards technological there is evidence that women have progress and why these accomplish- even lost power with the introduc- Cet am'ck nowpark dcJ aspects qui se ments have often been ignored. This tion of new technologies. For exam- rapportent h litccks aux technologies, information helps us to understand ple, during the manuscript era of the aux occasions, h li'ntdrtt qu 'clles susci- why women are not embracing the Middle Ages, women managed to tenteth leuracceptationpar ksfcmmer current computer culture at the same exercise some degree of knowledge dans I'bistoire et par les femmes modemes. A ship in port is safe, but that is not what ships are for. Sail out to sea and do new things. -Admiral Grace Hopper, computer pioneer. Charting a course into the world of technology can be rough sailing for women. Today's computer culture is largely dominated by men and many women have yet to navigate these largely uncharted waters. New tech- nologies have become increasingly important and arguably necessary in some spheres of modern life. In light of this sea of change, it becomes imperative for women to heed the words ofAdmiral Hopper and set sail - - into new territory (Camp). With this message in mind, I have decided to explore the relationship of Gail Geltner, 'Women and Technologies," 1987 women and technology. My inquiry into this relationship is guided by rate as men and why women's voices and power in their roles as nuns. Dale two fundamental educational ques- have largely been left out of the dia- Spender points out that a fewwomen tions: what is needed to make good logue on the potential future uses of such as St. -
Delccm's Silent Science Loveland in Perspective from the Chairman's Desk
Delccm's Silent Science Loveland in perspective from the chairman's desk ITHIK A FEW DAYS we will issue our annual report Another primary objective in 1965 is to achieve a substan . to stockholders covering operations for fiscal 1964. tial increase in our over·all volume of business. To do this, W It was a good year for the company, with sales rising we are going to have to increase the flow of new and im 8 percent to a level of $124.9 million, and incoming orders proved products from our laboratories, and get these prod totaling $130.4, million, also up 8 percent over last year. The ucts into production with greater speed and efficiency than profit picture improved considerably over 1963, with a net ever before. Moreover, we expect our field sales people to do after taxes of $9.4 million, an increase of 29 percent. a more effective job of expanding existing markets for our We were especially gratified at the improvement in our products and tapping new markets, as well. after-tax profit margin from 6.3 cents per sales dollar in 1963 During this next year we will plat'e increasing emphasis to 7.5 cents in 1964. This is largely the result of your day-to on diversification. With the slowup in defense spending and day efforts to reduce costs and do a more effective, produc the expectation that the gOYernment will continue to curtail tive job. or modi£} many at its pro~rams, we are working hard to As you know, we spend a great deal of time talking about broaden our base and expand our technolot\1' into new fields. -
Timeline of Computer History
Timeline of Computer History By Year By Category Search AI & Robotics (55) Computers (145)(145) Graphics & Games (48) Memory & Storage (61) Networking & The Popular Culture (50) Software & Languages (60) Bell Laboratories scientist 1937 George Stibitz uses relays for a Hewlett-Packard is founded demonstration adder 1939 Hewlett and Packard in their garage workshop “Model K” Adder David Packard and Bill Hewlett found their company in a Alto, California garage. Their first product, the HP 200A A Called the “Model K” Adder because he built it on his Oscillator, rapidly became a popular piece of test equipm “Kitchen” table, this simple demonstration circuit provides for engineers. Walt Disney Pictures ordered eight of the 2 proof of concept for applying Boolean logic to the design of model to test recording equipment and speaker systems computers, resulting in construction of the relay-based Model the 12 specially equipped theatres that showed the movie I Complex Calculator in 1939. That same year in Germany, “Fantasia” in 1940. engineer Konrad Zuse built his Z2 computer, also using telephone company relays. The Complex Number Calculat 1940 Konrad Zuse finishes the Z3 (CNC) is completed Computer 1941 The Zuse Z3 Computer The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2,300 relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a 22-bit word length. The Z3 was used for aerodynamic calculations but was destroyed in a bombing raid on Berlin in late 1943. Zuse later supervised a reconstruction of the Z3 in the 1960s, which is currently on Operator at Complex Number Calculator (CNC) display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. -
Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977
Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977 Interviewee: Morris Rubinoff Interviewer: Richard R. Mertz Date: May 17, 1971 Repository: Archives Center, National Museum of American History MERTZ: Professor Rubinoff, would you care to describe your early training and background and influences. RUBINOFF: The early training is at the University of Toronto in mathematics and physics as an undergraduate, and then in physics as a graduate. The physics was tested in research projects during World War II, which was related to the proximity fuse. In fact, a strong interest in computational techniques, numerical methods was developed then, and also in switching devices because right after the War the proximity fuse techniques were used to make measurements of the angular motions of projectiles in flight. To do this it was necessary to calculate trajectories. Calculating trajectories is an interesting problem since it relates to what made the ENIAC so interesting at Aberdeen. They were using it for calculating trajectories, unknown to me at the time. We were calculating trajectories by hand at the University of Toronto using a method which is often referred to as the Richardson method. So the whole technique of numerical analysis and numerical computation got to be very intriguing to me. MERTZ: Was this done on a Friden [or] Marchant type calculator? RUBINOFF: MERTZ: This was a War project at the University of Toronto? RUBINOFF: This was a post-War project. It was an outgrowth of a war project on proximity fuse. It was supported by the Canadian Army who were very interested in finding out what made liquid filled shell tumble rather than fly properly when they went through space. -
Electronics – William (Bill) Hewlett
By Les Simmonds Electronics – William (Bill) Hewlett This new series of articles on elec- The HP 200 series low distortion high quality and long product life tronics will place emphasis on the resistance-capacitance audio os- possible with electronic equip- second word in the name of this cillator directly descended from ment. magazine "Electronics". HP co-founder Bill Hewlett’s mas- ters degree thesis at Stanford Hewlett’s oscillator used a reso- The electronics subjects we will University in 1939. It was HP's nant RC circuit originated by Max cover will include security elec- first product, manufactured in Wien which was developed in tronics and general electronics, 1939 and in various shapes and 1891 (no typo’s here either) (do both analogue and digital, old and sizes it lasted in the HP product you tech heads remember the new technologies, electronics range for nearly 50 years, yes 50 Wien Bridge?) In 1891 Wien had books, etc. We will also cover years! (Current electronic design- no source of electronic gain so he some of the interesting past and ers and manufacturers please couldn't readily get anything to present electronics industry char- note: The number 50 is not a oscillate. Wien went on to de- acters and equipment. We will typo). velop a network for AC bridge keep it simple, interesting and fun measurements. because, "If it isn't fun it ain’t This machine is real electronics worth doing". (George Thorogood history. It provided a direction In 1939 Hewlett saw that Wien's - R&B Guitarist 1978) methods and standards that have network, combined with suitable been reflected in HP products to electronic gain, offered advan- When I first discussed this series this day. -
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PROTAGONISMO FEMININO NA COMPUTAÇÃO Desmistificando a Ausência de Mulheres Influentes na Área Tecnológica ISBN: 978-65-5825-001-2 PROTAGONISMO FEMININO NA COMPUTAÇÃO: DESMISTIFICANDO A AUSÊNCIA DE MULHERES INFLUENTES NA ÁREA TECNOLÓGICA Alana Morais Aline Morais (Organizadoras) Centro Universitário - UNIESP Cabedelo - PB 2020 CENTRO UNIVERSITÁRIO UNIESP Reitora Érika Marques de Almeida Lima Cavalcanti Pró-Reitora Acadêmica Iany Cavalcanti da Silva Barros Editor-chefe Cícero de Sousa Lacerda Editores assistentes Hercilio de Medeiros Sousa Josemary Marcionila F. R. de C. Rocha Editora-técnica Elaine Cristina de Brito Moreira Corpo Editorial Ana Margareth Sarmento – Estética Anneliese Heyden Cabral de Lira – Arquitetura Daniel Vitor da Silveira da Costa – Publicidade e Propaganda Érika Lira de Oliveira – Odontologia Ivanildo Félix da Silva Júnior – Pedagogia Jancelice dos Santos Santana – Enfermagem José Carlos Ferreira da Luz – Direito Juliana da Nóbrega Carreiro – Farmácia Larissa Nascimento dos Santos – Design de Interiores Luciano de Santana Medeiros – Administração Marcelo Fernandes de Sousa – Computação Márcia de Albuquerque Alves – Ciências Contábeis Maria da Penha de Lima Coutinho – Psicologia Paula Fernanda Barbosa de Araújo – Medicina Veterinária Rita de Cássia Alves Leal Cruz – Engenharia Rogério Márcio Luckwu dos Santos – Educação Física Zianne Farias Barros Barbosa –Nutrição Copyright © 2020 – Editora UNIESP É proibida a reprodução total ou parcial, de qualquer forma ou por qualquer meio. A violação dos direitos autorais (Lei no 9.610/1998) é crime estabelecido no artigo 184 do Código Penal. O conteúdo desta publicação é de inteira responsabilidade do(os) autor(es). Designer Gráfico: Samara Cintra Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Biblioteca Padre Joaquim Colaço Dourado (UNIESP) M828p Morais, Alana. -
The Jon Brenneis Photograph Archive
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8m3317t No online items Finding Aid to the Jon Brenneis Photograph Archive Bancroft Library staff The Bancroft Library 2016 The Bancroft Library University of California Berkeley, CA 94720-6000 [email protected] URL: http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ Finding Aid to the Jon Brenneis BANC PIC 2002.171 1 Photograph Archive Language of Material: English Contributing Institution: The Bancroft Library Title: The Jon Brenneis photograph archive creator: Brenneis, Jon Identifier/Call Number: BANC PIC 2002.171 Physical Description: 124,000 photographs (57 boxes (negatives), 14 boxes (photographic prints and transparencies), 3 oversize boxes (photographic prints), 1 box (transparencies)) Date (inclusive): 1940-1990, bulk 1946-1985 Abstract: The professional photographic archive of freelance photojournalist Jon Brenneis of Berkeley, California. Covering a wide range of news, popular culture, and human interest stories, chiefly from 1948 into the 1980s, particular strengths are science and technology, high tech companies of the San Francisco Bay Area, and corporate and business history focused on Bay Area companies. Many of the Bancroft Library collections are stored offsite and advance notice may be required for use. For current information on the location of these materials, please consult the library's online catalog. Access to Collection Collection is open for research; access requires advance notice. Conditions Governing Use Jon Brenneis's copyright in this material has been assigned to the Regents of the University of California, for the benefit of The Bancroft Library. In addition to copyright considerations, the reproduction of some materials may be restricted by terms of University of California gift or purchase agreements, donor restrictions, privacy and publicity rights, licensing and trademarks. -
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UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA Tuesday April 6, 2021 Volume 67 Number 33 www.upenn.edu/almanac Graduate School Rankings 2022 Penn Medicine Researcher: $1 Million Grant to Expand COVID-19 Each year, U.S. News & World Report ranks Treatment Discovery Platform graduate and professional schools in business, David C. Fajgenbaum, an assistant professor treatments for well-designed clinical trials and to medicine, education, law, engineering and nursing. of translational medicine & human genetics and inform patient care. With funding from PICI, sev- Five of Penn’s Schools are in the top 10 list. Those the director of the Center for Cytokine Storm eral new tools are in development or have already in the top 30 are below; for more, see U.S. News’ Treatment & Laboratory at the Perelman School been built, including an open-access dashboard website: www.usnews.com. of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, that integrates data between studies and presents 2021 2022 was awarded $1 million by the Parker Insti- vital data points for prioritizing promising treat- Wharton School 1 2 Finance 1 1 tute for Cancer Immunotherapy (PICI) to ex- ments, such as the number of randomized control Real Estate - 1 pand the scope of the trials that have been completed, the number that Marketing 2 2 COVID-19 Registry are open, the number that achieved their primary Executive MBA 3 2 of Off-label & New endpoint, and others. Accounting 3 3 Agents (CORONA) “All of the really relevant and important data Business Analytics 5 3 project and build out is listed right next to each COVID-19 drug and Management 7 4 his team to accelerate kept up to date,” Dr.