Robotics and Artificial Intelligence
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Early Stored Program Computers
Stored Program Computers Thomas J. Bergin Computing History Museum American University 7/9/2012 1 Early Thoughts about Stored Programming • January 1944 Moore School team thinks of better ways to do things; leverages delay line memories from War research • September 1944 John von Neumann visits project – Goldstine’s meeting at Aberdeen Train Station • October 1944 Army extends the ENIAC contract research on EDVAC stored-program concept • Spring 1945 ENIAC working well • June 1945 First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC 7/9/2012 2 First Draft Report (June 1945) • John von Neumann prepares (?) a report on the EDVAC which identifies how the machine could be programmed (unfinished very rough draft) – academic: publish for the good of science – engineers: patents, patents, patents • von Neumann never repudiates the myth that he wrote it; most members of the ENIAC team contribute ideas; Goldstine note about “bashing” summer7/9/2012 letters together 3 • 1.0 Definitions – The considerations which follow deal with the structure of a very high speed automatic digital computing system, and in particular with its logical control…. – The instructions which govern this operation must be given to the device in absolutely exhaustive detail. They include all numerical information which is required to solve the problem…. – Once these instructions are given to the device, it must be be able to carry them out completely and without any need for further intelligent human intervention…. • 2.0 Main Subdivision of the System – First: since the device is a computor, it will have to perform the elementary operations of arithmetics…. – Second: the logical control of the device is the proper sequencing of its operations (by…a control organ. -
10, June 5, 1981 ------The Address of the ASC Is: 2131 G St
Newsletter of the American Society for Cybernetics I Roger Conant. Editor ~ 1108 SEO. UICC Box 4348 11" Chicago.IL 60680 312+996-2308 Number 10, June 5, 1981 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- The address of the ASC is: 2131 G St. N.W., Washington DC 20052. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- THE NEW C~BERNETICS ASC Annual Meeting Finally, we hope to keep the registration Marvin Center, George Washington University fee as low as possible. However, due to October 30 - November 3, 1981 the difficulty in planning space require Program Chairperson - Larry Richards ments at the Marvin Center we urge you to register as soon as possible and will pro vide a discount for those who submit their The program for the first annual meeting registration materials at least one month of the ASC in a number of years is now in advance of the meeting. If you have being finalized. You should receive a any suggestions for enhancing the quality program announcement and registration form of our society's first major conference, semetime in July. Due to unanticipated, or if you have any questions, please feel but extremely encouraging, interest in free to contact me. participating in the conference, we may extend its length to four days as opposed Dr. Laurence D. Richards to the original plan of thr ~ e days. Department of Administrative Science Colby College The program is shaping up to be indeed Waterville,Maine 04901 very exciting, with such well known per phone: 207/873-1131x587 sonalitis as Heinz von Foerster, Ernst von Glasersfeld, Lars LÖfgren, Russell Ackoff, Lillian Schwartz, Paul Rubinyi, Gerrit Broekstra, Klaus Krippendorff, Robert Lilienfeld, Herbert BrÜn, and Roberto Canete already agreeing to participate in various ways. -
Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977
Computer Oral History Collection, 1969-1973, 1977 Interviewee: Morris Rubinoff Interviewer: Richard R. Mertz Date: May 17, 1971 Repository: Archives Center, National Museum of American History MERTZ: Professor Rubinoff, would you care to describe your early training and background and influences. RUBINOFF: The early training is at the University of Toronto in mathematics and physics as an undergraduate, and then in physics as a graduate. The physics was tested in research projects during World War II, which was related to the proximity fuse. In fact, a strong interest in computational techniques, numerical methods was developed then, and also in switching devices because right after the War the proximity fuse techniques were used to make measurements of the angular motions of projectiles in flight. To do this it was necessary to calculate trajectories. Calculating trajectories is an interesting problem since it relates to what made the ENIAC so interesting at Aberdeen. They were using it for calculating trajectories, unknown to me at the time. We were calculating trajectories by hand at the University of Toronto using a method which is often referred to as the Richardson method. So the whole technique of numerical analysis and numerical computation got to be very intriguing to me. MERTZ: Was this done on a Friden [or] Marchant type calculator? RUBINOFF: MERTZ: This was a War project at the University of Toronto? RUBINOFF: This was a post-War project. It was an outgrowth of a war project on proximity fuse. It was supported by the Canadian Army who were very interested in finding out what made liquid filled shell tumble rather than fly properly when they went through space. -
A Short History of Cybernetics in the United States
Stuart A. Umpleby A Short History of Cybernetics in the United States The Origin of Cybernetics Cybernetics as a field of scientific activity in the United States began in the years after World War II. Between 1946 and 1953 the Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation sponso- red a series of conferences in New York City on the subject of „Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems.“ The chair of the confe- rences was Warren McCulloch of MIT. Only the last five conferences were recorded in written proceedings. These have now been republished.1 After Norbert Wiener published his book Cybernetics in 1948,2 Heinz von Foerster suggested that the name of the conferences should be changed to „Cybernetics: Circular Causal and Feedback Mechanisms in Biological and Social Systems.“ In this way the meetings became known as the Macy Conferences on Cybernetics. In subsequent years cybernetics influenced many academic fields – computer science, electrical engineering, artificial intelligence, robotics, management, family therapy, political science, sociology, biology, psychology, epistemology, music, etc. Cybernetics has been defined in many ways: as control and communication in ani- mals, machines, and social systems; as a general theory of regulation; as the science or art of effective organization; as the art of constructing defensible metaphors, etc.3 The term ‚cybernetics‘ has been associated with many stimulating conferences, yet cybernetics has not thrived as an organized scientific field within American uni- versities. Although a few cybernetics programs were established on U.S. campuses, these programs usually did not survive the retirement or death of their founders. Quite often transdisciplinary fields are perceived as threatening by established disciplines. -
Institute for Advanced Study
BlueBook09cover_8.4_Q6.crw3.qxp 9/9/09 2:43 PM Page 1 Institute for Advanced Study Adler Alexander Alföldi Allen Arkani-Hamed Atiyah Aydelotte Bahcall Beurling Bois Bombieri Borel Bourgain Bowersock Bynum Caffarelli Chaniotis Cherniss Clagett Constable Crone Cutileiro Dashen Deligne Di Cosmo Dyson Earle Einstein Elliott Fassin Flexner Geertz Gilbert Gilliam Goddard Gödel Goldberger Goldman Goldreich Grabar Griffiths Habicht Harish-Chandra Herzfeld Hirschman Hofer Hörmander Hut Israel Kantorowicz Kaysen Kennan Langlands Lavin Lee Leibler Levine Lowe MacPherson Maldacena Margalit Maskin Matlock Meiss Meritt Milnor Mitrany Montgomery Morse Oppenheimer Pais Panofsky Paret Regge Riefler Rosenbluth Sarnak Scott Seiberg Selberg Setton Siegel Spencer Stewart Strömgren Thompson Tremaine Varnedoe Veblen Voevodsky von Neumann von Staden Walzer Warren Weil Weyl White Whitney Wigderson Wilczek Witten Woodward Woolf Yang Yau Zaldarriaga BlueBook09cover_8.4_Q6.crw3.qxp 9/9/09 2:43 PM Page 2 Director School of Social Science Oswald Veblen Past Trustees Tsung-Dao Lee Peter Goddard Danielle Allen John von Neumann Dean Acheson Herbert H. Lehman Didier Fassin Robert B. Warren Marella Agnelli Samuel D. Leidesdorf Past Directors Albert O. Hirschman André Weil John F. Akers Leon Levy (in order of service) Eric S. Maskin Hermann Weyl A. Adrian Albert Wilmarth S. Lewis Abraham Flexner Joan Wallach Scott Hassler Whitney Rand Araskog Harold F. Linder Frank Aydelotte Michael Walzer Frank Wilczek James G. Arthur Herbert H. Maass J. Robert Oppenheimer Ernest Llewellyn Woodward Frank Aydelotte Elizabeth J. McCormack Carl Kaysen Program in Interdisciplinary Chen Ning Yang Bernard Bailyn Robert B. Menschel Harry Woolf Studies Shing-Tung Yau Edgar Bamberger Sidney A. Mitchell Marvin L. -