Corridor Management Plan Table of Contents

Home , Aubrey holes, Carhenge, Charles Kuralt, Dowse Sod House, Mari Sandoz, Nebraska Hall of Fame

FORWARD

The late Charles Kuralt said . . .

"Nebraska’s Highway 2 is one of America’s 10 most beautiful highways. This road will take you to one of the last unexplored frontiers where vast treasures can be discovered."

Charles Kuralt of CBS television program “On the Road”:

“From the first time I ever drove along it, I’ve been in love with Highway 2. It’s not so much that there’s a special something to see along Nebraska’s Highway 2. There’s a special nothing to see. From Grand Island to Alliance, Highway 2 takes you through the Nebraska Sandhills, the largest area of sand dunes in the western hemisphere. Writers inevitably use a metaphor of the sea to describe the hundreds of thousands of acres of grass – and hundreds of thousands of acres of sky. Like the sea the emptiness of the Sandhills gives the travelers a strange sense of comfort, there’s a feeling that as long as these two things are in order, the earth and the sky, all the rest can be forgotten until tomorrow. Highway 2 is not just another highway that goes somewhere, Highway 2 is somewhere.”

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Corridor Management Plan Table of Contents

Forward – Charles Kuralt’s Impression Table of Contents 1 ...... Mission, Vision, and Guiding Principles 2 ...... Introduction of Corridor Management Plan 2.1 ...... Route Description 2.2 ...... Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Organization 2.3 ...... Summary of Prior Goals & Achievements 3 ...... Intrinsic Quality Introduction 3.1 ...... Intrinsic Quality – Natural 3.2 ...... Intrinsic Quality – Cultural 3.3 ...... Intrinsic Quality – Scenic 3.4 ...... Intrinsic Quality – Historic 3.5 ...... Intrinsic Quality – Recreation 3.6 ...... Intrinsic Quality – Archeological 3.7 ...... Intrinsic Quality – Current and Potential Threats 3.8 ...... Intrinsic Quality – Preserving the Byway 4 ...... County Introductions and the Role of Railroads 4.1 ...... Hall County 4.2 ...... Buffalo County 4.3 ...... Howard County 4.4 ...... Sherman County & Sherman County Reservoir 4.5 ...... Custer County 4.6 ...... Blaine County 4.7 ...... Nebraska National Forest 4.8 ...... Thomas County 4.9 ...... Valentine National Wildlife Refuge 4.10 ...... Hooker County 4.11 ...... Grant County 4.12 ...... Sheridan County 4.13 ...... Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge 4.14 ...... Box Butte County 5 ...... Traffic Information and Safety Plan 6 ...... Signage 7 ...... Marketing and Target Markets 8 ...... Visitors Centers 9 ...... Tours 9.1 ...... Crescent Lake Auto Tour 10...... Strategic Plan 11...... Resources and Partnerships 12 ...... Acknowledgements 13 ...... Appendix 13.1...... SJSB Committee List 13.2...... Adopt A Highway Program 13.3...... Community Waypoints 13.4...... Points of Interest Waypoints 13.5...... SJSB Logo Graphic Standards

Chapter 1 Mission, Vision, and Guiding Principles

Mission Statement

To conserve and promote the natural, cultural, historical, recreational and scenic qualities along the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway

Vision Statement

To improve our rural economy by working cooperatively to enhance the visitor experience

Mission and Vision Statements Adopted July 9, 2008, by the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Organization

Website

www.sandhillsjourney.com

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Logo

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GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF THE SANDHILLS JOURNEY SCENIC BYWAY

THE SANDHILLS JOURNEY SCENIC BYWAY IS DESIGNED TO:

Develop a strong network among communities along the Byway and promote an understanding of natural and cultural resources.

Encourage economic development through promotion of the Byway.

Lend support to local communities with byway projects and plans.

Provide a unified voice to endorse byway projects.

Increase communication among byway communities regarding tourism and economic development initiatives.

Provide a framework by which economic development may be encouraged without compromising the quality of life or individual rights enjoyed by residents of the region.

Provide a stronger lobbying block to solicit funding for byway projects.

Fulfill corridor management plan requirements for designation as a State and National Scenic Byway.

THE SANDHILLS JOURNEY SCENIC BYWAY WILL NOT:

Impose any regulation on a county, town, business owner, or private individual along the route. (It is not the purpose of this organization to regulate or enforce any regulations.)

Prohibit new construction or development.

Deny any community the right to pursue funding for local projects. Require participation in byway projects or programs.

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Chapter 2.0 Introduction to Corridor Management Plan (CMP)

This document is a Corridor Management Plan (CMP) created for Nebraska Highway 2 from Grand Island to Alliance. This Nebraska state scenic byway was designated as the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway on October 18, 1999.

A CMP is a planning tool that will identify the intrinsic resources along the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway and plan the actions necessary for their improvement and conservation. This grass roots effort will be locally developed and will provide the framework for conserving and maintaining resources for local residents and visitors.

PURPOSE OF CORRIDOR MANAGEMENT PLAN

The purpose of the CMP is to promote the Byway in a coherent form to the visitors from outside the area who will come to experience this region of Nebraska. This plan provides a vision and identifies tools to accommodate and enhance the visitor experience and knowledge of the area. Conserving, enhancing, supporting and promoting the natural and cultural qualities of this area, and the activities and functions of the local communities are of paramount importance.

Local citizens, business owners, civic groups, historical societies, tourism representatives, property owners, and elected officials have come together to support this effort. The responsibility is shared among many stake holders to make more people aware of the Byway and to lead to greater economic diversification and a stronger Byway organization.

Education of the visitors is an important component of this Byway. It is important for the Byway organization to provide detailed visitor information so the visitors will feel comfortable traveling in this area of Nebraska that is rural and sometimes remote. When visitors find great hospitality, friendly residents, modern services and unique experiences they will be enticed to stay in the area longer to add to their experience.

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Corridor Management Plan is intended to be a “living document” that outlines the goals, strategies, and responsibilities for preserving and promoting the byway. It is designed to change with the community and respond to new proposals and developments along the byway corridor.

Using the mission and vision statements as guides, the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway organization will work to preserve, conserve, protect, and enhance this Byway and its corridor. The integrity of the area will be preserved as larger numbers of visitors come to enjoy the uniqueness and diversity of the area.

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In the planning process, some concerns have been raised about the implications of the byway management plan on future land use, development rights, zoning, and the resale of property. This CMP recommends that the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway apply for All-American Road designation. The existing land use and zoning regulations coupled with the existing county, state, federal, and private agricultural land and open space preservation programs are some of the best available. The plan suggests that better use of these programs is all that is needed to conserve the intrinsic qualities of the byway.

No changes to growth areas, land use, or zoning regulations of any kind are proposed as part of this plan, nor are they needed for byway designation. Instead the plan recommends that new incentives be developed that encourages property owners to take advantage of these programs on a voluntary basis. Anyone who buys property either now, or in the future (if or when the byway is designated as an All-American Road), can continue to use that property in any way local zoning allows.

The only regulation that has taken place as a result of the designation of Nebraska as a State Scenic Byway is the prohibition of new billboard construction. No new billboards are allowed on Highway 2 based on its designation as a Nebraska Scenic Byway and this designation is also applicable as a National Scenic Byway or All American Road.

Should the byway’s intrinsic qualities be lost due to gradual changes in land use over time, it is possible the byway’s scenic designation could be taken away. It is completely up to the counties and the municipalities to determine how to conserve the byway’s intrinsic qualities and this plan provides them with a range of options.

ELEMENTS OF THE SANDHILLS JOURNEY SCENIC BYWAY CORRIDOR MANAGEMENT PLAN

This CMP has been developed in accordance with the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHA) National Scenic Byway Program guidelines and includes the 17 requirements of a good corridor management plan:

1. A map identifying the corridor boundaries, location of intrinsic qualities, and land uses in the corridor is shown in Chapter 2.1. 2. An assessment of the intrinsic qualities and their context – the areas surrounding them. See Chapters 3.1 – 3.7. 3. A strategy for maintaining and enhancing the natural and cultural intrinsic qualities – See Chapter 3.8 – Preserving the Byway, and see Chapter 10 – Strategic Plan. 4. The agencies, groups, and individuals who are part of the team that will carry out the plan, including a list of their specific, individual responsibilities. It will also include a schedule of when and how reviews will be accomplished and assess the degree to which those responsibilities are met. See Chapters 10 -Strategic Plan and Chapter 11 - Resources & Partnerships. 5. A strategy of how existing development might be enhanced and new development accommodated to preserve the intrinsic qualities of the byway. See Chapter 10 - Strategic Plan.

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6. A plan for on-going public participation. See Chapter 2.4 - Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Organization. 7. A general review of the road's safety record to locate hazards and poor design, and identify possible corrections. See Chapter 5 - Traffic Information & Safety Plan. 8. A plan to accommodate commerce while maintaining a safe and efficient level of highway service, including convenient user facilities. See Chapter 7 - Marketing & Target Markets and Chapters 4.1 – 4.14 - Community Information Chapters. 9. A listing and discussion of efforts to minimize intrusions on the visitor’s experience of the byway. See Chapter 5 - Traffic Information & Safety Plan, Chapter 4.0 – County Information and The Role of the Railroads, Chapter 6 – Signage, and Chapter 7 - Marketing and Target Markets. 10. Documentation of compliance with all existing local, state, and federal laws about the control of outdoor advertising. See Chapter 6 – Signage. 11. A signage plan that demonstrates how the state will insure and make the number and placement of signs more supportive of the visitor experience. See Chapter 6 – Signage and Chapter 7 – Marketing and Target Markets 12. Plans of how the Byway will be marketed and publicized. See Chapter 7 – Marketing and Target Markets 13. Any proposals for modifying the roadway, including an evaluation about design standards and how proposed changes may affect the byway's intrinsic qualities. See Chapter 2.1 - Route Description. 14. A description of plans to interpret the significant resources of the scenic byway. See Chapter 8 - Visitors Center and Chapter 7 – Marketing and Target Markets. 15. A narrative on how the All-American Road would be promoted, interpreted and marketed in order to attract travelers, especially those from other countries. The agencies responsible for these activities should be identified. See Chapter 7 – Marketing and Target Markets and Chapter 10 - Strategic Plan. 16. A plan to encourage the accommodation of increased tourism, if this is projected. Some demonstration that the roadway, lodging, and dining facilities, roadside rest areas, and other tourist necessities will be adequate for the number of visitors induced by the byway’s designation as an All American Road. See Chapter 10 - Strategic Plan. 17. A plan for addressing multi-lingual information needs. See Chapter 7 – Marketing and Target Markets.

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Chapter 2.1 Introduction - Route Description

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway, Nebraska Highway 2 is noted in red. The Byway Corridor from Grand Island to Alliance is highlighted in yellow.*

Expansive ranchland and abundant croplands, remote landscapes, winding rivers and dramatic Sandhills provide an amazing view along this 272-mile (435 km) stretch of Nebraska Highway 2. The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway is a major continuous thoroughfare from Grand Island to Alliance. However, Nebraska State Statute 39-217 defines Nebraska Scenic Byway designations as the following: “Any portion of a highway designated as a scenic byway which is located within the limits of any incorporated municipality shall not be designated as part of the scenic byway, except when such route possesses intrinsic scenic, historic, recreational, cultural, or archeological features which support designation of the route as a scenic byway.”

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway passes through the Nebraska counties (listed east to west) of Hall, Buffalo, Sherman, Custer, Blaine, Thomas, Hooker, Grant*, Sheridan, and Box Butte. Howard, Cherry, & Garden are three additional counties that come within close proximity to the Byway. Driving time (straight through driving with no stops) is approximately five hours. A traveler could easily spend one to five days on the Byway and still not see or enjoy everything.

Communities directly along the Byway (east to west) are Grand Island, Cairo, Ravenna, Sweetwater, Hazard, Litchfield, Mason City, Ansley, Berwyn, Broken Bow, Merna, Anselmo, Dunning, Halsey, Thedford, Seneca, Mullen, Whitman*, Hyannis*, Ashby*, Bingham, Ellsworth, Lakeside, Antioch and Alliance. Additional information is included for other communities and attractions within the area designated as the Byway Corridor.

* Grant County Commissioners, decided not to participate in the national designation effort and have asked not to include Grant County in the Byway Corridor.

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Vehicle Accommodations:

This Byway will safely and conveniently accommodate two-wheel drive automobiles and recreational vehicles with standard clearances. No known limitations for recreational vehicles and large vehicles exist. This Byway consists of hard surface with hard- surfaced shoulders on 216 miles of this 272 mile Byway. The remaining 56 miles have an unimproved shoulder, therefore bicyclist and pedestrians should use caution. The Nebraska Department of Roads has plans to improve 42 miles of these shoulders within the next five years. Improvements of the remaining 14 miles are on a longer planning schedule. Having hard-surfaced shoulders on the remaining 56 miles would improve safety for all modes of transportation and enhance the Byway even more for bicyclists. The Byway will encourage the Nebraska Department of Roads to prioritize Highway 2 improvements to encourage more traffic along this Byway.

The following projects are in the Nebraska Department of Roads Surface Transportation Program as being projects planned between 2009 and 2013:

• Sheridan County, Beginning at Reference Post 95.66, 17.1 miles Improvements of milling, resurfacing, fog seal and surface shoulder

• Grant County, Beginning at Reference Post 137.23, 8.3 miles Improvements of grading, culvert, resurfacing and surface shoulder

• Hooker County, Beginning at Reference Post 159.05, 16.4 miles Improvements of grading, culvert, surface, and resurfacing

• Blaine County, Beginning at Reference Post 238.68, 8.61 miles - Improvements of resurfacing

• Custer County, Beginning at Reference Post 270.31, 7.6 miles Improvements of resurfacing and surface shoulder

• Custer County, Beginning at Reference Post 277.87, 1.17 miles Improvements of resurfacing

• Thomas County, Junction of Nebraska Highway 2 and U.S. Highway 83, Viaduct

• Thomas County, Beginning at Reference Post, 188.20, 14.4 miles Improvements of grading, culvert, and resurfacing

In the Nebraska Department of Roads plans for 2009, they plan to change the west junction of US Highway 83 and Nebraska Highway 2 to the following: A bridge/overpass will cross the Middle Loup River and the Burlington Northern Santa Fe railroad tracks immediately south of the current junction; U.S. Highway 83 will loop around to join Nebraska Highway 2 just west of the current intersection. This will greatly improve traffic congestion and safety at this intersection. It will also afford an efficient means for emergency vehicles to cross the railroad tracks as quickly as possible and not be held up with the trains crossing the US Highway 83 or behind a number of vehicles & trucks waiting to cross the tracks.

The Byway organization commends the Nebraska Department of Roads on their foresight and planning of Nebraska Highway 2. It does not foresee any known future plans as having a detriment to the intrinsic qualities of the Byway.

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Chapter 2.2 Introduction - Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Organization

The road now designated as Nebraska Highway 2 has evolved from dusty wagon tracks to a transportation link of significance. The highway now serves multiple purposes: it is a major artery of commerce, provides scenic views of one of America’s most unusual land formations, and is the primary corridor for residents and visitors through this area.

Telling the history of the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway will serve as a reminder to the membership regarding how much has been accomplished and will also showcase to others the dedication and loyalty of the members in reaching the initial and long-term goals.

NEBRASKA SCENIC BYWAYS PROGRAM REGULATIONS & DESIGNATION

When Nebraska Highway 2 from Grand Island to Alliance was named a Nebraska Byway in 1999, by Nebraska Governor Mike Johanns, it was the end of an application process and the beginning of managing this corridor.

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway (SJSB) was one of eight highways designated in October, 1999, by Governor Johanns. Nebraska’s Pilot Byway, The Western Trails Historic and Scenic Byway from Ogallala to the Wyoming line (26/92), was designated earlier. Prior to the 1999 designation, 17 applications were submitted and nine were chosen. The other Nebraska Byways designated in 1999 were:

• Loup Rivers Scenic Byways (Nebraska Highways 11/91, Central Nebraska) • Outlaw Trail (Nebraska Highway 12, North Central to Northeastern Nebraska) • Bridges to Buttes Byway (U.S. Highway 20, North Central to Northwest Nebraska) • Platte River Scenic Trails (U. S. Highway 30, West Central Nebraska.) This byway has been extended from the Iowa to the Wyoming state lines; its name was changed to the “Lincoln Highway Historic and Scenic Byway. • Gold Rush Byway (U. S. Highway 385, Western Nebraska) • Lewis and Clark Trails (U. S. Highway 75, Northeastern Nebraska) • Heritage Highway (U. S. Highway 136, Southeastern to South Central Nebraska)

Several Nebraska regulations were involved in naming the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway a Nebraska Scenic Byway from the Nebraska Administrative Code (Title 415 – Nebraska Department of Roads – Intermodal Transportation Division, Chapter 1 – Nebraska Scenic Byways Program). Some of the abbreviated highlights from that document are:

• Purpose – Provide means for highway organizations to protect, improve, and promote their features. Provide travelers with additional information on features in these areas.

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Principles – Byway Organizations will make recommendations to the Nebraska Scenic Byways Committee. Designation as a Scenic Byway “is not intended to affect future roadway design or construction. It will also not change the existing state or federal classification of the roadway or by itself justifies or lends credence to highway improvements that are not otherwise needed.” There will be program benefits such as signage assistance, recognition on the Nebraska State Road Map, marketing and planning assistance.

• Goals – Protect and/or enhance features along non-interstate highways, increase public awareness and appreciation, facilitate efficient public travel and access, improve interpretation, increase regional planning and marketing efforts, lengthen the stays and increase the expenditures of tourists, and create an effective transportation, economic development, recreational, educational, and interpretive program.

• Definitions and Responsibilities – A Nebraska Scenic Byway Committee will be established from several state agencies and will oversee the design and implementation of the byway (state program). A local grass roots byway management team must be created for each specific byway. Several Nebraska agencies will provide information on traffic patterns and other components of specific byways and make that information available to the byway management team.

Under this administrative code, tourism attractions, requirements of the roadway, evaluation criteria, and the application and designation process are also defined. As required, an application for designation as a Nebraska Scenic Byway was submitted by the Byway organization with the proper documentation.

• Program Benefits – Benefits such as workshops and management plan assistance are outlined and include existing marketing programs, brochures, route markers, and information on identification on the Nebraska State Road Map.

Also included is the program timeline for the State Byway Management Team and monitoring and compliance regulations. “The Nebraska Administrative Code, Title 415 – Nebraska Department of Roads – Intermodal Transportation Division, Chapter 1 – Nebraska Scenic Byways Program, 011.08 states that there “will be no further Scenic Byways designated under this program beyond the Director-State Engineer’s one-time designation referred to throughout these regulations.”

INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES & GROUPS WHO CONTRIBUTED

The Byway’s initial Corridor Management Plan was developed by the Officers and Directors of the Byway with input from agencies such as Nebraska Department of Roads, Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism, National Park Service, National Forest Service, Federal Highway Administration, Nebraska Game and Parks, Natural Resources Commission, Nebraska State Historical Society, and the four Resource Conservation & Development (RC&D) Councils that serve this area of Nebraska.

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Renee Seifert, Grand Island CVB Director, was credited as the driving force in the quest for this section of Nebraska Highway 2 to become a byway. Seifert traveled the entire length of the Highway 2 corridor from Grand Island to Alliance soliciting support letters from each community. Cindy Evert with Snitily Carr, the liaison between the state advertising agency, the State Tourism Department, and the Nebraska Department of Roads (NDOR).

Charter members included Renee Seifert and Ron Lukesh, Grand Island; Betty Schrader and Dottie Vrbka, Ravenna; Don and Angenette Denesia and Chard Hirsch, Broken Bow; Marlene Van Diest, Dunning; Tom Keeney, Halsey; Troy Nutter and Terri Licking, Thedford; and Mitch and Patty Glidden, Mullen. To involve as many communities as possible, organizational meetings were held in several communities. The first meeting of participants from all locations along the byway was held in the spring of 2000.

The name of the byway – Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway – was chosen by a vote of the membership in May 2000. With the byway designation the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway was awarded $5000 in 80/20 grants each year for the first five years to assist the Byway in its marketing efforts.

Seifert submitted a federal grant application and the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway was awarded $29,400 in the spring of 2002. Custer County Tourism provided $3,000 for money to match the grant. Goals for this grant included signage and the following marketing tools:

• Audiocassette tape and CD – this provides travelers with important information along the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway. It will provide reassurance that services are available and provide information about the history, topography and significant points of interest. • Tear-off Map of the Byway – this will be provided to travelers at Information Centers once they are on the byway. It lists services, scenic, historic and recreation opportunities to be found in the area. • Byway Brochure/Booklet – filled with history of sites and communities in areas on and along the byway, interpretation of the significance of various land formations, topography, scenic viewpoints, services, recreational opportunities, and events. This is a valuable resource for travelers. • Visitor Information Centers – businesses have been recruited to serve as tourist information centers. Businesses are easily identifiable with appropriate signage. They are staffed with knowledgeable employees or volunteers and a wide variety of informational publications are available.

The Byway rack cards were printed in 2001 and reprinted in 2002 with grant dollars. The audio tapes/CDs were completed in 2003 and distribution began immediately. Warren Jacobsen, a radio announcer from Lincoln, narrated the tape that replaced the tape that Roger Welsh narrated for the committee several years earlier. The initial dues structure was adopted on 8/21/2002 with the dues schedule for different classifications ranging from $25-150 annually.

In April of 2003, the results of a federal grant application written by Renee Seifert were announced. Jim Pearson, Nebraska Department of Roads, announced that the Byway had been awarded a $334,000 federal grant for a portal/interpretive center at Cairo.

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Bylaws were adopted in July, 2003. In October 2003, the following officers were elected: Terri Licking, Chair; Dottie Vrbka, Secretary; and Renee Seifert, Treasurer. Elected to the Board of Directors were Chard Hirsch, Mitch Glidden, Marlene Van Diest, Betty Schrader and Melissa Johnson. Shell Tomjack was elected to the Board of Directors but was not able to fulfill her duties. Bonnie Pratt of Snitily Carr replaced Cindy Evert as the liaison. Anne Thomas, Broken Bow, was elected to the board in 2005 after Renee resigned her position. Jeanne Davis of Hyannis and Korinda “Kori” Licking of Thedford were elected to the Board in January, 2006. Dottie resigned her position and Crystal Hanrahan of Ravenna filled out her term until duly elected at the 2007 annual banquet. A committee was formed and with input from the members, Snitily Carr, the Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism advertising agency, helped to design a brochure for the Byway.

Other long-range plans were established • Maintain regional cooperation - On-Going • Create beneficial partnerships - On-Going • Develop consistent places to provide information including visitor information centers with kiosks and ATM’s - Completed • Establish a web site for Highway 2 - Completed Maintenance of web site - On-Going • Develop funding alternatives - On-Going • Seek corporate sponsorships - On-Going • Buy into brochure distribution service • Expand opportunities for local artists • Package family bus tours • Develop a group tour manual • Invite national journalists to visit • Provide information to Rand McNally and AAA • Reach South Dakota travelers through I-90 promotions • Build picnic tables and rest areas • Identify historic homes and sites - e.g. sod houses, one-room schoolhouses, barns

At the April, 2004, meeting, Jim Pearson, Nebraska Department of Roads State Byways Coordinator, informed the group of the danger of losing the federal grant money for an interpretive center because of project delays. The Byway challenged the communities to submit proposals in August to continue plans for an interpretive center. Broken Bow won the right to resubmit for transfer of funds and was re-awarded the initial grant funds.

In April of 2004, the first Byway logo was unveiled and it was used on all publications and other materials to identify the Byway.

In 2005, tear-off maps and the Byway brochures were completed. The brochures have since been reprinted because the initial supply of 3000 was depleted.

A Byway website, www.sandhillsjourney.com, was developed by Planet Web Design, Aaron Broweleit, in 2006, with a marketing grant from the Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism.

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Chapter 2.3 Introduction – Summary of Prior Goals and Achievements

Included in a previous corridor management plan was an assessment of the attractions and events along the Byway. Detailed information was provided regarding specific attractions of significance and services – recreational, medical, transportation, recreational vehicle, lodging, retail trade, and miscellaneous – were listed so travelers would be aware of the abundance of services that were available in this rural setting.

Broad range objectives and specific marketing goals were established to conserve and promote the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway experience. Responsible parties and timelines were documented.

SIGNIFICANT ACCOMPLISHMENTS:

• Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitor/Interpretive Center at Broken Bow – The Center was established and developed with a $334,000 Federal Highway Administration National Scenic Byway matching funds grant. The grant was matched by individual and business contributors and the Custer Economic Development Corporation. It is owned by the Custer Economic Development Corporation and managed by a committee appointed by the Corporation. The historic O.K. Luther Barn was donated by Roy and Dot Yanagida. The 14-1/2 acres of land was donated by Bob Allen. The value of these donations is noted in Chapter 12 – Acknowledgements. A groundbreaking ceremony was held on May 20, 2006, and the design was approved in February, 2007. The barn was renovated to accommodate the Byway’s newest Interpretative/Visitor’s Center. A grand opening will be held April 25, 2009.

• Grant Funding Awarded - Benefits of increased funding include: o Increasing the region’s current share of the domestic travel market o Enhancing, improving, and expanding our area’s tourism product. o Creating a presence with national and international tourism. o Although these are ongoing goals, progress has been made in several areas. Other grants that have been awarded to benefit the Byway are: $4,200 from the Nebraska Tourism Marketing Grant (2006- 2007) for the website development $20,000 from the Nebraska Tourism Advantage Grant for promotion of the Interpretative Center at Broken Bow $14,095 from the Nebraska Tourism Advantage Grant (2007/2008) for brand Development, advertising, direct mail promotion via post cards $5,000 from the Nebraska Tourism Marketing Grant (2007/2008) used for three roll-up banners $50,000 from Burlington Northern/Santa Fe Railroad for the Interpretative Center $ 3,000 from Consolidated Telephone for Byway marketing (a challenge grant) $500 from Consolidated Telephone for conference call equipment

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$ 1,000 Nebraska Rural Electric (NREA) $5,564 from the Nebraska Tourism Advantage Grant to be used for website upgrade (multi-lingual), direct mail, newsletter mailing, and to attend travel shows

• Other Fund Raising Activities: o Beef Raffle – donations received from Butcher Block & Macke Grocery, Mullen; Ewoldt’s Grocery, Thedford; and Grocery Kart, Broken Bow o Photo Contest – donations received from Sandhills and Loup Basin RC&Ds and entry fees from over 260 contest entries o 2008 Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway photo calendar sales o 1st Annual Polar Bear Tank Race – sponsorships received from Security First Bank, Thedford; NEBRASKAland Bank, Mullen; Sandhill Oil Company, Thedford & Hyannis; Consolidated Telephone; Glidden Canoe Rentals, Mullen o Bottled water (natural Sandhills water bottled by a local company, Prairie Industries of Mullen) displaying the Byway logo on the label

• Membership: Membership has increased more than 550% from the 2000 to 2008. Monthly meetings are held at rotating sites to increase participation from multiple communities. Currently, member attendance has doubled at meetings so more members are aware of the local attributes. For those who cannot attend the meetings, phone conferencing is available with assistance from the Sandhills RC&D. Public participation is encouraged via the regularly scheduled meetings. E-mail is the most often used means of communications regarding meeting agendas and minutes of previous meetings, however approximately 30 people (members and non-members) receive their notification via surface mail.

• Sandhills Journey Brochure: The second printing of 20,000 brochures and 20,000 tear off maps were completed.

• Other goals that have been completed were development of a new Byway brand/logo. Progress continues on the ongoing goals of pursuing National Byway designation, identification of group tours, and providing additional information to visitors about the Highway 2 area of Nebraska.

• Application for National Designation: On October 28, 2006, a motion was passed that the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway begin work to be ready to apply for the National Scenic Byway Designation at the next available application period.

• Corridor Management Plan: When the group decided to apply for National Scenic Byway designation, it was determined that the Corridor Management Plan would need to be rewritten. Initially, the organization hired Ann Rohan to write the CMP in January, 2007. She sent a draft to the organization in the fall of 2007. A volunteer committee was formed in order to emphasize the unique qualities of the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway.

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This was due to the fact that Ann had not received enough information from the organization while she was writing the CMP. The following committee held countless meetings from the fall of 2007 through November, 2008, traveled many miles, and spent many days working on the update and verification of the CMP. The committee members were: o Terri Licking, Thedford o Jeanne Davis, Hyannis o Sandy Christiansen, Broken Bow o Marlene Van Diest, Dunning o Patty Barney, Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, Halsey o Helen White, Thedford o Korinda Licking, Thedford o Tom Witt, Thedford o Mitch Glidden, Mullen o Twila Phillips, Mullen o Connie Francis, North Platte, University of Nebraska Extension Educator o Bob Broweleit, Mullen – Sandhills RC&D Consultant o Twyla Witt, Thedford – Nebraska Tourism Byway Consultant

• The Corridor Management Plan was adopted at the November 12, 2008, meeting of the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway.

• Development of a new Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway logo – Adopted February 13, 2008, will be used to brand the Byway. See Chapter 1 – Mission, Vision, and Guiding Principles

Progress continues on the ongoing goals of pursuing the National Byway designation, identification of group tours, and providing additional information to visitors about the Highway 2 area of Nebraska.

OVERVIEW OF OTHER ACCOMPLISHMENTS & SUCCESSES

The Byway committee took advantage of additional opportunities to further their overall goals with attendance at the meetings and conferences sponsored by the Nebraska Travel Association and the Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism. Partnering with the Loup Rivers Scenic Byway on the Annual Junk Jaunt brought additional travelers and the Byway received additional exposure when this event won the award for Outstanding Event (population under 5000) at the 2006 State Travel Conference.

The Byway received the 2008 Outstanding Regional Association Award, presented at the Nebraska Travel Conference in Kearney on October 23, 2008.

The Byway received a 2008 Connecting Nebraskans Award present at the Governor’s Conference on Rural Development in Kearney, on November 14, 2008.

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CURRENT ELECTED LEADERS

Terms expire on the year indicated at the annual meeting.

Officers: President Terri Licking, Thedford 2010 Vice-President Marlene Van Diest, Dunning 2009 Secretary Helen White, Thedford 2010 Treasurer Jeanne Davis, Hyannis 2009 Historian Chard Hirsh, Broken Bow 2010

Board of Directors: Betty Schrader, Ravenna 2010 Crystal Hanrahan, Ravenna 2010 Mitch Glidden, Mullen 2011 Sandy Christiansen, Broken Bow 2011 Korinda Licking, Thedford 2009 Standing Committees (See appendix for a complete list of members serving on these committees.)

• Annual Banquet • Audit • Corridor Management Plan • Education & Group Tours • Fulfillment of Visitor Requests • Fund Raising/Special Events • Grants • Interpretative Center • Membership • Marketing & Promotion • Motorcycle & Biking • Photography • Planning & Development • Public Relations • National Designation • Website Updates

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 2.3 – 4 Chapter 2.3 Summary of Prior Goals & Achievements

SUMMARY

There were 16 members of the Byway in 2002. The membership is currently at 98 individual/business members and 19 community members. Several members have been involved since the beginning of the group so continuity has been very strong. Many lofty goals have been set and attained. The Byway volunteers are involved and passionate about all aspects of the Byway. Hundreds of volunteer hours each month provide the framework so that this byway can continue to achieve its goals and realize larger rewards for its counties and communities in the future.

As with most volunteer organizations of this kind, there have been times when compromise has been necessary. Although differences of opinion and direction have taken place, most notably the change of moving the Interpretive Center from Cairo to Broken Bow, the leaders, especially the officers and board members, need to continue to encourage all members to move towards common goals.

In reference to the goal of national designation:

“We have struggled and stumbled many times since our beginnings, and I am sure we are not done struggling, especially with the new endeavor we are taking on. Whether we are selected as Nebraska’s first federally designated scenic byway or not, we will give it a good go and continue to work at the state level to improve tourism to our region and thus improve our rural economies.” – Terri Licking, President

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Chapter 3 Intrinsic Quality - Introduction

National Scenic Byways designations recognize those roads across the country that exhibit one or more six core intrinsic qualities – natural, cultural, historic, scenic, recreational, and archaeological – contributing towards a unique travel experience. As of 2006, there are 126 roads from 44 states that are designated as either National Scenic Byways or All-American Roads.

To be considered for designation as a National Scenic Byway, a road must possess characteristics of regional significance within at lease one of the intrinsic quality categories. In addition, the Byway must demonstrate strong community support and develop a corridor management plan that describes in detail the preservation, marketing, and improvement strategies for the Byway.

All-American Roads are the very best of the National Scenic Byways. An All-American Road must meet the same criteria as a National Scenic Byway, but possess multiple intrinsic qualities that are of national significance and the Byway must be considered a destination and reason for travel unto itself.

Documenting a Byway’s intrinsic qualities is among the early tasks of a corridor management planning process. The National Scenic Byway Program defines intrinsic qualities as “features that are considered representative, unique, irreplaceable, or distinctly characteristic of an area.”

Natural Land features, geological formation, vegetation, diversity of wildlife, and fossils that predate the arrival of human populations are all natural intrinsic qualities. This also includes minimal human disturbance of the natural ecological features that are associated with the region.

Cultural The cultural qualities are visual evidence of the customs, traditions, folklore, and rituals of a currently existing human group. It may include the ethnic music, dance, crafts, special events, speech, and food of the area. The culture may change from one area to another or from community to community.

Historic Historic intrinsic qualities encompass legacies of the past that are associated with physical elements of the landscape, natural or manmade, that are of historic significance and that educate the viewer. The buildings, structures, or other visual evidence of the past create an appreciation for their place in history. The historic features can be inventoried, mapped, and interpreted and are to include things that can still be seen. The workmanship, design, setting, and materials are included in the historic intrinsic qualities.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3 – 1 Chapter 3 Intrinsic Quality Introduction

Scenic The scenic quality is the visual experience that is derived from the view and can include landscape, vegetation, water, and wildlife viewing. The scenic qualities are distinct views that offer distinctive, memorable experiences. The beauty may be natural or it may be complemented by human-made features.

Recreational Recreational qualities include all forms of outdoor recreational activities that are associated with the area and are dependent upon the cultural or natural elements of the corridor’s landscape. Hiking, biking, camping, sightseeing, canoeing, fishing, and even driving the road are just a few activities. The recreational activities may change with the seasons and are closely tied to the surroundings and the local culture.

Archaeological The archaeological qualities involve characteristics that are the physical evidence of historic or prehistoric human life. This includes the activities, unique customs, traditions, folklore, or rituals of a no-longer existing human group. Visible signs such as ruins, artifacts, structures, and other physical evidence can be inventoried and interpreted to educate the viewer.

To achieve national recognition, a Byway must contain at least one intrinsic quality of regional significance – with significance defined as representative of a geographic area encompassing two or more states. According to the National Scenic Byway Program guidebook “Byway Beginnings -Understanding, Inventorying and Evaluating a Byway’s Intrinsic Qualities”, a Byway may be considered significant if the following general criteria are met:

• High quality resources and experiences are sought out by travelers from outside the region. • The story is of interest to a broad segment of the traveling public. • The experiences related to the story occur with frequency along the Byway.

For the purpose of determining regional significance, the Byway has evaluated each intrinsic quality and compared it to other regions of the United States.

Natural and cultural have been identified by the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway organization as the primary intrinsic qualities of significance for the following reasons:

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3 – 2 Chapter 3 Intrinsic Quality Introduction NATURAL

• The Sandhills are the largest area of stabilized grass covered sand dunes in the Western Hemisphere encompassing more than 13 million acres. The Sandhills equal an area about as large as Vermont, New Hampshire and Rhode Island combined.

• The Sandhills landscape functions as a giant sponge situated atop the nation’s largest under-ground water supply. The Ogallala Aquifer is part of a larger ground water reservoir called the High Plains Aquifer, which is located under eight states. The Sandhills are blessed with the largest and most accessible amount of that water. The Loup River System (South, Middle, North Loup and Dismal Rivers) has been documented as the most constant flowing in the world.

• The Byway lies at the heart of the Central Flyway for migratory birds. The annual Sandhill Crane migration is touted as one of the greatest wildlife spectacles in the world.

• The area is one of the largest “dark spots” left in the continental United States and a highly desired destination for astronomy buffs.

• The Nebraska National Forest, near Halsey, is the nation’s largest hand-planted forest, encompassing 92,000 acres of rolling hills planted with 22,000 acres of trees.

• The Bessey Nursery, located in the forest, is the oldest operational nursery in the national forest system today and one of six still in operation in the United States today.

CULTURAL

• The story of man (prehistoric to present day) and the interaction of people with the physical environment of the Sandhills is an environment to which they had to adapt versus adapting the land to their use.

• Thru adaptation and perseverance the early settlers changed the perception of what was known to many as the “Great American Dessert” by demonstrating the ability to co-exist with the land. The Sandhills ranching culture evolved through this fruitful relationship.

• A unique mind-set evolved in this very rural setting where the pioneer spirit of independence created a distinct way of life.

• Production agriculture along the Byway helps feed the world.

• Stewardship of the land – from the 1800’s through present time

• Isolation of the sparsely populated area

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3 - 3 Chapter 3 Intrinsic Quality Introduction This Byway region became a melting pot as emigrants settled, towns being settled by ethnic groups, which are still being maintained today.

• Celebrations of diverse cultural heritages in communities along the Byway.

• Travelers often speak about the hospitality of the region. One will often notice when traveling the Byway the unique finger wave from local on-coming vehicles.

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway has nationally significant historic, scenic, and recreational qualities as well. The archaeological qualities have not been sufficiently developed for public access, preservation and interpretation.

All six intrinsic qualities will be discussed in detail in the following sections of this chapter.

Significance of the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway and it’s Corridor Communities are not only recognized locally but have also received national recognition for it’s geological, natural, cultural and historic qualities in many publications including the following:

• Charles Kuralt, well-known TV commentator for CBS-TV, said "Nebraska's Highway 2 is one of America's 10 most beautiful highways" exclaiming, "This road will take you to one of the last unexplored frontiers where vast treasures can be discovered."

• 1,000 Places to See In The USA & Canada To See Before You Die, 2007, Patricia Schultz, Workman Publishing, New York. Specifically notes “The Sandhills,” including mentioning the “Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway” and the “Annual Spring Migration of the Cranes”.

• Rand McNally Motorcycle Atlas, July 2006, lists the Nebraska Highway 2, Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway as one of the top 25 rides for motorcyclist in the USA.

• Ogallala Blue, Water And Life On The High Plains, 2006, William Ashworth, W.W. Norton and Company, New York.

• The Most Scenic Drives In America, 120 Spectacular Road Trips. Drive 64, entitled “Nebraska Heartland”, describes the drive on Nebraska Highway 2 from Grand Island to Thedford. Reader’s Digest Book, 2005, Robert J Dolezal.

• On Ancient Wings, The Sandhill Cranes of North America, 2004, Michael Forsberg, The Gathering on the Platte, p. 102.

• The Last Prairie, A Sandhills Journal, 2000, Stephen R Jones, Ragged Mountain Press/McGraw Hill.

• This Fragile Land, A Natural History of the Nebraska Sandhills, 1995, Paul A. Johnsgard, University of Nebraska Press.

• The Nebraska Sand Hills, The Human Landscape, 1996, Charles Barron McIntosh, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3 - 4 Chapter 3 Intrinsic Quality Introduction An Atlas of the Sand Hills, Resource Atlas No 5, 1989, Ann Bleed & Charles Flowerday, Conservation and Survey Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska-Lincoln.

• Exploring America’s Scenic Highways, Along Prairie Trails, Nebraska 2, p. 96, Gene Stuart, author, Terry Eiler, photographer, National Geographic Society, 1985.

• Conquering the Great American Desert, Everett N. Dick, Nebraska State Historical Society, 1975.

• Best of the Midwest Books – Parks, Dan Kaercher

Nationally known authors from the area have written a number of books about the area including the following:

• Old Jules, Mari Sandoz, 1935.

• Crazy Horse, The Strange Man of the Oglalas, a biography, by Mari Sandoz, 1942.

• Old Jules Country by Mari Sandoz, 1982

Cultural Autobiographies and historical accounts written about this area, include:

• Lawrence Bixby, Preserver of the Old Spade Ranch, Ruth Van Ackerman and Robert M Howard, 1995, Nebraska State Historical Society.

• Bartlett Richards, Nebraska Sandhills Cattleman, Bartlett Richards, Jr., Ruth Van Ackeren, 1980, Nebraska State Historical Society.

• Sandhill Horizons, A Story of the Monahan Ranch and Other History of the Area, Earl H. Monahan, Robert M Howard, 1987, Rader’s Place, Alliance, Nebraska.

Note: Most of the county historical societies along the Byway have produced books regarding this past century’s history of their county. In many of these fine books, there are histories of the families who have homesteaded and lived in the area for this past century. These have helped to preserve the history of the region and the way that the people who emigrated here adapted to the land creating a unique culture. Copies of these books may be found at the local County Historical Societies and Libraries.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3 - 5 Chapter 3 Intrinsic Quality Introduction Chapter 3.1 Intrinsic Quality – Natural

The Natural Intrinsic Quality applies to those features in the visual environment that are in a relatively undisturbed state. These features predate the arrival of human populations and may include geological formations, fossils, landform, water bodies, vegetation, and wildlife. There may be evidence of human activity, but the natural features reveal minimal disturbances.

Many determinants exist for proclaiming the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway an All- American Road. Of the six intrinsic qualities used to categorize byways, “natural” best describes the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway. Throughout this chapter, discussion will focus on the “natural” characteristics of the region that make this Byway unique. There is literally no place on earth like the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway.

The “natural” attributes identified as unique to the region, nationally, and internationally significant are:

• Nebraska Sandhills – the largest area of grass stabilized sand dunes in the Western Hemisphere

• High Plains/Ogallala Aquifer – the largest underground aquifer in the nation, this aquifer also attributes to the rivers, lakes and wetlands in the Sandhills

• Loup River System – the most constant flowing river system in the world

• Annual Spring Migration of the Sandhill Cranes - eighty percent of the world’s population of Sandhill Cranes (nearly 600,000) return to the Platte River valley near Grand Island, which is part of North America’s Central Flyway, for about six weeks every year. In fact, this is the only place where all sub-species of Sandhill Cranes gather and co-mingle. The very rare and endangered whooping crane also traverses this route. The central Platte River is one of the whooping crane’s principal stopover sites on its 2,400-mile migration. The area is renowned by birding enthusiasts and hosts the largest gathering of crane species in the world.

• Annual Spring Migration of Migratory Birds – near the far eastern portion of the Byway, noted as the North American Central Flyway, this area also hosts over 14 million ducks and geese, and over 300 species of migratory and indigenous birds during the spring migration.

• Absence of Light Pollution – the western portion of the Byway is noted as one of the top two areas in the nation with the least amount of light pollution which makes it an extraordinary region for star-gazing.

• Nebraska National Forest – the largest hand-planted forest in the nation, and the oldest US Forest tree nursery in the nation.

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The Nebraska Sandhills

As indicated by the light tan color on the Land Cover Map, the Nebraska Sandhills represent the largest remaining grassland ecosystem in the United States that is still virtually intact for both flora and fauna. It is the largest sand-dune area in the Western Hemisphere and one of the largest grass-stabilized dune regions in the world. The Sandhills stretch across western Nebraska (with a small part reaching into southern South Dakota). Covering approximately 13 million acres, the topography distinguishes this region from the surrounding prairies. The Sandhills equals an area about as large as Vermont, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island combined. It is renowned for its gentle spring-fed rivers meandering through hills and meadows and its diverse prairie grasses and forbs. The climate of the Sandhills ranges from sub-humid in the east to semi-arid in the west.

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BOX BUTTE SHERIDAN CHERRY ALLIANCE

SENECA HYANNIS MULLEN THEDFORD HALSEY MORRILL GRANT GARDEN HOOKER THOMAS DUNNING BLAINE

CUSTER ANSELMO ARTHUR MCPHERSON LOGAN MERNA

BROKEN BOW BERWYN SHERMAN HOWARD ANSLEY MASON CITY LITCHFIELD Native Vegetation HAZARD RAVENNA CAIRO Gravelly Mixed-grass Prairie Salt Marsh in Loess Mixed-grass Prairie GRAND ISLA

Loess Mixed-grass Prairie Salt Marsh in Sand HIlls Mixed-grass HALL Lowland Tallgrass Prairie Salt Marshes and Flats - Central Platte BUFFALO

Mosaic of Mixed-grass/Shortgrass Prairie Salt Marshes and Flats - Northern Platte

Ponderosa Pine Forests and Savannas Sand Hills Borders Mixed-grass Prairie Really darker brown - unknown veg-type Sand Hills Mixed-grass Prairie

Red Cedar Upland Deciduous Forests

Riparian Deciduous Forests

City

Highway 2 Natural Resouce County Boundary Conservation Service

Discussed in further detail in the Cultural Chapter, the Sandhills are also known for cattle ranches, some of gigantic proportions, that are better comprehended from the air than the ground. Byway travelers experience up-close views of a unique topography in this quiet and seemingly undisturbed region.

The Sandhills were dubbed the “Great American Desert” by 19th century Army explorers and surveyors. The story of why they gave it that name is now retold in multiple ways. Some say they found the area uninhabitable. Others say they found such pristine surroundings that they didn’t want mankind to move here and spoil the natural characteristics.

The Sandhills environment is explained in layman’s terms in the booklet “Sand Hills Archeology” published jointly by the State Historical Preservation Office and the Archeology Division of the Nebraska State Historical Society in 1999 with text by Amy Koch:

“Covering approximately 20,000 square miles, the Nebraska Sand Hills is the largest grass-stabilized dune field in the western hemisphere . . . Sand Hills dunes formed as a result of several intervals of drier climatic conditions during the past 10,000 years. During these arid episodes, the water table declined and many rivers diminished or disappeared. Sand from dunes with little or no vegetation advanced across river beds and filled valleys. When wetter conditions returned, the water table rose and

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.1 - 3 Chapter 3.1 Intrinsic Quality Natural rivers resumed flowing. Blocked by the dune sand dams, streams backed up to form numerous lakes and wetlands in the region. The mid-continental position of the Sand Hills is partly responsible for the broad range of climate from east to west and the unique mixture of plants and animals. A large groundwater reservoir supports the diversity of life. Water permeable sand dunes lie over the aquifer to form a pattern of dry dune-top prairie grasslands near many important aquatic-related habitats including wet meadows, streams, marshes, and lakes. A combination of warm and cool season grasses make up the Sand Hills prairie. Overlapping rates of maturity and an abundant subsurface water supply contribute both to the quantity and quality of forage available for large grazing mammals such as cattle and bison.

First-time visitors to the Sandhills region may have numerous questions as they drive from the plains areas of the Byway into the Sandhills and back to the flat plains. Where did the sand come from and what caused it to be deposited here? Are there different types of sand formations that are only visible from above? How does weather affect the stabilization of the Sandhills and what could cause the sands to start shifting again? Studies conducted here and in other parts of the world regarding the dune formations have made it possible to answer some of the basic questions surrounding the Sandhills. Some questions will remain unanswered pending further research.

Sandhills snowscape near Seneca, this high point along the Sandhills Journey Byway offers a scenic view year round looking from Thomas County north for miles into Cherry County.

The question regarding the source of the sand that formed these giant sand dunes has been researched. Geologists conclude that the sand to make the dunes came from unconsolidated alluvial sands that covered most of the present area of the dunes.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.1 - 4 Chapter 3.1 Intrinsic Quality Natural The following information was condensed from the book An Atlas of the Sandhills authored by Ann Bleed and Charles Flowerday and published in 1989 by the World- Herald Foundation. It is considered the most extensive and authoritative publication on the formation of the Sandhills.

“The wind sorts particles by their size and characteristics. The wind carries grains of silt and clay great distances and leaves behind the larger grains of sand in a process called saltation. As explained in An Atlas of the Sand Hills, “As long as the wind maintains a certain threshold velocity (about 12 miles per hour) and sand is moving over a hard surface, the sand grains move downwind in a series of low hops. The mass of hopping grains generates rows of ripples – the smallest of wind blown structures. When the wind slows or a previous area of sand is encountered, sand grains are deposited and a dune may begin to form . . . such a pile of sand will eventually become large enough that the wind flow cannot follow the shape of the sand body . . . it separates from the sand surface and a zone of stagnant air is created on the downwind side of the dune. Saltating sand grains are trapped in this ‘wind shadow,’ accumulating on the upper part of the dune. Sand grains build up the slope to the point where loose sand becomes unstable and a mass of sand avalanches down the slip face. Most sand dunes move forward by the repeated avalanching of sand down the slip face.

The geology and formation of the Sandhills will be divided into two sections. The underlying geologic aspects of the area under the sand dunes will be explained first. The second section will be the discussion of the geology of the sand dunes with most of that activity taking place in the last 8,000 years.

The geology of the older deposits beneath the sand dunes has only been explored during the last few decades as staff members of the Conservation Survey Division of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in cooperation with other agencies drilled test holes in the Sandhills. This test drilling is the beginning of understanding the geology of the area beneath the Sandhills. Over the last 98 million years four geological processes have shaped this ancient landscape. Three of these processes either deposited sediments on the land surface or eroded the land surface. The fourth process took place west of Nebraska but still had an impact on this area.

The oldest rocks, chalk, limestone, and shale, beneath the Sandhills are formed by shells of creatures similar to those that live in the seas today. From these deposits geologists have indicated that seas once covered this area. After the seas retreated, streams deposited the strata overlying those sediments. These sediments include non-marine plant and animal fossils that were laid down within the last 37 million years. Next came the wind-blown or eolian deposition. The wind is still active on the plains and in the Sandhill regions of Nebraska so this later process is easy for Nebraskans to understand. The combination of the winds, water, and wind-related erosion carved the landscape beneath the Sandhills.

The fourth process was volcanic activity in other states and southwest Nebraska. Fine-grained debris from volcanic eruptions was carried by

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.1 - 5 Chapter 3.1 Intrinsic Quality Natural high-altitude winds and deposited on the plains. The forces of the wind, water, and volcanoes continue to shape the Sandhills. Ash from the recent Mount St. Helens eruption in Washington was carried by the winds and a light dusting was deposited in the Sandhills.

Remembering that all of these forces shaped the Sandhills provides understanding why the layers are of varying depths and are not uniform in their depths from one place to another. For instance, the seas would have receded gradually and left more shell deposits where the sea remained the longest. The topography that was formed by blowing sand is now held in place by grasses. The grass cover over the Sandhills is extremely fragile and highly susceptible to wind erosion.

Dunes are as high as 400 feet and as long as 20 miles. The slopes can be as steep as 25 percent. Sand dunes are classified in two ways, both by the overall shape of the individual sand dune and the number and position of slip faces. A slip face is the steep downward side of a dune.

A natural consequence of dune formation is the creation of essentially level areas of varying shapes and sizes between the dunes - called interdunes. As sand blows across the interdunes these areas can become filled with sand or may become areas of ephemeral lakes. In wet climates these will become streams, marshes, and lakes.

Because two or more types of dunes may overlap or be superimposed over one another, compound dunes (dunes that have more than one basic dune type) may form. Even though there are only a few types of simple dunes, the compound dunes give spectators several more variations. Formations can include “U” shaped, crescent-shaped, row of connected crescent shapes, circular or elliptical mounds, rows of connected mounds, and a symmetrical ridge. Many of these formations are not evident from the ground and are easier to distinguish from higher altitudes and from satellite images. Sand bodies that have no classifiable mounds of sand are designated sand sheets.

Researchers have concluded that the soil of the Sandhills have only stabilized within the last 1,500 years. Will the Sandhills return to a period of destabilization? It is believed that following about 2,000 years of stabilization, the climate became dry enough to allow reactivation of much of the sand in the eastern part. This also brought about changes in the shape of the dunes. This activity ceased about 1,500 years ago. Researchers do not know how long the drought conditions were in place before vegetation covers were seriously compromised. It is projected that a climate change and period of warming and drying of the Great Plains over the next 50 years, (as is projected by some climate models), could lead to the mobilization of some parts of the Sandhills.”

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A small glimpse of the vast Nebraska Sandhills Photo Credit: Michael Forsberg, Nebraska Division of Travel & Tourism

The High Plains/Ogallala Aquifer Underground and Surface Water

“If there is magic on this planet it is contained in water" - Loren Eisley

UNDERGROUND WATER

Next to the land, the principal natural resource of the Byway is water. Below the grass- stabilized sandy surface of this region lie hundreds of feet of gravel and coarse sand, forming one of the largest aquifers in North America. Underground water from the High Plains Aquifer is an important natural occurrence that yields plentiful supplies of water along the Byway. The Ogallala Aquifer, which is directly underneath the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway region, actually makes up 76% of the larger High Plains Aquifer. Many people in this area actually refer to the Aquifer as the Ogallala Aquifer, thus, throughout this information, the High Plains Aquifer and the Ogallala Aquifer can be used inter-changeably.

Traveling west from Grand Island, travelers see fertile farm land that yields larger harvests when helped by irrigation. Gravity irrigation has largely been replaced with center pivot irrigation systems that continue to utilize the vast reservoirs of underground water in the High Plains Aquifer. SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.1 - 7 Chapter 3.1 Intrinsic Quality Natural

The High Plains Aquifer, highlighted in grey, covers portions of 8 states, forming one of the largest aquifers in the United States.

The High Plains Aquifer is the most productive aquifer in Nebraska. The aquifer underlies approximately 63,650 square miles or 83 percent of Nebraska. The Nebraska Department of Natural Resources is the primary state agency with responsibilities in the area of ground and surface water. Natural Resource Districts are responsible for the development, management, utilization, and conservation of groundwater and surface water.

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About 80 percent of the state public water supplies and 100 percent of the private wells use groundwater, primarily from the High Plains aquifer. Agriculture is dependent on this resource as well. Nebraska is the third largest user of groundwater in the nation, behind California and Texas. Wells draw about 2.5 trillion gallons per year from aquifers in the state. Generally, groundwater can be found from 1 to 500 feet in depth, but within parts of the Byway region, saturated thickness of the aquifer is over 1000 feet deep.

Depth of Saturated Thickness of the High Plains Aquifer along the Byway

Spurred by increasing irrigation use and statewide drought, parts of Nebraska are experiencing groundwater declines of more than 30 feet, according to annual monitoring by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. "We certainly aren't coming to the bottom of the well, so to speak, but the level of groundwater declines in many parts of Nebraska are indisputable and could even be viewed as alarming," said Mark Burbach, assistant geoscientist in University of Nebraska School of Natural Resources. He also said areas of Box Butte County have experienced groundwater declines of greater than 50 feet since large scale groundwater development began.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.1 – 9 Chapter 3.1 Intrinsic Quality Natural

While groundwater development for irrigation didn't progress at the same pace across the state, the beginning of large-scale development is generally regarded as 1952. Water levels in the High Plains aquifer will continue to be closely monitored by the U.S. Department of the Interior. Since 1980, the U.S. Geological Survey has monitored the High Plains Aquifer and the results are available at their web site http://pubs.usgs.gov.

WATER RESOURCES

Surface Water – Rivers

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Surface water includes shallow rivers, lakes, streams, and marshes. Ninety percent of annual stream flow in Sandhills rivers originates from spring-fed groundwater. Rivers originating in or flowing through the Byway region include the Platte and Loup River system. “The Loup River System, consisting of the North, Middle and South Loup and Dismal Rivers, exhibit a remarkable uniformity in flow and is the most constant flowing river system in the world,” cited by Jim Goeke, Professor and Research Hydrogeologist, University of Nebraska Conservation and Survey Division School of Natural Resources.

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“The Loup River System, consisting of the North, Middle, and South Loup, and Dismal Rivers, exhibit a remarkable uniformity in flow and is the most constant flowing river system in the world.” – Cited by Jim Goeke, Professor and Research Hydrogeologist, University of Nebraska Conservation and Survey Division – School of Natural Resources.

Nebraska Rivers

Keya Paha Boyd

Dawes

Knox Cedar

Sioux Dixon Dakota Box Butte Cherry Sheridan Brown Thurston Rock Holt Pierce Wayne

Scotts Bluff Antelope Grant Hooker Thomas Blaine Loup Garfield Wheeler Madison Stanton Cuming Burt Banner Morrill Platte Colfax Dodge Logan Arthur McPherson Boone Valley Garden Greeley Washington

Nance Douglas Kimball Cheyenne Deuel Keith Merrick Custer Sherman Howard Polk Butler Saunders Sarpy

Perkins Lincoln Dawson Cass Buffalo Hall Hamilton York Seward

Lancaster Otoe Chase Hayes Frontier Gosper Phelps Kearney Adams Clay Fillmore Saline Johnson Nemaha Dundy Hitchcock Red Willow Furnas Harlan Franklin Webster Nuckolls Thayer Jefferson Gage Pawnee Richardson

Major River/Stream County Boundary Highway 2/By-way City

Natural Resources Conservation Service

Over 50 miles of the Byway parallels the Middle Loup River between Dunning and Seneca where travelers can enjoy the meandering river views in numerous locations along the route. This uniquely constant flowing natural river features only slight flow variations and very low flood potential.

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The Middle Loup River is part of the Loup River System that is the most constant flowing river system in the world. It offers year around recreation opportunities.

Surface Water – Lakes

Numerous freshwater lakes are found along western portions of the Byway. These lakes, like the perennial streams, are supported by groundwater discharge and rarely dry up or flood. Photo provided by Chuck Butterfield.

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The Nebraska Sandhills include hundreds of natural ponds and lakes. Because the Sandhills region is geologically young, its natural drainage system is poorly developed in some areas. Where groundwater rises above valley floors, it creates lakes and marshes. About 1,600 Sandhills lakes provide about 80,000 surface acres of water. Some are too alkaline to support fish, but those with suitable water chemistry can provide excellent fishing for bluegill, crappie, yellow perch, northern pike and largemouth bass. Sandhills lakes are clear, fertile and usually shallow, often less than six feet deep, allowing the entire basin to produce aquatic plants and food organisms.

Keya Paha Boyd

utte Cherry Sheridan Brown Rock Holt

A Grant Hooker Thomas Blaine Loup Garfield Wheeler

Logan Arthur McPherson B Valley Garden Greeley Na e By-WayDeuel Lakes Keith Me Custer Sherman Howard Lake County Boundary City Highway 2/By-way Perkins Lincoln Dawson Buffalo Hall Ha

Chase Hayes Frontier Phelps Gosper Kearney Adams C Natural Resources Conservation Service

Surface Water – Wetlands

Most of the approximately 2,000 square miles of wetlands in the Sandhills region are formed where the ground’s surface dips below the top of the groundwater aquifer. Wetlands are among the most important ecosystems in the world and are commonly known as "marshes" or "swamps". The Sandhills wetlands complex is the largest in the state, covering an area of about 1,307,000 acres.

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Due to common misconceptions and lack of education, people fail to acknowledge the important environmental role that wetlands play. Wetlands are habitats for flora and fauna, acts as a natural filter and flood control mechanism, and helps maintain water levels. Wetlands are also of considerable scientific interest because they are associated with important ecosystem functions and processes, useful and economically viable products, and biological diversity.

Annual Bird Migrations – Sandhill Cranes and other Migratory Birds

Wetlands of the northern Plains are particularly important for migrating waterfowl and shorebirds. These birds migrate annually through the region, and many utilize wetlands for summer nesting.

This diagram illustrates the migratory flight pattern resulting in the natural phenomena called central flyway “funnel” that passes through the heart of the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway. Millions of migratory birds visit each spring.

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Said to be one of the greatest wildlife spectacles on the continent, the far-east portion of the Byway is part of Nebraska’s Platte River valley, which is part of North America’s Central Flyway. Around the Grand Island area, the Platte River valley is resting grounds for the annual spring migration of migratory birds. Eighty percent of the world’s populations of Sandhill Cranes (nearly 600,000) return to the same area for about six weeks every year. In fact, this is the only place where all sub-species of Sandhill Cranes gather and co-mingle. The area is renowned by birding enthusiasts and hosts the largest gathering of crane species in the world.

Sandhill Crane

Sandhill Cranes

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Adding to the spectacle, the area also hosts over 14 million ducks and geese, and over 300 species of migratory and indigenous birds during the spring migration. The very rare and endangered whooping crane also traverses this route. The central Platte River is one of the whooping crane’s principal stopover sites on its 2,400-mile migration.

More than 300 species of resident and migratory birds have been documented in the area. Included are wild turkey, the introduced pheasant, sharp-tailed grouse and the greater prairie chicken, hawks, owls, curlews, the bald eagle, cranes, sandpipers, doves, woodpeckers, sparrows, crows, the blue jay, and swallows. Those that are found near the marshes and lakes are ducks, pelicans, herons, geese, swans, the American avocet, and black tern. The state bird, the meadowlark, is found here along with many song birds that include vireos, robins, warblers, grosbeaks, bluebirds, black birds, thrushes and many others.

Two national wildlife refuges near the Byway are dedicated to protecting and preserving the Sandhills wildlife with particular interest in migratory water fowl. Valentine National Wildlife Refuge and Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge have been included in the Byway corridor due to their national significance and because more than half of the visitors to these refuges travel the Byway to reach them.

At these refuges the nesting water and marsh birds include American bittern, black- crowned night heron, upland sandpiper, long-billed curlew, American avocet, Wilson's phalarope, grebes (eared, Western, Clark's and pied-billed), American coot, black and Forster's terns, Canada goose and nearly a dozen species of ducks. There are also burrowing and short-eared owls, Bell's and warbling vireos, and red-winged and yellow- headed blackbirds.

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Crescent Lake adds cinnamon teal, black- necked stilt, white-faced ibis, and swamp sparrow to the breeding mix of ducks and shoreline birds. Valentine has breeding populations of greater prairie chicken, red-headed woodpecker, eastern screech owl, eastern and mountain bluebirds, gray catbird, lazuli bunting, song sparrow and chestnut-collared longspur.

Birding is touted as the number one recreation in the United States and creates an economic boost to the area. Potential to expand Birding opportunities along the Byway exists and is referred to in the Chapter 3.5 Intrinsic Quality - Recreational.

Visitors should have a Nebraska atlas to find some of the more remote locations for bird watching and caution should be used when traveling the minimum-maintenance roads of the Sandhills. Although Highway 2 is excellent, some of the back-roads are little more than trails and there is a possibility of encountering deep sand. Care should be taken when driving and parking on bare sand. Many of the great birding sites along the Byway may be found at www.nebraskabirdingtrails.com

Western Meadowlark Image provided to Byway Photo Contest by Dan Brost

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Nebraska National Forest – Bessey Ranger Distinct

The Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, near Halsey, is the largest hand- planted forest in the nation. The Bessey Ranger District lies in the heart of the unique Nebraska Sandhills grasslands. The ranger district lands encompass over 90,000 acres of a very fragile terrain with high wind erosion potential. The forest’s heritage runs deep as numerous Civilian Conservation Corps workers hand planted the over 20,000 acres of forest on the district in the 1930’s. When President Franklin Roosevelt revitalized the faith of the nation with programs such as the Civilian Conservation Corps, he brought together two wasting resources, unemployed young men and the land, in an effort to save both. Currently, the Bessey Tree Nursery is the oldest Federal tree nursery in the U.S. It was established in 1902 and is producing over 3 million seedlings annually of over 40 species.

Today the area has a small and diminishing population and according to U.S Census Bureau data, the Bessey Ranger District lies in some of the poorest per capita income counties in the United States (Blaine County is ranked 2nd poorest per capita income county in the U.S.). In an area of declining population and low economic rank, the forest represents a community jewel that is vital to the social and economic wellness of the area. The State of Nebraska and local communities take tremendous pride in the forest. Many locals are tied to the forest through agricultural practices such as ranching.

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Additionally, others have a vested interest in the maintenance of the forest for recreation, ecology, and aesthetic based values. Conifer-adapted bird species such as red crossbills are found here and many migrating warblers and thrushes regularly stop here during spring and fall migrations. A variety of recreation and natural resources makes the Bessey Ranger District a perfect place to explore and enjoy our National Forests. See Chapter 4.7 Nebraska National Forest for more information about the forest.

Scott Lookout tower on Nebraska National Forest Photo Credit: Nebraska Division of Travel & Tourism

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The Absence of Light Pollution for Astronomy & Star Gazing

One can expect exceptionally dark skies along portions of the Byway. Much of the Sandhills is considered remote and sparsely populated, yielding high visibility of the night skies and awesome spectacles that the Milky Way Galaxy produces. Because of elevation around 2,500 feet and the dry nature of the region, the haze is low and the transparency high, creating excellent star gazing opportunities. The Prairie Astronomy Club of Nebraska holds its Nebraska Star Party at Merritt Reservoir (65 miles north of the Byway) during the new moon cycle in July each year.

This image models light pollution in the continental United States. Yellow box indicates the Sandhills “dark hole”, a prime location for Star Gazing activities.

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In addition to its world-class star gazing, the Byway is known for its breathtaking sunrises and sunsets.

Sunset photo “Fire in the Sky” Image provided to Byway Photo Contest by Shawn Zutavern

Skyscapes

Is the sky really bigger along the Byway? It may appear that way because there is little to obstruct the view. Constantly changing patterns of clouds and light reach down to the horizon bringing with it a different view each day or even hour by hour. The sky may be peaceful and serene or stormy with flashes of lightning. Even when it is completely blue one finds intricate shades. Sun pillars are caused by light reflecting off ice crystals and can appear above or below the sun. Sunlight shining through droplets of water and clouds of ice crystals create unusual light displays.

Vegetation

The flat terrain and rich soil of the area around Grand Island provides a livelihood for farmers who plant corn, wheat, soybeans, and other row crops in this fertile flatland. Traveling northeast from Grand Island the view will change with the seasons and the distance. Close to Grand Island you witness crops being planted, harvested or safely stored in silos for the winter. Irrigation systems assist farmers in raising crops.

Trees naturally grow by rivers and lakes along Highway 2 but they need tending in drier areas of the terrain. Trees have been planted near farmsteads and ranches for wind protection, to create wildlife habitat, and to provide aesthetic quality.

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As you journey farther west, the flat terrain and loam become gently rolling hills with a healthy mix of crops and sandy-soil pastureland and native prairie. Northwest along Highway 2 past Anselmo, the pastures and native prairie become predominant and row crops are little more than a memory in the immense Sandhills area.

A variety of sand-tolerant plants began to take root in the shifting sands, holding the dunes in place. The sandy soil is low on nutrients necessary for crops and is vulnerable to wind and other weather conditions that cause considerable soil erosion.

“The Sandhills prairie consists of approximately 700 plant species, of which only about 50 are not native – a remarkably small number for such an expansive area.” – Quoted from Jon Farrar in Birding Nebraska, page 89, January- February 2004, NEBRASKAland Magazine, Volume 83, Number 1, Nebraska Game & Parks Commission.

These plants have survived for centuries without being planted by man and provide grazing for livestock and a healthy barrier to protect the soil from the elements. The roots of grasses such as Indiangrass, little, big and sand bluestem, prairie sand reed, sand dropseed and sand lovegrass burrow into the sandy dunes and literally cover the dunes with a protective barrier from the elements.

Sandhills “blowout”, Highway #2 in background. Image provided to Byway Photo Contest by Donnie Branson

Throughout the history of the Sandhills, droughts have occurred several times, resulting in exposure of the sands to the wind. “Blowouts” formed in the fragile landscape as a result of wind erosion. Blowouts are a natural part of the Sandhills ecosystem, creating habitat for the threatened and endangered blowout penstemon, a beautiful prairie plant with large bell-shaped, violet blooms. Blowout penstemon habitat is shrinking as ranchers carefully manage their lands in order to preserve dune stability so the lands do not revert back to a desert-like state.

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Blowout Penstemon - Image provided to Byway Photo Contest by Dan Brost

Wildfires caused by nature and man are still a substantial threat in the Sandhills. Lightning strikes are the most likely initiator of wildfires on Sandhills rangeland.

Recent history of prairie fires: • 1965 – Plum Fire, burned one third or about 8,000 acres of trees within the Nebraska National Forest as well as many acres of private land • 1972 – South of Seneca Fire • 1999 – Mullen Fire, burned over 90,000 acres and one home • 2000 - Good Friday Fire

To alert travelers to the potential dangers of fire, the Byway plans to erect similar signs along the route.

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Wind

Wind is one of the factors that shaped the Sandhills and continues shaping them yet today. The wind powers windmills to bring water to the surface for livestock and creates waves of moving grasses across the prairie. Wind was instrumental in the settlement of the western part of the Byway, providing access to water to support the agricultural economy. The Sandhills would have remained “the great American desert” if it weren’t for man’s invention of the windmill. Windmills tap into the aquifer at varying depths up to hundreds of feet.

Literally thousands of windmills are used in the Sandhills to bring ground-water to the surface for livestock use. The windmill is the most photographed image in the state. This photo was provided to Byway Photo Contest by Donnie Branson.

Along with solar energy, wind is the largest renewable resources available to man. For residents and travelers, it seems the wind is ever present. Wind energy development along the Byway is being investigated.

Trees

The wildfires that once influenced the prairie have generally been contained. Although they were destructive, they regularly cleansed the prairie of invasive woodland plants and trees. Now that man has learned to control those fires, many sections are heavily dotted with Eastern Red Cedar trees. Controlled burns and mechanical thinning are used to remove unwanted growth and to renew the land.

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NEBRASKAland magazine resource, titled Walk in the Woods, explains the history and importance of trees along the Byway:

“Trees were depleted early in the state’s history. They existed in an intermittent band of red cedar forests and a savannah stretching along the south rim of the North Platte and Platte valleys. Stands included large mature cedars, green ash, boxelder, and prairie shrubs. They grew in the rough canyon and other sites where they were protected from prairie fires.

In the late 1860s these stands were heavily cut to provide ties and timber for the construction of the Union Pacific Railroad but many have since recovered.

A similar community also grew at the edge of the Sandhills in Custer County. Today the invasive nature of its red cedar threatens a significant portion of the rangeland in that area.

Soil characteristics have a profound influence on the plant species which live in a forest. The deep organic soils of eastern Nebraska provide a far different growing medium than the sandier and drier soils of central and western Nebraska. The transitional nature of forests and woodlands in Nebraska provides a wide variety of ecozones, areas where one habitat type meets another.”

The Byway is aware of the potential threats to the natural ecosystem from non-native invasive plants such as Eastern Red Cedar and will cooperate with programs that are trying to address those issues. An element of the Byway strategic plan is to work cooperatively to encourage conservation of the natural intrinsic qualities and enhance the visitor’s experiences.

Wildlife

The highly varied topography of the area and abundance of surface and ground water contribute to a diversity of habitats that support a wide variety and abundance of wildlife.

The most abundant large mammals are mule and white-tailed deer. Pronghorn antelope can be found in smaller numbers. Coyotes are common and are hunted for their pelts and for sport. Bob cats and foxes can be found in small numbers. Lakes and streams are home to muskrats, beaver, and mink. Other mammals found here are porcupines, badger, opossum, raccoons, prairie dogs, pocket gophers, skunks, squirrels, weasels, rabbits, kangaroo rats, moles, voles, shrews and bats.

The area streams and lakes are home to many varieties of fish. Game fish, primarily yellow perch, northern pike, largemouth bass, bluegill and carp have been introduced into many lakes. Trout, channel catfish, flathead chub and river carpsucker can be found in the streams and rivers. Some rare fish species, disjunct from their principal northern range, include the blacknose shiner, pearl dace, northern redbelly dace and finescale dace. These species are less tolerant of habitat change and are now restricted to the fairly stable headwaters of Sandhill streams.

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This beautiful male ornate box turtle was photographed at the edge of Highway 2 submitted to the Byway Photo Contest by Alan Bartels.

There are several amphibians and reptiles found in the area, including salamanders, toads, frogs, turtles, lizards and snakes. The ornate box turtle is probably the most well known reptile and can often be seen crossing the roads. Blanding turtles, a northern species, appear to be fairly abundant in the area lakes and marshes. Common snakes are the bull snake and western hognose snake. The prairie rattlesnake is the region’s only venomous snake and can be found around prairie dog towns or areas with rock outcrops.

Insects are abundant in the area but have not been studied extensively. They are important as pollinators, decomposers, grazers and food for other wildlife. Many varieties of butterflies can be seen here and also many species of scarab beetles. The burying beetle, listed on the federal and state endangered list, is still found in the Sandhills in significant numbers.

Mother Nature is a powerful force and a prime example of that power is the return of prairie grouse each spring to their breeding leks. Like the swallows of Capistrano, they return to the same location year after year. The Great Plains is home to several species of grouse including Greater and Lesser Prairie Chicken, and important to the Byway, the Sharp-tailed Grouse.

Each year in early April through mid May, the males return to the lek. They perform their ritual dance, competing for the right to breed. The Sharptail's dance is unique . . . they place their head close to the ground and flair their purple neck sacks. A bizarre “bttttt” sound begins as their tail shoots in the air and their wings spread to the side. Sharp-tailed Grouse booming dance Then they dance in a circle looking like jetliners

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.1 – 26 Chapter 3.1 Intrinsic Quality Natural preparing for take off. The noise continues as they stomp their feet and spin in a circle. They can create quite a commotion as one male after another performs. The Sharp- tailed is truly the dancer of spring.

As quickly as it begins, the noise stops as all the males freeze in place. This position is held until one grouse can take it no longer and begins again. Once one goes, they all go. Each male competes for a staging ground, and a submissive male will move from rival to rival looking for a place of his own. Females hold at the edge of the lek watching the display. Once a hen is spotted, several males may take after her at once. This opens up the lek to outsiders and the competition begins over again. The dance itself is a unique routine that is common only to the Sharp-tailed. The Lakota Sioux people were so taken by the Sharp-tail's display that many of their traditional dances mimic the unique posture and motion. When males approach each other, they do so cautiously but with aggression. As they dance they will suddenly lay down facing each other and perform what looks like an old-fashioned stare down. The one that rises first appears to be the winner, as the one still down will often slink off to find another rival. This scene is repeated over and over until all the males have found their place. Soon after, however, a female will enter the lek and the chase is on. The process then starts over again.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, the combination of the Sandhills natural attributes, the water resources, the birds - both native and migratory - the wildlife, the Nebraska National Forest and the absence of light pollution make the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway region truly unique, nationally and internationally.

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Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality – Cultural

Cultural qualities are visual evidence of the customs, traditions, folklore, and rituals of a currently existing human group. They may include the ethnic music, dance, crafts, special events, speech, and food of the area. The culture may change from one area to another or from community to community.

As the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway seeks national recognition as an All-American Road, the second intrinsic quality that best describes the Byway’s individuality is “cultural”. This chapter describes the cultural characteristics of the region that make this Byway unique and nationally significant.

CULTURAL HISTORY

The history of agriculture has played a major role in human history, as agricultural progress has been a crucial factor in worldwide socio-economic change. Although the Sandhills were used in a variety of ways by prehistoric Native Americans, early explorers spoke of the region as "the Great American Desert.” The early settlers of this region that located here were unprepared for the changing temperatures and the variety of hardships of this region. Due to the lack of trees in the area they lived in dug-outs or built sod houses. Most adapted to the conditions and learned to live in harmony with the land.

Distinct agricultural practices exist along the Byway, from farming in the east and far west merging into the ranching culture of the Sandhills region. Some may raise cattle, some may raise crops, and some may raise both. Regardless of their main occupation, the people of the Byway feel a common bond that comes from their cultural background including their work ethic and their connection to the land. However, since many farmers also raise cattle, it’s easy to see why they join the ranchers in declaring beef to be the most popular food.

That doesn’t mean that these two groups always lived in harmony or that members of one group always agreed with each other. Conflicts were frequent in the early days when some settlers wanted to maintain the open range that they found when they arrived and others, like the “Homesteaders” and “Kinkaiders”, staked their claim and erected fences. The 1904 Kinkaid Act allowed homesteaders to claim 640 acres of land, rather than the 160 acres allowed by the 1862 Homestead Act.

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This 1886 photo by Solomon Butcher at the Hartley Ranch in the Lillian Township on the Middle Loup River of Custer County, Nebraska depicts pioneer life in the Byway area. Photo credit: Nebraska State Historical Society

BYWAY AGRICULTURE

The cultural practices along this Byway change from one area to another, but one thing is certain, agriculture along the Byway helps feed the world. Many of the folks that make their living from the land come from generations of people who settled America. They possess a strong “pioneer spirit” and practice insightful stewardship of their natural resources. These qualities have kept them on the land despite the extremes of Mother Nature.

Visitors will experience a culture that they probably have never encountered before. As travelers drive through this rural area, they are often mystified by the “finger wave.” No, there is not something wrong with their vehicle but rather, it’s a friendly greeting by the locals with their index finger raised briefly in a friendly salute. The friendly salute can consist of one finger to a whole hand or a nod of the head, just our way of saying “howdy!”

The culture of the Byway is evident in the many aspects of the lives of the farmers and ranchers who live here. The residents who live and work in larger communities like Grand Island, Broken Bow, and Alliance are still involved with the agricultural industry, either directly or indirectly. Farmers and ranchers create wealth, jobs, and opportunities for others with the commodities they produce.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.2 – 2 Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality Cultural The following is an excerpt from the NEBRASKAland Magazine and booklet, “The Sandhills River Country”, prepared by Nebraska Game & Parks Commission. It explains this relationship, the ways they are the same and the subtle differences:

“ . . . To the north are the cowboys and the ranchers; their dress is just a little more "western" with broad-brimmed cowboy hats and pointed-toed boots. Their working equipment is more likely to include a horse and a rope— and today, even an occasional airplane. In the loess hills are large expanses of corn and wheat, and people who are more likely to wear boots suited for walking, and caps rather than cowboy hats. Here, you're most likely to find tractors and other big equipment for tilling the ground. The distinction is subtle, but some area residents do distinguish between the two types. In fact, a very few distinguish two kinds of personalities — though they are at a loss to describe the differences. Differences or not, the residents of Sandhills River Country have many things in common. They "trade" in the same towns, at the same stores. Their dedication to hard work and straight talk is the same. They are all faced with the same realities of land to be worked—in some cases wrestled—for a living; of the same ups and downs in farm prices; of the same hail storms, blizzards, tornadoes and even drought. Modern equipment has done much to take the sting out of natural disasters, but the people are still alike in not yet being completely immune. And, there's another similarity in residents of Sandhills River Country. They take their entertainment close to the land and life. There are few area youngsters who don't learn to hunt while they are still little "shavers". Meat on the table is usually beef, but a little variety never hurt anybody. A catfish or a bass from area rivers and lakes is likewise a practical treat—in addition to the enjoyment of fishing for it. Hunting in this area is probably the best in the world for diversity. There are pheasant, quail, ducks, geese, rabbits, deer and squirrel. There's even some antelope. There's nothing predictable about it. Whether or not there are pheasants or waterfowl depends on farming practices. Grazing varies from year to year. In the wet years, there's ducks. In the dry years there are usually pheasants . . .”

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Hunting is still a multi-generational activity that is enjoyed by many. Photo credit: Nebraska Division of Travel & Tourism

Despite the similarities, agriculture along the Byway can be divided into two basic types: ranching and farming.

RANCHING CULTURE

As stated above, the Sandhills are inhabited by ranchers. The sandy soil is not well suited for conventional farming practices but cattle thrive on the nutrient-rich grasses that grow there. The cattle business is big business along the Byway, with estimates of approximately 556,000 head, making the counties along the route rank among the highest nationally for the number of beef cows.

Photo title: Sandhills Summer Mother cow and calf in a Sandhills Pasture Submitted to the Byway photo contest by Shawn Zutavern

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A press release follows from the May 2007 Lincoln Journal Star that explains the expanse of the ranch land along the Byway:

“Senator Deb Fischer's legislative district in north-central Nebraska has the distinction of having the most mother cows . . . Cherry, Holt and Custer counties are the top three beef cow counties in the nation. In January, 2007, 360,000 cows lived in the three counties, according to the Nebraska Cattlemen. District 43 is bigger than nine states. Sen. Fischer's home school district, the Valentine County School district, with 3,600 square miles, is the same size as Delaware and Rhode Island combined. Fischer says she puts 30,000 to 35,000 miles a year on her Oldsmobile Bravada keeping up with constituents in the 13 counties she represents and traveling between Lincoln and her home near Valentine.”

The cultural qualities of this byway. . . (Photo of cowboy on horse with rope) Photo credit: Nebraska Game & Parks Commission

NEBRASKAland Magazine’s, “The Road Home: A Photographic Journey” catches one glimpse of a day in the life of a rancher as told by a rancher’s son:

“You call everyone up about a week before and see if you’ll have enough help. If somebody comes to your branding, then you have to go to theirs. When everybody gets the bridles on their horses we start rounding ’em up. You put the cows out and leave the calves in the panels to brand. You grab the calf’s leg and tip it over. Somebody holds the head down and the

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.2 – 5 Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality Cultural other guy pulls a back leg and stretches the calf out. We give ’em a shot so they don’t get diseases, like worms, put a mark on their heads so we know we did ‘em, and then brand ‘em, and cut ‘em if they’re bull calves. If they have horns we burn their horns so they don’t grow. If somebody gets tired of doing one thing then they do something else. People, who are too old to wrestle calves or rope, give shots.” - Shelby Ramm, Cherry County

Photo titled “Branding Time” submitted to the Byway Photo Contest by Shalee Paxton, where work and social interaction are part of an annual task that occurs through-out much of the Byway region.

Watering Hole Photo Credit: Twila Phillips

Windmills, used to bring the abundant water up from the High Plains Aquifer, are seen dotting the landscape and provide clean drinking water for livestock and wildlife.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.2 – 6 Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality Cultural Autogate aka cattle guard Photo credit: Connie Francis

Autogates, another unique feature seen throughout the Sandhills, provide easy pasture access through fences for vehicles while preventing livestock from wandering, saving ranchers time and labor.

Sandhills culture is evident throughout the generations Photo credit: Connie Francis

The ranching culture of the Sandhills is as much a part of death as of life itself.

FARMING CULTURE

Not surprisingly, Nebraska’s official nickname is the Cornhusker State. The name comes from corn, the state’s leading crop and from the method of harvesting the corn crop in the early years of farming. Cornhusking contests were once held each fall in many of the farm communities.

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Husker Harvest Days held annually in September, near Grand Island, is the worlds largest irrigated farm show. Photo Credit: Husker Harvest Days

The eastern portion of the Byway consists of flat terrain, rich soil, and a plentiful water supply making it perfect for farming.

Raising corn under modern center pivot irrigation. Photo credit: Connie Francis

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Photo titled: “Farmer’s Skyscrapers” submitted to the Byway Photo Contest by Terri Licking.

Alfalfa freshly mowed and windrowed, exceptional forage for cattle during the winter season. Photo credit: Connie Francis

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Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality Cultural The extreme western 10 mile portion of the Byway is high plains table-land and is well known for raising wheat, sugar beets, dry edible beans and potatoes. Those who began farming in this area also learned to adapt to the land.

OTHER AGRICULTURE

Turkeys, hogs, and cheese have long been produced along the Byway. Other alternative agricultural commodities have grown considerably in the past few years and are expanding to include livestock such as goats, llamas, sheep; aquaculture, raising fish for commercial production; apiaries, bee and honey production; viticulture, raising grapes and wine production; and other fruits and vegetables. As seen in the section on recreation, outdoor activities are also common ways of tying the people to their heritage. Fishing and hunting that once provided necessities for the settlers now provide enjoyment for the residents.

CULTURAL ENTERTAINMENT

The ways that the farmers and ranchers play are often closely tied to their occupations. In large cities, people may leave their desk job to spend the weekend in a different environment like the mountains or at a beach. It’s different along this Byway, where their work is so much a part of their lives that it is often their play. Rodeos - including ranch rodeos, bull riding, team penning, cattle cutting, horse racing, and tractor pulls - are all part of the cultural entertainment of the area.

Rodeo events along the Byway always start with a tribute to America. Photo titled “Old Glory’s Entry” submitted to the Byway Photo Contest by Terri Licking

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Rodeo is a frequent cultural and social event along the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway. This photo titled “Hangin’ On” was submitted to the Byway Photo Contest by Dan Brost.

Other cultural practices that occur on a daily and seasonal basis - such as harvesting, branding, and cattle drives - are often used as social events.

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Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality Cultural

Nebraska 4-H Foundation Trail Ride on the Nebraska National Forest near Halsey. Photo provided by Terri Licking.

Cattle drives create the Byway’s version of traffic jams, though this may be one of the most interesting traffic stops that travelers would encounter in the Sandhills region. Photo provided by Shalee Paxton.

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Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality Cultural County fairs, ethnic festivals, and community celebrations also feature the cultural heritage of the area.

Tractor Pull during Annevar at Ravenna Photo credit: Ravenna News

ETHNIC TRADITIONS

Don’t get the impression that work and play that is like work are the only outlets for residents. Dances, fine arts exhibits, musical concerts, ethnic festivals, and crafts shows are just a few of the activities that are popular along the Byway. The residents frequent attractions like bowling alleys, movie theatres, and golf courses. Every community seems to have some type of a homecoming celebration such as high school alumni weekend, community or holiday festival, where people make new friendships or rekindle relationships with extended families.

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“Railroad Town” at the Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer in Grand Island. This museum was praised by Good Housekeeping magazine as “one of the top ten places to relive America’s past”. Photo Credit: Stuhr Museum

The Byway has national caliber museums at both the east and west portal of the Byway. The Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneers in Grand Island includes a Pawnee Earth Lodge and a 1890s Railroad Town. The Knight Museum and Sandhills Center in Alliance will highlight details of the Sandhills and the ranching culture.

Examples of ethnic traditions occur in various communities along the Byway.

• Grand Island celebrates the Nebraska Ethnic Festival in June each year. German Heritage Days Old Settlers Picnic is held annually at the Liederkranz in Grand Island featuring foods and dance traditions.

• Dannebrog was proclaimed the “Danish Capital of Nebraska” in 1989 by the Nebraska Legislature. Travelers can taste authentic Danish pastries and foods at the local bakery and restaurant. Grundlovsfest (Danish Days) is a weekend event celebrating Danish traditions.

• Loup City celebrates Polish Days annually featuring a polka street dance, Polish food court, and cultural customs.

• On the far west end of the Byway, Hemingford holds Czech Days and Fun Dayz each year keeping the Czech traditions alive by wearing traditional Czech clothing and enjoying Czech music and food.

These events celebrate the Byway heritage and promote the lifestyle of their ancestors.

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Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality Cultural Community Cultural Events include the following:

• Grand Island o Stuhr Museum holds numerous events throughout the year Voices from the Past - early Hall County life It’s a Cowboys Life, Evening Around the Campfire 1890s Agricultural Fair – craft demonstrations, blacksmith displays Back to School In Railroad Town – displaying readin’, ritin’ and ‘rithmetic Harvest Festival – harvest demonstrations, choose your own pumpkin, taste specialty foods, learn about 1890s agricultural techniques Nebraska Food Festival – learn about and buy food produced in Nebraska o PRCA (Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association) Rodeo o Spring Fever Day -arts & crafts, live music, garden demonstrations o Country Music Show – traditional country music show o Farmer’s Market o Reflection of the Land – artists reception exploring the many beautiful faces of the land o Central Nebraska Ethnic Festival – ethnic foods, street bazaar, beer garden, dancing and multi-cultural entertainment o State 4-H Horse Show – 600 plus 4-H members o Hall County Fair – Livestock Shows & exhibits o Veteran’s Day Salute – big bands and polka bands o Husker Harvest Days – the world’s largest totally irrigated working farm show with field demonstrations, seminars, crafts, and artwork o Annual Bull Riding Challenge

• Cairo o Cairo Smorgasbord o Cornstalk Festival – parade, beer garden

• Dannebrog o Grundlovsfest (Danish Days) – aebleskiver (Danish pancakes), parade, crafts, melodrama, Danish dancers o Old Fashioned Danish Christmas

• Ashton o Polish Festival – Polish foods, music, activities and museum tour

• Ravenna • Annevar – ranch rodeo, tractor pull, quilt show, horse shoe pitching • 4th of July – barbeque and fireworks

• Loup City o Polish Days – ethnic food, parade, polka street dance o Sherman County Fair

• Mason City • Homecoming Celebration & Rodeo

•

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Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality Cultural Comstock o Comstock Music Festival – featuring national acts, local & regional talent, bull riding, crafts

• Broken Bow o May Daze Celebration – farmer’s market, entertainment o Farmer’s Market – May through September o Custer County Fair – parade, free barbeque, livestock shows o Weekend Events at Custer County Fairgrounds regarding horsemanship, barrel racing, horse shows, rodeos, team ropings, ranch rodeos o One Box Pheasant Hunt

• Arnold o Arnold Chili Cook-off o 4th of July Blowout o Loup River Blues Festival o Sandhills Open Road Challenge & Shoot-Out

• Anselmo o Big Sky Jubilee – parade, turtle races, barbeque and street dance o Ranch Rodeo

• Callaway o Pioneer Picnic – rodeo, dance, parade, trail ride o Annual Kite Flight

• Dunning o Junior Rodeo o Blaine County Fair – free barbeque o Ranch Rodeo

• Halsey o July Celebration – free barbeque, turtle races and fireworks

• Thedford o Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Chili Cook-Off o High School Rodeo o Junior Rodeo o Junior High Rodeo o Thomas County Fair – parade, free barbeque, turtle races o Bull Fest – professional bull riding o Ranch Rodeo o Sandhills Open Road Challenge - “Grudge Match” Drag Race

• Mullen o Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Polar Bear Tank Race o High School Rodeo o Sandhills Chute-Out Bull Riding o 4th of July Fireworks o Hooker County Fair – free barbeque, livestock shows, parade, turtle races, ranch rodeo o Team Ropin’ o Sharp-tail Shoot Out

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Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality Cultural o Christmas Walk-About – evening shopping, historical museum open for tours, ethnic tastings and crafts

• Alliance o Thunder on the Prairie – June o Summer Solstice - June o Farmer’s Market – May – September o Heritage Days Celebration - July o Dobby’s Frontier Town Fall Festival – September - demonstrations of daily activities, tours of historical buildings, and implement displays o Treasure Trek – September o Holiday Christmas Wreath Silent Auction - December o Parade of Lights - December

• Hemingford o Avenue of Flags – May o Fun Dayz & Czech Days – June o Box Butte County Fair – August o Treasure Trek – September o Holiday Diorama – November & December

The Junk Jaunt is a collaborative effort of the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway and the Loup Rivers Scenic Byway. Communities, farms, and ranches along the eastern portion of the Byway from Grand Island to Halsey host local vendors displaying their wares. This three day 252 mile long “garage sale” is held annually the last full weekend in September. Visitors from more than 30 states and 70 Nebraska counties seek cultural treasures, antiques and authentic ethnic food.

ARTISTS AND ARTISANS

Many nationally and internationally recognized artists and artisans call the Byway region home. Several have concluded that the natural surroundings stimulate their artistic expression. Some of these artists have studios and welcome visitors by appointment. Check the county and community information sections for listings.

The Byway plans to encourage visitors to enjoy the many fine arts of the area by hosting group tours in the future. The Byway also is investigating the possibility of hosting a “(hay) bale art” contest to encourage visitors to the region and engage the agricultural community in a fun activity.

CULTURAL INTRINSIC QUALITY CONCLUSION

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway’s culture has evolved in part because of the unique landscape. The pioneers who emigrated here found the only way for their survival was to develop a livelihood that worked in harmony with the fragile land. Residents, some in their 4th or 5th generation on the same land, are ever diligent stewards of the plains as they preserve its immense open spaces, its wildlife, and its integrity. The cultural practices that developed in the region are recognized nationally because of the valuable stewardship of the land and the stability that is provided to the fragile soils.

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Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality Cultural Chapter 3.3 Intrinsic Quality - Scenic

Scenic quality is the heightened visual experience derived from the view of natural and manmade elements of the visual environment of the scenic byway corridor. The characteristics of the landscape are strikingly distinct and offer a pleasing and most memorable visual experience. All elements of the landscape – landform, water, vegetation, and manmade development – contribute to the quality of the corridor’s visual environment. Everything present is in harmony and shares in the intrinsic quality.

Kevin Hayes of St. Johns, Michigan says . . .

“If I'm lucky I hope to pass your way many times again. I took Highway 2 from Grand Island to Ellsworth, and then up to Gordon on my way to Casper, Wyoming, from St. Johns, Michigan. It was just a little out of the way but I'll never regret it. I would love to vacation there, and just relax. I loved St. Anselm's Catholic Church, the jail, and "soddy" in downtown Anselmo. The store in Ellsworth where I purchased a cowboy hat was great. And even though the Mari Sandoz monument is on Highway 27, twenty-five miles up the road from Highway 2, which was special too. The scenery and the feeling that I had about such a place of surreal beauty, to myself, was an amazing experience. I think about it all the time and it brings me great peace just knowing a place like yours exists in our world today. May God bless.”

The Sandhills

The Byway’s scenic qualities provide a stunning backdrop for byway travelers. Recognized views and features, such as scenic rivers and wildlife, visually prominent landforms, and other important views all contribute to the scenic quality of the byway.

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The Byway is a feast for the eyes and the soul. Scenic vistas include prairie grasses as far as the eye can see, majestic cottonwoods that spot the river valleys, and mile after mile of rolling hills. More scenic opportunities include glimpses of wildlife, large cattle drives, historic markers with remembrances of the early settlers, and more stars than you have ever seen.

The visual experiences of the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway are varied in theme. The Byway passes through farming and ranching areas, the heart of small communities and residential neighborhoods, the largest area of grass covered sand dunes in the western hemisphere, and beside a national forest. Each of these settings offers the possibility of photographic moments. With deer grazing in the lush fields and rare birds soaring against the backdrop of an endless sky, nature is waiting for people to experience the ever changing view. The rolling hills of grass covered sand look untouched in many areas except for a single fence that follows the highway making a captivating and breathtaking view. The Byway is well-known for the wonderful skyscapes with colorful sunrises and sunsets occurring regularly.

Residents along the Byway are still in awe of this incredible land and share their enthusiasm for the beauty of this area with visitors. Although many residents own large farms and ranches they care for every acre of the land as if it were a child that needs tending and nurturing. The Native American belief that we don’t own the land but are caretakers of it is apparent in the way the residents care for this fragile ecosystem.

Since the scenic qualities can be viewed from different angles and can be experienced in multiple ways, listed are some of the more common activities that people enjoy along the Byway.

Cowboy’s at Sunset Photo credit: Bob Rooney

SIGHTSEEING

The open expanses of grassland along the Byway create a perfect setting for cloud watching by day and stargazing at night. Lack of light pollution makes the stars especially bright. During a daytime rainstorm, marvelous cloud formations dance across the sky. Fantastic electrical storms light up the heavens at night. Photo credit: Ryan Ridenhour Byway photo contest

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.3 – 2 Chapter 3.3 Intrinsic Quality Scenic The dramatic relief of the sand covered dunes of the Sandhills is glorious during all seasons. When blanketed with a layer of fresh fallen snow, the dunes are accentuated with white snow and dark shadows.

When looking at the terrain from a distance it is not unlike the churning waves on the ocean.

The Middle Loup River between Thedford and Seneca On a Crisp Winter Morning - Photo credit: Twyla Witt

PHOTOGRAPHY

Photo opportunities abound during every season along the Byway. The land, vegetation, wildlife, domestic animals, sky and the human interaction with them provide an ever- changing panorama for visitors.

Photographers should not expect to capture exactly the same image twice along the Byway. Changes do not only come with the seasons, they also come with the time of day. Beauty is not only in the eye of the beholder, it is all around. Expect the landscape of this area to be affected by sunlight, wind, and the shadows. In some areas you may feel you are the first human visitor because nature appears untouched. Other areas may have only one sign of man’s intervention when a lone windmill stands proudly while the wheel turns in the summer breeze.

Alert photographers need to be prepared for wildlife that unexpectedly appear. Wildlife photography requires patience and an understanding of the animals’ habits. Take care not to startle these creatures with your presence; otherwise, you may only see a tail as they put distance between you and them. SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.3 – 3 Chapter 3.3 Intrinsic Quality Scenic EVENTS & COMMUNITY FEATURES

Cemeteries, churches, and the architecture of the buildings all provide a panorama of scenic qualities. Rodeos, farmer’s markets, and community celebrations are annual events held in communities that also provide scenic opportunities. See Chapter 3.2 Intrinsic Quality – Cultural for a complete listing.

HISTORIC PLACES

Several Byway historic places are considered scenic. However, they are best suited for inclusion in Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality History and are discussed in detail in that section.

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Chapter 3.3 Intrinsic Quality Scenic Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality – Historic

Historic intrinsic qualities encompasses legacies of the past that are distinctly associated with physical elements of the landscape, whether natural or manmade, that are of such historic significance that they educate the viewer and stir an appreciation for the past. The historic elements reflect the actions of people and may include buildings, settlement patters, and other examples of human activity. Historic features can be inventoried, mapped, and interpreted. They possess integrity of location, design, setting, material, workmanship, feeling, and association.

Paleoindians (12,000-8,000 years ago) were the earliest human inhabitants of the Sandhills. They were nomadic, big game hunters who survived primarily by hunting mammoths and bison as well as other extinct species. Large finely worked lanceolate chipped stone spear points dating back to this period are found usually in blowouts throughout the Sandhills.

In the late 1600’s and early 1700’s the Sandhills were occupied briefly, perhaps for only a half a century, by the people of the “Dismal River” culture, commonly thought to be ancestors of the Plains Apache. The Dismal River people were known to be hunters and horticulturists, with bison being their most hunted animal. Based on native oral traditions and accounts of explorers, military personnel, and settlers at least ten Native American tribes used the Sandhills area to live or hunt. The Brule’ and Ogalala bands of the Lakota were closely associated with the region; however because of the use of horses, other bison hunting Native American tribes of Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, and Crow were also were known to have hunted in the area. Researchers believe other Native American villagers who may have hunted in the Sandhills and along the Byway region would have included the Pawnee, Arikara, Plains Apache, Omaha, and Ponca. The early hunters were followed by tribes of Indians who raised crops of corn, other vegetables, and sunflowers in the fertile areas of the Byway. Large portions of their food supply came from hunting buffalo. Approximately 40,000 Indians were living in the area that became the state of Nebraska when the white man first visited.

After nearly 100 years of intermittent observation by military and civilian explorers (beginning in 1795) cattle ranchers came to the region in the “open range” period. Congress passed the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854. This organized the Nebraska Territory and opened lands west of the Missouri that were previously reserved for the Indians. Settlers soon followed. The Homestead and the Kinkaid Acts were credited as to the reason why European settlers started moving to the area. The Homestead Act of 1862 offered settlers 160 free acres of land. Germans were the most frequently represented nationality but Russians, Lithuanians, Swedes, Czechs, and Irish joined with emancipated slaves and other nationalities to greet the American Indians in friendship and in battles.

Owners of the land were required to live here so the first houses along the Byway were made of sod. The sod was referred to as “Nebraska marble” due to the fact that it was frequently used as a building material and was the most durable material readily available. Remember, this was primarily a treeless plain. Trees were rare enough that they could be used as landmarks for people giving directions.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.4 – 1 Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality Historic As you read the history of one Nebraska town after another in Chapter 4 - Community Information and Role of the Railroads, you will see the impact brought by the railroad. The Union Pacific was completed across Nebraska in 1867. By the mid-1880s the Burlington railroad system crossed most of the state. The railroad from Grand Island to Alliance (began as the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy now known as the Burlington Northern/Santa Fe) arrived in Alliance in January 1888. Many early railroads received land grants from the state and federal government to offset the costs of construction.

The Sandhills became cattle ranching country during the 1870's and 1880's when the bison gave way to the cattle and the Comanche ponies were replaced by work and stock horses. The land was first considered open range and the size of a ranch was only limited by the ranchers’ ability to maintain their claim.

Encouraged by the Homestead Act and the Timber Culture Act, settlers began flocking to the region, claiming much of the land by 1890. New railroads and the Kinkaid Act of 1904 brought a final rush of land-seekers, ending the days of free range and completing settlement of the State.

These homesteaders attempted to farm their land, but because the soil was almost pure sand, they were unsuccessful. Most of the small landowners sold out to the cattle ranchers or allowed their land to go to the county for unpaid taxes. The region reverted to large cattle ranches and remains that way today.

Growth was prominent in Nebraska until the farm depressions of the 1890’s. Most of the prime land in the state was settled by 1900. Larger claims were needed so the farms and ranches would be profitable enough to support those who lived there.

Further settlement was encouraged by the 1904 Kinkaid Act. According to the Nebraska State Historical Society, the Kinkaid Act, authored by Nebraska Congressman Moses P. Kinkaid, was a special homestead law which applied only to the western and central portions of Nebraska, primarily the Sandhills. This act allowed 640 acre homesteads in designated areas, except for lands set aside as being suitable for irrigation. The act was an effort to respond to the fact that 160 acre tracts, allowed under the Homestead Act, were far too small for productive agriculture and ranching in the relatively arid Sandhills and High Plains regions of Nebraska.

The 1920’s and 1930’s brought the depression and economic growth again was stunted. Many land owners were not able to maintain their farms and ranches. World War II changed the economy and Nebraska again has shown steady economic growth.

And what about the Indians who lived here? How did the migration of the white man affect their lives? In 1913 only 4,784 Indians, including non-indigenous tribes remained. Other survivors had been removed and now lived on reservations in surrounding states. The Nebraska Department of Economic Development Databook states that in 2006 there were 1,504 Native Americans living in the ten counties that the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway travels through.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.4 – 2 Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality Historic Because of the sandy soils through the Sandhills, vehicle travel was difficult in the early 1900’s. Perhaps the developing potash industry brought the attention of the need of a road in the sandy region. Potash was needed as an ingredient for the production of fertilizer previously imported from Germany during World War I. In 1917, discussion of a road to run parallel to the Chicago Burlington and Quincy Railroad line from Grand Island to Alliance and on to Crawford was considered. In early 1918, a meeting was held in Mullen and those attending recommended a state highway be built from Alliance to Broken Bow to connect with the present highway from Grand Island to Broken Bow. Attendees at that meeting decided the highway should be named the Potash Highway. They called for accepting federal funds to make the highway passable by July 1, 1919, and a permanent roadway by July 1, 1920. This highway was noted by many in the region as being the second most important thing to come to the region after the railroad. Due to funding and little population it was difficult to keep the construction of the highway progressing. In 1923, the portion of the highway between Grand Island and Anselmo was in good condition, although the portion through the Sandhills needed work. As the potash industry diminished there were attempts to change the name of the highway, with suggestions such as the Kinkaid-Yellowstone Highway and the Black Hills- Yellowstone Highway. However, it remained the Potash Highway officially until it was designated as Nebraska Highway 2 in 1926. Nebraska Highway 2 was developed as part of the truck highway system. In the late 1920s and early 1930s the development of oil- sand surfacing provided a durable surface that was economical to construct and maintain. By 1939-40, Nebraska Highway 2 was mostly paved except between Mullen and Dunning, and Cairo and Grand Island. The final portion between Dunning and Halsey was paved in 1949-50. The highway was a huge economic factor connecting the sparsely populated area of north central Nebraska to the populous regions of the state in eastern and southeastern Nebraska. It continues to be very important to all residents that live in the communities along the Byway and the farmers and ranchers within the corridor region.

Many historic features of the Byway have been recognized by the State Historical Society by placing historical markers in those locations. In some instances – like the Antioch potash plant buildings – remnants still remain of the buildings. In other cases – like the O.K. Store – only the cannon remains and it is located on another site. Information on all of these historical markers can be found in the section for each county of the Byway.

Many people in Nebraska have been recognized for their place in Nebraska history and have been admitted to the Nebraska Hall of Fame. Although four people were honored in 1976, the nation’s bicentennial year, the Nebraska Hall of Fame Commission only nominates one person to the Hall of Fame every two years. Statesmen, authors, government leaders, and prominent Indians are among those chosen. In 1976, Grace Abbott (1878-1939) from Hall County was honored for her social reform. She was a social worker who fought for the rights of children and mothers and for her pioneer social legislation. Mari Sandoz (1896-1966) was also honored that year. She was a prominent Nebraska novelist, historian and biographer and an authority on the Indians of the Great Plains. She was born on the Sandoz ranch in Sheridan County north of Ellsworth and is also buried there. More information can be found about her in the section on Sheridan County.

The following is a list of all of the Nebraska State Historical Marker sites that the Byway passes by, the text on the markers, and their specific locations:

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LA GRANDE ISLE Grand Island, in the Platte River, has given its name to the city of Grand Island. The island was formed by a narrow channel branching off the Platte River approximately 28 miles upstream from the present city of Grand Island and rejoining the main river about 12 miles downstream from the city.

The name "Grand Island" came from the French name "La Grande Isle", meaning the large or great island. The island probably was discovered and named by French fur traders in the late 1700's. Grand Island or Grand Isle was a well-known landmark for fur traders by 1810. The name Grand Ile appears on a French map published in 1821 and on American maps published in 1822 and 1823.

Both the Long and Fremont exploring expeditions of 1820 and 1842 took note of the size of Grand Island and west-bound travelers of the 1830's often mentioned the island as the most conspicuous feature of the Central Platte Valley.

Grand Island was ceded to the United States Government by the Pawnee Indians in 1848. The modern history of the island begins with the arrival of the first permanent settlers on July 5, 1857.

Hall County Historical Society Historical Land Mark Council Stolley Park, Grand Island Hall County Marker 55

THE O.K. STORE The first settlers of Hall County, Nebraska, nearly all of whom were German immigrants, arrived on July 5, 1857. They platted Grand Island City and established farms. The O.K. Store of Henry A. Koenig and Fred Wiebe, located near the Mormon Trail, was opened near this site in 1862. It was the first store in the settlement and it also served as the first telegraph station.

During the Indian uprising of 1864 and 1865 many Platte Valley settlers fled but the Grand Island settlers remained. They fortified the O.K. Store with a sod stockade which sheltered 68 men and 100 women. To give shelter to 35 more persons, William Stolley built "Fort Independence" about two miles west.

On August 22, 1865, General S. R. Curtis and his troops visited "Fort O.K." Impressed by the settlers' preparations for defense Curtis left a six- pound cannon, which is still preserved in Hall County. Because of the fortifications, "Fort O.K." and Grand Island escaped Indian attacks.

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In 1858, a short distance northeast of this marker, the first post office for Grand Island was located in John D. Schuller's cabin, which now stands on the county museum grounds.

Hall County Historical Society Historical Land Mark Council Fonner Park, Grand Island Hall County Marker 54

PIONEER PARK Pioneer Park, site of the first Hall County Courthouse, honors the courageous settlers who peacefully inhabited this area in 1857 when only Pawnee lived here. In 1866 the Union Pacific reached Grand Island and in 1868 the railroad donated Block 19 for the construction of county buildings. Three years later the county commissioners requested that General Grenville M. Dodge, agent and trustee of the railroad, exchange the property for Block 84 where this park is located.

Special elections were held in 1872 wherein bonds totaling $20,000 were issued for construction. A two story courthouse with a clock tower was completed June 28, 1873, at a cost of $16,500. In 190, a special election voted bonds for a new courthouse and other county buildings. When the new structure was completed in 1905, the original courthouse was razed.

Four elections were held from 1902 to 1905 to authorize the sale of this block, but dedicated work by the Women's Park Association maintained this site as a memorial to Hall County pioneers. In 1964 action was brought to construct a new post office on this land and a 1970 election was held to locate a new library here, but the park was preserved on both occasions.

Hall County Historical Society Nebraska State Historical Society US 30, Grand Island - Hall County Marker 141

SANDHILL CRANES The Big Bend of the Platte River in central Nebraska is one of the most important staging areas for the spring migration of the world's largest population of Sandhill cranes. Throughout history the Platte has also been a corridor of migration for native peoples and Euro-Americans. For both cranes and humans, the river has provided water, food, and shelter in a sometimes harsh environment.

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No one knows when Sandhill cranes appeared on the Nebraska landscape. Their remains have been found in nine-million year old deposits in western Nebraska and in prehistoric and historic Native American sites throughout the central plains. The journals of explorers and fur traders such as Edwin James (1820), John Townsend (1834), Rufus Sage (1841), and John J. Audubon (1843) mention Sandhill cranes they observed while traveling up the Missouri River or along the Platte. Settlement of the Great Plains brought many changes to the Platte. Irrigation reduced its volume, and its shorelines and islands became overgrown when prairie fires and floods were controlled. Only the Big Bend region still provides prime habitat to sustain the annual migration of Sandhill cranes.

Hall County Historical Society Nebraska State Historical Society Platte River Trust Nebraska Department of Roads U.S. 34/U.S. 281 and Platte River Road, between Grand Island and Doniphan Hall County Marker 389

THE OLD FORT KEARNY (NEBRASKA CITY) ROAD The "Old Fort Kearny" or "Nebraska City Road" was a major route for freighters, soldiers, and gold seekers between 1849 and 1866. The road was also known as the "Oxbow Trail," because it looped north from the site of Old Fort Kearny (future Nebraska City) to follow the south bank of the Platte River. It connected with the main overland trail a few miles east of New Fort Kearny. Nebraska City freighters first used the Old Fort Kearny Road in the late 1850’s to supply western military posts and mining camps. By 1861 a more direct route, the Nebraska City-Fort Kearny Cutoff, was opened. The cutoff joined the old Fort Kearny Road five miles northeast of here. Overland freighting reached its peak in 1865 when more than 44 million pounds of supplies were shipped from Nebraska City. The completion of the Union Pacific Railroad across Nebraska signaled the end of freighting, but local settlers continued to use the Old Fort Kearny Road for many years. Today, Hall County's "Platte River Road" follows the old trail through the county.

Hall County Historical Society Nebraska State Historical Society Nebraska Department of Roads U.S. 34/U.S. 281, West of Doniphan Amick acres subdivision, Lot 10 Hall County Marker 388

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GRAND ISLAND You are near the Platte River's famous Grand Island. It is approximately forty miles in length and two miles at it’s widest. Providing abundant wood and water, it often served as a campsite for Pawnee Indians. Journalists for the expeditions of Astor (1813) and Stephen Long (1819) both noted the island. In 1843 John C. Fremont recommended that a fort be constructed near the head of the island. Fort Childs, later named Fort Kearny, was established in 1848 as the first military outpost on the Platte River portion of the Oregon and California trails. The Mormon Trail ran adjacent to the island along the north bank of the river.

In 1857 a town company composed mainly of Germans settled the area north of the island. This first Grand Island failed to develop when the company became bankrupt. Present Grand Island was not platted until 1866, when the Union Pacific Railroad reached Hall County. The town grew rapidly and became the county seat. In 1869 a U.S. General Land Office was established to record land filings for the region north of the Platte. Grand Island was incorporated in 1872 and it has become a major industrial and agricultural city in the central Platte Valley.

Hall County Historical Society Department of Roads Nebraska State Historical Society I-80 E Phillips Rest Area Interchange Hamilton County Marker 171

The Nebraska State Historical Society erected a historical marker one mile southeast of Ravenna on Highway 2; it reads:

CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS From 1934 to 1939, Companies 2741 and 2732 of the Civilian Conservation Corps occupied a camp near this site. Barracks housed about 200 men, ages 18 to 25, who built soil conservation dams and planted shelterbelts on nearby farms. The camp moved to Broken Bow in 1939 and the buildings were dismantled. CCC camps across Nebraska and the nation provided employment and training for thousands of young men during the Depression.

Ravenna Genealogical and Historical Society Nebraska State Historical Society Marker 370

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Another marker was placed southeast of Ravenna on Highway 2 and it reads:

POST SOUTH LOUP FORK "FORT BANISHMENT" On the South Loup River southwest of here was the site of the U.S. Army's Post South Loup Fork. This small outpost of Fort Kearney was established in May 1865 by Company "E", Seventh Iowa Cavalry, under the command of Capt. James B. David and consisted of a log barracks and stable enclosed by a sod wall. The post monitored the movements of Indians in the Loup River valleys. Sometimes it was called Post Connor in honor of Gen. Patrick Connor. In July 1865 the Iowa Cavalry was replaced by Company "E" of the First Nebraska Cavalry and in August the post was abandoned. In 1871 pioneer settlers from Gibbon used the log buildings for firewood.

According to legend the post became known as Fort Desolation because it was about thirty miles from any settlement. It has also been termed Fort Banishment, because soldiers were sent there as punishment for stealing commissary whisky. Military records do not confirm this.

Nebraska State Historical Society Ravenna Genealogical and Historical Society Marker 361

The Nebraska State Historical Society erected a historical marker on Highway 92 on the southern edge of Loup City, it reads:

DEAD HORSE CREEK In April 1873, Headquarters, Department of the Platte at Omaha, ordered a military scout of the North and Middle Loup River Valleys. The detachment of soldiers was commanded by Captain John Mix of Company M, of the Second Cavalry, and guided by Conrad "Little Buckshot" Wentworth.

This expedition was sent out in response to a Sioux Indian raid on settlements some thirty-five miles to the northwest. That action resulted in the Battle of Sioux Creek. The troops had completed the scout and were returning when they were struck by the terrible "Easter Blizzard," which began on April 13, 1873. For four days, the soldiers were housed by settlers and storekeepers. Their animals were left in a sheltered area alongside this creek. During the storm twenty-five horses and four pack mules were suffocated by snow. The creek has since been known as Dead Horse Creek. Many similar incidents associated with early pioneer life were commemorated in stream names. Sherman County Historical Society Nebraska State Historical Society Marker 322

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.4 – 8 Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality Historic The Nebraska State Historical Society erected a historical marker at the County Courthouse in Loup City, it reads:

THE LOUP CITY RIOT, 1934 During the Depression low farm prices, accompanied by dust storms and drought, created unrest among farmers and workers in Sherman County and across Nebraska. The Farm Holiday movement, which encouraged farmers to withhold agricultural products from the market, was active. Representatives of left-wing political groups arrived to promote their own programs for economic recovery. In Loup City, the People's Standard, edited by A. E. Brunsdon, endorsed local farmer and worker complaints.

Violence erupted in Loup City on June 14, 1934, after rumors spread that women poultry workers at the Fairmont Creamery plant might strike for higher wages. Ella Reeve "Mother" Bloor of the American Communist Party, and a group of associates then in Nebraska, organized a demonstration of support on the courthouse lawn. A march from there to the creamery and back culminated in a clash with local residents. The resulting jail sentences and fines levied upon Mother Bloor and others in her group marked the end of the attempt by the far left to organize farmers and workers in Nebraska.

Sherman County Historical Society Nebraska State Historical Society Marker 393

The Nebraska State Historical Society erected a historical marker along Nebraska Highway 58 at mile post 38.4 between Loup City and Rockville, it reads:

AUSTIN Austin was named in honor of Simeon Austin, a circuit rider. In 1877 Austin post office was established on the farm of Oliver S. Brown and continued until 1919. The Union Pacific Railroad arrived in 1886; the Austin siding was built halfway between Loup City and Rockville in 1902 and removed in 1985. Although it was never incorporated, Austin had a store, 1906-31; church, 1907- 46; blacksmith shop, 1916-19; stockyards and office; grain elevator; corn crib; coal bin; and several homes. Austin Irrigation functioned from 1913 to 1926. Picnics and ball games were held in a nearby grove.

District No. 2, the first rural school in Sherman County, was established on November 15, 1873. After 125 years of serving the Austin community it closed in June, 1998, after educating the last eligible student in the district. Austin was the last rural school to close in Sherman County and had been located on three different sites in three different buildings. All that remains of Austin today is the cemetery established in 1886, and located one mile southeast of here.

Sherman County Historical Society Nebraska State Historical Society Nebraska Highway 58, mile 38.4, between Loup City and Rockville Sherman County Marker 408

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.4 – 9 Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality Historic CUSTER COUNTY

A Nebraska State Historical Society Marker erected along Highway 2 at the City Park in Ansley reads:

ANSLEY - 1886-1986 In 1886 Ansley was platted in southeastern Custer County by the Lincoln Land Company, headed by R. O. Phillips. Ansley was named for Eliza J. Ansley, who invested in real estate there. The site was purchased from ranchman Anthony Walkinson. The Burlington and Missouri River Railroad (later the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy) reached the new settlement soon after it was founded. In 1986 approximately thirty-five Burlington Northern trains per day passed through Ansley.

Ansley was the first Nebraska town west of Grand Island to own a power plant and water system. The Ansley Electric Light and Power Company, built by C. J. Stevens, was incorporated September 20, 1892. Destroyed by fire in 1904, it was replaced by another power plant, which burned in 1910. The Municipal Light and Power System was completed in 1911. Ansley's waterworks company was organized and its facilities completed in 1893.

Ansley reached its peak population of 817 in 1930. In its centennial year of 1986 the town's more than 600 inhabitants continued to use the slogan applied to Ansley in 1916 by merchant William S. Mattley - "Push, that's Ansley."

Ansley Centennial Committee Nebraska State Historical Society Custer County Marker 308

Another Nebraska State Historical Society marker located at the Custer County Court House, on the north side of Nebraska Highway 2, explains the origin of the name of the town:

BROKEN BOW A discarded Indian bow suggested the name for a town. Wilson Hewitt, an early homesteader, had applied for the location of a post office on his place. Approving the location, the government rejected Hewitt's first three suggested names as being too similar to names previously approved. Remembering a broken bow recently found nearby, Hewitt then submitted the name "Broken Bow," which the Post Office Department readily approved.

This area was the center of what eventually came to be known as the “Sod House Frontier”. As homesteaders began to enter this largely treeless region, they made their first homes of prairie sod, which they cut into strips. Early churches, schools and some business places were also made of sod. Homesteaders used sod to construct corrals, henhouses, corn cribs, wind breaks, and even pig pens. One enterprising Custer County resident even

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constructed a full two storied sod house while others were usually a single story or story and a half.

As the region became more settled, Broken Bow grew, and in 1882 became the county seat of Custer County. That same year, Mr. Jess Gandy donated the sites for the county courthouse and for the city square.

Gen. Geo. A. Custer Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution Historical Land Mark Council Marker 45

The Nebraska State Historical Society erected a historical marker along Highway 2 northwest of Broken Bow, it reads:

THE NEBRASKA STATE GRANGE The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry was organized in Washington, D.C. in 1867. During the 1870's, it was the major voice of the American farmer and its social, educational, and fraternal activities brightened farm life. "Granger Laws", enacted by state governments, established the pattern for modern America's regulated free enterprise economy.

The Nebraska State Grange was organized in 1872, but errors in its cooperative ventures and the rise of the Farmers Alliance led to its decline. The Grange movement was re-established with the organization of Custer Center Grange near here in February, 1911. The State Grange was reorganized in Broken Bow, November, 1911. Local Granges have spread over the state and are noted for contributions to community life and sound farm policy. Custer Center Grange continues as the oldest Grange organization in Nebraska.

James D. Ream, the first Master of both the Custer Center and Nebraska State Granges, was one of Nebraska's leading agricultural pioneers. One of the first settlers in this valley in 1880, he developed his homestead into the beautiful Cedar Lawn Farm.

Nebraska State Grange, 1967 Historical Land Mark Council Marker 59

The Nebraska Historical Society placed a historic marker in Custer County marking Custer County’s first courthouse that was moved to Callaway. The marker reads:

CUSTER COUNTY'S FIRST COURTHOUSE Custer County, named in memory of General George Armstrong Custer, was organized July 27, 1877. Frontiersmen and pioneer ranchers had been living in the area since 1872. Earlier soldiers from Fort McPherson and settlers from the Platte River counties had regularly made hunting expeditions here, for its river valleys were noted feeding grounds for deer, elk, and antelope.

The log ranch house of Milo F. Young, then located in Section 23, Township 15N, Range 22W, was designated as the temporary county seat.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.4 – 11 Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality Historic Built in 1876, it officially served as the county courthouse for seven years, though most of the county records were kept in the homes of the officials. In it, on December 17, 1880, were held the hearings which lead to the Olive-Fisher trial for the lynching of Mitchell and Ketchum, one of history's most noted feuds between ranchers and homesteaders.

The log house continued to serve as a private residence for many years but was finally abandoned. At the request of several community organizations in 1933, the Young estate donated the house to the village of Callaway, and it was moved here to Morgan Park.

Seven Valleys Historical Society Nebraska State Historical Society 1 block north of Kimball Avenue, Morgan Park, Callaway. Custer County Marker 134

The Nebraska Historical Society placed a historic marker on Highway 70 and 183 west of Westerville. The marker reads:

WESTERVILLE 1880-1980 Westerville, nestled in picturesque Clear Creek Valley, was the first town in Custer County. This location was previously known as Elm Bridge.

Westerville was named for James H. Westervelt on whose land the town site was platted August 11, 1880. The town became an important early trade center after pioneer families, both black and white, homesteaded here during the 1870's.

Westerville had many firsts in Custer County - the first frame church, the Methodist, whose bell echoed across the valley; the first newspaper, The Custer Leader, and the first doctor, lawyer, banker, monument cutter, and general stores. A sod house, hotel, blacksmith shop, livery barn, and flour mill aided early development. The County Agricultural Society was organized here and held the first two county fairs in Westerville, 1881- 1882. The first county teachers institute also convened here.

Westerville was bypassed as the county seat and, when the railroad was built farther south in 1886, the town gradually declined. After 100 years, the village is an active community center which remains proud of its heritage. The modern farms which dot the peaceful valley pay tribute to the courage and perseverance of Westerville's early pioneers who now rest in the cemetery overlooking the village.

Westerville Centennial Committee Nebraska State Historical Society Marker 248

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THOMAS COUNTY

The Historical Land Mark Council has recognized the significance of the Sandhills and placed a historical marker near the junctions of Nebraska Highway 2 and US Highway 83, two miles east of Thedford. It reads as follows:

THE SANDHILLS The Sandhills, Nebraska's most unique physiographic feature, covers about one-fourth of the state. The sandy soil acts like a giant sponge, soaking up rain and forming a vast underground reservoir. Hundreds of permanent lakes are found here. However, the same sandy soil makes the area unsuitable for cultivation. Grasses flourish, making the Sandhills ideal cattle country.

Although the Sandhills were long considered "an irreclaimable desert," cattlemen had begun to discover the Sandhills' potential as range land by the early 1870's. Huge ranches were established here.

Unsuccessful attempts at farming were made in the Sandhills region in the late 1870's and again around 1890. The Kinkaid Act of 1904 allowed homesteaders to claim a full section of land, rather than the quarter- section previously allowed. Nearly nine million acres were successfully claimed by "Kinkaiders" between 1910 and 1917. Some of the Kinkaiders attempted to farm, but most of these attempts failed. Many of the largest ranches broke up about the same time due to regulations against fencing federal range. Today the Sandhills contain many ranches, but none so large as those of the past.

Historical Land Mark Council Nebraska Highway 2 & US Highway 83, east of Thedford Thomas County Marker 63

SHERIDAN COUNTY

SPADE RANCH Twenty miles northeast of here is Spade Ranch headquarters, a National Register of Historic Places site. In Ellsworth are the business offices (built c. 1890) and home (built 1902) of cattleman Bartlett Richards (1862- 1911), a Vermont native. Richards, brothers De Forest and Jarvis, Will Comstock, Charles Jameson, and others began assembling the Spade about 1888. By 1900 its range comprised some 500,000 acres, principally in the most rugged Sandhill areas of Sheridan and Cherry counties. Much of the land was in public domain subject to homesteading. Farmers who tried to cultivate Sandhill homesteads usually failed, and in the 1890s the Spade illegally fenced the almost uninhabited land, drilled wells, introduced Hereford cattle, constructed trails, and built telephone lines to ranches and towns.

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Spade acreage shrank after 1905, when Richards pleaded guilty to fencing government land. After unsuccessful federal court appeals from a 1906 land-conspiracy conviction, Richards was imprisoned for one year at Hastings, where he died, age 49. Today the core of the Spade is owned by the Bixby’s, associates of Richards since 1908. That the ranges remain cattle country today attests to the vision of early Sandhill ranchers.

Sandhills Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution Nebraska State Historical Society Hwy. 27 in Ellsworth Sheridan County Marker 283

If you travel north of Ellsworth on Highway 27 you will drive past the Mari Sandoz marker placed there by the Nebraska State Historical Society. It reads as follows:

MARI SANDOZ 1896-1966 This is the country of Mari Sandoz, historian, novelist, teacher, who brought its history and its people to life in her many books, articles and stories. She was born in Sheridan County, Nebraska. Although she lived much of her life in the East, she is buried here in her own West.

Mari Sandoz was first famed for Old Jules (1935), the story of her father and other settlers who came to the upper Niobrara region in the late nineteenth century. Her greatest achievement is the series of six related books on life as it developed with Indian and white men in the trans- Missouri country: The Beaver Men, Crazy Horse, Cheyenne Autumn, The Buffalo Hunters, The Cattlemen and Old Jules. In these and a dozen other volumes she presented the drama of man on the Great Plains more completely, accurately and vividly than anyone before her had done.

Mari Sandoz was internationally known as a chronicler of the West and as an expert on Indian history. Her own aim was to understand all of life by understanding this one part of it: how man shaped the Plains country, and how it shaped him.

Nebraska Centennial Commission Historical Land Mark Council Sheridan County Marker 85

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Reminding people of past important resources, the marker along Highway 2 at Antioch tells about the potash industry and how it helped the farm industry during WWI. It reads as follows:

ANTIOCH: POTASH BOOM-TOWN For a few years, the Antioch vicinity was one of the most important potash-producing regions in the nation. Antioch grew from a small village to a town of about 2,000. When the First World War broke out, the United States was cut off from European sources of potash, which was a component of fertilizer used in the cotton belt. Two University of Nebraska graduates in chemistry developed a method for separating potash from the alkaline lakes of the Nebraska Sand Hills. Large-scale production began in 1916. The potash-producing brine was pumped from the lakes to reduction plants near the railroads. By the spring of 1918, five plants were in operation in this vicinity. Nebraska potash was used in the manufacture of fertilizer, Epsom salts, soda, and other products.

With the end of the war, importation of foreign potash resumed. Because French and German potash could be produced more cheaply than the Nebraska product, the Nebraska potash boom collapsed. The last Antioch plant closed in 1921. Today, the ruins of reduction plants and pumping stations bear mute testimony to the activity which once made Antioch a major potash production center.

Sheridan County Historical Society Nebraska State Historical Society Hwy #2, west of Antioch Sheridan County Marker 213

BOX BUTTE COUNTY

A marker east of Alliance near the junction of Highway 2 and the Airport Road discusses the airfield and the training of aircrews for WWII. It reads as follows:

ALLIANCE ARMY AIR FIELD In the spring of 1942, the U.S. Army selected a site one mile south of here for an airfield. The dry climate and open landscape afforded ideal flying conditions. Ample water, cheap land, and Alliance's new power plant, new hospital, and railroad division point were other attractions. Five thousand construction workers descended upon Alliance, population 6,669, creating a housing shortage. By July four 9,000-foot runways had been completed.

The 31,489-acre field's primary mission was to train aircrews of C-47 and C-53 transports and CG-4 gliders, along with the airborne troops they would carry into battle. The field contained some 775 buildings and housed 12,500 military personnel at its September 1943 peak. The 411th Base Headquarters Squadron, 403rd and 434th Troop Carrier Groups, 326th Glider Infantry, 507th Parachute Infantry, and 878th Airborne

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The field was declared surplus in December 1945, and most buildings were sold. Part of the field was transferred to Alliance for use as an airport.

Alliance Army Air Base Memorial Committee Nebraska State Historical Society Nebraska 2, Airport Road, Alliance Box Butte County Marker 416

BURLINGTON LOCOMOTIVE 719 By the mid-1880s the Sandhills had become an important cattle-raising region. The extension of the Burlington and Missouri Railroad westward through the Sandhills in 1877-1888 made ranching more profitable by making more accessible eastern markets. By 1888 the Burlington had reached burgeoning Alliance, planned as a railroad junction and named by B & M engineer, J. N. Paul. Material for building the Belmont Tunnel (about 30 miles northwestward), supplies for the Newcastle, Wyoming, coal mines, and equipment for grading camps on the line between Alliance to Newcastle were freighted overland from Alliance while it served as the Burlington's western terminus.

Locomotive Number 719, built at the Havelock, Nebraska, shops about 1903, was used for most of its half century of service on the Burlington's Alliance Division. Late in its career 719 was used on the Sterling, Colorado, to Cheyenne, Wyoming, branch line. Representative of the steam-power era of railroading, it was one of the K-4 locomotives, mainline passenger types, built at Havelock. The 86-ton engine, donated by C B & Q to the city of Alliance in 1962 and refurbished by Burlington Northern volunteers, is now located on land donated to Alliance by John D. Nielsen.

Alliance Area Chamber of Commerce Nebraska State Historical Society Diamond Hill Park, RR 2 on Hwy. 2, Alliance Box Butte County Marker 268

BOX BUTTE COUNTRY A flat-topped hill to the southeast was named Box Butte by early cowboys and travelers. This area is part of the Box Butte Tableland, semi-arid short grass country that stretches far to the west.

Box Butte has given its name to the creek that flows near its base, a village, and the county where it is located. It served as a landmark for miners and freighters to the Black Hills during the gold rush of the 1870's. Box Butte City was founded east of here in the mid-1880s. A cluster of sod and frame buildings housed a post office, grocery and drug store, land

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.4 – 16 Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality Historic locator's office, livery barn, hotel, restaurant, two blacksmith shops, and a cream station. A small sod church was built west of the village. The town died when the post office was discontinued in 1910 and only the pioneer graves remain.

Box Butte County was created in 1886 from lands in Dawes County. Heavy advertising campaigns by the railroads spurred its early growth. The Kinkaid Act of 1904 increased the size of homesteads from 160 to 640 acres and aided in the economic recovery of the county following the depression and drought of the 1890's. The landmark remains as a rugged memorial to those hardy pioneers who settled "Box Butte Country".

Box Butte County Historical Society Nebraska State Historical Society US 385, 16 miles north of Alliance - Box Butte County Marker 146

HEMINGFORD The site of Hemingford was first settled by Canadian immigrants in the summer of 1885. A town company was organized in 1886 and land was sold to the Lincoln Land Company which formally platted the town site. The cluster of frame and sod buildings was named in honor of Hemmings Ford, the Settlers' former home.

Much of Hemingford's early history involved the location of the Box Butte County seat. After the county was created from southern Dawes County in 1886, the courthouse was built in rival Nonpareil. Later in an 1890 election, Hemingford secured the prize with the backing of the Lincoln Land Company which wished to promote the community's growth. County offices remained here until 1899 when voters designated Alliance the permanent county seat in still another bitterly-fought election. The courthouse was moved on the Burlington railroad from Hemingford to Alliance.

This area became noted for the production of alfalfa seed and potatoes. In 1930, 1,893 carloads of potatoes were shipped from Hemingford and the town was known as the "Potato Capital of the World". Today Hemingford remains an important agricultural center for the northern panhandle.

Kute Kookies 4-H Club Nebraska State Historical Society in Hemingford Box Butte County Marker 192

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.4 – 17 Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality Historic The following entries are all of the National Register of Historic Places in the counties that the Byway, Nebraska Highway 2 passes through:

HALL COUNTY

Grand Island FCC Monitoring Station [HL00-001] Listed 1973/01/16 Located near Grand Island, this was the first monitoring station constructed for the exclusive use of the Federal Radio Commission (later the Federal Communications Commission), authorized in an act approved February 23, 1927. The main station building was constructed from plans and specifications prepared by the U. S. Navy. Groundbreaking ceremonies were held in October 1929.

Mrs. H. J. Bartenbach House [HL06-052] Listed 1986/12/08 Located at 720 West Division in Grand Island, the house is a distinct and significant example of a Nebraska dwelling designed in the Moderne style of the 1930’s, a style never widely popular in the state. The original house, a one-story Victorian dwelling constructed in 1893 for H. J. Bartenbach, was redesigned by local architect Gordon Shattuck in 1937- 38 for Mrs. Bartenbach, giving the house its present appearance. Distinctive interior spaces include the open stairway and landing area, which features a newel post and balustrade of Modernistic design utilizing chromed rods and railings.

Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary [HL06-004] Listed 1982/07/15

Better known as St. Mary's Cathedral, the structure is located at 204 South Cedar Street in Grand Island. St. Mary’s is one of the finest Late Gothic Revival churches in the state, constructed in 1926-28 to the designs of architects Henry W. Brinkman and J. Stanley Hagan of Emporia, Kansas. The interior of the large sandstone church features a Gothic detailed main altar of white Italian marble.

Evangelische Lutherische Dreinenigkeit Kirche (Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church Complex) [HL06-009] Listed 1986/12/04

512 East Second Street, Grand Island. Plans for the Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church were adopted in 1890, but construction did not begin until 1894. Brothers William and Jacob Scheffel, members of the congregation, were the primary builders. Born in Sulzfeld, Germany, the brothers learned the trade of masonry and stonecutting there. The church, the key building in the complex, is an excellent example of the Romanesque Revival style and is one of Nebraska's outstanding examples of small town stone church architecture. Trinity Church reflects subtle

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.4 – 18 Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality Historic influences of German church architecture, primarily evident in its form, the cross shape, a favorite style among Germans. The complex also includes a frame school and parsonage.

Glade-Donald House [HL06-076] Listed 1985/09/12

1004 West Division Street, Grand Island. The Glade-Donald House is a distinctive example of the Shingle style. The house is completely sheathed with wooden shingles, and incorporates many bay and oriel windows, including two prominent bow windows on the front facade. The house was built about 1905 by Henry Glade and remodeled by Lawrence Donald in 1918 and by John Donald in 1934. Russell Rohrer of Hastings was the decorator in the 1934 remodeling and created a very formalized and rich interior, with velvets, elaborate wallpapers, chandeliers, and other imported goods. All three owners were prominent businessmen in Grand Island. Glade was the founder of the Henry Glade Milling Company, and brothers Lawrence and John Donald established the Donald Company, a leading dry goods and grocery firm that served Nebraska and surrounding states for over fifty years. The property also includes a garage/servants' residence built in 1923, which originally provided quarters for the butler and his wife.

Grand Island United States Post Office and Courthouse [HL06-018] Listed 2006/02/14

This federally owned building in Grand Island had two construction phases. The original building was constructed in 1908-1910. Grand Island's continued growth necessitated construction of an addition that occurred between 1933 and 1935. The Grand Island U.S. Post Office and Courthouse has served the community as a U.S. Post Office, Courthouse, and other government offices from the time of its opening to the present. This building is a symbol of the community's development and is a landmark in the downtown commercial district.

Grand Island Carnegie Library [HL06-002] Listed 1975/05/02

321 West Second Street, Grand Island. In February 1902, the library board and the city council of Grand Island proposed a new public library. In April a $20,000 grant was obtained from Andrew Carnegie. Designed by the architectural firm of Tyler and Son of Lincoln, Nebraska, the library is a notable example of the Neo-Classical Revival style.

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Grand Island Senior High School (Walnut School) [HL06-126] Listed 1999/11/22

500 Walnut Street. The Grand Island Senior High School is important for its contribution to educational development during significant periods of growth in this community. Constructed in 1924-25 as a senior high school, it served that purpose until the fall of 1955 when it became Walnut Junior High School.

Hall County Courthouse [HL06-001] Listed 1977/09/15

First and Locust, Grand Island. Designed by architect Thomas Rogers Kimball, the Hall County Courthouse is an outstanding example of the Beaux-Arts style, one of the few examples of the style in Nebraska. The building has served county government in Hall County since its completion in 1904.

Hamilton-Donald House [HL06-049] Listed 1986/03/13

520 West Second Street, Grand Island. The house was constructed by Henry Falldorf in 1905 for Ellsworth D. Hamilton, cashier of the Commercial State Bank of Grand Island. In 1908 Hamilton sold the property to John Donald, one of the two brothers who established the Donald Company (see Glade-Donald House). The house is an outstanding example of the Neo-Classical Revival style and incorporates a full height portico in its design.

Andrew M. Hargis House [HL06-087] Listed 1978/06/09

1109 West Second Street, Grand Island. Built in 1898, the Andrew M. Hargis House is a fine example of the Queen Anne style and also incorporates Neo-Classical Revival detailing in its design. Hargis founded the Grand Island Business and Normal College in 1885. The house has been owned by the Grand Island Woman's Club since 1953.

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Heinrich Giese House [HL06-705] Listed 2006/07/26

Located in Grand Island, the Giese House had several stages of construction from 1863 to 1877. This gabled-ell residence is a T-shaped, one-and-one-half-story log, adobe, and frame structure with a cross-gabled roof. The Heinrich Giese House is significant as an artifact of Nebraska's settlement era.

Hotel Yancey [HL06-014] Listed 1984/12/13

123 North Locust Street, Grand Island. Named for its proprietor, William L. Yancey, the hotel was begun in April 1917, financed by the Bankers Realty Investment Company of Omaha, Nebraska, for the North American Hotel Company. The company was building a chain of hotels in Nebraska, Iowa, and Kansas towns, accessible to the railroad depots and business districts. This "chain concept" permitted a standardization of service, bulk purchase of supplies, quantity discounts, and lower costs to the consumer. From its opening in 1923, the Yancey was the center of social and political activity for Grand Island. An early twentieth century high-rise structure, the Yancey illustrates the Renaissance Revival style. Due to the development of motels, a decline in railroad trade, and the building of shopping malls away from the downtown business district, the hotel closed in December, 1982. The building has been rehabilitated for commercial and residential use.

Lee Huff Apartment Complex [HL06-164] Listed 1994/07/01

213–215-½ South Walnut Street, 324 West Koenig, and 316–318-½ West Koenig, Grand Island. The Lee Huff Apartment Complex is an excellent example of a multiple-dwelling complex that incorporates both an apartment building (constructed in 1928) and two flats (constructed in 1920-21). Apartment buildings and flats were popular forms of multi- family housing during the early twentieth century. These apartments/flats were ubiquitous property types in large urban centers such as Omaha (pop. 191,600 - 1920 and 214,000 - 1930), but rare for a community the size of Grand Island (pop. 14,000 - 1920 and 18,000 - 1930) in the 1920s.

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Liederkranz [HL06-008] Listed 1978/11/30

In 1870 German settlers met to organize a German singing society or "Liederkranz" to provide musical and social entertainment and to cultivate the members' musical talents. The brick building, constructed in 1911-12, was designed by architect Oscar Kirche, a Liederkranz member, and reflects influences of the Neo-Classical Revival style. The hall, located at 401 West First Street in Grand Island has long been a community meeting place, an auditorium for civic activities, and a polling place. This organization is the only known Liederkranz in Nebraska.

Roeser-Gartner House [HL06-059] Listed 1982/06/25

721 West Koenig Street, Grand Island. Also known as the Oscar Roeser House, it was built in 1908 by Henry H. Falldorf following the plans of architect Thomas Rogers Kimball. It is a unique example of German- American architecture executed in the Neo-Classical Revival style. Roeser was a prominent Grand Island businessman and civic leader.

William Stolley Homestead and Site of Fort Independence [HL00- 026] Listed 1976/04/21

William Stolley was one of a small band of German immigrants who came to the central Platte Valley of Nebraska Territory in 1857. Stolley filed the first squatter's claim in the county. He helped organize School District 1 in Hall County and served as a director for many years. He also helped organize the State Grange and promoted tree planting. In 1927 the Nebraska Legislature designated the farmstead as Stolley State Park. The homestead, near present-day Grand Island, includes the William Stolley house, a one-and-one-half-story log dwelling constructed in 1858-59; the frame school building erected in 1869-70; and a reconstructed log house. The property also includes the site of Fort Independence, a fortification erected by citizens during the Indian war of 1864.

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Townsley-Murdock Immigrant Trail Site [HL00-149] Listed 1998/03/05

The Townsley-Murdock Immigrant Trail Site, located near the town of Alda has Euro American and Native American components. The Euro American component comprises several surface and subsurface historic archeological features including trail ruts, dwellings, and sawmill. The trail ruts have good integrity. Buried features such as structure floors, and cellars and outhouses represent migration and settlement from the 1850s to 1860s. The Native American component is likely to retain subsurface scatters of bone, broken ceramic vessels, stone tools, and hearth features. Based on current research, there is a good possibility that this was a hunting ground campsite. The area has never been plowed and possesses a high degree of physical integrity.

HOWARD COUNTY

Columbia Hall [HW04-056] Listed 2005/07/22

Located in Dannebrog, Columbia Hall is an irregular-shaped two-story brick building constructed in 1908. Columbia Hall is significant for its association with the Danish Brotherhood in America (DBA) an important organization originally designed to help Danish immigrants adjust to life in the United States. Columbia Hall is an excellent example of a building used by this organization. The hall is especially important to Dannebrog because of the community's strong Danish culture and heritage.

BUFFALO COUNTY

Sweetwater Mill Bridge [BF00-064] Listed 1992/06/29

In November 1908, the Buffalo County Board of Supervisors adopted bridge plans prepared by the Standard Bridge Company as the county standards. The board awarded an annual bridge construction contract to Standard two months later, purchasing numerous small-scale bridges from the Omaha-based firm throughout 1909. Among the structures ordered in May was this eighty-foot pinned pony truss over Mud Creek in Beaver Township. Located at the Sweetwater Mill near the county's northern edge, the truss replaced an earlier bridge at this location, using the existing stringer approaches on both sides of the channel span in conjunction with new H-shaped steel pile bent supports for the truss. Standard completed the bridge later in 1909, using steel components

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 3.4 – 23 Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality Historic rolled by Illinois Steel Company. Although the pinned pony truss of the Sweetwater Bridge is unremarkable as a typical example of a relatively common structural type, the bridge is significant as one of the earliest and best preserved examples remaining in the state of an original Standard Bridge Company built-up H-pile substructure.

SHERMAN COUNTY

Sweetwater Archeological Site [25-SM-04] Listed 1974/07/29

Sweetwater is the type site of the Itskari Phase, a prehistoric Plains Village culture occupying the Loup River basin from the early thirteenth century through the mid-fifteenth century. It includes the remains of earth lodges, storage pits and trash deposits covering a forty-acre tributary creek terrace several miles from the South Loup River near the present- day town of Sweetwater. The Itskari Phase is thought to be the progenitor of Pawnee culture.

Ellie Mae Site [25-SM-20] Listed 2002/02/12 Located in Sherman County, the site is an Itskari Phase hamlet, and contains a minimum of five intact pit houses and four exterior pits. The site represents one of the best preserved Itskari Phase hamlets known in central Nebraska.

Frederick Hotel [SM04-031] Listed 2002/10/16

810 O Street in Loup City. Constructed in 1913 the Frederick Hotel is significant for its association with the commercial development of Loup City and the building boom of second-generation hotels that was occurring statewide during the first quarter of the twentieth century. The hotels built during this period, as exemplified by the Frederick, were multistory, brick buildings that offered the most modern conveniences and catered especially to businessmen who traveled on the railroad. Aside from providing pleasant quarters for travelers, the new hotels became the symbols of prospering communities with a bright future. For this reason, towns and cities of all sizes thought it was important to showcase a "modern" hotel as an indication of their prominent standing in the state. It is within this context the importance of the Frederick Hotel is realized.

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Sherman County Courthouse [SM04-135] Listed 1990/01/10

630 O Street, Loup City. Sherman County was organized in 1873 during a period of pronounced settlement in the state. Loup City was selected as county seat and a courthouse was built the following year. However, it burned down the day it was completed. A brick courthouse was constructed in 1878. In 1919 residents passed a measure to levy a special tax to fund the construction of a new courthouse. Work began the following year and in 1921 the Beaux Arts courthouse opened.

CUSTER COUNTY

Mason City School [CU11-029] Listed 2006/03/02

Constructed in 1935 this school in Mason City is a two-story brick veneer building designed in the Colonial Revival style. Its architectural importance is complimented by its significance for its association with education in Nebraska as well as its connection to public works projects of the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, a federally sponsored program established during the Great Depression.

Wescott, Gibbons, and Bragg's Store [CU07-004] Listed 1978/01/31

Main Street, Comstock. The store building is an outstanding example of the typical frame, false-front commercial building erected in Nebraska towns during the late nineteenth century. Constructed in 1888 as a general store in Wescott by Walter Wescott, founder of the town, the store was moved across the Middle Loup River in 1900 to the newly established railroad town of Comstock. In the new location Wescott, along with his partners, son-in-law E. C. Gibbons and Charles D. Bragg, established a thriving business in one of the few trading centers in the Sandhills. In 1912 an addition was made to house the Comstock City Pharmacy.

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William R. Dowse House [CU00-051] Listed 1986/12/01

The Dowse Sod House, located near Comstock, was built in 1900, utilizing sod "bricks" for wall construction. In 1924 wood-frame wings were added. The technology of sod construction facilitated settlement in the Plains, where traditional building materials were unavailable. Perhaps nowhere was the technology more important than in central Nebraska. “Soddies” came to characterize Plains settlement, and while literally hundreds were built, only a few survived the ravages of time. The Dowse Sod House, recently stabilized as a project of the family and the community, is an excellent example of the sod house phenomenon.

First Custer County Courthouse [CU06-008] Listed 1990/01/10

Pacific Street and Cameron Avenue, Callaway. Custer County was organized in 1877 when the governor designated the county seat to be located on the Milo Young ranch, which was in the southwest part of the county. The first courthouse was a log building on the ranch that was constructed the previous year. The log courthouse suited the needs of the sparsely populated county in the early settlement years, but with increased settlement came an interest in a more centrally located county seat. In an 1883 election, Broken Bow, which was nearer the county's geographic center, won the county seat contest. The first Custer County courthouse continued to be used as a house for the Young family for years, but by 1933 was in disrepair and abandoned. Residents of Callaway worked to preserve the old courthouse. Led by civic organizations, they secured approval from Milo Young's heirs in 1933 to move, rehabilitate, preserve, and reuse the log building. It is currently a museum.

Arrow Hotel [CU05-054] Listed 1985/09/12

509 South Ninth Street, Broken Bow. The Arrow Hotel, built in 1928, immediately became the social center for Broken Bow and the surrounding area. As an example of a major hotel in a small town setting, and with its stylistic association with the Prairie style, it is an important architectural landmark. John Latenser and Sons, a prominent Omaha firm, served as the architect for both the original building and the 1931 addition.

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Custer County Courthouse and Jail [CU05-056] Listed 1979/04/19

The Custer County Courthouse and Jail, located in Broken Bow, were built in 1911-12 and in 1914 respectively, and represent fine interpretations of Neo-Classicism. They were designed by Omaha architect John Latenser. The courthouse was one of central Nebraska's earliest fireproof structures.

Broken Bow Carnegie Library [CU05-061] Listed 1998/03/05

255 South Tenth Street. The Broken Bow Ladies Library Association, formed in 1885, began collecting books for a public library. Initially, the books that formed the library were rotated among the homes of the association's members and various businesses in the area. Eventually, the Library Association purchased a building to house their collection, and finally located the library in the City Hall. In 1914 the Carnegie Foundation approved the library board's request for $10,000 for a new building. The one-story brick building with a raised basement was constructed in 1915-16.

Security State Bank Building [CU05-066] Listed 1987/11/30

Located at 403 South Ninth Street in Broken Bow, the one-story concrete and terra cotta building is a simplified version of the Renaissance Revival style. It is an excellent example of an early twentieth-century Nebraska banking house and is remarkably intact, complete with many of the original 1915 furnishings. The bank operated as the Security State Bank until 1985 and is currently used as the Custer Foundation.

Broken Bow Commercial Square Historic District [CU05] Listed 2006/11/21

Commercial growth in Broken Bow centered on the public square shortly after the town was platted in 1882. Since its development, the district has remained the core of commercial activities in the community. The district contains a collection of intact late nineteenth and early to mid- twentieth century commercial buildings that reflect Broken Bow's growth and development.

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Brenizer Library [CU12-006] Listed 2007/07/03

Constructed in 1917 the Brenizer Library is located in Merna. The building is important for its association with the promotion of education in Merna and the surrounding area. The Brenizer Library is also architecturally significant. Built in the Prairie Style with Classical Revival elements it retains a high degree of historic integrity.

Benjamin and Mary Kellenbarger House [CU12-011] Listed 2007/07/03

Located in Merna, the B.W. Kellenbarger House was constructed in 1906. This Queen Anne style house is generally a rectangular shaped, one-and- one-half-story frame structure with a cross-gabled roof. The one-story wrap-around porch has Tuscan columns and a spindled rail. The Kellenbarger House is significant as a fine example of the Queen Anne style of architecture in Nebraska.

St. Anselm's Catholic Church, Rectory and Parish Hall [CU01-001, 002 and 003] Listed 2008/3/12

St. Anselm's Catholic Church, Rectory and Parish Hall are three architecturally significant buildings. The three buildings together illustrate the importance of religion to the Catholic community in and around Anselmo, both through the scale and elaboration of their design and the care with which they have been preserved. These buildings were not built without effort and sacrifice on the part of the community. Also known as the Cathedral of the Sandhills, the church itself is a striking example of the Late Gothic Revival style, featuring Tudor arched doors and window openings with Gothic windows within. The rectory is an elegantly built Craftsman style house with just enough elements of the Gothic style from the church adjacent to indicate that they are a matched set. The parish hall, once the church, was a lovely example of a hall form church of no particular style. A bit of elaboration had been added to the building through the addition of fish scale shingles under the gable on the front façade and the arched entry above the door, however, the building was always simple and its form followed its function.

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BLAINE COUNTY

A Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey completed for Blaine County in 1989 lists several properties potentially eligible for the National Register of Historic Places.

St. John’s Lutheran Church [BL00-008] in rural northeast Blaine County is a hall-type frame church constructed in 1948 with a nearby parsonage of the same era. They are significant for their role as the focal point of religious worship in the “German Valley” of northern Blaine County. The auditorium [BL02-004] in Dunning was selected as notable in the historic context of recreation, sports and entertainment. The large gambrel-roofed auditorium was constructed in 1938 as a Works Progress Administration (WPA) project.

The Home State Bank [BL02-001] in Dunning is a one story brick building considered potentially significant as a representative of early twentieth- century financial services.

THOMAS COUNTY

Bessey Nursery [TM00-001] Listed 1978/05/24

Located near Halsey, the Bessey Nursery, as originally established, comprised of fifteen acres of land south of the Middle Loup River and included a two-story headquarters building, mess hall, barn, and shop building. The nursery was created in 1903 to produce seedling trees for planting on the Dismal River Forest Preserve, which later became the Nebraska National Forest. It was the first federal forest tree nursery and was developed by the U.S. Bureau of Forestry, which later became the Forest Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Originally called the Halsey Nursery, the name was changed in 1915 in honor of Dr. Charles E. Bessey, former professor of botany at the University of Nebraska.

HOOKER COUNTY

Humphrey Archeological Site [25-HO-21] Listed 1974/01/21

Briefly, from about A.D. 1675 to 1725, portions of the Sand Hills were settled by Apache related to groups in western Kansas and northern New Mexico. These people, known as the Dismal River Culture, established villages such as the Humphrey Site along major streams draining the Sand Hills. The Humphrey Site, located near the present-day town of

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Mullen, is one of only two in the Sand Hills providing firm evidence of aboriginal corn cultivation.

Kelso Site [25-HO-23] Listed 1974/01/21

Kelso is located on a sand dune overlooking the Middle Loup River near the town of Mullen. It is important as a rare example of a little known Woodland culture of the Sand Hills, Panhandle, and eastern Colorado dating A.D. 500-1100.

Hooker County Courthouse [HO02-010] Listed 1990/01/10

In 1889 county residents successfully petitioned to organize the county, and elections were held the same year. Mullen was selected as the county seat. The first courthouse was a small one-story wood frame building constructed in 1889. In 1911 the county residents passed a bond issue to finance a new courthouse. Construction began the following year and in September 1912 the county board formally accepted the new courthouse.

SHERIDAN COUNTY

Spade Ranch [SH00-030] Listed 1980/02/28

Spade Ranch is located in the Sandhills of northwestern Nebraska on a tract of land in Sheridan and Cherry counties in the vicinity of Ellsworth. The ranch includes numerous buildings and structures, including the log cookhouse built in 1879; bunkhouses that were used by the hired hands; the 1889 horse barn; calving sheds; breaking pens; and various corral areas. Bartlett Richards purchased the Spade Ranch from Bennett Irwin in 1888. Richards and Will Comstock, also involved in many of the ranch's affairs, were instrumental in recognizing the importance of the Sandhills as grazing land. Because of Richards' conviction for illegal fencing of public lands and because of his untimely death while serving a jail sentence, the vast Spade "empire" has become a legend in the history of cattle ranching in the Great Plains.

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Antioch Potash Plants [SH00-002] Listed 1979/05/16

Prior to World War I, the United States was importing nearly a million tons of potash annually from Germany for use as fertilizer. Following the outbreak of war potash prices rose due to a halt in the flow of imports. Several companies were chartered to extract potash from domestic alkali lakes in the Sandhills. The ruins of the Antioch potash plants survive as reminders of this short-lived boom industry.

By 1918 five companies were in operation to extract potash by evaporating lake water and collecting the potash-rich residue. Major plant components included: solar or wind powered tower evaporators, concrete reservoirs, large steel steam evaporators, dryers, crushers, warehouses, railroad trestles, and a variety of shops and houses to provide for the needs of employees. By early 1920, Germany was once more selling potash to the United States for about one-half the cost of the domestic product. By the end of the year all Nebraska potash plants were closed and they never reopened.

BOX BUTTE COUNTY

Alliance Commercial Historic District [BX01] Listed 2007/3/21

The Alliance Commercial Historic District is historically significant as a prominent commercial center that played a vital role in the settlement of the community and the surrounding area. The district retains the character and the sense of time and place that characterized Alliance from the late 1800s into the mid-1900s.

Box Butte County Courthouse [BX01-063] Listed 1990/01/10

Box Butte County was established in 1887. Following cantankerous debates and disputed elections, Alliance became the county seat in 1899. By 1912 the residents believed the original courthouse had outlived its usefulness and needed to be replaced. After passing a bond issue to cover the construction costs, the new courthouse was built in 1913. Designed by the Kansas City architectural firm of Rose and Peterson in the Beaux Arts style the courthouse continues to display good integrity.

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Alliance Central Park Fountain [BX01-067] Listed 1990/11/28

The Alliance Central Park Fountain was constructed in 1935 by Works Progress Administration and city parks department crews. It is historically significant as an electrically powered, colored-light fountain. The fountain, first activated during Alliance's "Stampede Days" celebration in June 1935, was in continuous use during the summer months until the mid-1970s when it fell into disrepair. In 1989, however, money was raised to restore the fountain. The restoration did not change the historic appearance of the octagonal concrete structure.

Credit is given to the Nebraska State Historical Society website, www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/markers/indes.htm for the information listed regarding the State Historical Markers.

Credit is given to the Nebraska State Historical Society website, www.nebraskahistory.org/histpres/Nebraska/indes.htm for the information listed regarding the National Register of Historic Places.

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Chapter 3.5 Intrinsic Qualities - Recreation & Attractions

Recreational Intrinsic Quality involves outdoor recreation activities directly associated with and dependent upon the natural and cultural elements of the corridor’s landscape. The recreational activities provide opportunities for active and passive recreational experiences. They include - but are not limited to - downhill skiing, rafting, boating, fishing, and hiking. Driving the road itself may qualify as a pleasurable recreational experience. The recreational activities may be seasonal, but the quality and importance of the recreational activities as seasonal operations must be well recognized.

Known for the wide open spaces, the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway region offers a large variety of recreational opportunities, mostly involving outdoor activities. The history of the Sandhills, the communities and the people of the Sandhills can also be attributed to important reasons why visitors come to this area.

OUTDOOR RECREATION

People traveling the Byway will find the following activities available for them and their families:

• Bird Watching • Stargazing • Wildlife & Nature Viewing • Horseback Riding • Nature Walks • Working-Guest Ranches • Photography • ATV (All Terrain Vehicle) Trails • Hunting • Golfing • Fishing • Swimming • Canoeing & Kayaking • Shooting Sports • Tanking • Cultural Activities (rodeos, brandings, cattle drives, tractor pulls, ethnic festivals) • Nebraska National Forest & Nebraska State 4-H Camp near Halsey • Just a short drive off the Byway visitors can enjoy the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge and the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge, both prime areas for hunting, fishing, birding and wildlife observation.

BIRD-WATCHING

When it comes to bird watching, the possibilities for memorable experiences are endless. From the Sandhill cranes and shorebird migration to the plentiful opportunities to view birds that live here all year, bird watchers will have hours of enjoyment.

Over 10 million ducks and geese stop in the North America Central Flyway region of Nebraska that includes the Platte River valley which is the eastern portion of the Byway.

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Several celebrations, tours, informational workshops, and other viewing opportunities are offered to visitors during the migration season.

The American Bird Conservancy, a non-profit organization dedicated to the conservation of wild birds and their habits in the Americas, described the Nebraska Sandhills as the “best grassland bird place in the United States.”

The following monthly bird viewing opportunity list is made available by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission:

January – Look for mallards and Canada geese if there is an early thaw. Bald and golden eagles frequent the basins even when the water is still frozen. Prairie falcons sometimes perch on utility poles near larger wetlands. Short-eared and great-horned owls hunt the uplands at dusk on large basins.

February – By mid-February larger basins usually have pools of open water, and agitation by ducks and geese keeps them from refreezing. Mallards and Canada geese that have wintered on the Platte River usually appear on the basins first, followed by migrating pintails. Snow geese usually arrive in large numbers if the weather moderates and open water is available. By the end of February, the migration is well under way. Bald eagles are abundant and can be seen harassing waterfowl or scavenging sick or injured birds.

March – March is the peak month for waterfowl viewing. Large numbers of white-fronted geese arrive, and large wetlands might have more than one-half million ducks and geese. Pintail courtship flights and whirlwinds of snow geese are common. An alert observer might see as many as twenty species of waterfowl in a single day.

April - May - Mating dance (booming) of the Sharp-tailed Grouse & Greater Prairie-Chicken

April – The early part of April still offers excellent waterfowl viewing. Although many early migrating species have moved on by then, blue-winged teal, shovelers, and redheads are still abundant. Shorebird viewing begins to pick up. Look for killdeer and greater and lesser yellowlegs early in the month followed by dowitchers and Baird's, spotted, pectoral and least sandpipers. While looking for shorebirds, many visitors often see migrating merlins and peregrine falcons, which often prey on shorebirds.

May – Early May offers the largest variety of shorebirds. Public and private basins with exposed shorelines and wetlands are the best viewing areas. Basins, cut by roads, provide viewing from the comfort of a vehicle. Early May is also a good time to view piping plovers and least terns in wetlands and along the river. Flooded grain fields are excellent places for spotting buff-breasted sandpipers. Plum thickets and weed patches near wetlands are good places to spot warblers and sparrows.

Year Round – Many birds are native to the Byway area and provide ample bird watching opportunities throughout the year.

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SANDHILL CRANE WATCHING

The Sandhill Cranes migrate along the Central Flyway, wintering in Texas, New Mexico, and Mexico, and spend their summers in the north. They usually begin arriving along the Platte in February and the numbers continue to climb until they peak in mid to late March. In early April most leave with a few stragglers remaining through early May. They then move on to their nesting grounds along the tundra areas of Northern Canada, Alaska and Siberia.

Cranes are among the oldest living birds on the planet. Fossil records place Sandhill Cranes in Nebraska more than nine million years ago. They have survived even though many other animals – rhinos, camels, and elephants – that once inhabited this area are now extinct.

At dawn the cranes move to the fields to feed. The area around the Platte River provides food and nutrients that sustain Sandhill cranes for the rest of migration and for nesting. While they are feeding and resting for about a month, their diet consists mainly of waste corn that they find in the fields after the harvest of the previous fall. This actually is a benefit to the farmers since they eat corn that would become volunteer corn in the next year’s crop. About ten percent of their diet is made up of earthworms, snails, and insect larvae.

As the cranes feed in the fields, bird watchers can expect to be treated to the dance of the cranes. Pairs engage in elaborate bowing displays with outstretched wings and leap high into the air. Although they usually mate and remain faithful for life, as partners die this area is an excellent opportunity for the cranes to find new mates due to the availability of potential partners in a small area. The behavior is believed to strengthen established bonds and help new pairs bond.

Just before dusk, visitors can witness another amazing sight. As the kettles of cranes are testing the thermals, keeping their flight muscles toned for the journey ahead, and returning to the river for the evening, sharp-eyed birders will see dozens, if not hundreds, of ribbons of cranes in the sky. As your eyes adjust to watch a kettle of cranes in the sky you will realize there is another one farther away. As your eyes adjust to that group, you will realize there is yet another and another and another slightly farther away.

At dusk, the cranes gather along the broad, shallow waters of the Platte to roost for the night. There can be more than 12,000 cranes per half mile of river. When the river freezes they roost in the fields adjacent to the river.

The Platte River Valley is the only area where bird watchers can witness the “layover” (multiple day stop) of the Sandhill cranes. The eastern portion (near Grand Island) of the Byway encompasses a major portion of the layover area. As they migrate, from 200-500 miles per day, they will seek out a wetland and roost overnight.

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Disturbances during their stay in Nebraska can cause cranes to leave in poor condition and jeopardize their reproductive success when they are nesting in the northern areas. Cranes should never be disturbed while on the river. Therefore, it is recommended that visitors research crane viewing etiquette and use approved facilities for viewing them nesting from early evening until dawn. Crane Meadows Nature Center, located in Hall County close to Grand Island, offers information and blind tours. (Temporarily closed for managerial restructuring.) A deck close to Crane Meadows offers easy viewing of the Sandhill cranes on the Platte River; however, since these are wild animals that do not like to interact with humans. Spotting scopes or binoculars are recommended.

Crane Facts

Sandhill Crane Whooping Crane 3-4 feet Height 5 feet 6 feet Wingspan 7 1/2 feet 8-12 pounds Weight 14 pounds 170-450 miles/day Migration 200-500 miles/day 38 mph Flight Speed 47 mph N. Canada, Alaska, Siberia Nesting Area N. Alberta, NW Territories Texas, Mexico, New Mexico Wintering Area Aransas NWR (SE Texas) Begins 3-4 years Mating Begins 5 years 2 per year Eggs 2 per year 20-40 years Lifespan 20-40 years ~500,000 Population (Wild) <200 Grus canadensis Scientific Name Grus americana Copyright © Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. All rights reserved.

Crane watchers should avoid disturbing the cranes at their roosting or feeding areas in the fields surrounding the Platte River:

Do not approach cranes on foot. These are wild animals and it is for your safety and their preservation that you keep your distance. Stay in your car and use it as a blind.

Some of the roads are paved and others are gravel roads. Observe traffic rules and realize that these roads have a combination of birdwatchers and people traveling fast as they use it for their daily travel. It is important to respect the rights of those who live and travel in this area and to use safety measures to avoid accidents. Only stop when there is a shoulder. Pull-off areas are marked. Do not block bridges, driveways or other roads. Most of this area is private property so bird watchers should stay on the county roads and not enter private property.

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VIEWING WHOOPING CRANES

Whooping cranes are probably the most famous of the endangered species. Whooping cranes were probably never very abundant. In the early 1940s only 21 whooping cranes were documented. With conservation and management techniques the numbers of migrating birds is now about 200 and there are an additional 200 world-wide that includes captive birds in a non-migrating flock in Florida.

A flock that winters along the Gulf Coast of Texas passes through Nebraska’s Platte River area on their way to and from the Wood Buffalo National Park in Canada. Whooping cranes do not stage during migration but stop briefly, often only overnight, and then they continue on their journey.

One whooping crane has been spotted several times in the Platte River area close to Grand Island because it travels with the Sandhill cranes and has taken on some of the Sandhill crane traits, including staging in this area.

GREATER PRAIRIE-CHICKEN AND SHARP-TAILED GROUSE VIEWING

Greater Prairie Chicken booming Greater Prairie Chicken mating dance at lek Photo Credit: Dr. Parvis Pour Photo Credit: Dr. Paris Pour

The Greater Prairie-Chickens and Sharp-tailed Grouse of Central Nebraska are two non-migratory birds. Every spring, male Greater Prairie-Chickens and Sharp-tailed Grouse perform an outstanding courtship display characterized by stomping feet, towering leaps and resonant booming noises from inflated yellow-orange air sacs along the sides of their necks. In their attempt to attract females, the males bear a remarkable resemblance to wind-up toys in a field. The courtship behavior, performed on a "lek", starts in early March and can continue well into May. The dancing called “booming” starts just before first light and continues for two to three hours. Some "booming" also occurs at sunset.

There are Greater Prairie-Chicken and Sharp-tailed Grouse viewing opportunities at Taylor Ranch near Grand Island; Nebraska National Forest near Halsey; Middle Loup River Ranch Guest House near Thedford; Sandhills Motel & Glidden Canoe Rental, near Mullen; and at Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge and Valentine National Wildlife Refuge.

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BALD EAGLE VIEWING

As bald eagles have recovered from the brink of extinction, they have started using new areas in Nebraska. As of 2007, at least 54 pairs of bald eagles were nesting in Nebraska, with some of the nests being located along the Middle Loup River valley in the Byway region. The wintering population exceeded 1,000 birds throughout Nebraska.

For persons wishing to see wintering bald eagles, there are several available locations. Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge offers great public viewing in the Byway. A nest on the north side of Crescent Lake is visible from the road on the south side of the lake. Wintering eagles feed primarily on fish and sick or injured waterfowl so visitors can watch for them swooping down on refuge lakes to feed. Driving on these sandy trails is challenging and a 4-wheel drive vehicle is recommended. For more information go to www.crescentlake.fws.gov

BOATING

There are lakes in the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Corridor that are perfect for boating. Although they will be discussed in greater detail under the heading of “Attractions” the most frequently used boating areas within the Byway corridor are:

SMITH LAKE (26 miles north of Lakeside, Sheridan County) Motorboats may be used only for fishing. Speed in excess of 5 mph is prohibited and speed of all vessels must be reduced so the wash and wake will cause no discomfort, hazard, injury or damage to persons, vessels or property.

SHERMAN RESERVOIR (4 miles east of Loup City, Sherman County) Motorboats may be used for fishing and skiing on this 2,845-acre lake with 4,721 land acres, 5 miles northeast of Loup City.

As of January 1, 2004, all boat operators under age 18 must have completed a boating safety course. This includes the operators of Personal Watercraft (PWC). Successful completion of boating safety courses certified and recognized by other states will be accepted in lieu of the Nebraska Boating Basics Course.

Several types of watercrafts and activities are allowed on Nebraska waters including motorboats, personal watercraft, sailboards, and water-skiing. However, some types of watercraft are not allowed on all waters. The Nebraska Boating Guide, published annually by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, is an excellent resource for all types of boaters to learn more about regulations, safety measures, accident reporting, required equipment, and other boating information. It is available by contacting the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission at www.outdoornebraska.org.

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CANOEING, KAYAKING, TUBING AND TANKING

The Byway’s has numerous navigable rivers. These rivers include:

• North Loup River • Middle Loup River • South Loup River • Dismal River • Platte River

The Middle Loup River and the Dismal River are the two rivers that receive the most attention from seasoned canoeists and kayakers. The meandering Middle Loup River may be seen from the Byway in several locations between Dunning and Seneca.

The Middle Loup River is rated Class 1, which means it has few riffles, small waves, few obstructions and the course is easy to determine. A dark, smooth area in the river usually indicates deep water. Shifting sand bars and shallow water may be seen as ripples on the water’s surface. This is a great river for families or leisure canoeing or kayaking.

The Dismal River is the most challenging, remote river in Nebraska. The Dismal River offers high adventure canoeing and kayaking. It is a very even flowing river with the upper reaches in a deeply entrenched inter-dunal valley that consists of many switchbacks, low hung trees and cattle fences adding to the challenge. Flow in the river is due almost entirely to groundwater discharge through seeps, springs and boiling springs. Some boiling springs may be up to 11 ft in diameter and 140 foot deep.

Tanking is one of the newest and most unique water sports in Nebraska. It consists of floating down the Middle Loup River in a stock tank. These stock tanks, generally seven to nine foot diameter tanks, can accommodate four to eight people and are practically unsinkable. This is perfect for everyone, including small children and the elderly. In this cattle ranching country stock tanks are normally used to hold water for livestock. In recreational usage it is common to have benches, lawn chairs, and coolers inside the tank for a leisurely float trip down one of the areas scenic rivers. Most tank float trips last two or more hours. A unique feature of the area’s rivers are they are spring fed and very seldom freeze over, thus allowing tanking trips in any season. Wildlife, bird watchers, and photographers will especially enjoy this platform because of its stability.

Contact the following outfitters for canoeing, kayaking, tubing and tanking rentals: Glidden Canoe Rental of Mullen, www.sandhillsmotel.com/canoerental Sandhills Guest Ranch of Brewster, www.sandhillsguestranch.com Uncle Buck’s Lodge of Brewster, www.unclebuckslodge.com

Canoeists, kayakers, tubers, and tankers may encounter hazards such as bridges, jetties of rock or pilings, trees and cattle fences that extend across rivers, so care must be taken. Insect repellant should be used to deter mosquitoes, ticks, and deer flies. Poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac may be growing along the banks in certain areas, therefore know what it looks like and stay away from it.

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Land owner rights are stressed in publications by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Only the water belongs to the State of Nebraska; the stream beds and all adjacent lands are the property of the landowners. Individuals must obtain permission from the landowner to picnic or camp.

Nebraska boating laws dictates the use of life preservers and other safety measures. More information can be found on their web site www.outdoornebraska.org.

FISHING

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway region contains mostly natural lakes in the central and western portion of the Byway. These shallow but very productive lakes provide excellent fishing for northern pike, yellow perch, and bluegills. Other species found in some of the lakes along the Byway are channel catfish, large mouth bass, rainbow trout, walleye, black crappie, bullhead, and carp.

The Middle Loup River and Dismal River feature brown and rainbow trout and channel catfish; however permission is required as the river banks are privately owned.

The Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District near Halsey has one fishing pond that features catfish and bass. They are planning a handicap assessable fishing pier in the near future.

Valentine National Wildlife Refuge lakes are prime fishing areas for bullheads, bluegill, northern pike, large mouth bass, muskellunge, and yellow perch. Please refer to the federal fishing regulations for these lakes. Ice fishing is very popular on these lakes.

Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge includes Crane Lake, Island Lake, Smith Lake and others. Anglers should check with the refuge headquarters as there are special regulations for each lake. These lakes are known for light fishing pressure. Common species available are yellow perch, bluegill, crappie, large mouth bass, walleye and black crappie.

GEOCACHING

Geocaching, also known as GPS Stash Hunt or GeoStash, involves "hiding" items, usually containers and then providing specific Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) coordinates for each "cache." Cache searchers typically bring along their own "treasures" and make an exchange once the cache has been located. Virtual Caching involves locating not a cache, but a specific landmark or feature. Neither geocaching nor virtual caching will be permitted at Nebraska State Historical Parks; however, the popularity of geocaching continues to grow at other areas. On public property, check for specific rules and regulations. Geocaching is becoming a popular activity across the U.S. and it can easily be expanded in the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Corridor.

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Geocaching sites (within 20 miles of the Byway’s communities) as of September 2008: Note some of these sites may be included in more than one community’s list. www.geocaching.com

Grand Island 231 sites Dunning 13 sites Cairo 148 sites Halsey 18 sites Ravenna 41 sites Thedford 19 sites Hazard 20 sites Seneca 14 sites Litchfield 26 sites Mullen 4 sites Mason City 23 sites Bingham 3 sites Ansley 18 sites Ellsworth 8 sites Berwyn 19 sites Lakeside 2 sites Broken Bow 23 sites Antioch 8 sites Merna 14 sites Alliance 19 sites Anselmo 15 sites

HUNTING – SMALL GAME, UPLAND GAME, FUR HARVEST

A wide variety of hunting and trapping is available in Nebraska. Permits for hunting in Nebraska can be obtained at www.outdoornebraska.org and in 2006 the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission established new, 2-day permits for nonresidents. Residents do not need a permit to hunt some mammals such as coyotes, but nonresidents must have a hunting permit. Two-day permits are available at www.outdoornebraska.org.

Nebraska is divided into sections with Public Hunting Lands identified. Across Nebraska there are nearly 800,000 acres on about 300 state and federal areas. Most of the land is owned by the federal government. Nebraska’s public hunting lands comprise just two percent of the state’s total land area. Most hunting is done on private land where permission is required.

As of 2008, these are the Nebraska Public Hunting Lands along the Byway Corridor:

• Hall County: o Cornhusker WMA, 4 miles west of U.S. Highway 281 and Old Potash Highway, ½ mile south on county road; Archery Deer, Dove, Pheasant, Quail, Rabbit; 840 acres. Use of rifles or handguns prohibited. o Mormon Island SRA, Interchange I-80 Exit 312; Quail, Rabbit, Waterfowl; 152 acres • Sherman County: o Sherman Reservoir SRA/WMA, 4 miles east of Loup City, county road; Deer, Dove, Pheasant, Quail, Rabbit, Turkey, Waterfowl; 3,382 acres. Authorized dog training area, seasonal waterfowl blinds may be used. • Custer County: o Arcadia Diversion Dam WMA, 4 miles south of Comstock, county road; Deer, Dove, Pheasant, Squirrel, Waterfowl, Turkey; 925 acres o Arnold Lake SRA, 1 mile south of Arnold on Nebraska Hwy 40 or Nebraska Hwy 92; Rabbit, Waterfowl; 40 acres

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o Myrtle E. Hall WMA, Two locations: East – 8 miles west and 1 mile south of Taylor. West – 11 ½ miles west and 1 mile south of Taylor; Deer, Dove, Grouse, Pheasant, Quail, Rabbit, Turkey; 1,960 acres o Pressey WMA, 5 miles north of Oconto on Nebraska Highway 21; Deer, Dove, Pheasant, Quail, Rabbit, Squirrel, Turkey; 1,692 acres. Campground with electrical hookups. • Blaine County: o Milburn Diversion Dam WMA, 2 miles northwest of Milburn, county road; Deer, Dove, Grouse, Pheasant, Rabbit, Waterfowl; 672 acres • Thomas County: o Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Division, 1 mile west of Halsey on Nebraska Highway 2; Antelope, Deer, Dove, Grouse, Turkey; 90,445 acres • Grant County: o Avocet WMA, ½ mile east of Hyannis on Nebraska Highway 2, Waterfowl & Furbearers; 188 acres with 100 acres of marsh and open water o De Fair Lake WMA, 2 miles south of Hyannis on Nebraska Highway 61, ¼ mile east; Dove & Waterfowl; 125 acres, 66 acres water o Frye Lake WMA. 1 mile north of Hyannis, Nebraska Highway 2, on Nebraska Highway 61; Grouse, Waterfowl; 345 acres • Sheridan County: Smith Lake WMA o Walgren Lake SRA. 26 miles north of Nebraska Highway 2 on Nebraska Highway 250; Deer, Dove, Grouse, Pheasant, Rabbit, Turkey, Waterfowl; 640 acres

SRA - State Recreation Areas WMA - Wildlife Management Areas WPA - Wildlife Production Areas

About 180,000 acres of private land enrolled in the deferral Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) are open to public walk-in hunting through the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission’s Conservation Reserve Program – Management Access Program. Some of these CRP acres are located along the Byway. An atlas detailing CRP-MAP sites is available from Commission offices, permit agents and online at www.outdoornebraska.org. Permission of the landowner is required to hunt on private lands.

State wayside areas, hatcheries and reserves, and state and federal refuges, unless otherwise posted, are closed to hunting. Hunting from any roadway or highway, including the right-of-way, is not allowed. Not only is shooting from a road illegal, it is unsafe. Nebraska Game and Parks reports that one-eighth of all hunting-related accidents reported in Nebraska involve both a gun and a vehicle. The Byway organization joins others in reporting game violations that they witness to Nebraska Wildlife Crime Stoppers at 1-800-742-7627.

The Nebraska Game & Parks Commission has published brochures on ethical and humane trapping techniques. They also advise trapping in a way that is as selective as possible for the target animal. For details on trapping/fur harvest and small and upland game hunting, the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission also publishes an annual booklet Guide to Hunting and Public Lands. It is available by contacting them by phone at 402-471-0641 or contacting them on their web site at www.outdoornebaska.org.

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TRAILS

Formed in 1984, the Nebraska Trails Council was created to provide a statewide organization for trail interests. With local trails efforts currently organized in nearly every part of the state, the Nebraska Trails Council now serves as a collective voice for these groups and trail enthusiasts throughout Nebraska. In the last few years, Nebraska has become a leader in developing trail corridors for recreation, transportation, education and habitat conservation. Nebraska is on the cutting edge of trails development.

The Nebraska Trails Council assists trail leaders in building strong relationships with city councils, county commissioners, natural resources districts, the Nebraska Unicameral and the U.S. Congress. Through its members and board of directors, the Nebraska Trails Council pursues activities that will benefit trail supporters and trail projects across the state.

Nebraska has long been known for its historic trails, which carried early explorers, adventurers and pioneers. Nebraska is now celebrated for its many recreational trails that serve modern adventurers. Hikers, bikers, horseback riders, cross-country skiers and canoeists can all select trails located far from the maddening crowds along this Byway.

Trails - ATV Trails at the Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, near Halsey

There are 50-plus miles of trails. Motorcycles and ATVs are restricted to designated trails. To help keep the trails open, please stay on the trails. More information about the ATV trails at the Nebraska National Forest near Halsey may be found at: http://www.nohva.com/

Trails – Bike & Hike

Bicycling on the Byway is a pleasant and enjoyable experience due to the low volume of traffic. Nearly all of Highway 2 from Grand Island to Alliance has paved shoulders except small portions of Thomas, Hooker and Grant Counties. Most of these portions that still need paved shoulders are included in the Nebraska Department of Roads Surface Transportation Program plans for Fiscal Years 2009-2014.

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Bike Ride Across Nebraska (BRAN) has held their annual bike trek on the Byway numerous times. http://www.bran-inc.org/

The Nebraska Department of Roads has published a Nebraska Bicycle Guide Map http://www.transportation.nebraska.gov/docs/bikeguide.pdf showing areas that have high, fair, and low compatibility for bicycle riding. It also indicates paved shoulders and non-paved shoulders.

When riding on the highway, bicyclists must ride single file. (This does not apply when riding on paved shoulders.) Bicyclists must yield the right-of-way to all other vehicles. In Nebraska, bicyclists are required to follow the same rules of the road as motorists. Nebraska has a mandatory side path law that states that you should not ride your bicycle on the highway if a usable bike path is adjacent. This does not apply when riding on paved shoulders. The Nebraska State Patrol advises against riding a bicycle on a rural state highway at night. Additional bicycle laws, necessary and suggested equipment, riding tips and information are available in the Nebraska Bicycle Guide published by the Nebraska Department of Roads.

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Multiple use trails (hiking and biking) are located in and near several towns along the Byway. The following communities, National Forest, National Wildlife Refuges and attractions have natural or historic trails:

• Grand Island • Dannebrog • Broken Bow • Halsey • Alliance • Nebraska National Forest o Scott Lookout Trail, 3 miles - Natural Hiking Trail o Dismal River Trail, 12 miles - Natural Hiking, Equestrian, Cross-country skiing, and All-terrain Vehicle Trail • Valentine National Wildlife Refuge – Service roads are available for hiking, birding and wildlife viewing, however vehicles must stay on designated public roads. • Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge – maps for birding, wildlife viewing and hiking may be obtained at the Refuge headquarters. Vehicles must stay on designated public roads or parking areas. • Sherman Dam, located close to Loup City, offers several trails: o Trail 1 – Among the most popular of the lake's many accesses, Trail 1 leads to several hard-surfaced recreation sites at the southwest end of the dam including Redwood, Thunder Bay Boat Ramp, West Ridge, Middle Ridge and East Ridge areas. In addition to basic recreational services, the area headquarters building, coin-operated shower-house and dump station are located on Trail 1. o Trail 2 – Located at the far northeast end of the dam, Trail 2 affords hard- surfaced vehicle access to the popular Marina Bay Boat Ramp area and the Trade Winds Marina, the reservoir's concession facility. o Trails 3, 8, 10 & 11 – These trails lead to the Ash Canyon, Moon Creek, Dead Horse Creek and Oak Creek recreation sites, respectively. Offering slightly more primitive camping opportunities, these four recreational accesses are ever popular with families who like to get away from it all. Facilities are limited to drinking water, vault toilets, and a boat ramp on Trail 10. Access into these areas is over gravel roads which can become difficult to navigate during wet periods.

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Snowmobile Trails

With proper registration and a valid Snowmobile Safety Certificate, snowmobiles may be operated on private property with permission and on public land where designated and as regulated by the agency or governing body that controls such use. Snowmobiles are also allowed on a road right-of-way, in a ditch, and in other locations as outlined on the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission web site at www.outdoornebraska.org. Snowmobiles must be maintained in good working order and abide by the regulations established by the Nebraska Department of Roads (DOR). Snowmobiles properly registered in another state may be operated in Nebraska on a reciprocal basis.

Snowmobile operators should take care of the environment and only use them on designated trails in areas where there is enough snow cover to protect ground vegetation.

RECREATION AREAS, CITY PARKS, AND NEBRASKA STATE RECREATION AREAS

Nebraska State Recreation Areas along the Byway corridor include Arnold, Bowman Lake, Mormon Island, Sherman Reservoir and Victoria Springs. To enjoy the picturesque outdoor setting or to get back to nature amid the unspoiled beauty of the wilderness, visit the state recreation areas. A state park permit is required and can be purchased at www.outdoornebraska.org.

Mormon Island SRA - Middle and West – Mormon Island was the winter stopover used by Mormon emigrants heading westward. With development of I-80 in the early 1960s, "borrow pits" were left as fill material was removed for construction. These pits quickly filled with water because of the high water table in the Platte Valley. The first of these areas developed was Mormon Island. It is one of the most developed areas that also serves campers and picnickers. Mormon Island SRA hosts the gathering of hundreds of thousands of Sandhill cranes during their annual migration. Fishing, non-powered boating, and boats with electric motors are permitted on the west lake. The middle lake is accessible on foot from the west lake.

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There are picnic facilities, a shelter house and restrooms. Swimming is allowed only at the marked swimming beach. Change houses are provided. Mormon Island SRA offers modern camping facilities, restrooms, electrical hookups, a shower building and Laundromat. A trailer dump station, abundant picnic tables and fire grates are also available.

Photo courtesy of Nebraska Game & Parks

Ravenna Lake – This 16 acre recreation area located one mile southeast of Ravenna, north of Nebraska Highway 2 features primitive camping, electric trolling motors, gravel boat ramp, and wheelchair accessible fishing pier.

Sherman Reservoir – Another fine water-oriented area, Sherman Reservoir has a 2,845-acre lake and 4,721 land acres, five miles northeast of Loup City. The primitive camping includes 360 non-pad sites. Other facilities include picnic tables and shelters, water, dump station, modern restrooms, vault toilets, 3 boat ramps, fish cleaning stations, coin-operated showers, and concession.

Ansley Lake – This 4 acre lake on the west edge of town off Nebraska Highway 2 features an improved boat ramp, electric trolling motors only.

Melham Park Lake – This is a 4 acre lake in northeast Broken Bow that offers fishing from the bank.

Arnold SRA – Arnold State Recreation Area is a primitive recreation area encompassing 10 acres of land and featuring a 22-acre lake. The area offers camping, fishing, hiking, picnicking and has electrical and primitive camping.

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Bowman Lake SRA – Bowman Lake is .5 miles west of Loup City and it is located near Sherman Reservoir. It offers picnicking, fishing and primitive camping. It features a 20 acre man made lake. Boats with only electric trolling motors are allowed.

Victoria Springs SRA – Victoria Springs is located 6 miles east of Anselmo and is the third oldest area in Nebraska’s state park system. This 60 acre facility has cabins, non- pad campsites, paddleboats, a fishing lagoon and several amenities for camping and picnicking. Non-powered boats are permitted in the small lake.

Laing Lake – Located at Laing Lake Park on the north edge of Alliance, where one can enjoy the two mile trail system, watching the ducks and geese, or fishing from the bank or from the pier on the north side of the lake.

Working Guest Ranches - Working Guest Ranches are popular with some who would like to get away from the hustle and bustle of big city life. Refer to the county and community chapters of this CMP for specifics along the Byway.

OTHER OUTDOOR RECREATION Dozens of other forms of outdoor recreation are available to visitors from horseback riding and riding all-terrain vehicles on approved trails to photographing the natural surroundings. The outdoor recreation along the Byway is only limited by your imagination.

Attractions

Attractions are plentiful throughout the Byway corridor. Museums are the most popular attraction with the county Historical Societies establishing county museums along Highway 2 to preserve the local history. This is a popular area to shop for antiques but don’t be surprised if you see some of the residents still using the things that you would consider an antique. The spirit of the country means that some people are not willing to get rid of things that are still useful. People still congregate at the local dance halls and local theatres. There are race tracks that come alive for car races one night a week each summer. Respect is shown at stately memorials to war veterans. People test their skills at shooting ranges, archery ranges, golf courses, and bowling alleys. The attractions do not have to be glitzy to be memorable so it should be noted that the residents might also take visitors on a ride on a warm Sunday afternoon to check the cattle or check the condition of this year’s corn crop.

Since many of the attractions are linked to the communities where they are located, a complete listing of attractions is included in Chapter 4 – County and Community Information sections.

While traveling the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway, please remember to “take only pictures and leave only footprints.”

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Chapter 3.6 Intrinsic Quality – Archaeological

The archaeological qualities involve characteristics that are the physical evidence of historic or prehistoric human life. This includes the activities, unique customs, traditions, folklore, or rituals of a no-longer existing human group. Visible signs such as ruins, artifacts, structures, and other physical evidence can be inventoried and interpreted to educate the viewer.

Research reported by the State Historical Preservation Office and the Archeology Division of the Nebraska State Historical Society in “Sand Hills Archeology” outlined previous inhabitants of the Sandhills area through their archaeological findings to give us more insight into the early history of the Sandhills.

The Sandhills is the last great frontier of Nebraska archeology. This vast region has been difficult to explore due to the shifting sands. Local arrowhead and stone tool artifact collections combined with surface surveys and a few excavations suggest the region has been used for more than 10,000 years. Since little land development has occurred in the Sandhills, sites are well preserved and it has been determined that the cultures ranged from transitory camps to permanent villages. Landowners and collectors have assisted in piecing together the early history of this area since few publicly sponsored research programs have been done.

Nomadic, big game hunters, the Paleoindians, were the earliest human inhabitants of this area (12,000-8,000 years ago). They survived by hunting mammoths, bison, and other now extinct species.

Plant foods became more important during the Archaic Period (8,000-2,000 years ago) when a large numbers of mammalian species became extinct. Bison still remained, and as the largest prey, they became important to the sustenance of the Sandhills inhabitants.

During the Woodland Period (2,000-1,000 years ago) the first evidence of horticulture occurs as the people became less nomadic and more settled. Squash, beans, and corn were grown but hunting and gathering wild plants continued to be major food sources. Archeological remains uncovered from this period provide evidence of the earliest known use of ceramic vessels. Also notable was a spear throwing device called the “atlatl” was replaced by the bow and arrow as the main hunting weapon.

From about 1,000 to about 600 years ago, much of Nebraska was occupied by the Central Plains tradition. This culture was composed of small groups of related peoples who lived at least part of the time in permanent villages and divided their time between raising crops and hunting. Commonly thought to be the ancestors of the Plains Apache, people of the “Dismal River” culture occupied the Sandhills region briefly, possibly for only a half-century in the late 1600s and early 1700’s. Their diet consisted of a mixture of animals, domesticated plants and wild plant foods. Tools were made from bone and stone. A common shelter was a round lodge, about twenty-five feet across, covered by grass or brush over a five-post foundation with leaners built either on the surface or in a shallow excavation.

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From native oral traditions and the accounts of Euro American explorers, military personnel, and settlers, at least ten Native American tribes used the Sandhills for a variety of purposes. Most closely associated with this region are the Brule’ and Oglala bands of the Lakota but other equestrian nomadic bison hunters who came to the area are the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, and the Crow. The Pawnee, Arikara, Omaha, and Ponca may have also hunted in the area.

Archeological remains are important to understanding the lives of ancient people. These sites are fragile and non-renewable resources. The first professional Sandhills archeological survey occurred in 1931 when William Duncan Strong of the Smithsonian Institution, archeologist Asa T. Hill, and members of the University of Nebraska Archeological Survey visited sites along the Dismal River in Hooker County. The crew camped for two nights in August near the river forks south of Mullen. Four years later Strong reported on several of the surface collections made during that trip:

“The irregular contours of the sand hills, the rare cedar trees, and the wide vistas of unoccupied country have an allure of their own. It is still Indian country, though the natives have long been gone. One remembers the Dismal River and the Sandhills with a thrill of pleasure, and plans to return.”

In 1933 French archeologist E. B. Renaud from the University of Denver documented his perceptions:

“Cutting across country, over the prairie and the shoulders of connected hills, is rough going, with a fair chance of getting at least temporarily lost, or of breaking springs or car axles. Decidedly it is a country for horseback riding, which is a mode of locomotion entirely too slow for the rapid survey of scattered sites. The intensive heat of June in Nebraska was still augmented by the sandy country and the laborious walking around blowouts . . . (the area) deserved more extensive exploration.”

Some of the site locations that Renaud visited in Box Butte and Sheridan counties were identified by local collectors and most were found exposed in blow-outs.

Anthropologist Dee Gunnerson noted the beauty and challenges of surveying this area during the 1940s and 1950s:

“The Sand Hills, covered with tall grass, were beautiful, and as we walked along and the day progressed they began to look more and more alike. And before long, one cedar or juniper tended to look much like another. Finally, without ever voicing the fact, we knew we were lost . . . How long we might have had to search for our vehicles I don’t know, but finally Marvin Kivett’s dog, Rocky, started off in a direction in a purposeful manner and, following him, we found them.”

“Of all the problems we encountered in the field, sand, loose sand, was to me the most formidable. Sand has the massive latent power of inertia exercised most notably when something meets it with force. Where wind has been the force, as in the Sand Hills, the result can be beauty of line, never boring though repeated endlessly, seductive, but potentially dangerous.”

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Later excursions have produced additional information that identified more of the details of the history of the Sandhills. Artifacts have included fossilized bones of mammoths and extinct species of bison, stone and bone tools, pottery, charred corn, 2,500 year old human remains, bone ornaments, fish remains, migratory waterfowl, and hibernating species of small mammals. Each new find offers more information about the temporary camps and semi-permanent habitation of the early Sandhills humans.

Michael R. Voorhis, University of Nebraska State Museum Paleontologist, led a group of students and researchers to the northern section of the Sandhills in 1978-79. They found many fossils of mammals and other life believed to be choked to death in volcanic ash which swept over the plains from some unknown source approximately 10 million years ago. They also concluded that the weather in Nebraska was much warmer then and without snow.

Recent systematic survey efforts by the Historical Society have included a cultural resources reconnaissance along several lakes and portions of the North Loup River at the Spikebox Ranch in southwestern Cherry County. Thirty-eight archeological sites were identified and documented as the result of an initial inspection of approximately 1,100 acres. Excluding Paleoindian components, a nearly complete cross-section of Central Plains time periods is represented.

Topographically, sites were more densely distributed near lakes and in stream valleys. Cut banks exposed by erosion and overgrazed area along rivers and streams afforded better visibility than dune tops. Sites located along streams and rivers were usually eroding from buried soils or lying on exposed buried soils. Upland dune fields yielded fewer sites than areas near water. Other than blowouts, dense vegetation including marsh and prairie grasses made locating sites along lake shores more difficult.

Mammoths and mastodons once inhabited this region of Nebraska. The first recorded remains of fossil elephants in Nebraska were discovered in 1857 along the Middle Loup River not far from where Mullen is now located. It is a generally accepted theory that primitive races of man had an impact on the demise of these animals since some have been found with arrows beneath their bodies. Other theories include infectious disease, overcrowding, disturbances in the mating and reproductive periods and new enemies. The combined effect of some of these or all of these is still not understood. A large display of their skeletons is located in “Elephant Hall”, in the University of Nebraska Museum in Lincoln. Remains from at least 90% of the counties in Nebraska are housed there, including several from the Sandhills region.

Other animals that roamed this area included bison, musk-oxen, deer and other ungulates. Diceratherium, a fleet-footed, two-horned rhinoceros once roamed this area in numbers as great at those of the buffalo. The Moropus was a large mammal with a horse-like head and the body of a tapir. The Dinohyus was referred to as the terrible pig. Imagine an animal looking relatively like our present day pigs but much larger. It was an aggressive fighter and fossils have been found in Western Nebraska. Great herds of camels and horses were already here when humans arrived in North America from Asia during Middle Pleistocene times. Bison were able to readily adapt themselves to the changing environments much better than their rivals for the grasslands.

Remains are still being found in the Sandhills area today. The Nebraska State Historical Society, Archeology Division works closely with the Nebraska Department of Roads, landowners, and gravel pit operators when specimens are found. Often times when landowners find bones, teeth and other specimens they send them to the State

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Historical Preservation Office or the Archeology Division of the Nebraska State Historical Society so they can be identified. Therefore, there is the possibility that public collections will continue to grow so all can see the remains of these extinct animals.

Most travelers along the Byway will see very little archeological evidence. Since most of the discovered sites are on private property, travelers are discouraged from seeking artifacts. The area around Hall County that is flat and closer to the river has been explored much more thoroughly than in the Sandhills. Therefore, there is much more research that needs to be done, especially in the Sandhills, so we will have enough of the pieces of the puzzle to create a better understanding of the past for future generations.

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Chapter 3.7 Current and Potential Challenges/Threats to our Intrinsic Qualities, Resources & Management Plans

The relationship between man and nature along the Byway is important due to the fragile nature of the ecosystem. Sometimes man causes problems with the ecosystem and it takes many years for nature to heal the wounds. Other times nature causes devastating changes and the residents work diligently to minimize the negative effects.

We need to not only be aware of how humans can be a threat to intrinsic qualities, but also to be aware of nature’s threats to humans in this area. Farmers and ranchers own approximately 98 percent of the land. If there are threats to their livelihood, there are threats to the tourism industry along the Byway.

There are times, like in the case of grass fires, where it is difficult to determine if it was caused by man’s carelessness or by nature’s wrath but nature and mankind must work in cooperation to preserve this environment. Other natural occurrences such as diseases that threaten the wildlife seem overwhelming in the large expanse of this region. However, safeguards are being taken to conserve the ecosystem and all that it provides to the residents and visitors.

Some of the challenges and threats to the intrinsic qualities and/or the livelihood of the residents are discussed below in random order:

LOSS OF POPULATION

The Byway considers the population loss in small rural communities to be the number one threat. All communities, except Grand Island, have lost population. Businesses have closed, and vacant store-fronts signal difficult times for these areas. Many schools have consolidated and now numerous students are traveling more than 35 to 40 miles one way to school. Local health services have become limited. As we become an increasingly mobile society, residents are more inclined to travel farther for their necessities and employment. This impact to the local economy leads to even fewer businesses operating in these communities.

In the early 1900’s over 75 percent of the population of Nebraska was in rural areas. It has steadily declined and 100 years later only 33 percent of the population of Nebraska resides in rural areas. This has commonly been referred to as “Education Brain Drain” since the youth are moving out of the rural communities. It has been determined that the major reason they are moving to other areas is lack of employment opportunities that pay an adequate wage.

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The Byway considers the All-American Road designation to be a tremendous opportunity that will benefit these struggling communities. The most important factor is the economic benefit of new tourism dollars to the area. More businesses will thrive and new residents will be more inclined to make these communities their home. Increased traffic will result in more services in the area to accommodate travelers. These services such as vehicle fuel, automobile repair, groceries, lodging, restaurants and attractions will, in most instances, be available to residents year round. Technological advances provide great opportunities to entrepreneurs to live and work in this area.

Our strategic plan to address this critical need will be addressed in Chapter 10 - Strategic Plan.

LAND USE

There has been great concern among residents when large corporations and others who do not understand the delicate balance of nature have purchased land in the Sandhills. Some land that has been covered with native grasses was purchased to convert it to farm land. Plowing the grasses into the topsoil, adding herbicides and pesticides, and placing irrigation equipment on the fields were the plans that seemed logical. However, local residents knew the impact this would have but were helpless to stop this development by those unsuspecting land owners.

When using the sandy soil for farming was not financially successful, many of these land owners abandoned the idea and sold the land. Some of that land has been converted back to permanent vegetation.

These types of experiences make some landowners hesitant to accept change like additional tourism that could upset the balance they are maintaining. The Byway Organization feels that pro-active measures such as publishing information on the area, etiquette for visitors and other forms of education will assist visitors and hopefully increase the acceptance by the local residents.

There are times when nature seems untouched by man except for the roads through the Sandhills. Other times there are areas with power lines and man-made fences. More cell phone towers are being installed along the Byway to improve communication service to this area.

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. For those who remember when electricity was first delivered to this area, the power lines are probably a welcome and reassuring sight. For photographers who want to capture nature without evidence of man-made contraptions or shadows from them, power lines are an unwelcome intrusion. However, some photographers that focus on the interaction of man and nature have romanticized and documented fences numerous times.

Burying the power lines would not only be costly, but the process would be another intrusion on the Sandhill grasses. Therefore, the challenge may be to change the perception of power lines instead of eliminating them from the view. Cell phone towers are another necessary intrusion. Cell phones assist residents and travelers and give them a means of reporting accidents, fires and other hazards.

All technological developments along the Byway are carefully evaluated and monitored by local planning boards to provide service with minimal disturbances.

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BLOWOUTS

After the grass covering the Sandhills is disturbed, blow-outs (areas of exposed bare sand that blows easily) can occur. In addition to the dangers of disturbing the soil, some people are concerned about having the scenic beauty altered.

Reclaiming and preventing blowouts from expanding is essential to ensure optimum use of pastures by ranchers. With the use of best management practices, blowouts are minimized to the extent that nature will allow.

AVIAN FLU

Avian influenza (H5N1) or bird flu has become a strain of bird flu that is of particular concern in the area around the Sandhill Crane stop-over area along the Platte River. Although there have been no reports (as of September, 2008) of bird flu anywhere in North America, there is a three-fold risk.

There is the risk to the Sandhill Cranes if they contract the virus. A large number of cranes migrate to the Platte River staging area so if even a few were infected they could infect thousands more.

If the Sandhill Cranes bring the virus to this area it could also be passed on to other wild and domestic birds. The Nebraska Game and Parks Commission is participating in a national work group in development of an early detection and response plan to H5N1 bird flu in North America. All waterfowl found dead will be tested for the virus. Should the disease be found on this continent, measures would likely be taken to eradicate infected birds in order to prevent the spread of the disease along the flyway. Additional measures would be taken to alert and protect the public. The Commission has appointed an internal task force to develop communication and response plans if that should occur.

Third, the numbers of visitors would decrease and have a negative economic impact on our spring tourism industry. Therefore, news on H5N1 is being monitored by authorities.

The members of the Byway are informal partners with the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission by being alert to wild and domestic bird behavior and deaths. They will report any sick or dead animals to the Game and Parks Commission to ensure that proper procedures and testing will take place. The Byway team will also provide information to hunters and other residents and visitors. There will be several benefits including reassuring the visitors that avian bird flu has not been reported in the United States, the risk to humans is low so it is safe to visit, and the hunters and visitors will be aware that dead birds need to be reported for collection and testing.

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WEST NILE VIRUS

West Nile Virus is a threat to humans, birds and equine. West Nile Virus is a mosquito born illness that produces flu-like symptoms. In humans, it can prove fatal in the young, elderly, or immune deficient so those groups should be especially careful and take precautions outside. West Nile Virus can only be verified by blood tests. Horses need to be vaccinated prior to the mosquito breeding season. As is the case with avian flu, precautions are being taken by the proper authorities. Health groups continue to publicize the safety measures needed to guard against West Mile Virus, especially during the mosquito season.

CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a deer and elk disease that has been present in Wyoming and Colorado – two states that border Nebraska – since the late 1960s. Between 2000 and 2007, there have been 133 positive CWD tests for deer out of 33,000 tested in Nebraska. Along the Byway positive CWD tests for deer in 2007 included three in Box Butte County, one in Sheridan County and one in Hall County. The disease has never been detected in Nebraska’s wild elk population. CWD is not known to infect pronghorns or bighorn sheep. It has never been found to infect humans.

The Nebraska Game & Parks Commission staff will continue to monitor deer herds for CWD. Continuing research projects on deer movements and interactions along the North Platte River and east of Alliance will hopefully produce scientific information with which future management decisions can be made to control CWD.

The Nebraska Game & Parks Commission provides information to residents and hunters so they understand the testing and reporting requirements.

WILD RANGE FIRES

Fires in this area are usually the result of natural occurrences or unintentional acts by humans. Regardless of the source, all can be devastating to the Sandhills area.

The Byway membership realizes there is a two-pronged approach to fires – prevention through education and early reporting/response when a fire occurs. Educational opportunities are available through local agencies. The Byway will work cooperatively with the USDA Forest Service (Nebraska National Forest) and local and volunteer fire departments, to educate visitors about the threats of wild fires in our fragile environment. Employees and volunteers along the byway can assist by making it a priority to provide information on fire safety, especially the use of open fires, tossing cigarettes, or driving vehicles through dry vegetation.

Education and information on what to do in the case of a fire is important so early reporting can reduce the damage from the fire. People who volunteer as spotters (to detect fires) offer assistance during lightning storms. The Byway members will work with local fire and emergency personnel to gain additional insight into prevention and detection techniques and will share that information with residents and visitors as appropriate.

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DISTURBANCE/LOOTING OF ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES

Archeological sites are fragile and non-renewable resources. Looting could have serious impacts on the interpretation of archeological research. The Nebraska State Historical Society encourages volunteers to contact the Society regarding opportunities for the general public to work on excavations. More information is available at their website www.nebraskahistory.org. Archeological sites on federal lands are protected by law. As usual, to enter private property, visitors must acquire permission from the property owner. Because the potential for looting and encroachment exists the Byway will not promote such sites.

SAND & GRAVEL MINING

Because of the geology along the Byway, visitors may see sand and gravel operations as they travel along Highway 2. Some of these may appear unattractive; however, they provide a source of income for businesses in this area. Individual county zoning ordinances may regulate development of sand and gravel operations and the restoration of the areas mined. Upon request the Byway Planning and Development Committee will assist local planning and zoning boards regarding mining development and land restoration.

ATV (ALL-TERRAIN VEHICLES) USE

The grass-cover of the Nebraska Sandhills is fragile and overuse by ATVs can cause loss of ground cover that would take years of management to “heal” the land.

Rather than restricting ATV use completely or allowing ATV’s to operate in all public locations, specific areas have been designated. The Nebraska National Forest is the best example of specified areas and trails set aside for ATVs.

Education about the opportunities available is the key to co-existence of enthusiasts and naturalists. Nebraska Off Highway Vehicle Association provides ethical use information and education at their website www.nohva.com. The Byway plans to develop information and educational materials about the opportunities for ATVing along the Byway.

ZEBRA MUSSELS

Zebra mussels are a multi-million dollar threat to agricultural, industrial and municipal water delivery systems. They are even a threat to sport fisheries. Zebra mussels first appeared in the U.S. in 1988 and they have since spread throughout the Great Lakes and into the Mississippi River Basin.

The main method of transfer is boats carrying them from infested waters. Precautions like drying out the boat, power washing before launching and inspecting boats, motors, and trailers prior to launching will help contain the spread of zebra mussels.

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The Byway members will assist the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission in providing information on zebra mussels and their threat. The Byway will encourage the reporting of any sightings of zebra mussels to the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission.

WATER RESOURCES

The High Plains aquifer underlies approximately 63,650 square miles or 83 percent of Nebraska’s land. Beneath the Sandhills lies over 35 percent of the groundwater stored in the High Plains Aquifer. This great water resource is the lifeblood of plants, animals and humans and for the farms and ranches along the Byway. For additional information regarding this tremendous natural resource please refer to Chapter 3.1 Intrinsic Quality – Natural.

The surface and underground water supplies of the Byway are universally recognized as the most important natural resource. They are protected and conserved through local, state, and federal regulations. Individuals, communities, domestic animals, wildlife, and vegetation rely on this resource. In farming communities, water is used for irrigation and stricter regulations are being implemented throughout the state. Threats to our water are: demands for water from outside the area, overuse, and pollution. The sale and or transfer of water resources to outside entities have been an issue and will continue to be a challenge. We will continue to monitor water issues as state and local regulations develop.

The Byway is partnering with a local industry which is bottling this resource under the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway label/logo. See Chapter 2.4 Introduction – Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Organization.

INVASIVE PLANTS

The Byway recognizes the following plants as potential threats to the natural habitat.

• Phragmites & Salt Cedar – threatens Platte River habitat and is a potential threat to the Loup River System • Eastern Red Cedar – threatens the natural rangelands and associated wildlife habitat • Leafy Spurge – threatens rangelands for agricultural production and wildlife habitat • Canadian Thistle, Musk Thistle, Plumeless Thistle - threatens rangelands for agricultural production and wildlife habitat

The Byway encourages the federal, state, and county agencies and private land owners to continue their efforts in the control of these species.

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ADDRESSING FUTURE CHALLENGES

Several agencies including the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, the U.S. Forest Service, U.S. Fish and Wildlife, NRCS (Natural Resource Conservation Service), NRD’s (Natural Resource Districts), wildlife management groups, and various other local agencies provide protection, education and assistance to deal with natural and manmade threats. By joining forces, even more can be accomplished.

Project WILD is supported by the Nebraska Game and Parks and provides conservation and environmental education curriculum and materials that focus on wildlife. Project WILD programs and materials assist learners of all ages to develop the awareness, knowledge, skills, and commitment to act responsibly in matters concerning wildlife. Project WILD uses a hands-on approach to teach about the environment. This program helps develop problem solving and decision making skills. It can be used in multiple settings to help educate children and adults. Project WILD is a valuable resource that can be used to promote preservation and conservation along the byway. Possible projects could include providing information to area visitors, to school groups, and to local residents. This tool will be a great resource to assist with education and other aspects of maintaining the Byway environment. For more information on this program visit their web site, www.projectwild.org

WILD Nebraska is an umbrella program of the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission that primarily delivers wildlife habitat management activities on private land, both wetlands and grasslands. Partnerships are a key element in providing expanded opportunities. For more information about WILD Nebraska, visit their web site, www.ngpc.state.us/wildlife/programs/wildnebraska.asp

These are examples of the network of resources that are available along the Byway. Relationships will be maintained and additional partnerships will be sought as needed.

THE ROLE OF LOCAL CITIZENS

Local citizens are frequently the most important component to recognizing and addressing future challenges. They are the “eyes and ears” for this area. Living day-today with the land gives them insight to potential problems. As owners and caretakers of 98 percent of the land along the Byway, they have the most to gain – or lose – when nature’s balance changes. They are aware of weather conditions, conservation practices, endangered species, and subtle changes in the environment. They work as volunteers on local village and planning boards and assist with threats like fires. They work in cooperation with local, state and federal government agencies as stewards of the land.

Dozens of local citizens along the entire length of the Byway have joined to provide input and assistance. Hundreds of others are aware of the work being done on this byway and support the effort.

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway organization will carefully monitor tourism activities in and along the Byway and will make changes to their management plan as needed to protect and preserve the intrinsic qualities of this area.

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Chapter 3.8 Preserving the Byway Qualities

The corridor management plan does not suggest that change is inevitable or that it is not desired, but rather to suggest that the Byway has opportunities for preservation, conservation, growth, and development. This can all be accomplished within a program that recognizes the special appeal of the region. This will enhance the natural and cultural qualities of the area while safeguarding the unique natural beauty and the livelihood of the residents, and providing safe and efficient transportation. The Byway’s vision is, “To improve our rural economy by working cooperatively to enhance the visitor experience.”

The Byway organization will hold a meeting annually to review the Corridor Management Plan. The Byway Board of Directors and the Planning and Development Committee will provide oversight of the Corridor Management Plan and report to the organization when needed.

Private property rights and zoning issues are addressed by each county Zoning and Planning Commission/Board. The Byway organization will provide assistance through the Byway’s Planning and Development Committee to county agencies/boards when requested.

The Byway will encourage and provide assistance to private property owners and local businesses to enhance the cultural heritage.

There are various conservation techniques available to land owners to enhance their property. The Byway’s Planning and Development Committee is available to assist land owners upon request.

The Byway will inform and encourage participation in community improvement programs, such as NCIP (Nebraska Community Improvement Program), Keep Nebraska Beautiful, Highway Beautification Program (Adopt a Highway), (see Appendix for a list of the current participants, a total of 42 groups, of the Adopt a Highway program for this Byway), National Historic District Preservation, and Re-Tree Nebraska, as well as local beautification programs.

The Byway plans to accommodate current and new commerce (ranching, farming, and community businesses) by working cooperatively with the community development corporations and existing entrepreneurial enhancement programs such as EDGE (Enhancing Developing Growing Entrepreneurs) and ESI (Entrepreneurship Investigation). The current user facilities (listed in the County and Community Information chapters) will more than adequately meet the needs of the increased tourism. As demand increases, encouragement will be given to residents of this region to meet the increasing tourist needs for services and necessities. This will be done while maintaining a safe and efficient level of highway service.

The Byway recognizes the need to address or improve the following issues:

• Addressing changes to roadway signage where confusing or conflicting messages occur by communicating with the Nebraska Department of Roads.

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• Apply for signage funding to encourage visitors to travel the Byway as a primary destination or as an alternate route to places such as the Black Hills, Yellowstone National Park, Lincoln, Omaha, or other destinations.

• Apply for grants to create road-side pullouts with interpretive kiosks

• Enhance gateways to the Byway through signage, kiosks, and visitor centers.

• Encourage placement of quality welcome signs at the entrances of each community along the Byway.

• Encourage use of materials that reflect cultural attitudes and local aesthetic taste that are compatible with rural surroundings.

• Interpretative signage should reflect graphs, maps, features, symbols and universally recognized words to help guide travelers. These features should also be reflected in educational displays, directional signage, logos and other identifiers.

• The Byway’s identity will continue to be promoted and reinforced at the local, regional, state, and national levels with a consistent use of the Byway logo and themes touting the corridor’s attributes.

Tourists are targeted throughout the year. Numerous communities join the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway organization in advertising the opportunities which exist along this Byway. Funding for this advertising has come from federal highway administration funds and state tourism marketing and matching grants, donations, fund raising, marketing investments, and membership dues.

Specific steps to preserve the natural and cultural aspects of the Byway will include:

• Implementing a bi-annual review process to evaluate proposed roadway improvements along the Byway

• Working with the US Forest Service to preserve, enhance, and promote the existing Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District near Halsey.

• Working with the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge and the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge to preserve, enhance, and promote the natural qualities.

• Encouraging preservation and protection of the natural resources and habitats to maintain continued use of the North American Central Flyway.

• Providing information and assistance for private property owners to preserve remnant elements of an agricultural past.

• Encouraging the preservation of cultural past in the existing county historical society museums/cultural centers

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway is home to a large variety of wild animals and birds; please allow them to flourish.

You are traveling a very special, unique byway; let’s keep it beautiful and litter-free.

Make it your goal to leave no trace of your visit.

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Chapter 4.0 County Introduction and the Role of the Railroads

COUNTIES

The ten counties that the Byway extends through are: (from east to west) Hall, Buffalo, Sherman, Custer, Blaine, Thomas, Hooker, Grant, Sheridan, and Box Butte. Portions of Howard, Cherry, and Garden Counties are within the Byway’s 20-mile corridor.

COMMUNITIES

The early settlers, events of historic significance, traveler services, and general information about the counties, communities and special tourist attractions are all important in telling the story of the significance of this byway and the many reasons why it deserves to be heralded as an All American Road.

To understand the lifestyle and the people of the Byway one needs to know what brought settlers here to this area that appeared to many to be desolate or uninhabitable (once called the “Great American Dessert”).

The Homestead Act, and more importantly the Kinkaid Act, had a significant impact on the settlement of the Byway region. Under the patronage of these acts, the population increased tremendously. The influx of settlers spawned an era of economic prosperity which witnessed the construction of a significant number of rural buildings. In order to satisfy the requirement of their claim, the homesteaders and more significantly the Kinkaiders, were required to reside on their claims therefore necessitating the construction of buildings for human and animal occupancy.

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When traveling Highway 2 one finds two distinct cultures. On the east and west end you will find fertile farm country. Farmers work the fields and raise crops for a variety of uses. Ranchers live in the center section, the Sandhills, and have large ranching operations where their primary product is beef for human consumption.

Just over 100 miles west of Grand Island, one leaves the corn, soybeans, alfalfa, and milo country and enters into the cattle country of the Sandhills. Watch for the changing terrain a few miles west of Anselmo. The Sandhill region is clearly defined on the Nebraska road map. A few miles east of Alliance on the western edge of the Byway, one will again notice the flat and fertile land that is dedicated to farming.

Those who have spent time in the Plains states are accustomed to seeing windmills. These tall towers use wind power to pump the water to the surface. The water then flows into stock/cattle tanks to provide water for the livestock. Thousands of windmills have been installed in the Sandhills to provide water for livestock and wildlife on hundreds of thousands of acres of Nebraska rangeland.

The season of the year will influence what one may or may not see on the farms and ranches along the Byway. Most crops are planted in the spring, grow during the summer, are harvested in the fall, and then lay dormant in the winter.

In ranch country, cattle are free to roam in large pastures. Due to various management practices, the cattle may be in another part of the vast pasture when one drives by. In the wintertime the grass in the pastures is dormant yet can provide the needed energy that a gestating cow needs during that part of her pregnancy. Usually ranchers provide protein supplements to balance the cow’s diet and provide necessary nutrition when grazing winter range.

Remember, when one takes photos of the scenic farms, ranches, landscapes and wildlife, make sure the vehicle is well off of the road. If it is not possible to get off the highway while taking photos, visitors should be content to remember them in their mind. Likewise, one should never cross a fence or into private property without permission. Almost all of the lands that travelers see are privately owned and property rights need to be respected.

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In the following sections of the County and Community Information there are “Quick Fact Boxes” at the beginning of each county section. The asterisks after the population figures denote the following sources:

*County Population figures are from US Census Bureau, 2006 estimates, http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/31/31013.html

**Community Population figures are from Nebraska Department of

Economic Development Databook website and their Source: U.S.

Bureau of the Census, "1990 Census of Population and Housing, Nebraska" and Census Web site (www.census.gov) June 2007 http://factfinder.census.gov

Overall Totals of Land Mass and Population of the Byway Counties

Total Land Mass of Byway Counties: 11,093 square miles

Total Byway County Population: 133,074

Overall Average number of people per square mile of the Byway Counties: 11.9

Eastern portion of the Byway Hall, Buffalo, Sherman & Custer Counties

Total Land Mass: 4,656 square miles Population: 113,834 = 24.4 people per square mile in eastern portion of the Byway

Western portion of the Byway Blaine, Thomas, Hooker, Grant, Sheridan & Box Butte Counties

Total Land Mass: 6,437 square miles Population: 19,240 = 2.9 people per square mile in western portion of the Byway

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This photo titled “Coming around the Sandhill” was submitted to the Byway Photo Contest by Sandy Schroth. She writes “The train was in perfect alignment with the highway as we crested the hill, a breath taking view.”

Much of the coal that is transported along the Byway ends up in the Chicago area to provide electricity for that portion of the United States.

RAILROADS

Anyone who reviews the upcoming chapters on the counties and communities that are located along the Byway will quickly see the impact that the railroads had on settling this part of the United States. As settlers began making their homes here – first along the Platte River Road and then in the Sandhills – the need for supplies created the need for better transportation. The railroad answered that call.

The Union Pacific Railroad followed the Platte River across the continent, east to west. As the Platte River valley was the easiest way for immigrants to journey westward to Oregon and California. Many famous trails followed this natural valley including the Oregon Trail, Mormon Trail, Pony Express, and California Trail. The Mormon Trail was along the north side of the Platte River. In 1866, the Union Pacific reached the community of Grand Island Station (now known as Grand Island) giving the Byway area a good measure of stability and prosperity.

Initially the railroad company that began the route through the Sandhills in 1876 was the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad; later it became the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy (CB&Q), then the Burlington Northern, and now the Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF).

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Time after time one will read that a gathering of a few homes became a town after the railroad arrived. Some communities actually moved so they would be located at the railroad’s water stop. The railroad brought supplies and the open plains became dotted with towns about every eight miles along the railroad tracks because that is how far a train could travel before needing more water and fuel. Early on the railroads hauled cattle, corn, and other agricultural products to the eastern urban areas that were in need of these products. This was also the main transportation source for people traveling.

The trains of what is now the Burlington Northern/Santa Fe Railway (BNSF) still have a huge impact on this area and many surrounding states supplying coal for a growing electric demand. Train transport is also important to the livelihood of many rural residents. Trucks transport the agricultural crops to the elevators where they are stored and then the trains transport the grains long distances. Without a way of getting the crops to market, the agricultural economy would deteriorate.

The following information was provided by Burlington Northern/Santa Fe. It gives readers an idea of the current and continued need for train transportation along the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway.

Statistics regarding the BNSF rail route that parallels the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway:

• BNSF’s route from Alliance to Ravenna is called the Sand Hills Subdivision. It is one of the most heavily traveled coal train routes in the nation.

• 54 to 62 trains travel the rails between Grand Island and Alliance every day.

• An average coal train has at least 120 or more coal cars per train.

• A loaded coal car weighs more than 200 tons.

• BNSF employs more than 1100 people in the Alliance area and more than 100 in the Grand Island area.

COAL

• BNSF hauls enough coal to generate more than eleven percent of the nation’s electricity and much of that coal travels on the route from Alliance to Grand Island. This is enough to power one out of every ten homes in the nation.

• More than ninety percent of the coal BNSF hauls comes from the Powder River Basin (PRB) in Wyoming and Montana, which contains the world's largest single deposit of low-sulfur coal.

• PRB coal is sixty percent lower in sulfur than most other U.S. coal sources. Steam-electric utilities can meet the tougher Phase I and Phase II standards of the Clean Air Act, by switching to PRB coal instead of expensive scrubbers.

• PRB coal is also the most economical steam fuel source for many utilities. A majority of the fifty lowest cost steam-electric plants in the U.S. burn coal from the Powder River Basin, of which much of it travels on the route between Alliance and Grand Island.

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AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS

BNSF serves more of the nation's major grain-producing regions than any other railroad; some of those grains are hauled on the Alliance to Grand Island portion of their rails.

With this information, it is obvious that the railroads not only contributed to the settlement of the Byway area, but also continues to provide for all Americans.

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Chapter 4.1 County and Community Information-Hall County Grand Island and Cairo

HALL COUNTY

Hall County/Grand Island Tourism Website: www.visitgrandisland.com

Tourism Information: 800-658-3178

Tourism Information Locations:

• Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer, located at the intersection of US Highway 281 north & Nebraska Highways 2 and 34 - open 7 days a week, year round. Features a computer kiosk regarding the Byways and Nebraska Tourism. • Caboose: North of I-80 Exit 312 on US Highway 281 adjacent to Bosselman’s Travel Center o March-October, daily, Monday–Saturday, 9 a.m. - 5 a.m.; Sunday noon – 5 p.m. o November – February, weekends, Saturday 10 a.m. – 6 a.m.; Sunday noon – 5 p.m. • The Convention & Visitors Bureau main office and visitor center is located 4 miles north of I-80 exit 314 at 2424 South Locust Street, Suite C, in midtown Grand Island and is open Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m. year-round • Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitor Information Center Location: Bosselman’s Pump & Pantry, Nebraska Highway 2, Cairo 308-485-4404. Brochure rack featuring places of interest along the Byway

More Information: • Land Mass of County: 546 square miles • County Population: 55, 555* • County Seat: Grand Island, Highway 2 Mile Post 354 (west edge of Grand Island) • County Seat’s Population: 44,632** • Elevation at Grand Island Airport: 1,847 feet • Hall County communities on the Byway, Nebraska Highway 2: o Grand Island (see info above) o Cairo Population: 788** East Mile Post 343, West Mile Post: 343 • Hall County communities within the Byway Corridor: o Alda Population: 652

Hall County was named in honor of Augustus Hall (1814-1861) who was chief justice of the territory of Nebraska and a former congressman from Iowa. The boundaries of Hall County were defined by an act of the legislature on November 4, 1858. The boundaries were redefined on February 1, 1864, and again on March 1, 1871.

The Platte River valley in Central Nebraska made the heart of Hall County a natural corridor for the movement of people and commerce across the heartland. This includes early Native Americans, fur traders, explorers and then the migration of people crossing the prairie on their way west. The Mormon Pioneer Trail, California Trail, The Omaha and Fort Kearny Road, The Nebraska City Cutoff Trail, The Oregon Trail, The Ox Bow Trail, and The Pony Express all passed through Hall County or the immediate area.

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The westward pioneer trails were carefully selected for plentiful grass, water, and fuel. The Platte valley through Nebraska not only met these trail needs, but also offered a predominately flat terrain for the early settlers to move through this area. Conflicts between the early settlers and Indians were common throughout the 1860’s. Settlers and ranches along the south of the Platte experienced Indian raids and German settlers on the north side of the Platte founded Fort Independence.

In 1858, word spread that there was gold in the mountains of Colorado, and the westward rush was on.

GRAND ISLAND

An island in Nebraska? “Grand Island” came from the French name “La Grande Ile” meaning the large or great island in the Platte River by the early French fur traders in the 1700’s. It referred to the island that was formed by a narrow channel branching off the Platte River approximately 28 miles upstream from the present city of Grand Island and rejoining the main river about 12 miles downstream from the city. “Grande Ile” was a well-known landmark for fur traders by 1820. Westbound travelers of the 1820’s often mentioned the island as the most conspicuous feature of the Central Platte Valley. Pioneers heading West on the Oregon, Mormon, and California Trails also note the Platte River and “Grand Island” in their journals. In 1872, Grand Island was incorporated. “La Grande Ile” was lost when the north channel of the Platte River was damned to prevent the yearly flooding of crops.

The earliest known residents of the area were Pawnee, Sioux, and Cheyenne Indians who hunted game along the Platte. The city boomed in the 1880’s and survived the devastating recession of the 1890’s. 1857 brought the first settlers to Hall County when three Iowa-based businessmen saw the economic potential of a town near the Platte Grand Island, and speculated that the railroad would soon follow. The venture went bankrupt, but the 37 German settlers hired to start “Grand Island City” stayed. The majority of these original settlers were from the area of the German-Danish border, Schleswig-Holstein. Today Grand Island is a Sister-City to Bad Segeberg located in this same area of Northern Germany. The first schools, churches and newspapers were in German. The German language was still spoken in many local homes until World War II. The German settlers came from different areas and spoke both High German and Low German (Platt Duetsche). To this day two clubs survive; one which was originally for the High Germans – the Liederkrantz and one for Low Germans – the Platt Duetsche.

The Union Pacific Railroad arrived in Grand Island in 1866 and created “Grand Island Station.” It was followed ten years later, 1876, by the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad. Both railroads had passenger depots in Grand Island as the migration from the east was in full swing and passenger trains were the best way to get here. One of the two depots, the Plum Street Station, still remains. With the railroad came more settlers and immigration reached its peak between 1860 and 1890. The city of Grand Island incorporated in 1872.

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Settlers from Germany, Scandinavia, Bohemia, and Ireland swelled the population. Grand Island citizens welcomed the 1880’s and the turn of the century with vigor and vision as a major railroad, business, agricultural and industrial hub. Many of the finest homes, public institutions, and businesses were built during these periods.

Grand Island prospered with the growth of agriculture and farming. Grand Island was one of the first areas of the state to experiment with sugar beets and a large beet processing center was built in the late 1800’s. During the 1880’s several new industries came to the city including soap, steam laundries, cigar, furniture, bottling works, broom, fence, granite, creameries, breweries, canning and milling. This period also brought the telephone, the Gas and Electric Light Company and the construction of a water system. Until World War I, Grand Island was also a center for horse and mule trading.

The Grand Island Horse, Mule and Cattle Market was significant, during World War I when horses and mules were shipped almost daily to all countries allied with the U.S. Grand Island sold more horses and mules to the U.S. military than any other American city. Although sales dropped during the great depression the cattle market kept the auction going. After more than 100 years the auctioneers were silenced in 2004 when it closed and the sale barn was moved to the Stuhr Museum.

During World War II the city was the home of the Grand Island Army Air Force Base with thousands of soldiers and airmen training for duty. Two German POW camps were located in the city and many of the prisoners worked for local farmers during the day. A large Army installation at the Cornhusker Ordnance Plant employed over 4,000 people during World War II and they produced bombs and artillery shells for the war effort. It was reactivated for the Korean and Vietnam conflicts.

Transportation has always been important in Grand Island’s history with the Indians, military, and the 49er’s all following the Platte River on their way west. Grand Island’s location along the Platte River valley in Central Nebraska made it a natural corridor for the movement of people and commerce across the heartland. This includes early Native Americans, fur traders, explorers and then the migration of thousands upon thousands of people crossing the Nebraska prairie to all points west. Following the first trails west, Grand Island also had the first transcontinental railroad – the Union Pacific (1866), the first transcontinental highway – the Lincoln Highway (1915) and one of the first transcontinental Interstates – I-80 (1960’s). As automobile travel became popular travelers arrived by way of Highways 2, 30, 34, and 281. Interstate 80 is just a few miles to the south.

This community was not immune to nature’s wrath. The last major flood – where about a third of the community received water damage – was in 1967. The most violent tornado activity of modern times was on June 3, 1980 when a “super cell” of seven tornadoes terrorized the community for nearly five hours and destroyed hundreds of homes and businesses. It devastated 25 percent of the community and caused $137 million in damages. President Carter came to survey the damage and offer words of encouragement and economic assistance for rebuilding. A 1984 book, “Night of the Twisters”, by Ivy Ruckman, is a fictionalized account of this natural disaster from the human perspective. In 1996, a made for television movie, “Night of the Twisters”, was shown on the Family Channel. Following the tornadoes was the severe agricultural recession of the 1980’s. Grand Island bounced back again to reclaim its place as a major manufacturing, agricultural, and retail center facing the future with vision and confidence.

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Located just eight miles North of Interstate 80, Grand Island is an undeniably important gateway community to Highway 2 and the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway experience. Thousands of vacationers choose I-80 to travel through Nebraska. Grand Island as a portal for the Byway makes it the perfect location for leaving the rush of interstate traffic to take a more pleasant and leisurely route northwest via the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway.

Another reason to start your travels at Grand Island is the Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer. It is a wonderfully insightful glimpse of the region’s heritage. Featuring Native American artifacts, an 1890’s railroad town, and antiques dating back to the pioneer era you’ll learn about the struggles and successes of early settlers in this area.

Grand Island is the third largest town and the third largest retail center in Nebraska as well as the largest community along the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway offering the most attractions, plentiful lodging opportunities, and multiple amenities.

Must See & Do! Are you planning to spend a few days in Grand Island? If you want to experience all of the recreational opportunities you’ll have to spend multiple days or come back soon.

Stuhr Museum The Stuhr museum is the perfect start to your journey along the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway because it shows many examples of the early days of this area. Praised as "one of the top ten places to re-live America's past" by Good Housekeeping magazine, Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer offers a living history experience that tells the story of early town building in Nebraska. Stuhr Museum, four minutes north of I-80, Exit #312, provides visitors the experience of life as a pioneer through over 70,000 three-dimensional artifacts plus historic photographs, books, and documents.

Set on 200 acres, the 1890s Railroad Town comes to life from May 1 through September 30. Four historical homes grace Railroad Town, including the cottage where Henry Fonda was born in 1905. Dressed for life in the 1890s, the “residents” of Railroad Town help visitors experience the lifestyle of the early prairie town builders. Walk the town’s wooden boardwalks or stop at the blacksmith’s shop to see demonstrations. Play an old-fashioned game, create a hat at the Millinery, visit the one room school, write a telegram at the Depot, see what the Tinsmith is making, or have a snack at the Silver Dollar Cafe. Shop for handmade tin, iron, and wooden reproduction items at the Mercantile, where women’s jewelry, hat pins, bonnets, candy, coffee, pottery and scented soaps are just a sampling of the items available. South of town, Runelsburg is home to a turn of the century farm, charming rural church and authentic one-room schoolhouse. To the north, a collection of log cabins represents a Road Ranche, an early settlement on the Plains.

The Stuhr Building, open year-round, includes indoor exhibits such as period rooms, tools, household articles, and furnishings on the 2nd floor. It introduces visitors to Nebraska’s history by tracing pioneer lifestyles from 1880 to 1920. The lower level features changing exhibits from those created using Stuhr’s collection of nationally- touring shows on any number of historic topics. The Prairie Treasures Gift Shop carries a wide assortment of unique gift items as well as books on Great Plains history and people. Outdoors, visit the restored, authentic Railroad Display, and view a 1901 Steam Locomotive, a 1912 Caboose, and an 1871 Coach at walk-in level before taking a stroll through the beautiful arbor with dozens of varieties of flowers, native plants, and friendly ducks.

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The Gus Fonner Memorial Rotunda houses an extensive collection of Native American and Old West artifacts. Exhibits reflect the contrasting cultures of the Plains Indians and the early western settlers. Outdoors, the reconstructed Pawnee Earth Lodge provides a hands-on experience of early life on the prairie. The Antique Farm Machinery and Auto Exhibit (open at 10 a.m. and 2 p.m. May 1 through September 30) features over 200 pieces of steam and gas powered tractors along with many vintage automobiles to delight car lovers.

The summer hours are 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Saturday. Sunday hours are from noon to 5 p.m. The Railroad Town opens at 10 a.m. (noon Sundays). The hours of individual buildings, shops, and exhibits may vary; admission may vary by season and event. For information contact Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer, 3133 West Highway 34, Grand Island, NE 68801, call (308) 385-5316, or visit www.stuhrmuseum.org.

Shopping Merchandise Mile is located on North Highway 281. In addition to two enclosed shopping malls with nearly 100 businesses and services, dozens of other retail and service businesses are located in this area. In the Grand Old Town, you’ll be in the historic area of town where 90 stores offer antiques, gifts, clothing, jewelry, furniture, accessories, unique dining and movie choices. While you’re in Grand Island, drive South Locust Street. Much of this area was destroyed or damaged in the 1980 tornadoes. Now, with no trace of the damage in sight, you’ll find lodging, fine dining, casual dining, retail stores, and service businesses.

Mid-Nebraska Speedway Mid-Nebraska Speedway is located two miles south of I-80, Exit 314, on Old Highway 281 and it is a 3/8-mile dirt track with seating for 4,500. Approximately 80-100 cars participate in races each Saturday night from April through September. Weekly races feature Wild & Wacky Cruisers, IMCA Modifieds, IMCA Hobby Stocks, Happy Hornets (4 cycle cars), and Grand National Late Models. They offer free parking, restrooms and concession stands. Special races and events are held throughout the season. Call 402- 845-2988 or 308-381-0088 www.midnebraskaspeedway.com

The Historic Grand Theatre Located in historic downtown Grand Island at 318 West Third Street, this art-deco style theatre opened in 1911 as the Lyda Theatre and was renamed the Grand in 1931. In 2004 a small group of dedicated business owners came together to save the Grand when it was slated to close. “The Grand Foundation” is a non-profit organization dedicated to preserving the last surviving movie palace in Grand Island as a home for film and local performing arts organizations. Today, run by all volunteers, the Grand Theatre offers second-run family films at discounted rates on Friday, Saturday and Sunday. In addition, the Grand frequently has live music, speakers and comedians. For information on shows call 308-381-2667 or visit their web site at www.grandmovietheatre.com

Island Oasis Water Park Island Oasis, 321 East Fonner Park Road, is the only water park of its kind between Lincoln and Denver. Guests can enjoy the 350 thousand-gallon wave pool, the 750-foot lazy river, two new six-story high-speed slides, four giant 150-foot slides, the zero depth children’s areas, and the spraying fountains and a wacky wet otter slide. Build castles in the sand, stroll across the lily pads, or try the log walk. Sand volleyball and concessions are also available. The zero depth areas are handicapped accessible. The facility is open seven days a week during the summer months. 308-385-5444 ext. 290

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Kid’s Kingdom Located at Stolley Park this 17,000 square foot playground designed with 1,500 children’s imagination is bigger, bolder, and wilder than any playground in the state. Free of charge, Kid’s Kingdom features swings, ladders, bridges, monkey bars, spider webs, rope climbs, slides, mazes, obstacle courses, nets, tunnels, cars, a pirate ship, fire pole, tree house and rock climb among the trees. Kid’s Kingdom offers a great opportunity for the entire family to spend quality time together being kids!

Railroads Grand Island has a wealth of railroad activity 24 hours a day. The Union Pacific Railroad cuts a double track swath through the heart of the city. The U.P. mainline is the original “transcontinental mainline. All of the newest locomotives can be seen here and some old ones as well, including Centennial #6936, the three E 9’s, Challenger #3985 and Northern #844. The U.P. runs about 90 trains every 24 hours. “Super Trains” are currently being tested through Grand Island. They generally have two high horsepower units on the front, one or two in the middle and one or two on the end. The “Super Trains have 150 cars or more.

The BNSF rails travel a northwest to southeast direction on a recently constructed “flyover”. The BNSF is predominately a coal-hauler with its mainline heading into the Powder River Basin of Wyoming. Coal isn’t the only commodity hauled on the BNSF however. Double stacks, unit grain and manifest trains make up 25 percent of the traffic on this line. One unusual train makes a weekly appearance on the BNSF through Grand Island and that is the Boeing train. It runs from Topeka, Kansas to Seattle, Washington, and hauls fuselages for Boeing 737’s, 757’s and 767’s jetliners. The BNSF handles approximately 75 trains each 24-hour period through Grand Island.

The Nebraska Central Railroad calls Grand Island home for its diesel fleet. The unmistakable red locomotives with white nose stripes and trim make for fine photo opportunities in the warm Nebraska sunshine. Several trains a day travel to and from Grand Island on the areas #1 short line.

Heartland Public Shooting Park Featuring the disciplines of sporting clays, trap and skeet the Heartland Public Shooting Park is located two miles west of Highway 30 and the Husker Highway intersection at 6788 West Husker Highway. It consists of 420 acres of land with six lighted skeet ranges, eight lighted trap ranges, and a sporting clays range. In addition, the park has an activity center complete with a deck and a meeting room for sixty people, a seven- acre lake, and a rifle and pistol shooting facility. Future development include up to 25 miles of equestrian and pedestrian trails, camping facilities, retriever training and field trials and other outdoor recreation opportunities. 308-390-2718 www.heartlandpublicshootingpark.com

Mormon Island Near Mormon Island State Recreation Area (I-80, exit 312) is one of the islands formed by the multi-channel Platte River. During the winter of 1884-1885 several Mormon families camped on the tip of this island - the last of the Mormon migration to Salt Lake City. They chose the site because of the open stream and abundance of timber that could be used to repair their covered wagons. Three graves, a Mormon mother and two small children, remained on the island when the wagons rolled westward the following spring. Boating and fishing are allowed on the lake and all services are provided year round for camping, picnicking, hiking, and relaxing.

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Fonner Park & Heartland Events Center The first thoroughbred horse race was held at Fonner Park in 1954 and they now host 13 weeks of live horse racing each spring from mid-February through early May. Fonner Park simulcasts pari-mutuel racing from New York to California featuring sensational action from Belmont Park, Keeneland, Churchill Downs, Calder Race Course, the Fair Grounds, Turfway and Santa Anita. The 5/8 mile track encircles a beautiful infield with a lake and 8-10 races are held each day. Choose from choice trackside, box, skyline or clubhouse seating. KENO is offered seven days a week and concessions are available.

This multi-purpose facility includes the Heartland Events Center and they host numerous civic, cultural, and agricultural events throughout the year. Fonner Park is home to the Nebraska Racing Hall of Fame. The location is 700 E Stolley Park Road and their web site is www.fonnerpark.com. 308-382-4515

Platte River The Platte River serves as a “staging” area - a place where Sandhill cranes refuel, rest and rekindle their pair bonds. This area is really their only extended stopover and the only location offering safe sandbars for roosting, abundant food and meadows for loafing and courting. Waterfowl and shorebirds also pour into the Platte Valley by the millions. Bluebirds, woodcock, wild turkeys, prairie chickens and bald eagles are joined by 185 species of birds that migrate through this area annually and an additional 115 species that stay here to nest. It is recommended that you contact the Convention and Visitor’s Bureau (CVB) for information on viewing opportunities at Crane Meadows and other areas.

Crane Meadows Nature Center (Temporarily closed due to management transition) Latitude North 40.7958 Longitude West -98.4907 This facility provides the opportunity to view and learn about the spring migration of 500,000 Sandhill cranes and over 12 million ducks and geese. Seven miles of hiking trails provide public access to prairie, forest, and wetland habitats. The Interpretive Center houses exhibits on cranes, waterfowl, endangered species, prairie grasses, prehistoric wildlife, wetlands, and more. A footbridge crossing the Platte River connects with hiking trails and a viewing tower to observe the wildlife and the Platte River. Trained staff and guides provide step-on services, programs and several different tour opportunities including trips to the local river blinds and a sunset bridge tour with a 360 degree view of the Platte River, prairie and sky.

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Activities and programs are available year round including summertime walks through the butterfly garden, hiking through native prairie grasses, fall walks through the 240 acre prairie on the trails, or watching the return of bald eagles and other raptors in the winter. Hours are Monday-Sunday from 8:00 a.m. – 6:00 p.m. during crane season and Monday-Saturday from 9:00 a.m. – 5:00 p.m. during the rest of the year. They are located at I-80 Exit 305, 9325 South Alda Road, Wood River, NE 68883 - 308-382-1820 or toll free 888-382-1820

Historic Sites & People See Chapter 3.4 - Historic Intrinsic Quality for a list of Nebraska State Historic Sites and National Historic Register Sites

See Chapter 3.2 - Cultural Intrinsic Quality for information about the people and their culture

The Convention & Visitors Bureau is your guide to the historic sites in Grand Island and Hall County. This includes the Wood River Crossing, Townsley-Murdock Immigrant Trail Site, William Stolley House and Stolley Park, Hamilton-Donald House, Plum Thicket Victorian Home (now a gift shop and tea room), Andrew Hargis House, Kirschke House (now a bed and breakfast), the Jamieson House on the Platte River Road, and the restored Burlington Depot Plum Street Station. They are also experts on the history and military history of this area and can arrange group programs and guided tours. Groups are encouraged to ask about famous sons and daughters of Grand Island.

Several other attractions and forms of recreation are available:

• Bowling is available at Westside Lanes, 112 Kaufman Avenue, 308-381-5200, and at the Super Bowl Fun Plex, 308-382-5200. • The Super Bowl also offers bumper boats, go-karts, miniature golf, and sand volleyball. • The Third City Archers is an indoor and outdoor archery facility. 308-383-3919 • Grand Island has six city baseball/softball fields, numerous soccer fields, eight outdoor tennis courts, five outdoor city basketball courts, and multiple parks with a variety of amenities including swimming pools, wading pools, and hike and bike trails. 308-385-5444, ext. 295 • The YMCA has indoor basketball courts, and indoor pool and more. 308-395- 9622 • Non-powered boating is welcome on the lakes at Eagle Scout Park and the LE Ray Lake. 308-385-5444, ext. 290 • Enjoy golf at multiple public and private golf courses. Miniature golf, paintball, racquetball, roller skating, skateboarding, indoor tennis courts. Contact the Grand Island CVB for details. 308-382-4400 or 800-658-3178

Events A complete listing of events is available from the Grand Island/Hall County CVB, 2424 S Locust St, Ste C, Grand Island, NE 68801 Phone: 308-382-4400 or 800-658-3178 Web site: www.visitgrandisland.com. It is recommended that you contact the CVB for up-to- the-minute details and contact information for all events.

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Sandhill Crane & Spring Migration Yearly thousands of tourists visit Hall County to see the annual migration of the Sandhill Cranes. Their stop along the Platte River from late February through early April is one of the largest congregations of migratory birds on the North American continent. Hall County has been named the number ONE place in the world for bird watchers by Forbes FYI Magazine. In addition to the migration of 500,000 Sandhill Cranes, over 300 species of indigenous or migratory birds are welcomed to the area each year. Several guided tours and programs are offered and step-on guides are available.

Wings over the Platte Art Show & Sale Held at the Stuhr Museum every March, this exciting show celebrates the migration and provides a look at the works of regional, national, and featured artists.

Prairie Winds Art Center Each March the Prairie Winds Art Center offers exhibits by artists, sculptors, and photographers celebrating the return of the cranes and waterfowl to Nebraska.

Crane Meadows (Temporarily closed due to management transition) Crane Meadows offers dozens of programs throughout the year. The busiest time is during the spring migration when special programs and tours are offered. In April programs are offered about prairie chickens; May bring song birds programs; prairie walks on the prairie are encouraged in the summer; the fall brings programs on owls, bats and wild turkeys; then January brings bald eagles with appropriate programs.

Mid-Nebraska Speedway Racing is on Saturdays from April-September. (See additional information in previous section)

Art in the Park Over 80 artisans display their work each summer on the third Sunday in July in the beautiful outdoor setting of one of Grand Island’s finest parks.

Stuhr Museum The Stuhr Museum offers a variety of events throughout the year including an 1890’s Memorial Day celebration, tradesmen at work during the summer, and an annual antique tractor, engine and vintage auto show in late September.

Husker Harvest Days Held annually in September, offers field demonstrations and over 450 exhibitors showcasing a wide range of products and services in the world’s largest working irrigated agricultural show at a permanent site in the United States. There are over 700 acres of field demonstrations with this show to highlight side-by-side comparisons for corn harvest, tillage, stalk shredding, sprayer demonstrations, alfalfa cutting, baling and handling. Bus service is provided from Grand Island to the site and a craft tent, multiple food booths and entertainment are provided.

Public Hunting Facilities in Hall County include the Cornhusker Wildlife Management Area, Loch Linda Wayside Management Area, Wood River Wayside Management Area and Hannon WPA (Wildlife Protection Area). Contact Nebraska Game & Parks Commission for weaponry limitations. For more information on Nebraska’s hunting seasons, hunting guide or permit vendors, call the Nebraska Game & Parks Commission, Kearney Office at 308- 865-5310, or at the Lincoln Office, 402-471-0641.

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Running of the Wieners It is a “wiener dog” race held in September at the Platt-Duetsche, 1315 West Anna Street. Events include preliminary heats and finals in “Little Smokies”, “Frankfurters”, and “Senior Sausages”. Admission is free. 308-382-0586

German Heritage Days Old Settlers Picnic It is held at the Liederkranz at 403 West 1st Street. Activities include a picnic, genealogical information on display, and a dance. 308-382-9337

Junk Jaunt It is a 250 mile perpetual yard sale in Nebraska’s heartland. It starts in the historic section of Grand Island and then proceeds along Highways 2, 91, and 11. You will find arts, crafts, collectibles, antiques, food delights, old farm machinery, tack and more. 308-728-3393 www.nebraskajunkjaunt.com

Harvest of Harmony Parade It is located in Downtown Grand Island every October. It is the largest parade in the state of Nebraska with over 100 high school bands street marching in competition for trophies on the 18-block parade route and float entries competing for cash and other awards.

All Hallows Evening It is an 1890’s Halloween celebration at the Stuhr Museum Railroad Town for one weekend each October. Activities include scary tales, games, the Treat Trail, the Haunted Mill, and hayrack rides. Costumes and kids of all ages are invited to be spooked. 308-385-5316

Nebraska Food Festival It is held at Stuhr Museum in November. You can learn about and buy delightful goodies and foods produced in Nebraska. 308-385-5316

Live Thoroughbred Horseracing It is held at Fonner Park from mid-February through mid-May. Special group rates for 20 or more people are available. In addition to live racing, there is also simulcast racing, a keno lounge and plenty of great food and drink.

Grand Island offers several holiday events. • Downtown Christmas, held in November brings the holiday spirit to everyone with sweet treats, storytellers, sleigh rides, caroling & costumed strollers, musical groups, and Mr. and Mrs. Claus. • Santa also visits the Conestoga Mall in November and December. • The La Camerata Madrigal Singers present a “Merry Ole Yuletide Feast.” It includes a dinner and entertainment at the Howard Johnson/Riverside Inn, 308-384-4776, in November. • The annual Festival of Lights, Fantasy of Trees Display, Hall County Christmas Lights display, Visions of Christmas Art Show, The Singing Christmas Tree, a Grand Island Little Theatre presentation, and Stuhr Museum’s lantern-lit “Christmas Past & Present” walk through their railroad town are just some of the reasons to visit during the holiday season.

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Other annual events include: • More Grand Island Theatre productions • An accordion jamboree • Polka and big band dances • Gun shows • Concerts • Art shows • Car shows • Auto racing • Sorts events and tournaments • County fair • Farmer’s markets • Horse shows Expos • Craft shows • And much more

For information contact the Hall County Convention & Visitors Bureau at 800-658-3178 or 308-382-4400 or check out their web site at www.visitgrandisland.com

Group Tour Attractions and Services The Grand Island/Hall County Convention & Visitors Bureau staff will customize tours, lodging, shopping, and other activities for your group. Services also include step-on guides and special group rates to attractions. It is recommended that you spend at least two days in Grand Island if you want to take in the majority of the attractions. Seasonal events are popular and many groups come to see the Sandhill crane migration, singing Christmas tree, or fair entertainment. You will find plenty to do if you choose to stay longer.

Several “Groups Only” rates, coupons, tours and programs are available. A variety of facilities have docents, guides, and programs with flexible schedules and reasonable group rates. Some facilities offer complimentary services for the motor coach driver, escort, and planner. These are just a few of the opportunities for groups: • Groups can sponsor a race and make a blanket presentation to the winning horse, jockey and trainer at Fonner Park. A complimentary picture is provided to the group. • Island Oasis can be rented after hours with group rates and a photo, compliments of Island Oasis Water Park. • Meet the drivers and see the racecars up close at Mid-Nebraska Speedway. • Educational programs and step-on guides are available for major attractions like the Stuhr Museum.

You’ll also want to know: • The 2.4 acre Murdock Site, located one & one half miles south of Alda at Exit #305, is where you can find a swale, the last known visible sign of the Mormon Trail in this region. • The brick and stone Hall County Courthouse in Grand Island, was designed by noted architect Thomas Rogers Kimball, and completed in 1904. It is topped by a copper-clad clock tower and cupola and is still in use today. • The Platte River is North America’s longest braided river. • The Prairie is one of the most endangered eco-systems in North America.

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• Grand Island is a three time All-American City (1955, 1967 and 1981), 1997 Outstanding Nebraska Community, World Trade Magazine ranked Grand Island 9th in the Top 10 List of Smaller Communities with an excellent quality of life, Forbes FYI Magazine declared “Grand Island is the #1 place in the world for birdwatchers” referring to the Spring Migration of the Sandhill Cranes and most recently Grand Island was designated the City of Kindness. • Several years ago National Geographic magazine named this annual crane migration through central Nebraska as one of North America’s two greatest natural wildlife phenomena – the other one being the Caribou migration in Alaska. The world’s foremost authority on birds, Roger Tory Peterson, wrote that “Neither the hordes of Demoiselle Cranes on the Nile nor the great flocks of European Cranes at Oland in the Baltic can match the spectacle of the Sandhill Cranes. • Grand Island will begin hosting the Nebraska State Fair in 2010.

Grand Island Services - For more information or inquire about services contact the Grand Island CVB at 308-382-4400 or 800-658-3178. Type How Many Type How Many Movie Theaters 10 Transmission Shops 10 Community Theaters 1 Jiffy Lube/Quick Lube 5 Bumper Boat/Go Cart 1 24-Hour Fuel 17 Towing/24-Hour Emergency City Libraries 1 Roadside Assistance 7 City Parks 33 Recreational Vehicle Dumping Stations 5 Miniature Golf Courses 2 Recreational Vehicle Repair Services 2 9-Hole Golf Courses 1 Bicycle Service/Repair 1 18-Hole Golf Courses 3 Boat Service/Repair 2 Outdoor Tennis Courts 25 Motorcycle Service/Repair 7 Roller Skating 1 Locksmith 4 Racquetball 1 Laundromat 4 Horse Racing 1 Churches 45 Museums 1 Public Telephones 86 Lakes 4 Free Internet Access 40 Public Swimming Pools 1 Veterinarian 10 Water Parks 1 Pet Grooming 8 Bowling Alleys 2 Pet Boarding 3 Gun Clubs 2 Hotels/Motels 21 Hospitals 2 Bed & Breakfast 1 Dental Clinics 37 Campgrounds 5 Medical Clinics 9 RV Site Pads 147 Chiropractic Clinics 3 Retail Trade Operations 944 Eye Doctor/Eye Care 14 Retail Mall 2 Emergency Services Call 911 Retail Strip Mall 10 Fire 4 stations National Retail Chain Store 100 + Fire Staff 69 Restaurants (full service to casual dining) 121 EMT Staff 21 Grocery Stores 13 Police Staff 93 Antique Shops 9 Sheriff Staff 45 Banks 22 Airports 1 24-Hour Automatic Teller Machines 50 Car Rental Agencies 5 Check Cashing Services 9 Gas Stations 22

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There were many colorful characters and many important people who lived in Grand Island. This is just a sample of over a dozen people who are listed by the Grand Island CVB as notable people:

• Venus Webber was perhaps Grand Island’s best known early "madam." The "inmates" of her house, as the newspaper referred to them, were frequently in violation of Grand Island’s law prohibiting prostitutes to enter bars and saloons. Webber’s 20-room combination home and place of business was in the far eastern part of town, beyond city water service. When the building caught fire in March 1915, all was lost with the exception of the grand piano which had been in the front room. Venus and her husband, Joe, apparently left town not long after the fire.

• Sharon Kay Richie, daughter of Mr. & Mrs. Forrest Richie of Grand Island and graduate of Grand Island Senior High was selected as Miss America of 1956. At the time of entering the competition, Sharon Kay was a student at Colorado Women’s College and therefore represented the state of Colorado.

Multiple historical markers have been erected by the Nebraska State Historical Society and the Hall County Historical Society. There are also numerous structures that are on the National Register of Historic Sites. They are all listed in Chapter 3.4 - Intrinsic Quality – Historical.

CAIRO

Cairo sprang up in 1885 when the Lincoln Land Company was surveying the area as a possible town site for the proposed railroad being built through this newly settled northwestern part of Hall County line’s water stop. Legend has it that one of the survey engineers exclaimed that this area looked just like a desert and should be called Cairo after its counterpart in Egypt. The Lincoln Land Company’s clerk followed through the theme by naming the streets appropriately: Egypt, Berber, Thebe, Alexandria, Media, Nubia, Suez, Said, Mecca and Nile.

Pioneers first came in 1873 and they represented many ethnic groups including Germans, Danes, Swedes, Irish, Poles, Blacks, and English. Cairo now calls itself the “Oasis on the Prairie.”

The “Grand Island and Wyoming Railroad” now the “Burlington, Quincy, Northern R.R.” was built through this area by the end of May, 1886 from Grand Island to Billings, Montana, so that it would penetrate the great coal fields of Wyoming and the lumber regions of Montana and could bring those products back to the Easterners. The joining of the Grand Island and Wyoming Central Railroad and the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad resulted in an extension of tracks and what was to become Cairo was chosen as a water stop. Tracks reached Cairo on May 29, 1886.

In 1872 H.H. Boring made the first claim in the vicinity of Cairo. Just a year after it was established, Cairo was booming. The village of Cairo was described as having a thriving main street and a population of 200. Businesses advertising in the 1887 Cairo Tribune newspaper included a lumber yard, newspaper, mercantile, post office, grocer, meat market, furniture & hardware store, drug store, hotel, livery stable, blacksmith, doctors and real estate deals. Cairo was incorporated on November 18, 1892.

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By 1916, numerous businesses had been added to the community’s business district and included two banks, an opera house, barber shops, saloons, harness shops, restaurants, horse dealers, a race track, a golf course, a tennis court, creamery, flour mill, alfalfa meal mill, ice house, and automobile dealers.

In 1915 a tornado hit Cairo and demolished several buildings but they rebuilt and by 1920 the population grew to 427. Today Cairo boasts two schools, four churches, a newspaper and printing company, numerous retail and commercial businesses, professional services and parks and recreational facilities.

Must See & Do! If you begin your trip at Grand Island, this will be your first chance to experience the rural life of many local residents. A small town – actually called a village – you will find enough services so you can have everything you need from a grocery store and bank to an auto repair shop and a medical clinic. In Cairo you can also find what you want from a nine-hole golf course to a public swimming pool. However, with the close proximity to a city as large as Grand Island, many residents work and shop out of town.

If you choose to drive down the streets of Cairo, look for those street signs that signify the “Egyptian Desert” that came from the founders. As you look around at the grass and trees, you’ll realize man’s power over this area because the area has plenty of trees and shade.

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Cairo Services Type How Many City Library 1 City Parks (Hulett & Rasmussen Parks) 2 18-Hole Golf Courses 1 Outdoor Tennis Court (at Rasmussen Park) 1 Public Swimming Pool (at Rasmussen Park) 1 Bowling Alley 1 Emergency Services Dial 911 Volunteer Fire Department 1 Quick Response Team 1 Convenience Store 1 24-Hour Fuel 1 Auto Repair Shop 2 Machinery Repair Shop 1 Churches 3 Recreational Vehicle Sites w/electrical 4 Retail Trade Operations 3 Restaurants 3 Grocery Stores 1 Banks 1 24-Hour Automatic Teller Machine coming

You’ll also want to know: Between Cairo and Ravenna you will witness man’s attempt at control of Nebraska’s winds that blow sand and snow. Tree windbreaks, frequently composed of ponderosa pines and red cedars are visible from Highway 2 in this and many other areas along Highway 2. The view is much different than the treeless prairie that was once the landscape in the grass-covered flatlands of Nebraska.

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Chapter 4.2 County and Community Information - Buffalo County, Ravenna

BUFFALO COUNTY

Buffalo County/Kearney Tourism Website: www.visitkearney.org

Tourism Information: 800-652-9435

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitor Information Centers Locations: • Co-op, Nebraska Highway 2, Ravenna, 308-452-3257 • Aunt Betty’s B&B, 804 Grand Ave, Ravenna, 308-452-3739

More Information: • Land Mass of County: 968 square miles • County Population: 43,954* • County Seat: Kearney (27 miles south of the Byway via Nebraska Highway 10) • County Seat’s Population: 29,385** • Elevation at Kearney Airport: 2,131 feet • Buffalo County communities on the Byway, Nebraska Highway 2: o Ravenna Population: 1,274** East Mile Post 328 West Mile Post 327 o Sweetwater Population: unincorporated East Mile Post 322 West Mile Post 322 • Buffalo County communities within the Byway Corridor: o Pleasanton population: 343 o Poole unincorporated

Since it was the feeding grounds for many herds of buffalo, Buffalo was chosen for the name of this county when it was organized and the boundaries were defined during the first session of the Nebraska legislature. The date was March 14, 1855.

The total land area of Buffalo County is 952 square miles and the Sandhills Journey Scenic Bypass Corridor passes through the north-eastern section of the county. The average January temperature is 21 degrees and the average July temperature is 75 degrees. Rainfall averages 23 inches annually.

The 1870’s are heralded as the true birth of Buffalo County. In 1870, elections were held to select officers for the county. Wood River was the first county seat. Later it became Gibbon. In 1874 it was again moved. Kearney was chosen and still remains the county seat.

RAVENNA

Known as Beaver Creek until 1886, Ravenna was named for a city in Italy and this city reached a peak population of about 1600 in the 1920’s. It was named after the ancient city of Ravenna, Italy. “Annevar” (Ravenna spelled backwards) is a community celebration that has been celebrated annually in Ravenna since 1923. The title “All American City” was bestowed on Ravenna in 1978. The award was given to recognize the community’s ability to face and deal with local issues and problems and find solutions for them.

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Located in Buffalo County in the center of Nebraska, Ravenna is a bustling community of 1,341 residents. Visitors arrive in Ravenna by turning north off scenic Highway 2 and then crossing an old fashioned overpass spanning the Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad tracks. On the north side of the overpass is Ravenna's Grand Avenue.

Located within 35 miles of both Grand Island and Kearney, Ravenna gives access to the many advantages and conveniences of a larger city, but still preserves small town life — truly a "Hometown Hideaway".

Had the lonely sentry on duty one night in 1864 known that the fortification which he guarded would be a booming, bustling town in less than 25 years, he most likely wouldn't have called the mound of earth surrounding the two oak buildings “Fort Banishment.” Of course, he had no way of envisioning the arrival of settlers to this lonely, treeless plain populated only by American Indians, buffalo, and occasional herds of antelope. Nor had he any way of seeing the steel rails of the Burlington Railway threading their way through the lush grassland of northern Buffalo County to finally cross the South Loup River and establish a division point on the homestead of Erastus Smith. Erastus Smith moved to a homestead near the juncture of the Loup and Beaver Rivers in 1874, carting his family, furnishings, and registered cattle from Iowa. He chose his home site with a railroad in mind; and when the Burlington and Missouri Railroad sought a division point on its new line running from Lincoln to the mineral fields of Wyoming, Smith’s choice of a homestead seemed the most likely spot.

The Lincoln Townsite Company, whom the Burlington favored with a job of purchasing and platting the new town, approached Smith with an offer of purchasing a substantial section of his farm for a town site. Smith agreed, and the company was sold two-thirds interest in the area required, with Smith retaining every third lot. When the question of a name arose, a representative of the company suggested Ravenna after Ravenna, Italy, and the name stuck. The streets in the original plat, drawn in June of 1886, were named after noted cities in Italy.

A bank, newspaper, hotel, and many business establishments were soon in operation. When the Burlington began its regular run from Ravenna on July 1, 1886, it left a busy, booming town. By fall the town was large enough to seek incorporation; and on October 12, 1886, Ravenna, Nebraska, became an official reality.

Must See & Do! The quiet streets In Ravenna are perfect for taking a stroll; the parks are great for picnicking, playing tennis, or swimming. Golfing is available on the challenging golf course. Softball and baseball games are possible at the diamonds.

The territory surrounding Ravenna is an outdoor enthusiast's dream with deer, song birds, fish, pheasants, and other wildlife.

Buffalo County Recreation Area The Buffalo County Recreation Area and Lake covers 100 acres and is located only one mile east of Ravenna. It has recently been drenched and stocked with game fish and a new handicapped fishing dock has been constructed. The Recreation Area also features picnic areas, playground equipment, rest rooms, camping and overnight trailer parking, fishing, and boating facilities.

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Cedar Hills Vineyard This vineyard is located near the South Loup River north east of Ravenna. Tasting room & dining room offer a wide range of food and Nebraska wines to satisfy any palate. They also raise raspberries, blueberries, and strawberries for their wine, homemade pies, cobblers, jams and jellies. 308-452-3181 www.cedarhillsvineyards.com

City Parks Ravenna has five city parks covering seven acres. Park facilities include: swimming pool, picnic areas, tables and benches, playground equipment, sand volleyball courts, three ball parks, lighted and paved tennis/basketball courts, and an arena for local tractor pulls and demolition derbies. Two playgrounds in Ravenna have standard playground equipment and lots of shade trees. Underground sprinklers have recently been installed at two of the parks.

Hunting & Fishing Buffalo County offers sportsmen a wide variety of opportunities throughout the year. Fishing for large mouth bass, bluegill, crappie, or catfish on local and private lakes, ponds, area rivers and streams is popular. Hunting turkey, pheasant, quail, ducks, and deer are just a few of the area's game. Contact the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission at 402-471-5497 for locations and seasons of state managed hunting areas. Please contact area farmers or ranchers for permission to hunt or fish on private land.

Swimming Pool Ravenna's swimming pool offers swimming for all ages with a wading pool for small children and a graduated depth pool with diving boards, slide, and lifeguards for more experienced swimmers. The staff offers Red Cross and private lessons. The pool is located on North Grand Avenue with playground equipment on the grounds and a snack area and vending machines next to the bathhouse. Pool hours are 1 to 5 p.m. daily and evenings from 6 to 9 p.m. The pool is closed when the temperature is below 70 degrees. Discounted rates are available for children, families, senior citizens and groups. The facility is also available for rent for special events. For further information, call 308-452-3139.

Ravenna Golf Club The Ravenna Golf Club located on the north edge of town offers 9 holes of par 35 golfing on grass greens and watered fairways over rolling hills with beautiful landscaping including a large variety of trees, shrubs, and flowers. The course is open to the public and also offers organized league play. The clubhouse is open every day throughout the season. Green fees apply. Carts are available for rent. For further information contact the clubhouse manager at 308-452-3150 or stop by 1117 Alba Avenue.

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Sports Bowl Sports Bowl is a progressive eight lane center that is clean and up-to-date with computerized scoring. A flexible bowling program for all ages is offered. Most leagues start the last week in August and end the second week of April. The center is open on weekdays, except Friday, from 5:30 p.m. to 12 midnight and Saturday and Sunday, 2 p.m. to 12 midnight. The center is closed on Fridays. Services include league and tournament options, bowling instruction, bumper bowling on all lanes, birthday party packages, phantom bowling (lights, music, and fog), snack bar and beverages. For further information call 308-452-3101, fax: 308-452-4055 or e-mail: [email protected].

Skating Roller skating and rollerblading are great family activities and you are welcome to enjoy these sports at the City Auditorium. It is open from November through March from 7 to 9 p.m. on Saturday evenings. Concessions and skate rentals are available. You may bring your own roller skates or Rollerblades. The facility is available for Roller Skating Parties through the Ravenna Lions Club who sponsors the facility. For more information, contact City Hall at (308) 452-3273.

EVENTS

Annevar Annevar (Ravenna spelled backwards) is the largest annual event held for four days each June. This celebration is complete with the D.C. Lynch midway, demo derby, tractor pull, ranch rodeo, parades, sand volleyball, frog hop and turtle races, kids tractor pull, fun run/walk, 3-man scramble golf tournament, 3-on-3 basketball, pie baking contest, scrapbook show, quilt show and much more. There is a pre-annevar horseshoe pitching contest held each year. There is something for everyone at this community celebration. This annual event draws close to 6,000 people each year.

Junk Jaunt It is a 250-mile perpetual yard sale held each year during the last full weekend in September. This nationally known event is held in Nebraska’s heartland along Nebraska Highways 2, 91, and 11 (the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway and the Loup Rivers Scenic Byway). You will find arts, crafts, collectibles, antiques, food delights, old farm machinery, tack and more. 308-728-3393 www.nebraskajunkjaunt.com

SERVICES

Senior Citizens Center The Senior Citizens Center, located at 315 Grand Avenue, is available for rent. Ask about meals for groups, educational programs, and availability by calling (308) 452-3105.

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Ravenna City Auditorium The auditorium, located at 301 Alba Avenue, has recently been remodeled with a new heating and air conditioning unit, modern windows and doors, and a refinished floor. The auditorium is available to rent for dances, receptions, reunions, meetings, open houses, garage sales, and auctions. Available equipment includes tables (extra charge) and chairs. A kitchen with a refrigerator, stove, and sink is also located in the auditorium. Please contact City Hall at 308-452-3273 for rental charges and available dates.

Ravenna Services Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 City Library 1 City Parks 5 9-Hole Golf Courses 1 Outdoor Tennis Court 1 Public Swimming Pool 1 Roller Skating - seasonal 1 Museum - Historical Society 1 Lake (Buffalo County Lake) 1 Bowling Alley 1 Fitness Center 1 Dental Clinic 1 Medical Clinic 1 Chiropractic Clinic 1 Churches 4 Public Telephone Yes Veterinarian 2 Pet Grooming Yes Pet Boarding Yes Hotel/Motel 1 Bed & Breakfast 2 Campgrounds (Buffalo County Lake) 1 RV Sites 1 Retail Trade 3 block area Restaurants 7 Grocery Stores 1 Pharmacy 1 Hardware Stores 1 General Stores 1 Antique Shops 1 Banks 1 24 Hour Automatic Teller Machine Yes Check Cashing Service Yes Gas Stations 2 24-Hour Fuel at Co-op 1 Auto Repair Shop 2 Machinery Repair Shop 2 Towing/24-Hour Emergency Roadside Help 1 Recreational Vehicle Dumping & Repair 1 Locksmith 1 Laundromat 1

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You’ll also want to know:

• Ravenna is an award winning community that was the 2005-06 Runner Up for All American City. Ravenna also received the Showcase Community Award in 2004, the Otto Hoiberg Award in 2002, was named an All American City in 1976/1977 and has been recognized with numerous NCIP (Nebraska Community Improvement Project) awards. • Community sports programs include boy's baseball, girl's softball, Legion baseball, men's slow pitch, youth volleyball, soccer, and basketball. • The Dew Drop Inn at 320 Grand Avenue is a 24-hour restaurant. • Friends of the Library, Quilter's Guild, and Garden Club provide cultural activities. Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts offer programs for youth. • When you are driving along Highway 2 in this area you will see a sign that says St. Michael. St. Michael was established by the Lincoln Land Co. in 1886. A homesteader named Mike Kyne was an Irishman who owned the land and promised to sell it to the LL Company for a low price if they would name it Saint Michael. If you follow the directions to St. Michael you will not find the remnants of a town but you will find a couple of rural homes.

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Chapter 4.3 County and Community Information - Howard County Corridor County - Dannebrog, Boelus, and Farwell

HOWARD COUNTY

A portion of Howard County, including the communities of Dannebrog, Boelus, and Farwell are within the Byway Corridor.

Howard County

Dannebrog Website: www.dannebrog.org Dannebrog Tourist Information: 308-226-2237

Visitor Information is located at: Columbia Hall Archives and Tourism Center 308-226-2680 104 North Mill Street Open Memorial Day – Labor Day, Monday-Friday, 10 a.m. – 4 p.m.

Land Mass of County: 570 square miles County Population: 6,057 County Seat: St Paul (21 miles north of the Byway via US Hwy 281) County Seat’s Population: 2,009**

Howard County Corridor Communities:

Dannebrog - population: 344 Boelus - population: 216 Farwell - population: 144

Howard County was named in honor of General Oliver Otis Howard (1830-1909). He was a Union officer during the Civil War and a commander in the Indian Wars.

DANNEBROG

In Howard County just a few miles from Highway 2 you will find the Danish community called Dannebrog. It was founded in the 1870s by Lars Hannibal, president of the Danish Land and Homestead Company, who sought to secure a tract of land for settlers of Danish origin. In Danish, “Dannebrog” is the romantic name for the Danish flag. In 1872, the first post office was established and in 1886 the first railroad track was laid through town. The Nebraska Legislature proclaimed Dannebrog as the Danish Capital of Nebraska in 1989.

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This mural depicts Dannebrog’s rich heritage. At the center of the mural are the Pioneer Grist Mill and the Union Pacific Depot which were two important buildings in the village’s past. Railroad tracks, an old canopy river bridge, corn and wheat fields with grazing cattle, Oak Creek and the Middle Loup River make up part of the landscape. Also painted in the mural are covered wagons, an Indian on horseback, and a display of guns from the wars which have been fought since Dannebrog was first settled.

All of these images are in the outline of a Danish Viking ship and that ship is surrounded by Danish Hearts, a reminder of Dannebrog as the Danish Capital of Nebraska. The mural was painted by local artists Carol Trumler and Mary Jane Lamberson.

Visitors will notice the Danish atmosphere when they enter the village with the Danish business signs, paintings, sidewalk benches, flowers, gifts and food. Dannebrog is a picturesque village nestled in a valley of Oak trees. The village is full of history and ethnic orientations. There are romantic style homes, a beautiful park with RV hookups and more than three miles of hard-surface hike/bike trail (with adjoining nature trail) in a wooded area. Oak Creek winds through the village and the Middle Loup River is just a short distance outside of town.

Must See & Do!

Hike/Bike Trail - Enjoy a scenic hike, ride or stroll on three miles of hard-surface trail. Also experience great scenery, wildlife in its natural habitat, and bird watching as you walk a nature trail in Hannibal Woods along and around an abandoned rail line. Watch for native Nebraska prairie grasses and several identified trees. Visitors can cross winding Oak Creek on a historic bridge. The trail is wheelchair accessible and the surface is a mixture of wood chips and concrete. Call (308) 226-2237 for more information.

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Village Park – The beautiful, well-maintained village park has several amenities to offer including four camping sites with electricity, restrooms, a playground for children, a picnic shelter, and a court for basketball or other sports. Although there are no fresh water hookups, there are two fresh water hydrants in the park and a dump station is available. Fees for overnight camping can be paid at the Dannebrog village office located at 104 South Mill Street in the Howard County Bank Building. The village office hours are from 8:30 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. After hours the fee can be paid at Kerry’s Grocery located at 101 South Mill Street.

Bandstand – Although it was built in the spring of 1990, the bandstand adds a nostalgic touch to the main street area of downtown Dannebrog. Volunteers have lent their time and energy to this effort and it is frequently used for events and activities.

Ball Diamond - The ball diamond is host to many events throughout the summer. There are approximately 80 local children who use it for coed t-ball, boys t-ball, little league, girls softball and men’s softball leagues.

Columbia Hall – The renovation of Columbia Hall has been a major ongoing project by the Dannebrog Booster Club, a non-profit organization. Columbia Hall is a two-story brick building located in the downtown area. This landmark was built in 1908 by the Danish Brotherhood Society. The second story features an open room, complete with a stage. It provides a venue for programs, meetings, events and enhances the visual aesthetic of the business district. Columbia Hall celebrated its opening of the lower level June 5, 2004, and it was officially listed on the National Register of Historical Places on July 22, 2005. The main floor has been renovated with a kitchen, bathrooms and interior and exterior handicap facilities. The archives and tourist center attracts many tour groups from United States and Europe. It is available for rent.

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Historical Marker Text:

“In the spring of 1871, several members of the Danish Land and Homestead Company from Wisconsin claimed land along Oak Creek. The migrants, led by Lars Hannibal, were drawn by fertile soil and the idea that Danes from across the U.S. and the Old Country could form a colony in Howard County. Hannibal called the settlement “Dannebrog,” the name of the red and white national flag of Denmark.

Construction of a water-powered grist mill on Oak Creek sparked the village’s early growth, and Dannebrog unsuccessfully sought the county seat in 1874. The town almost disappeared in the early 1880s, when businesses relocated to Nysted, but the coming of a railroad in 1885 brought new life. Dannebrog was incorporated in 1886. By 1920 the population peaked at 436.

Germans, Czechs, Poles, and Swedes also settled at Dannebrog. Although the founders’ dream of an exclusive colony of Danes was never realized, Dannebrog and the nearby towns of Nysted and Dannevirke preserve the Danish heritage. In 1989, the Nebraska Legislature proclaimed Dannebrog as “Nebraska’s Danish Capital.”

Events

Grundlovsfest - Velkommen (“Welcome”) to Dannebrog, the Danish Capital of Nebraska. Each June, the little village (named from the Danish Flag), hosts a weekend celebration honoring its heritage, during which the citizens of Dannebrog commemorate the anniversary of the signing of Denmark’s Free Constitution in 1849 by King Frederik VII. The word, “Grundlov” is from a Danish term meaning “foundation”.

The first Grundlovsfest was held in 1988. The celebration has grown to include numerous activities each year. Activities in the past have included: aebleskiver (Danish pancakes), adult games, artists, bingo, a cake/bake walk, class reunions, cloggers, cow bingo, horse and buggy rides, a jam session, kid’s games, money dig, tractor pulls, a Melodrama, a Muzzleloaders Rendezvous, a parade (with floats, farm equipment, vintage cars, local/regional celebrities and bands), a quilt show, and last but not least, a street dance and beer garden.

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During this fun-filled weekend, visitors can stroll down our beautiful main street to sample delicious, world-famous Danish foods, shop in our businesses, or stop over at the arts/craft show. You can also catch a performance by various musical groups throughout the day.

Dannebrog residents encourage visitors from around the state, country, and world to attend the Grundlovsfest each year. During this special celebration the first weekend in June, the village’s quaint population of 354 swells to well over 1,000.

Old-Fashioned Danish Christmas - The smell of delicious foods and sounds of music and laughter fills the air at Dannebrog’s Old-Fashioned Danish Christmas. From a small Christmas Tree Fantasy in 1990, this celebration has grown each year. The American Bus Association and North American Motorcoach Industry highlighted the event as one of the Top 100 events in North America in 1995. Dannebrog’s celebration is a rich, old- fashioned reminder of the Danish heritage. Activities at the Old-Fashioned Danish Christmas have included: aebleskiver (Danish pancakes), a bake sale, bingo, a cake/bake walk, a Christmas Tree Fantasy, a holiday music medley (Youth Bell Choir, Danish Dancers, and Centura High School Choir), horse and buggy rides, kids crafts, living outdoor nativity scene, a soup and pie supper, and treats and pictures with Old Father Christmas, Mr. & Mrs. Claus and their elves.

As you stroll through the beautifully decorated village, you can enjoy hot apple cider, indoor nativity scenes, samples of Danish foods, a special dinnerware display, and spectacular displays of Christmas lights and animations. The event is always held the second weekend in December to celebrate Dannebrog’s rich, old-fashioned Danish Heritage.

SERVICES

This small community is well equipped and experienced at providing services to motor coach groups. In addition to the Danish setting of “Old World” shops and colorful architecture, their heritage is also reflected in their food.

The Danish Baker, a bakery at 114 South Mill Street, features cookies, kolaches, homemade breads, cookies, and a variety of rolls. People travel for miles to have their pizza that is only available on Thursday evenings. It is so popular that many call ahead (308-226-2208) to place their pizza order. You can get it to go or they will deliver it next door so you can eat it at Whiskey River Bar & Grill. When groups come to Dannebrog they can make prior arrangements so the Danish Baker will get out his guitar, pull up a stool, and sing for them.

Whiskey River Bar & Grill serves lunch and dinner. Locals recommend the steaks and burgers for fine eating at reasonable prices.

Harriett’s Danish Restaurant, 102 East Roger Welsch Avenue is only a block from the attractions on Main Street. She humbly advertises as “A Taste of Danish Delight” but you’ll get much more than a taste. Large enough to serve tour groups, a variety of Danish foods are available. Call 308-226-2322 for details.

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Kerry’s Grocery is open seven days a week. Monday through Saturday their hours are 8:30 a.m. to 6 p.m., Sunday 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. In addition to a full line of groceries, they feature photo processing, video rentals, Nebraska lottery ticket sales and sub sandwiches.

Other businesses include Dannebrog Auto Service, Dannebrog Processing, First Baptist Church, Glen Minnie Car Repair, Healthy Woman exercise facility, the Howard County Bank, the Oak Street Manor, Our Savior’s Lutheran Church, Peterson Lumber Company, and Phyllis Minnie’s Bake Shop.

You’ll also want to know!

• Our Saviors Lutheran Church and the Dannebrog Fire & Rescue both have rooms that are available for group activities. Local speakers are available for presentations and the rooms can be rented for family gatherings and other activities.

• Our Saviors Lutheran Church compiled a church history book for its 120th anniversary celebration in 2005.

BOELUS

Boelus was named for Belus, a small river in Palestine.

FARWELL

The original name for the town, Posen, was selected by Polish settlers in 1889. However, because of a disagreement concerning nationality, the name was changed by petition to Farwell, which suggested the Danish word for good-bye, or “good-bye Posen”. Its peak population in 1930 was 248.

Lukasiewicz is a well-known furniture store which is housed in numerous store-front buildings along Main Street. People drive great distances to shop at this unique furniture store.

The Farwell Arms, a bed and breakfast, is a beautifully decorated Victorian mansion with a wraparound porch and access to Sherman Reservoir. 308-336-3287 www.thefarwellarms.com

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Chapter 4.4 County and Community Information - Sherman County Loup City, Hazard, Litchfield, and Sherman Reservoir

SHERMAN COUNTY

Sherman County/Loup City Tourism Website: www.loupcity.com

Tourism Information: 308-745-0430

Land Mass of County: 566 square miles County Population: 3,318* County Seat: Loup City (within corridor)

County Seat’s Population: 1,104** Elevation at Loup City Airport: 2,070’

Sherman County communities on the Byway, Nebraska Highway 2 are: Hazard - population: 61** East Mile Post 317 West Mile Post 316 Litchfield - population: 257** East Mile Post 310 West Mile Post 312

Sherman County communities within the Byway Corridor:

Rockville - population: 102** Ashton - population: 217**

This county was named after General William Tecumseh Sherman who was born in 1820 and died in 1891. The boundaries were defined twenty years before his death on March 1, 1871.

LOUP CITY

Loup City, the county seat of Sherman County, is located on the Middle Loup River and is the community closest to the Sherman Reservoir (also called the Sherman Dam or Sherman Lake) that was completed in 1963. It is an option for purchasing supplies while at the Reservoir and various other attractions can be found in Loup City and the immediate area.

Originally the area now defined as Sherman County was inhabited by the Skidi band of the Pawnee Indians. In Pawnee the word "skidi" means wolf and was translated into the French word "loup" by early trappers. This is the name given to the three river watershed in central Nebraska.

Loup City was the first permanent settlement in Sherman County which was named for Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman. In 1871, Martin, William, Cyrus Benschoter, and William Walt stayed a short time in the area and were so favorably impressed with the beauty of the Loup Valley and the good earth that they spread word to friends and relatives that they had found the "garden spot of the world."

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The years between 1873 and 1878 were difficult years for the settlers. Reports of an impending Indian uprising and destruction of crops by grasshoppers scared many settlers into leaving. In 1875 conditions improved, and in 1876 the town began to prosper due to the increased travel to the Black Hills.

In addition to the many recreational activities, Loup City has a range of cultural activities, facilities, food, specialty stores, and lodging. Loup City lodging includes a hotel, motel or marina cabins at Sherman Lake.

Must See & Do!

Sherman Reservoir – Latitude: North 41.3227621, Longitude: West -98.9025394

Sherman Reservoir, a state recreation area, is located five miles east and one mile north of Loup City. With a 68-mile shoreline, Sherman reservoir has a 2845-acre lake and 4721 acres in land area.

Sherman Dam, completed by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in January of 1962, is a homogeneous rolled earth-filled structure 134 feet high with a crest length of 4,450 feet. Sherman Reservoir stores off-season water flows for release during the irrigation season. Water is diverted from the Middle Loup River by the Arcadia Diversion Dam and flows 18 miles through the Sherman Feeder Canal to the reservoir. Approximately 50,000 acres of Nebraska farmland are served by this reservoir.

An abundance of recreation sites are located intermittently around the reservoir. The primitive camping includes 360 non-pad sites. Other facilities include picnic tables and shelters, water, dump station, modern restrooms, vault toilets, fish cleaning stations, coin-operated showers and concession. There are three boat-launching ramps, three boat docks, paved parking areas, and drinking water.

Fishing and power boating are the mainstays of this central Nebraska reservoir. Rugged drainage ways branch off the main reservoir body providing interesting bays and coves and outstanding fishing opportunities. Walleye fishing is good along the dam during the spring spawning run, and a few largemouth bass and many crappie can be taken in the bays, off points or in the underwater cover from mid-spring to early summer. During summer, white bass and catfish can be caught nearly everywhere on the lake.

Perhaps the most popular fishing spot on the reservoir is Fisherman’s Bridge. This small area provides pedestrian fisherman access to the supply canal immediately below the reservoir's inlet structure. Drinking water and vault toilet facilities are provided. Visitors want to be sure to watch for storm clouds as access to this area can be particularly difficult when the road gets wet.

Although boating, power boating, sailing, skiing, swimming, and fishing are enjoyed by many, several hiking trails are provided so visitors can enjoy their surroundings.

Trail 1 - Among the most popular of the lake's many accesses, Trail 1 leads to several hard-surfaced recreation sites at the southwest end of the dam including Redwood, Thunder Bay Boat Ramp, West Ridge, Middle Ridge, and East Ridge areas. In addition to basic recreational services, the area headquarters building, coin-operated shower-house and dump station are located on Trail 1.

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Trail 2 - Located at the far northeast end of the dam, Trail 2 affords hard-surface vehicle access to the popular Marina Bay Boat Ramp area and the Trade Winds Marina, the reservoir's concession facility.

Trails 3, 8, 10 & 11 - These trails lead to the Ash Canyon, Moon Creek, Dead Horse Creek and Oak Creek recreation sites, respectively. Offering slightly more primitive camping opportunities, these four recreational accesses are ever popular with families who like to get away from it all. Facilities are limited to drinking water and vault toilets and a boat ramp on Trail 10. Access into these areas is over gravel surface roads which can become difficult to navigate during wet periods.

The office at Sherman Reservoir is open Memorial Day to Labor Day with the following schedule: Monday -Thursday, 8 a.m.-5 p.m.; Friday - Sunday and holidays, 8 a.m. - 8 p.m. Labor Day - Memorial Day, Monday – Friday, 8 a.m. - 5 p.m. A park permit is required and camping fees apply. Call 308-745-0230 for details or go to www.ngpc.state.ne.us/parks

Sherman Reservoir is the home of several summer tournaments and activities. An Independence Day fireworks display and the Nebraska Walleye Trail State Championships are the most popular.

Bowman Lake – Latitude: North 41.2764029, Longitude: West -98.9918161 Bowman Lake is a state-owned recreation area consisting of 23 acres lying adjacent to the Loup River and featuring a 20-acre manmade lake. The area offers primitive camping (10 non-pad sites without electricity). It is located one mile west of Loup City, and also has playground equipment, picnic areas, drinking water, and restroom facilities. Swimming, row boats, hunting, and fishing are permitted.

Jenner’s Park - Loup City’s most famous attraction from 1900 to 1940 was Jenner’s Park where people came to enjoy the museum, zoo, and entertainment. Jenner’s Park, founded by Henry Jenner, began when he started improving the site for use by his children. Gradually the scope of the project increased to include animals, various collections, Indian artifacts, bowling and shooting galleries, and many historical relics. The park was operated for many years with the help of Mr. Jenner's brother, Robert. After the death of Robert Jenner in 1942, Henry discontinued operations. Although the zoo has closed, this secluded and peaceful park is now owned by Loup City. The new Disc Golf course, playground and pavilion are open to visitors year round.

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Loup City Swimming Pool - The Loup City swimming pool, completed in May 2000, is heated and has a regular swimming area, zero depth entry, diving board, and figure-eight water slide. The park area also includes a sand volleyball court and lighted tennis courts. The pool is open from Memorial Day weekend through the middle of August and on weekends through Labor Day.

Hunting — The rolling grasslands intermingled with traditional Nebraska crops provides for a perfect combination of habitat and food for outstanding upland bird production. Hunters in this area enjoy success year after year with abundant quantities of duck, pheasant, deer, dove, quail, rabbit, squirrel, and has one of Nebraska’s most dense turkey populations. White Tail and Mule Deer are also common game objectives. There are many public hunting areas in Sherman County, and many private land owners will give permission to hunt their land, as long as you ask first!

Fishing — Find excellent fishing at farm ponds, Bowman Lake, the Middle Loup River, and Sherman Reservoir for northern pike, walleye, catfish, crappie, and white bass. The Sherman Reservoir is known statewide for its Crappie and Walleye production.

Bird watching – Gasteyer Nature Sanctuary located south of Loup City on Highway 10 provides area to view many species of birds and wildlife.

Other recreational opportunities include a private 9-hole grass greens course with clubhouse, two lighted, hard-surfaced tennis courts, a six-lane bowling alley, and boating opportunities at the Sherman County Reservoir.

Loup City is home to the Sherman County Historical Museum, the Hawk Schoolhouse, the Kozy Kuszak’s Cabin, and a golf course.

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Events

Polish Days - A big event on the calendar every year is Polish Days which happens on the first weekend in June. Expect a carnival, parade, street dance (polka, of course), children and adult games, and other activities that are added each year such as a Disc golf tournament, Coed Sand Volleyball tournament, Polish Food Court, and a melodrama.

Sherman County Fair - Rodeo events, an antique tractor show and parade, a free BBQ, and a demolition derby are some of the activities at the Sherman County Fair held annually in the last half of July. For specific dates and details contact the Sherman County Extension Office at 308-745-1518.

Fireworks over the Sherman County Reservoir - Why not head out on a boat to watch this spectacular event while you are on the lake. Hundreds also view the fireworks from the shoreline and both are great views. The fireworks display is held annually on the Saturday closest to the 4th of July at dusk. The road across the face of the dam is always closed 1/2 hour before and during the fireworks.

SERVICES

Group Tour Information & Attractions

Schedule your tour to Loup City around one of the major attractions. Lodging is available so that you can enjoy multiple days of the Polish Days festival or Sherman County Fair. Visit some of the specialty stores including the antique store called Recycled Relics. Even the hardware store (located on the same block) is an adventure in a small town because you’ll see a glimpse of the lives of the residents when you view the store inventory. The Loup City Community Center is available for rent.

Of course no trip to this area would be complete without visiting the Sherman County Reservoir and with the major events that they offer during the summer, you can spend a day or two and enjoy most of the sites and services.

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You’ll also want to know!

• In 1971 Loup City was designated the Polish Capital of Nebraska by then Governor Morrison due to its primarily Polish heritage.

• Loup City is 2070 feet above sea level.

• The Sherman County Medical Clinic, Loup City Family Health Center and another private practitioner are located in the downtown section of Loup City and offer a comprehensive array of services for adults and children. Other types of medical services and a full care nursing home facility are also available for the needs of the residents and travelers.

• It is a local legend that Jenner’s Park is haunted.

• Loup City was incorporated in 1881 as the county seat of Sherman County and celebrated its 125th anniversary in 2006 by issuing commemorative coins and publishing a book of the history of Loup City that includes photos and information on the businesses, churches, government, schools, and landmarks.

• A bridge was built over the Middle Loup River in 1886 and it influenced the growth of the town that became known as Rockville the following year. Floods in 1947, 1955, and 1957 were the reason why the highway was realigned in 1972.

HAZARD

One theory is that the town of Hazard was believed to have gotten its name as a result of a sign along the railroad tracks. There was a swampy area at that location that caused the trains to slow down. As a result, the word “Hazard” was written as a caution to others. Another, more often heard, theory is that several names were chosen for the town and they were all rejected. After hearing someone say that he would “hazard” a guess at giving it a name, Hazard was chosen. Several hazards have been documented like blizzards, tornadoes, grasshoppers, dust storms, and droughts. Multiple fires also destroyed many of the early businesses but the people persevered and Hazard, although a small town, still survives.

LITCHFIELD

Litchfield is 1733 miles from the east coast and 1733 miles from the west coast. The first settlers in 1873-74 were three brothers, James Riley, Howard and Francis Lang. After coming from Sharp’s Mill, Indiana in 1873-74, the Lang’s built a house, store, and grist mill on West Muddy Creek. A blacksmith shop opened nearby. The first cemetery was established in 1874.

Families migrated here from Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Vermont. Several ethnic groups - Holland, Swiss, German, Norwegian, Scotch-Canadian, Irish, and English – were represented and their descendants still make their home here. The first welcome sign that greeted newcomers said, "10 miles to water, 30 miles to wood - God bless our homes."

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When the railroad came through in 1886, lots were platted by the Lincoln Land Company a mile east of the first business ventures, and the name Litchfield was given to the town. Early businesses sprang up to serve the citizens, which included two newspapers, "The Northwestern," and "The Monitor." A druggist opened a pharmacy which included a mortuary with a casket maker. A block was set aside for the Fairview Park. Schools and churches were also important.

Chosen by many Civil War veterans, this location had much to offer: rich, black soil, good water, wild game, fruit, and a season long enough to raise good crops. They homesteaded the level land between the North and South Loup Rivers, with Muddy Creek to the east and Beaver Creek to the west.

A post office was established east of Litchfield at Cedarville. Mail was delivered twice each week from Loup City, the county seat, by a carrier on horseback. Several small post offices operated out of farm homes until rural free delivery was established. By 1920 the Litchfield census recorded nearly 500 residents, 35 businesses, several doctors and dentists, five churches, and an accredited K-12 school.

During the Depression and the Dirty Thirties, Litchfield saw businesses close, farms deserted, schools and churches dwindle, and organizations fold, as residents left the area. But there were better times ahead.

In 1977 Litchfield won the Nebraska Community Improvement Award as the state's number one small town. At that time there were 15 new homes plus a new elevator, packing plant, fertilizer plant, four-building school campus, city library with community room attached, ten low-rental housing units, fire hall, state bank, grocery-hardware- variety store, post office building, and numerous other businesses. The town has a strong volunteer fire department with an ambulance and rescue squad.

Must See & Do!

A new 16-foot wire-sculpture featuring an Indian chief and a walking plow greets and welcomes travelers to Litchfield. The Litchfield City Park is the town’s hub of activity. It features a picnic area, playground and bathroom facilities.

Events

Old Settlers Picnic – Held annually at the end of June, the event features a parade, flower show, go cart races, firemen’s mud drags, and BBQ. In 1986 Litchfield added a year-long centennial celebration and published a book with the history of Litchfield. For more information on this year’s event, call Village Clerk at 308-446-2285.

Dads, Lads and Lassie Hunt – This hunting event is always held in the fall during the first weekend of pheasant season. It features a trap shoot competition and a team hunt. In cooperation with the community and rifle clubs, the town provides bed and breakfast, guides, and hunting dogs as teams from many states and Canada enjoy hunting and hospitality. A "Calcutta" auction adds to the fun.

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Haunted Woods – This Halloween event is enjoyed by children of all ages. It is hosted by the Post Prom Committee in the woods and offers new fun each year. For more information call 308-446-2388.

Litchfield Motor Sports – This race track on the northwest edge of town features several divisions of racing each month throughout the season.

SERVICES

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 City Library - open Tue, Wed, Sat 3-5 p.m. 1 City Park 1 RV Camping 308-446-2285 or 446-2402 1 Gas Station 1 24-Hour Fuel 1 Bank 1 24-Hour Automatic Teller Machine 1 Check Cashing Service Yes

Group Tour Attractions

The Litchfield Steak House has seating for 200 people and is popular with groups, residents, and tourists. It offers family style dining at reasonable prices. Games, a pool table, and a juke box are available for old-fashioned family fun. They serve lunch and dinner. Hours of operation are Monday through Friday, 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. with meals served after 10:30 a.m., Saturday open at 11 a.m. to 10 p.m., Sunday from 3 p.m. to 9 p.m.

You’ll also want to know:

There are 48 Civil War veterans buried in the Litchfield Cemetery.

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Chapter 4.5 County and Community Info – Custer County Broken Bow, Mason City, Ansley, Berwyn, Merna, and Anselmo

CUSTER COUNTY

Custer County/Broken Bow Tourism Website: www.brokenbow-ne.com

Tourism Information: 308-872-5691

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitor Information Brochure Racks:

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center (opening Spring 2009) Broken Bow Chamber of Commerce, 444 South 8th Avenue, 308- 872-5691 Custer County Museum, 445 South 9th Avenue, 308-872-2203

Land Mass of County: 2,576 square miles County Population: 11,793* County Seat: Broken Bow East Mile Post: 279 West Mile Post: 277 County Seat’s Population: 3,265** Elevation at Broken Bow Airport: 2,547 feet

Custer County communities on the Byway, Nebraska Hwy 2, are:

Mason City population: 171** East Mile Post: 301 West Mile Post: 300

Ansley population: 485** East Mile Post: 295 West Mile Post: 294

Berwyn population: 129** East Mile Post: 287 West Mile Post: 286

Merna population: 378** East Mile Post: 269 West Mile Post: 268

Anselmo population: 149** East Mile Post: 258 West Mile Post: 257

Custer County communities within the Byway Corridor and their estimated population* are:

Weissert - unincorporated

Comstock - 101

Sargent - 602

Oconto -136

Callaway - 616

Arnold - 609

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Algernon, Climax, Dale, Elton, Etna, Gates, Huxley, Lillian, Lodi, Lomax, Milldale, Ortello, Pleasant Hill, Table, Tuckerville, Walworth, Wescott, West Union, and Yuca Hill were all communities of Custer County that were established as post offices in the 1880s. Although they may have had general stores, schools, churches, blacksmith shops and a newspaper, these communities declined after the railroad bypassed them and residents moved to neighboring towns located along the railroad.

Custer County is located near the geographic center of the state. Custer County is the second largest county in the state with a land mass of 2,556 square miles or 1,635,560 acres.

Major Stephen H. Long led the expedition along the Platte and North Platte River valleys in 1820, and he was the one who described Nebraska as “wholly unfit for farming” and labeled it the “Great American Desert.” However, as early as 1869 the rich prairie grass and ample water supply of Custer County attracted the attention of ranchers from areas to the south, especially Texas. Abundant grass, mild winters, and a free range gave this area the title of the Cattleman’s Paradise.

Named after General George Custer to honor the battle at Little Big Horn the year before, the county boundaries were officially established in February, 1877. In the 1980s the county suffered through the worst economic crisis since the great Depression and the population decreased.

MASON CITY

Although the Lincoln Town Site company named this town Mason after Judge O. P. Mason of Lincoln, the post office refused to accept that name because it could be too easily confused with Macon. So, the railroad referred to it as Mason and the post office became known as Mason City.

As the Burlington & Missouri River Railroads (B&MR) main line was being constructed through southeastern Custer County, the Lincoln Land Company platted Mason City in April 1886, along the east side of the proposed right-of-way. The company purchased 320 acres from Nels Anderson and George Runyan and platted half the land into lots. The town received its name from Oliver Perry Mason, a former Nebraska Supreme Court Judge. The small community celebrated when the first train arrived on the newly completed tracks on July 25 1886. Mason City was incorporated in 1887, and the school district was organized later that year. Among the first businesses to be established was the Mason City Banking Company, organized by J. B. Austin and Job Hathaway in February 1886. Its present building was constructed in 1920.

The Farmers’ State Bank was founded in 1900. The current building was erected in 1916 at an estimated cost of $12,000. By 1901, Mason City was home to two banks, a newspaper, three general stores, two grocery stores, several hardware and machinery shops, a hotel, and professional trades including dentists, attorneys and physicians.

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By 1920, the population of Mason City had reached 487. At this time, commercial development grew to include a hospital, flour mill, cement plant, three churches, and an opera house. When the Potash Highway (now Highway 2) was constructed through Mason City in 1920, a gas station and concrete highway markers were erected to facilitate traffic. The Mason City Public School was constructed as part of a PWA project in 1935. The depression and drought resulted in a population decline in Mason City during the 1930s.

Local history states that Mason City was among the first towns between Omaha, Nebraska, and Denver, Colorado, that provided electricity for residents.

Must See & Do!

Two parks offer rest and recreation in Mason City. Sim’s Park has RV hookups and is located north of Highway 2. This park also features a ballpark, sand volleyball court, restrooms, and covered picnic area. Memorial Park, on Main Street, has playground equipment and a covered picnic area. With the variety of services, they are used frequently by residents.

Head to the Sunshine Township Library, located on Main Street to research additional information about Mason City.

Events

Mason City is a buzz with activity during its annual Homecoming Celebration, parade and rodeo. Festivities include turtle races, variety show, cake walk, parade, a pickup pull, a tractor pull, and a sand volleyball tournament. This event is held the last full weekend in July from Friday through Sunday. For more information on this event call 308-732-3442

Services

The New Crow Bar features meals, beverages, and a package liquor store. It is open for lunch and dinner with daily specials and meals served from 11 a.m. to 11 p.m.

Other city services include the Odd Stop gas station that is open from 7:30 a.m. to 5 p.m., the American Missionary Fellowship Church at 374 Rodeo Road, 308-732-3382, and the Nebraska State Bank offering full services Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. and on Saturday from 9 a.m. to noon.

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Churches 1 Automobile Repair & Gas 1 Bank 1 RV Park 1 Restaurant - New Crow Bar & Grill 1

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You’ll also want to know:

• President Roosevelt’s New Deal policies assisted Americans through the devastating economic turmoil of the 1930s. Under the Public Works Administration (PWA), programs were administered which led to the construction of thousands of public buildings across the country.

• The Mason City Public School was constructed in 1935 as a PWA project of the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, an administration under the PWA. The school was designed by John P. Helleberg of Kearney, Nebraska. The Colonial Revival brick school is eligible for listing in the National Historic Register. The construction of the building provided a modern education facility for the community and jobs for the city’s unemployed residents.

ANSLEY

Ansley was surveyed in 1886 at the junction of Highways 2, 92, and the north-south Highway 183. Although it was named for Eliza Ainsley, the draughtsman who drew the plat map spelled it as it was pronounced (Ansley) and it was never corrected. The Community Hall, a landmark building, is still in use and as of 1989; Ansley was still the smallest town in the world to receive a Rotary Club charter.

Ansley reached its peak population of 817 in 1930. In its centennial year of 1986, the towns more than 600 inhabitants continued to use the slogan applied to Ansley in 1916 by merchant William S. Mattley—“Push, that’s Ansley.”

Must See & Do!

The Ansley Park is a great stop for tourists and resident alike. It offers camping facilities, baseball, playground, picnic areas, along with a well-stocked fishing pond. Ansley is a pivot point for travelers going north to the Calamus Reservoir near Burwell; east to Grand Island, Lincoln, or Omaha; south to the Interstate or west to the Sandhills.

Events

The Ansley Festival is held annually in June for three days. A parade, barbecue, carnival, pancake feed, variety show, and fishing contest are part of the fun.

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Services Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Convenience Store - Gas & Diesel 1 Automobile Repair 1 Grocery Store 1 Medical Clinic 1 24-Hour Fuel 1 Bank 1 Bar & Grill 2 Café 1 Swimming Pool 1 Churches 1 Floral & Crafts 1

You’ll also want to know:

Ansley was the first Nebraska town west of Grand Island to own a power plant and water system. The Ansley Light & Power Company, built by C.J. Stevens, was incorporated September 20, 1892. Destroyed by fire in 1904, it was replaced by another power plant which burned in 1910. The municipal Light & Power System was completed in 1911. Ansley’s water works company was organized and its facilities completed in 1893.

BERWYN

On May 10, 1886 Berwyn was named for a surveyor for the Lincoln Land Company. Previously known as Janesville, the village of Berwyn was surveyed and platted on the north side of the B&MR railroad tracks by Anselmo B. Smith of the Lincoln Land Company in May 1886. The first train arrived in August 1886 and building construction soon followed. The nearby Janesville post office, located four miles northeast of Berwyn, was closed and moved to Berwyn in November 1886.

A grocery store, general merchandise store, and cafe were among the first businesses established in Berwyn during the late 1880s. H. Smith Waterbury was appointed postmaster in 1897 and he built a combined store and post office that was reportedly bullet-proof to prevent robberies. Berwyn’s population peaked in 1910 with 225 residents and by 1913, Berwyn had two rural mail routes, 39 residences, a hotel, doctor’s office, school, two churches, and other commercial establishments. The Berwyn State Bank was constructed in 1913 at a cost of $5,000. It briefly closed in 1922 and was reopened two years later as the Farmers State Bank. The present school building was built in 1915 and continues to function as an elementary school.

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The Berwyn railroad station was a regular stop for the local passenger trains and a shipping point for freight, as groceries, lumber and farm supplies all arrived by train. At the height of the shipping activities, the railroad facilities consisted of a prominent, two- story depot, stockyard, residence for the section foreman, coal bins, outhouses, and sheds. Today, many of these buildings no longer stand. The depot was vacated in July 1950 and passenger service was discontinued in 1960. Rail traffic began to increase in the 1970s as a result of the coal boom and numerous freight and coal trains now pass through Berwyn daily.

Must See & Do!

Berwyn’s Central Park, located on Center Avenue (by the Fire Department) features a covered picnic area for tourists.

Nelson Archery, 135 Center Avenue, Berwyn, 308-935-1627 - features custom designed archery equipment by appointment only.

Events

The Pistons and Poker Picnic and Hot Rod Run is held annual the second weekend in September. This event features a community picnic, car show and poker run. For more information call Rick Jones, 308-870-1668 or Merritt Winchester at 308-872-6270.

Services

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 On-Call Repair 1 Automobile Repair 1 Public Restroom 1 Antique Store 1 Parks 1 Campgrounds 1 Bed & Breakfast 1 Churches 1

The Heritage House Bed and Breakfast is located at 101 Curran Avenue. 308-935-1136

Vault Antiques is at 407 Center Avenue and is open by appointment. 308-935-1296

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You’ll also want to know:

• Berwyn had several difficult times including disastrous fires but they celebrated their centennial in 1986 with a three day celebration.

• Archery participants can have custom arrows made at Nelson Archery.

BROKEN BOW

After several names were rejected, the Postmaster Wilson Hewett suggested the name of Broken Bow after his two sons found the steel head of an arrow piercing the shoulder blade of a buffalo.

Dugouts and sod houses were prevalent in the early years but that changed when the first train arrived in August 1886. The first park was the town square and trees were planted on Arbor Day 1886. In early decades this community was the center of conflict between cattlemen that wanted free range and homesteaders that fenced around their farms.

The first courthouse was erected for $12,000 in 1889. The construction costs were donated by Jess Gandy. In 1910 the court house was destroyed by fire and was replaced in 1911 with the present building that is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

A drought in the 1890s affected farm production and the town’s population was reduced by over one-third.

Several churches still stand as examples of early architecture. Even more architecture would be available for viewing if Broken Bow had succeeded in their bid to have the State Capitol moved from Lincoln to Broken Bow.

Broken Bow is the largest city in Custer County.

You'll have to look far and wide to find a slice of the good life that's better than in Broken Bow, Nebraska!

With a rich and diverse community that continues to expand, Broken Bow has all of the qualities that make life great. Caring friends, quality schools, professional healthcare, and a local government committed to serving the community will have you feeling right at home.

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Broken Bow is the county seat of Custer County, second largest county in Nebraska. With its enviable location as the “hub” of numerous highways, namely 2 – 92- 70 – 21- 283 and 183, it is a retail center serving many square miles. Broken Bow is a warm, friendly little city with many attractions and services found only in larger locations. It is the largest city between Grand Island and Alliance.

Broken Bow was plotted and officially named in 1882 by the Gandy Brothers. The city square and courthouse square were designed at that time. The name of Broken Bow was given to the Post Office run by Wilson Hewitt and located in his dugout home in the year 1879. After many attempts and many rejections to secure a name for his Post Office, Wilson’s sons came in from play with a broken bow – the rest, as they say – is history. The remnants of the original broken bow may be viewed at the Historical Museum, located on the SW corner of the square block.

The Nebraska State Historical Society and the United States Department of Interior, National Park Service, has listed the Broken Bow Commercial Square Historic District in the National Register of Historic Places. This designation was made on November 21, 2006.

Must See & Do!

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitor Center - located at the east end of Broken Bow is scheduled to open spring of 2009. It will feature indoor educational, recreational and historical information on the unique Nebraska Sandhills. Additional outdoor displays are planned to feature the numerous grasses that make the Sandhills region such a valuable ranching area. Housed in the historic O K Luther barn, this center offers restrooms, plenty of parking, picnic spaces, and walking trails. It is handicapped accessible. Hours of operation are yet to be determined, for more information contact

Stan Sedlacek, Visitor Center Coordinator, 308-872-6192, or visit Broken Bow Chamber of Commerce at 444 South 8th Avenue, 308- 872-5691.

The Custer County Museum is featured in the movie “All About Schmitz” starring Jack Nicholson. It offers historical information on the settlement of Custer County and a new display opened in 2007 featuring the works of renowned artist Solomon Butcher. In the museum you'll find exhibits that provide a glimpse into 19th century life in Custer County. A wonderful bit of Americana can be seen in the museum's large front room - a recreation of the Wescott, Gibbons, and Bragg General Merchandise Store of Comstock, Nebraska-complete with the most of the store's original display cases and merchandise. The store was first established in 1886 in Westcott, Nebraska, by Walter Wescott, a Wisconsin cattleman, who was later joined by son-in-laws Walter Gibbons and Charles Bragg. After the railroad came to the east side of the Middle Loup River, Walter is said to have slid his store across the ice to Comstock in December of 1899. By 1912 a drug store had been built onto the original store then operated by J. D. Rockhold. The pharmacy as it appeared in the Comstock store is also on display in our museum's front room.

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The hours are from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Saturday during the summer months of June, July and August. September through May the hours are 1 p.m. to 5 p.m. Monday through Friday. You can contact the Custer County Historical Society at 308-872-2203, or write to them at Post Office Box 334, 445 South 9th Avenue, Broken Bow, NE 68822. The email address is: [email protected]

The Historic Arrow Hotel is an excellent place to visit even if you are not able to overnight there. Located at 509 South 9th Avenue, the Arrow Hotel maintains the elegant fixtures of yesteryear. It offers dining in the Bonfire Restaurant plus a pub and "turn of the century" cigar room. 308-872-6662

The Custer County Square is noted for its historical bandstand. The square is often called an outdoor mall. Many buildings are historically registered – The Arrow Hotel, The Courthouse, the former Security State Bank building (now the home of the Custer County Foundation). On November 21, 2006, the downtown area was designed the Broken Bow Commercial Square Historic District by the Nebraska State Historical Society and the United States Department of the Interior, national Park Service. This honor marked the end of a year-long documentation of Custer County conducted by the Nebraska State Historical Preservation Group.

Parks Broken Bow has six parks totaling 126 acres. The two largest are Tomahawk Park and Melham Park. Tomahawk Park is located one block north of the intersection of Highway 2 and 15th street on the west side of Broken Bow. It offers picnic facilities, picnic shelters, softball and baseball fields, tennis courts, playground equipment, RV park, showers, restrooms, horseshoe rings, a croquet court, a dump station for recreational vehicles, and an indoor tennis court. Melham Park is situated right off 5th Street North of Memorial Drive. In addition to picnic shelters, restroom facilities, ball fields, a sand volleyball court and walking and biking trails, it also offers an Olympic size heated swimming pool and a miniature ghost town. You can enjoy fishing in their stocked five acre lake and in winter ice skating on the lake at Melham Park.

North Side Park is located four blocks north of Memorial Drive on 10th Street, right next to North Park school where the playground, restrooms and picnic areas are frequently used. South Fifth Park is located along South 5th Street. It is most often used for local ball games and it has restroom facilities. City Square Park is found in the heart of downtown Broken Bow. It is home to the town's trademark bandstand that is also known as Tom Butler Memorial Bandstand. In addition to the bandstand it has a playground with new equipment and picnic tables. Indian Hills Park is north of Memorial Drive along north 17th Street. Indian Hills Park is a quiet park with a friendly atmosphere offering playground equipment, restrooms, ball fields, and basketball courts.

The Nebraska One Box Gun Club is a multi-functional shooting facility that was made possible through the fund raising efforts of the Nebraska One Box Pheasant Hunt. The One Box Gun Club hosts many league and fun shoots. Private shoots are available by appointment for groups of 10 or more. These shoots are ideal for business outings, customer appreciation, family reunions, fund raisers, etc.

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The Nebraska One Box Gun Club features a large clubhouse that is heated and air conditioned. It will accommodate 150 plus people and has kitchen facilities. There are multiple shooting options for clay, trap, and skeet and all have automatic traps. The facility is handicap accessible and golf carts can be made available. The Gun Club is five miles southwest of Broken Bow on Ryno Road. Call 308-872-6131 or email us [email protected] for more information.

The Pleasure Lanes Bowling Alley, located on East Highway 2, offers open bowling on Tuesday, Friday, Saturday and Sunday. Shoes are available and the facility is smoke and alcohol free. 308-872-2886

The Broken Bow Country Club is located just west of Broken Bow, Nebraska on Highway 2 and features a nine-hole public course. For more information on the Broken Bow Country Club golf course, call (308) 872-6444.

Upland game hunting around Broken Bow and the Custer County area is excellent. There are about 3,500 acres of public area at Pressey Park. Permission to hunt on private ground must be obtained by contacting the landowner. Waterfowl hunting is good along the North Loup River with Northern Ducks and Geese taken regularly. Deer success ratios are consistently high, with good mule deer and white tail throughout the area. Dove numbers offer excellent early shooting with the season opening in early September.

If you want to get away we suggest the Pressey Special Use Area (Latitude: North 41.1826029, Longitude: West -99.7081218) located 17 miles south of Broken Bow. It covers 1640 acres and is the perfect spot for the family. It offers camping, picnic facilities, a playground and shallow river swimming, and river sports. The hills and steep canyons are mostly covered by grasslands. Toilets and a campground are present, as are hiking trails. There are sharp-tailed grouse on the area, as well a great blue heron rookery.

At the Tiffany Theatre movies are shown every Friday, Saturday, and Monday. Call 308-872-2393 for show offerings and times.

Events

The Custer County Fair is held the first full week of August each year. The fair usually starts with a BBQ Cook-off Contest and parade downtown on Saturday night. A free pit BBQ on Monday is followed by bull riding, Tuesday is country music entertainment, and Wednesday is mini-sprints and motorcycle racing.

The Farmers Market is located in the city square on Thursday afternoons during the season from approximately June 15 to October 1.

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Many agricultural related events are held throughout the year at the Custer County Fairground. Entertainment related shows and competitions are also held at this location that is just east of Broken Bow along Highway 2. This fairgrounds is rated as one of the finest in the state with facilities for horse shows, cattle shows, rodeos, and many other activities including the Nebraska State Barrel Horse Futurity, CHAN, USTRC Team Roping as well as local rodeos and horse shows. For additional information on events at the fairgrounds, contact Leon Meyer at 308-872-2714 or e-mail [email protected]. There are plans for an updated website for the fairgrounds in the near future.

Cattle Auctions – Enjoy a true slice of Americana when you head to the Broken Bow Central Nebraska Commission Company’s cattle auctions that are held at their sales arena.

Nebraska One Box Pheasant Hunt – Since its beginning in 1961, the Nebraska One Box Pheasant Hunt has grown to be an annual event of worldwide interest. Founded by the late Tom Varney, Jr., the hunt has grown from a competition among friends to one that has included the likes of Gen. Norman Schwarzkopf and astronaut Neal Armstrong. Highlights of the early November hunt include a trap shoot, Smorgasbord, Victory banquet, Past Shooter Appreciation Party, and, of course, the pheasant hunt.

If you enjoy spectator sports the Broken Bow Cosmos Swim Team hosts a swimming competition the 3rd weekend of July. This meet attracts swimmers ages 6-18 from a three-state area and is sanction by USA swimming. There are over 50 swimming events featuring a high level of competition. For more information, contact Kirk and Denise Foster at 308-935-1672.

Services Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Movie Theater - Tiffany 1 Community Theater 1 City Library - 626 South D Street 1 Parks 6 18-Hole Golf Course 1 Museum - Custer County Museum 1 Art Gallery - Wild Rose Art Gallery 1 Public Swimming Pool - Melham Park 1 Bowling Alley 1 Gun Club 1 Hospital - Jennie Melham Medical Center 1 Dental Clinic 2 Medical Clinic 2 Chiropractic Clinic 2 Eye Doctor/Eye Care 1 Airport - private 1 Car Rental Agency 1 Gas Station - some with 24-hour service several Transmission Shop 1

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.5 – 11 Chapter 4.5 Custer County

Towing/24-Hour Emergency Roadside Help 1 Locksmith 1 Laundromat 1 Churches several Public Telephone several Free Internet Access yes Veterinarian 7 Pet Grooming 1 Pet Boarding 1 Hotel/Motel 6 Bed & Breakfast 1 Campgrounds - Pressey Park 1 RV Sites 3 Visitor Information Services 1 Chamber of Commerce 1 National Retail Chain Stores 3 Restaurants 10 Grocery Store 2 Antique Shop 2 Bank 4 24-Hour Automatic Teller Machine 3 Check Cashing Service at Banks

Hotels and Motels include: Bosselman’s, Big 8 Motel, Gateway Motel, Best Value Inn, Arrow Hotel, and Wagon Wheel Motel.

RV Sites include Tomahawk Park, Custer County Fairgrounds, and Wagon Wheel Motel.

The visitor information service will be available at the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center, which is opening in the spring of 2009.

Restaurants include fast food: Mc Donald’s, Subway, Pizza Hut, Runza; cafes are Tumbleweed Café, City Café; Fine dining is at the Bonfire Grill at the Arrow Hotel, Huckleberry’s, and the China Garden; unique restaurants include Emily’s Soda Fountain, Twigs-N-Berries for that special cup of coffee.

Broken Bow is well situated to offer an array of group tours, lodging, unique dining experiences, and more. All group tours are customized for your group.

You’ll also want to know:

When Jesse Gandy bought land that is now Broken Bow he platted a town stipulating “. . . no liquor or billiard parlor should be built on perimeter of the town square” and that tenet is still honored.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.5 – 12 Chapter 4.5 Custer County

MERNA

The fertile valley of Merna was called “Muddy Flats” when Samuel Dunning came in 1876 and built a log cabin and established a post office. Merna was the name of Dunning’s seven year old daughter. When the railroad was scheduled to lay tracks two miles to the west the town moved. When the railroad decided to lay its tracks on the original route the whole town moved back to the original location. At one time the CB&Q railroad had two passenger trains through Merna each direction every day and it was a popular form of transportation for students who traveled to games in the evening. The peak population of this community was 553 in 1920.

Merna celebrates Heritage Days annually in July. This city-wide festival features a pancake feed, parade, pedal tractor pull, bingo scavenger hunt, barbecue and a softball tournament. For information on the next festival call 308-643-2490.

Victoria Springs State Recreation is only nine miles north of Merna on a paved county road and it offers fishing and camping opportunities.

Services

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Convenience Store - Gas & Diesel with 24 Hour Credit Card Service 1 Restaurant/Bar 1 Bank 1 Churches 1

You’ll also want to know:

In 1992, news of a meteor’s crater put Merna on the map. Scientists from the University of Kansas found soil samples 10 miles west and south of town that they believe contained material ejected from the crater when a meteor slammed into the Earth thousands of years ago.

ANSELMO

Anselmo was founded not by the early settlers but by the Burlington and Missouri River Railroad at the location where they needed water, fuel, and switching facilities. Anselmo B. Smith, a civil engineer employed by the Lincoln Land Company liked the beauty of this valley so he requested that the town be named Anselmo. It was platted on November 20, 1886. The first newspaper was the Anselmo Sun and it was published in a tent in 1886. The most famous attraction close to Anselmo is Victoria Springs State Recreation area that is located where the town of New Helena once flourished.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.5 – 13 Chapter 4.5 Custer County

Must See & Do!

The Anselmo Park has an early day sod house. An old jailhouse that was built in Victoria Springs has been moved to Anselmo and is another historic attraction.

Victoria Springs is the third-oldest park in the Nebraska Park System, with over 35,000 visitors every year. The 60-acre park is named for the mineral springs that run through it. Camping at Victoria Springs is a real treat, with a stocked lake, paddle boats, modern restrooms with showers, and meticulous upkeep by a top notch crew.

In 1925, five acres of land on Anselmo’s south side was purchased to construct Saint Anselm’s Catholic Church. This Gothic Revival style church still stands proudly with a 95-foot bell tower. It’s known by many as the Cathedral of the Sandhills.

Events

The Big Sky Jubilee is held annually in June in Anselmo with activities for all ages. The Saturday parade is always popular. Lawn mower races, the Queen contest, kids’ foot races, kids’ bike races, turtle races, a softball tournament, horseshoe tournament, a barbecue, talent show, and dance are held prior to the ranch rodeo that is traditionally held to wrap up the festival on Sunday afternoon.

Services

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Gas Station 1 Auto Repair 1 Public Restrooms - Eagle Ball Park 2 Bed & Breakfast 2 Churches 3 Grocery Stores 1 Specialty Stores 2 Public Telephones 1 Emergency EMT Service Available

There are two Bed & Breakfast Inns: Buckeye Bed and Breakfast and Rifle Creek Lodge.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.5 – 14 Chapter 4.5 Custer County

You’ll also want to know:

• Chandlers Sandhill Honey and Sandhills Honey Bottling is a full service honey operation. They have a store front offering other Nebraska products, including pictures, jewelry, leather jewelry, wall decorations and books. Located along the eastern edge of Anselmo, Highway 2. 308-749-2252, [email protected]

• The Buckeye Bed and Breakfast is located at 312 East Forest Avenue in Anselmo. It offers three spacious guest rooms, and is perfect for a quiet get- away, vacationers, and hunters. All of the guest rooms are located on the newly remodeled second floor and share a convenient central bathroom with a shower and spacious changing area. The Garden Room is an ideal gathering place for socializing, playing games, or relaxing. A hot tub is also available. Call 308-749-2282 or visit www.buckeyebb.com for information.

• Just past Anselmo, the famous Sandhills come into view. The Sandhills of northwestern Nebraska are one of the greatest cattle grazing ranges in the world. Dotted with numerous lakes, the region produces thousands of beef cattle per year. Perhaps the most unique feature of a traveler’s first visit to the area is “The Sandhills.” They are so awe inspiring that they instill a deep sense of pride and protection in the residents of the area.

• Rifle Creek Lodge located ten miles northwest of Anselmo on Nebraska Highway 2 is a working cattle ranch in the Nebraska Sandhills. They also offer grouse, prairie-chicken and waterfowl hunting, including guide service. Hiking guide service is available and you can also horseback ride, however you must bring your own horse. Horse boarding is also available. 308-749-2424

VICTORIA SPRINGS STATE RECREATION AREA

Established in 1923, the Victoria Springs State Recreation Area is located near Anselmo and is seven miles east of Nebraska Highway 2 & S-21A. This picturesque area is the third oldest State Recreation Area in the state and it recalls the days when spas and mineral springs were in vogue.

The 60 acre area gets its name from the mineral springs that are located there. It was once part of the homestead of an early pioneer and Custer County judge named Charles R. Mathews. He settled here in the early 1870s. He built two log cabins here. One he used as his home and the other was the first post office in Custer County. The doors of the two cabins face each other because of his southern upbringing.

The first years brought many perils. Grasshoppers devoured the crops in 1875 and in 1876 there was an uprising by the Sioux Indians in response to the intrusion of whites moving into the Black Hills. Again trouble came in 1877 when the notorious Olive Brothers came to the Loup Valley with 15,000 head of cattle and saw no need to respect the local laws.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.5 – 15 Chapter 4.5 Custer County

There were better times at the turn of the century when residents touted the natural springs in the area as a medical wonder with the medicinal properties they provided to those who visited. A health resort company was formed, lunch stand and new bridges were built, and a bathhouse with a capacity of 600 baths per day was erected. A newspaper even proclaimed that each spring had a different medicinal property. People came from abroad to experience the healing waters. At one time over 500 bottles of mineral water, ginger ale, pop, champagne and cider were produced each day. Although Victoria Springs no longer draws visitors to the healing properties people are still drawn to this oasis in the Sandhills for the relaxing properties of this location.

Rustic cabins, fishing, paddleboats, camping and hiking are available. They also have horseshoe pits, a playground, two slides and a ball field. The facility is open mid-April through mid-November. Annually in June they host Very Important Kids Day featuring fishing contests, hayrack rides, Frisbee golf, and paddle boating. A state of Nebraska park permit is required. They also hold Kid Fishing Day in conjunction with free Fish and Free Park Entry Day. Catfish, large mouth bass, bluegill and bullhead fish can be found in the lake.

The cabins are open Memorial Day thru third weekend in November. The two cabins are two-room units with two double beds. Extra roll-away beds can be rented with a limit of two per cabin. Linens, blankets, a shower and toilet are provided. Kitchenettes are furnished with ranges, refrigerators, tableware, and sinks. Cabins are air-conditioned. Camping is open year-round with the shower house open in May and closing the end of September or early October depending on the weather. They can accommodate as many as 100 campers at a time and it is open to the public 24 hours a day. Ground level barbecue pits, picnic areas and a shelter house is also available. Camping fees apply for both electric and non-electric pads. Reservations are accepted for camping and cabins for two or more nights for up to a year in advance. Call for more details at 308-749-2235. The website is www.ngpc.state.ne.us/parks or you can email them at [email protected].

Other Custer County Corridor Communities

COMSTOCK

Comstock, the youngest town in Custer County was platted in the fall of 1899 and it was named for its founder W. H. Comstock, the owner of the first grocery store.

Comstock is most recently known for the music festivals held in the country just outside of town. This event is going through reorganization and more information will be available soon.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.5 – 16 Chapter 4.5 Custer County

Must See & Do!

The Centennial Garden is located in downtown Comstock and it houses an array of hundreds of trees, plants and shrubs. Winding paths wander through the garden so visitors have easy access to the spectacle of colors. Pathways take you to a pergola, through arches and over a bridge. Also located here is the Friendship Patio, formerly Comstock’s first electrical plant. The Sandhills Labyrinth is located on the edge of Centennial Garden and features circular paths.

The Dowse Sod House is on the National Register of Historic Places and it has been restored with heirlooms.

The Comstock Wildlife Management Area, also known as the Oak Grove Park is located south of town near the diversion dam.

Services

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Bar 1 Public Restrooms 1 Public Telephones 1 Bed & Breakfast 3 Churches 1 Campgrounds 1 Parks 1

OCONTO

Oconto was to be called Olax but the name was changed because it was too similar to Lomax, another town that was already in Nebraska. Several theories exist regarding where the name came from. Oconto is a Menominee Indian word meaning the “place of the pickerel.” Local tradition says that the town received its name from a local man but it is more widely accepted that it is named for Oconto County, Wisconsin. On Halloween night, 2000, a tornado ripped through Oconto and destroyed many town buildings. Most of it has been rebuilt.

Pressey Park, five miles north of Oconto, offers outdoor recreation. Their annual festival, Oconto Fun Day, is held annually in late June or early July. Expect to see a scavenger hunt, dance, parade, turtle races, horseshoe pitching and other events.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.5 – 17 Chapter 4.5 Custer County

Services

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Bar 1 Public Restrooms 1 Public Telephones 1 Churches 1 Bank 1 Gas Station 1 Parks 1

CALLAWAY

Named for Samuel R. Callaway, the vice president and general manager of the Union Pacific railroad, Callaway was established where two Union Pacific lines were scheduled to intersect. After a dispute between the railroad and the federal government the work was suspended prior to reaching the community. New Callaway was established one- half mile west of the previous site in anticipation of a railroad at that location. A rivalry started between the two towns and New Callaway was never incorporated. Callaway was incorporated in January 1888.

Callaway invites visitors to the Callaway Kite Flight every September plus the Pioneers Picnic, Seven Valley’s Rodeo, and Community Wide Garage Sale & Sidewalk Sales in June. August is the Sandhills Road Race and Shoot Out.

Services

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Lounge 1 Public Restrooms 1 Public Telephones 1 Churches 4 Bank 1 Golf Course (sand greens) 1 Parks 1 City Library 1 Bed & Breakfast 1 Fuel 2 Hospital 1 Swimming Pool 1 Museum - Seven Valleys Museum 1 Restaurants 3 Auto Repair 1 Medical Clinics 1 Motels 1

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.5 – 18 Chapter 4.5 Custer County

ARNOLD www.arnold-ne.org

Richard Allen asked to have the post office located in his sod home under the name of “Arnold” (after George Arnold who was handling mail for this area) that he also stocked with a few supplies for the homesteaders. As more homesteaders came into the area he platted six square blocks of his land for a town site (1883) that he also called Arnold. The first lots were given away and later, as the town grew, lots were sold. In 1909 Arnold was incorporated as a village and a village board was appointed. The sale of liquor didn’t become legal until 1938.

Arnold has celebrations to mark Memorial Weekend and features the South Loup River Blues & Barbecue at Old Mill Park in July. Independence Day brings a parade, swim races, miniature golf, turtle races, lawnmower drag races, the Red Neck Olympics and more. Their Sandhills Open Road Challenge is held annually in August and it also features a parade. There is also a Chili Cook Off, Christmas around Town, and Night of Thunder Tractor Pull.

Services

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Cafes 4 Public Restrooms 1 Public Telephones 1 Churches 5 Bank 1 Gas Stations 2 Parks 1 Auto Repair 2 Grocery Stores 1 Specialty Stores 6 Campgrounds 2 Swimming Pool 1 Motels 2 Bed & Breakfast 1 Veterinarian 1 Pet Grooming 1 Pet Boarding 1 Restaurant 4 Antique Shops 1 24-Hour Automatic Teller Machine 1

The motels are the Arnold Motel & Campsite and the Winfield Inn & Suites.

The restaurants are Grandma’s Sweets & Eats, Suzy’s Pizza, Cardinal Inn, and Jim’s.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.5 – 19 Chapter 4.5 Custer County

You'll also want to know:

The Arnold School system is participating in the One-to-One Initiative in which every student has a lap top to use for school. High school and junior high students take them home with them. Arnold is the first small school to have this program.

The School House Graphics business is run by the Graphics Class. They have made the road signs for Custer Country and many signs throughout the area. The Construction Class has built garages, addition to a home, cupboards, etc. for people in the town.

SARGENT

Sargent was founded by E. P. Savage and Joseph W. Thomas and the town was laid out in 1883. A few years prior to that time, a nearby post office was run by Mrs. George Sherman who chose the name Sargent after some of her friends in her old hometown of Streeter, Illinois. When the town was founded she agreed to have the post office moved as long as the town kept the name of Sargent. Oddly enough, E. P. Savage had hoped to name the town after his uncle. His uncles name – George D. Sargent.

Sargent grew with the arrival of the railroad and was incorporated in 1900. By 1920, Sargent’s population was 1,078 – quite large for this area of the state.

Sargent has a beautiful city park including a playground and tennis court. A swimming pool is located south of the park.

Sargent hosts the Chokecherry Jamboree every June with a craft fair, sand volleyball, antique tractor pull, horseshoes, bingo, a pancake feed, a carnival, a ladies salad luncheon, a barbecue, and the ever popular chokecherry pit spit.

SERVICES

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Cafes 1 Public Restrooms 1 Public Telephones 1 Churches 1 Bank 1 Gas Stations 1 Parks 1 Auto Repair 5 Grocery Stores 1 Specialty Stores 4 Campgrounds 1 Swimming Pool 1 Municipal Airport 1

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.5 – 20 Chapter 4.5 Custer County

WESTERVILLE

When James H. Westervelt began homesteading near Elm Bridge that crossed Clear Creek by a sod schoolhouse, the settlers started calling the place Westervelt. The U.S. Postal authorities spelled the name Westerville. Mr. Westervelt platted the town in 1880. The town was a growing town until 1886 when the railroad moved through the region. Many of the houses were placed on wheels and hauled to Ansley (nine miles south of Westerville) to be near rail service. Westerville claimed many firsts in Custer County, including publication of the first newspaper, the Custer County Leader (established June 13, 1881), first county fair, first church, a free circulating library that started in 1888, and a brass band. When the railroad went though Broken Bow, (twelve miles to the west) Westerville lost its bid to become the county seat of Custer County. Its peak population was 176 in 1930; now only a few people call Westerville home.

Services

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Churches 1 Diesel Repair 1

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.5 – 21 Chapter 4.5 Custer County

Chapter 4.6 County and Community Information – Blaine County Dunning and Brewster

BLAINE COUNTY

Blaine County Tourism Website: www.ci.brewster.ne.us

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Tourism Information Locations:

• Norm’s Sinclair Station, Junction of Nebraska Highways 2 & 91. Open daily 7 a.m. – 7 p.m. This location is an official Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitor Information Center. A tourism computer kiosk is also located here.

• Uncle Buck’s Lodge & Restaurant & Bed, adjacent Nebraska Highway 7, just north of the junction of Nebraska Highway 91

• Sandhills Guest Ranch B&B, just north of the junction of Nebraska Highways 91 & 7, 83445 North Loup Spur

Land Mass of County: 711 square miles

County Population: 583*

County Seat: Brewster (within Byway corridor, 15 miles northeast of Nebraska Highway 2 via Nebraska Highway 91)

County Seat’s Population: 24**

Blaine County community on the Byway:

Dunning population: 92** East Mile Post: 231 West Mile Post: 230

This county was named after the American statesman James G. Blaine (1830-1893). He was also an 1884 presidential candidate. Blaine County’s borders were decided by an act of the Legislature approved on March 5, 1885. The county was organized in 1886. Some timber available from nearby rivers and streams was used to build some houses but sod homes were the norm. Blaine County is one of the least populated counties in Nebraska.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.6 – 1 Chapter 4.6 Blaine County

BREWSTER – A corridor community

Brewster was laid out by George Washington Brewster who was a wealthy newspaper publisher who came from Oakland, Nebraska, in 1884 to homestead the land on which the town now stands. On November 14, 1887, records show that a petition was filed by D. C. “Doc” Middleton for the first saloon and in 1888 he was granted a license to sell “malts, spirits, and liquors.” He was described as Nebraska’s version of Robin Hood because he was “a wicked outlaw” but he had also helped many who had fallen on financial hard times so the local ranchers, merchants and homesteaders helped hide him when the law was nearby.

The peak population of Brewster was 287 in 1930.

Must See & Do!

Sandhills Guest Ranch Bed & Breakfast - 83445 North Loup Spur, provides lodging with home-cooked meals and wonderful western hospitality. Accommodations include: canoeing, tubing and boat rental available, and bird viewing service. There is hunting access for waterfowl, upland game, and big game. Visitors may bring their own horses to enjoy riding the open prairie. 308-547-2460

Uncle Buck’s Lodge, 455 Brewster Ave, North Nebraska Highway 7. Enjoy the lodge and its home-cooked meals from May through December. Visitor opportunities include the following great-outdoors experiences: stargazing, wagon rides, hunting service for waterfowl, upland and big game, canoeing and tubing, and bird viewing. 308-547-2210 or 800-239-9190, www.unclebuckslodge.com .

Double L Gift Shop, 83566 Nebraska Highway 7. The shop features organic goat milk and ice cream, homemade items, gifts, and other Nebraska products. 308-547-0420

Events

The last full weekend in September one can enjoy the “Junk Jaunt” a 250-mile perpetual yard sale. Fun and treasures galore, Brewster is especially noted for their western cowboy art, antiques and memorabilia. You can also take home memories of the wonderful Sandhills food, available to eat or take home.

DUNNING

Samuel N. Dunning was the first settler of the Dunning area. He and his wife, the former Flora A. Fields came from Cook County, Illinois in the 1870s. They settled on the Dismal River south of the present-day Dunning where Mr. Dunning went into the cattle business. This was long before there was a railroad or any other sign of civilization. Dunning was first known as the Lena Post Office. It was established January 14, 1877, at the Van Scyle ranch and named for the Van Scycle's daughter, Lena. The mail for this post office was carried from Kearney by stage until the railroad came. New things were happening in 1887 when the Burlington and Missouri railroad reached Dunning by building a bridge across the Dismal River and extending its line up through this area. SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.6 – 2 Chapter 4.6 Blaine County

Dunning became a large shipping place for the country from the north and the south. Dunning was platted and dedicated in 1887. It was named after the Dunning brothers, Samuel and his brother, Russell, who was the first postmaster.

Dunning was devastated by frequent fires; and a fire in 1917 destroyed most of the north side of Main Street. They rebuilt and achieved a high population of 450 in 1910. Over the years Dunning had many businesses to serve the needs of the residents like barber shops, a meat market, banks, a telephone office, restaurants, and gas stations. It also had a billiard hall and opera house to add to the quality of life. Now only a handful of businesses remain.

Dunning is located between the Middle Loup and Dismal Rivers. The rivers join 1-1/2 miles east of town and at that point they combine to become the Middle Loup River.

The village has a nice park next to the Community Hall. Restrooms are available during the summer months. Playground equipment and picnic tables are also available in the park. For recreation, the residents use the National Forest at Halsey, just ten miles to the west for swimming, picnicking, hiking, 4 wheeling, and other outdoor activities.

Photographers, artists, and birdwatchers enjoy extended stays in this area of the Sandhills because of the beautiful wildlife, wild flowers, sunsets, and the rivers.

Must See & Do!

The town sports a large flock of wild turkeys which can be seen early in the morning and early in the evening as they cross Highway 2 and the football field on their way to roost.

In this country you don’t know what you might find when you walk into a gas station! Norms Auto Repair also houses Sandhills Pottery. The pottery displays, barn candles, and other gift items are displayed right next to a large assortment of pop, beer, and food. It is one of the Nebraska Scenic Byway information centers and is located at the intersection of Highways 2 and 91.

At the city park you will find a community building built by the WPA (Works Progress Administration) in the late 1930s. It features a playground, picnic tables, restrooms and plenty of shade for a relaxing picnic or walk.

The building originally built as the Home State Bank in 1917, on the north side of Main Street, is being renovated by the Blaine County Historical Society as a museum.

Events

The Fourth of July Youth Rodeo is held every year at the county fairgrounds east of town. Youth and adults come from all over the state to attend this big event.

Dunning is located on the now famous Junk Jaunt which is held the last full weekend in September each year. Buyers come from all over the USA to look for bargains. The population of the town explodes during this three-day event.

Thomas and Blaine counties share their County Fair 4-H activities, each hosting the 4-H and open class exhibits every other year.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.6 – 3 Chapter 4.6 Blaine County

Services

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 City Park 1 Convenience Store - Norm's Auto, west of town 1 Auto Repair - Norm's Auto, west of town 1 Churches 2 Public Telephone 2 Beauty Shop 1 Public Restrooms 2

The public restrooms are located at Norm’s Auto (open year round) and at the village park (open during summer only).

Group Tour Attractions

Sandhills Pottery of Dunning is an excellent place to stop and see pottery in various stages from the wheel to the final creative pieces. The studio is open for tours by appointment only, 308-538-2241. Pieces from this studio may be seen and purchased at Norm’s Sinclair Station on the west side of town.

You’ll also want to know:

• A new county-wide Junior High and High School was built along Highway 2 in 1977.

• The population in 1900 was 300.

• It has been told that the town was built between these rivers to protect the residents from prairie fires.

• Norm’s Sinclair is one of the last remaining “full-service” gas stations along the Byway. It features an electronic kiosk for tourism information. It also acts as the town’s only grocery store and features pottery and other Nebraska made gifts. Open 7 a.m. - 7 p.m. Monday – Saturday.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.6 – 4 Chapter 4.6 Blaine County

Chapter 4.7 County and Community Information Nebraska National Forest

THE NEBRASKA NATIONAL FOREST BESSEY RANGER DISTRICT AND NURSERY

Contact Information:

Forest Service and Nursery office: PO Box 39, Halsey, NE 69142 308-533-2257

Latitude: North 41.87444, Longitude: West -100.37444

The Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, encompasses 90,444 acres of gently rolling Sandhills interspersed with 22,000 acres of hand-planted trees, including ponderosa pine, eastern red cedar, and jack pine. The Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, has the largest hand planted forest in the United States and it is a favorite area for camping, hiking, picnicking, and more. The main entrance is located two miles west of Halsey on Highway 2.

In 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt set aside 90,000 acres in southeast and central Thomas County for a tree reserve, then named the Dismal River Reserve, (in 1908 renamed the Nebraska National Forest). The purpose of the declaration was to establish an area in the region for the experimental growth of trees, because University of Nebraska botanist, Dr. Charles E. Bessey had convinced President Roosevelt that large fires and unregulated harvest across the U.S. would lead to a national timber shortage. Dr. Bessey felt that the Sandhills, which had little native tree growth, would be ideal for establishing a forest and the area was artificially planted with literally millions of trees. While the plantation area has had recurrent problems with fire, it is still maintained as one of two hand planted forests on the Nebraska National Forest.

From 1934 to 1942, Company 798 of the Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.) established camps to plant trees, thin and prune existing trees, build structures, develop roads, construct fences, control rodents and watch for and fight wildfires at the Bessey Ranger District. The forest, as it exists today, is here largely because of the efforts of the C.C.C. crew members. The crews, which numbered from 15 to 20 men year round, but grew to 30-35 men during the spring planting season, also built sand-clay roads, two large implement buildings, a swimming pool and completed other construction. In the early 1940s when the C.C.C. program ended, local labor was used to maintain the National Forest.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.7 – 1 Chapter 4.7 Nebraska National Forest

Workers thin the trees in the greenhouse.

The Bessey Nursery at the entrance of the forest was established in 1902 and is the oldest federal tree nursery in the nation. The nursery has produced seedlings since 1903, and has supplied millions of trees to national forests and grasslands, as well as other federal, state, and local agencies, Indian tribes, and natural resources districts.

This nursery site was chosen for its sandy loam soil in the Middle Loup River floodplain because it provides a growing medium that promotes robust root system development. Because the soil contains no clay component, seedlings are easily removed during lifting with little damage to the roots.

Survival of "out-planted" seedlings was sometimes disappointing, but planting crews and U.S. Forest service employees persevered. Many different species of trees, mostly pines, were tried during the first part of the twentieth century to determine which would grow the best.

The nursery uses five irrigation wells drilled into the High Plains Aquifer for its water supply. The water is chemically neutral, neither acidic nor alkaline so seedlings are able to grow without adverse effects from soil or water abnormalities.

Each year 2-3 million seedling trees are raised and distributed for conservation plantings to natural resource conservation districts in Nebraska, South Dakota, Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas and for reforestation in National Forests across the nation.

Bessey Nursery is a full service nursery. They locate, collect, clean, stratify, and plant seed. They fertilize, irrigate, harvest, pack, store and ship seedlings. Seedlings are tested for viability, root growth potential, and growing conditions. Germination and production records are kept for all species.

The 78-acre nursery complex includes 46 acres available for bare-root production and two modern automated greenhouses for a total capacity of five million seedlings annually. The greenhouses allow for two container seedling crops per year. Currently over 40 species of coniferous and deciduous trees and shrubs are being produced.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.7 – 2 Chapter 4.7 Nebraska National Forest

Over the years, products and services have changed to keep pace with customer demands. The nursery staff helps customers to solve problems. Whether it is locating seed sources, choosing appropriate species, deciding upon container stock or bare-root stock, or arranging timely delivery, Bessey Nursery staff helps to make good choices for each customer’s area and to meet their goals.

Rows of trees grow that were planted earlier in the year.

The forest’s main campground at the Bessey Recreation Complex has 38 campsites with picnic tables, nearby flush toilets, trash dumpsters, and fire grates. Other services include electricity, showers, a shelter house, a game field, horseshoe pit, trailer dump station, and potable water refill hydrants. Tent camping sites and day use picnicking areas are also available. The nation’s last Forest Service swimming pool is also in the complex area and is open from Memorial Day weekend through mid-August.

Must See & Do!

Climbing to the top of the 56 foot Scott Lookout Tower, the traveler can see the tree plantation and Sandhills for miles. Activities in which people may participate include: camping, hiking, horseback riding, (bring your own horse), bird watching, fishing, hunting, canoeing, and tubing. A six-acre pond at the forest entrance features bass, catfish and perch. One of the formerly best kept secrets of the area is that there are miles of two-track roads for 4-wheel drive vehicles and ATVs.

The Bessey Ranger District has two main trails. Scott Lookout Trail is three miles in length with a natural trail surface that makes it perfect for hiking. The Dismal River trail is 11 miles long. Recommended activities include: hiking, equestrian, and all-terrain vehicles and in some winters, cross country skiing and snowmobiling.

The Dismal and Loup Rivers provide local water sources for recreation such as canoeing, tubing, swimming, etc. They also provide riparian vegetation for many grassland and shoreline birds, and other wildlife species.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.7 – 3 Chapter 4.7 Nebraska National Forest

Visitors may see sharp-tailed grouse, prairie-chickens, wild turkeys, antelope and white- tailed or mule deer. Hunting is allowed subject to all Nebraska Game and Parks Commission rules and regulations.

The Whitetail Campground on the south edge of the forest and the Natick Campground west of the State 4-H Camp have corrals for horses, hand-pump water wells, fire rings, picnic tables, and modern pit-type toilets. Firewood is not provided but firewood permits are available at a minimal fee at the administration building.

Group Tour Attractions and Services

Groups have multiple recreational options at the Nebraska National Forest. The State 4-H Camp, operating under a long term special use permit on the forest, offers large rooms with scenic outlooks, meeting facilities, and dining hall with meals provided, and lodging in cabins. The 4-H Camp now operates as a year round facility offering both children and adult camps. The 4-H Camp can be reached at 308-533-2224 for more information. Groups may also reserve the group campsite with ten RV compatible sites, large group fire ring, picnic shelter, and nearby flush toilets. The picnic shelter can be reserved for day & evening use. It has electrical outlets, picnic tables, and lighting. There is a cost associated with reserving and renting these areas.

Guided tours of the Bessey Nursery are available upon request and at the convenience of the Bessey nursery staff, where visitors will learn about how the trees are grown, stored, and shipped.

Highlighting the Bessey Recreation complex are 38 campsites, 22 with electricity, a swimming pool, showers, volleyball court, horseshoe pit, a game field, a trailer dump station, a picnic shelter house, a stocked fishing pond, and a separate group camping area with its own shelter house and electric hookups.

You’ll also want to know:

• Remember, there are over 90,000 acres in this forest and about 22,000 acres have been planted to trees. This provides many types of trees and grasses for hunting, hiking and recreational sports.

• There are different costs associated with camping and day use and for accessing the swimming pool.

• The Bessey Ranger District is one of the most unique places in the world with its’ hand-planted forest and native prairie ecosystem.

All photos are courtesy of the Nebraska National Forest

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.7 – 4 Chapter 4.7 Nebraska National Forest

Chapter 4.8 County and Community Information – Thomas County Halsey, Thedford, and Seneca

THOMAS COUNTY

Thomas County Tourism Website: www.tourthomascountynebraska.com

Tourism Information: 308-645-2284 (answered by Roadside Inn)

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitor Information Brochure Racks:

• Stubs Fine Dining & Spirits • Roadside Inn • Thedford Art Gallery • Thomas County Historical Society Museum

Land Mass of County: 713 square miles County Population: 729* County Seat: Thedford East Mile Post: 211 West Mile Post: 209 County Seat’s Population: 182** Elevation at Thedford Airport: 2,926’

Thomas County communities on the Byway, Nebraska Highway 2, are:

Thedford (see above info) Halsey population: 51** East Mile Post: 228 West Mile Post: 227 Seneca population: 44** North 1/2 mile between Mile Posts: 194 & 195

Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District and the Bessey Tree Nursery are located in Thomas County.

A Nebraska State 4-H Camp is located within the Nebraska National Forest in Thomas County.

Valentine National Wildlife Refuge is north of Thomas County located in Cherry County, 23 miles north of the Byway, Nebraska Highway 2

Thomas County was named in honor of Major General George H. Thomas (1816-1870) of Civil War fame. The boundaries were identified by an act of the legislature and approved on March 31, 1887.

Thomas County was formed in 1887 from the unorganized territory west of Blaine County, and Thedford was named the county seat. In 1920 the courthouse burned down and Seneca residents demanded a special election to move the county seat to their community; however, the vote determined that the courthouse would remain in Thedford. The third courthouse for the county was dedicated in December of 2006.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.8 – 1 Chapter 4.8 Thomas County

The area that became Thomas County was part of the Sandhills region used by early ranchers as open-range pasture. These cattlemen originally brought their herds north from Texas for sale to the federal government. The government had promised the Indians on South Dakota reservations beef cattle as a part of the 1876 treaty. The cattlemen soon discovered that the Sandhills region was ideal for cattle production and numerous large free-range ranches were established throughout the Sandhills.

Thomas County’s primary industry is ranching with the majority of its land devoted to cattle grazing. A small percentage of the land is used for growing wild hay, a supplement for the livestock diet in the late winter and early spring. A very small percentage of the county’s land is devoted to crop production.

The Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, is located in Thomas County. The 90,000 acres of forest land, of which 20,000 are interspersed with trees, draws many visitors to the county to enjoy camping, picnicking, hiking, bird-watching, horseback riding (people must bring their own horses), all-terrain vehicle trails, and hunting.

HALSEY

Halsey Yates was a young man working with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The rails were laid at this location in early 1887 and the town was named Halsey after Mr. Yates. In 1902 President Theodore Roosevelt established the Nebraska National Forest a few miles west of Halsey and some still erroneously refer to it as Halsey Forest. The Nebraska National Forest and Bessey Ranger District are discussed in the next section.

Many visitors enjoy the recreational opportunities at the Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District. The tourism traffic at the forest and the forestry personnel that work and live nearby have helped the town’s economy; however, even at its peak in 1950, there were only 160 residents.

Must See & Do!

The Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, is located 2 miles west of Halsey on Highway 2. This forest land encompasses more than 90,000 acres of which 20,000 acres make up the largest hand-planted forest in the United States. See complete details in Chapter 4.7 Nebraska National Forest.

The Double T Restaurant and Lounge for has daily specials, steaks and sandwiches. They also do catering and are near the Nebraska National Forest. Located at 103 Main Street (east side of street) - south of Nebraska Highway 2, Call 308-533-2208.

Belle’s Bunkhouse (Opening Soon) - is a Bed & Breakfast featuring three rooms, shared baths, meals upon requests, and corrals for horses. Call 308-533-2577.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.8 – 2 Chapter 4.8 Thomas County

THEDFORD

Thedford is probably directly or indirectly named for Thedford, Ontario, Canada by the Chicago, Burlington, & Quincy railroad when they laid out and platted the town. The post office was established in 1887. Early settlers found out quickly that the semi-arid regions of the Sandhills were not suitable for cultivation but the Kinkaid Act, under which 640 acres was allowed, helped the population of this small town to grow.

The 1920 census reported that 77 people were foreign born and immigrants from Germany and the British Isles made up the two largest groups of immigrants.

The Nebraska Historical Land Mark Council has recognized the significance of the Sandhills and placed a historical marker adjacent the junction of Nebraska Highway 2 and US Highway 83 1.5 miles east of Thedford. For the complete narrative on the historical maker, see Chapter 3.4 Intrinsic Quality Historic.

Must See & Do!

The western edge of the Nebraska National Forest is just east of Thedford. Rivers are plentiful with the Middle Loup River flowing through Thedford as it parallels Highway 2. The North Loup River is in the far eastern corner of Thomas County and the Dismal River is 10 miles south of Thedford. Gaston Road, three miles east of Thedford, also known and signed on Nebraska Highway 2 as the Nebraska National Forest west entrance, is a scenic road that provides a close look at the Sandhills and the National Forest. Four- wheel drive vehicles are recommended when taking this road though the forest. It offers great opportunities to see a variety of wildlife.

Hunting – The Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, offers hunters the opportunity to hunt on more than 90,000 acres of public land. Deer (White-tail and Mule), wild turkey, prairie chicken, and sharp-tailed grouse are the most plentiful species hunted. Some ranchers also guide hunters on their privately held ranches. Check www.tourthomascountynebraska.com for additional information.

Middle Loup River Ranch Guest House & Outfitting – Located near mile marker 221, four miles west of Halsey, immediately adjacent to the Byway, this fully furnished ranch guest house provides the perfect setting to spend a week, month, or just a few days enjoying Sandhills western hospitality. Canoeing, kayaking, tanking, tubing, are available nearby, bird watching, and stargazing. Bring your own horses and ride on the ranch or at the Nebraska National Forest. Half-day or full-day guided ranch and birding tours are available. Waterfowl, upland, and big game hunting guide service is also available. 308-645-2715 or 402-450-2268, www.middleloupriverranch.com

Thedford Art Gallery - Artwork is on display from a variety of local artists and guest artists. The artwork is available for purchase. The building is ADA accessible and the hours are Tuesday - Saturday from Memorial Day to December 1. 308-645-2586. It is open at other times by calling 308-645-2706 or 308-645-2765.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.8 – 3 Chapter 4.8 Thomas County

Thomas County Historical Society Museum - This former home of a local rancher and State Senator, the late Chet and Ida Paxton, was donated to the TCHS to be used as a museum for historic artifacts. It is ADA accessible. The hours are Monday - Friday 10 a.m. - noon and 2:00 – 4:00 p.m. from Memorial Day to Labor Day. 308-645-2477. It is open other times by appointment by calling 308-645-2489 or 308-645-2468.

Thedford Golf Course - This nine-hole golf course is located a half-mile south of the junction of Highways 2 and 83. The association hosts many tournaments throughout the summer and a night golf tourney the last Friday in July during the Thomas County Fair. For additional information call 308-645-2251 or for cart information 308-645-2233.

Ranching Experiences - Want to experience the lifestyle of a rancher? Contact the local Thomas County Visitors Committee, 308-645-2284 (Roadside Inn) for information about spending a day with a local rancher.

Star Gazing - Multiple opportunities are available to view the night sky without pollution from artificial light. Individuals and groups are welcome.

Yellow Calf Studio – Features bronze sculptures, miniatures to larger-than-life size, depicting the western life-style of the people and culture of the area. Open by appointment by calling 308-645-2437.

Events

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Chili Cook-Off - Held in March in conjunction with the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Polar Bear Tank Race, brings the Byway communities and others together to hold a friendly chili cook-off competition for the Polar Bear Tank Race participants.

Thedford High School Rodeo - This rodeo is held the first weekend in June. It begins with a Friday evening cutting performance. The remaining events are held on Saturday.

High School Alumni Weekend - Held the third weekend in June, this is a popular weekend for former residents to come back to Thedford to visit.

Thomas County Fair - This event is held from Thursday - Sunday on the last weekend in July. Events include 4-H activities, softball game, night golf tournament, fishing tournament, food on the court house square, parade, free BBQ, turtle races, paint ball, kid’s games, an art show, and barrel racing.

Thedford Bull Fest – Held the Friday night of the Thomas County Fair features top quality bulls, bull fighters, and local and Professional Bull Rider Association riders.

Other rodeos include the Thedford Junior Rodeo and the Thedford Junior High Rodeo and the Ranch Rodeo - Check www.tourthomascountynebraska.com for dates and additional information.

Middle Loup River Grudge Race– Held the first Thursday in August on the Thomas County Airport runway features car against car drag races.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.8 – 4 Chapter 4.8 Thomas County

Services

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 City Library 1 City Park 1 9-Hole Golf Course 1 Outdoor Tennis Courts 1 Museum - Thomas County Historical Society 1 Medical Clinic 1 Airport 1 Convenience Stores/Gas Stations 2 Towing/24-Hour Emergency Roadside Help 1 Car Wash 2 Transmission Shop 2 RV Service & Repair 1 Diesel/Tractor Repair 1 Churches 4 Photography Studio 1 Veterinarian 2 Pet Boarding 1 Hair Salon 1 Hotel/Motel 2 Guest House/Guest Ranch 2 Outfitters for Hunting 2 Outfitters for Birding and/or Canoeing, Kayaking, Tubing & Tanking 2 Campgrounds & RV Sites 3 Information Services 2 Museum & Art Gallery 1 Restaurants 2 Grocery Stores 1 Lumber Companies 1 Livestock Equipment 1 Bank 1 24-Hour Automatic Teller Machine 2 Check Cashing Service Bank & other businesses

The Medical Clinic is a satellite of the Broken Bow Clinic. They are open on Tuesdays from 10 a.m. until 4 p.m. 308-872-6456.

The two convenience stores are Hodges Conoco with 24-hour credit card service, gas, diesel and propane; and Sandhill Oil with 24-hour credit card service, gas, diesel, and propane. They both have ATM’s.

The Arrowhead Motel, 308-645-2246, and the Roadside Inn, 308-645-2284, both offer free Internet access.

Information services are offered at the Roadside Inn 24/7 and at Stub’s Fine Dining 16/7.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.8 – 5 Chapter 4.8 Thomas County

Stub’s Fine Dining is open Tuesday – Sunday year round. The Arrowhead Café is seasonal.

Thedford Airport - Located south of Thedford, with a 4,400 foot runway, it can accommodate corporate jets. Call 308-645-2233 for fuel and additional information.

Hodges Conoco is a convenience store and gas station located at the junction of Nebraska Highway 2 and U.S. Highway 83 South. Convenience store includes souvenirs, snacks, beverages, public telephone, restrooms, and auto repair. 308-645-2249

The Sandhills Oil Company is a convenience store and gas station located one mile east of Thedford that is perfect for groups. Multiple rest room facilities are available. Snacks, beverages, plus Last Chance Winery wine, and other Nebraska products are also available. It provides an opportunity to purchase souvenirs and authentic Nebraska gifts. 308-645-2233

Arrowhead Café is a great place to visit with the locals while enjoying a great special lunch, sandwiches and ice cream treats. Open seasonally June – August. 308-645-2246

Stub’s Fine Dining and Spirits is a favorite with groups and residents. Meals are served daily and a banquet room is available with seating for up to 100. This popular meeting location is conveniently located one hour from Valentine, North Platte and Broken Bow. It is also located adjacent to the Byway, next to the Roadside Inn, so groups can overnight here with all of the amenities needed for a restful sleep and relaxing meals. 308-645-2642 www.stubsdining.com

Group Tour Information

The Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District and Nursery hosts many group tours each year. Call their main office for arrangements.

The Thomas County Historical Museum and the Thedford Art Gallery are one block apart. Group tours are available at both places.

Call the Thomas County Visitors Committee for group tours to visit local ranches, bird tours, or step-on guide service - 308-645-2715 or 402-450-2268 or 308-645-2284

You’ll also want to know:

• Websites – www.tourthomascountynebraska.com and www.thedford.net

• Thomas County Herald Newspaper, published weekly.

• In the spring, don't be surprised to see ranchers driving cattle to summer pasture along or across the highway. In the summer you can expect to see ranchers busy putting up hay on the meadows along the river.

• The Thomas County Fair building is available for groups, receptions, presentations, reunions, dining and other activities. Contact the Thomas County Fair Board for rental information.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.8 – 6 Chapter 4.8 Thomas County

• If you look south of Thedford you will see what appears to be a giant golf ball on the horizon. It is actually the North Platte Weather Doppler.

• You’ll notice many windmills; these windmills have been the fountain of life for the ranchers as they are the means of providing water to cattle, horses, and other livestock. Today, the water is pure and plentiful thanks to the abundant underground water supply of the Ogallala Aquifer. Through good stewardship, ranchers work diligently to keep it that way.

• Cell phone service is limited along the Byway from Merna to Alliance however four new cell towers have been installed in Thomas County during the last two years improving the reception for certain carriers.

SENECA

The name of Seneca came from the Seneca tribe of Indians.

Seneca had a railroad round-house that operated 24 hours a day, employed 70 men in the roundhouse and provided steady work. Seneca competed with Thedford for the county seat. After Thedford was named the county seat, it grew much more quickly than Seneca. The railroad closed some engine stalls in the round-house in 1922 and the population began its declined from the high of 476 residents in 1920.

In the 1880s and 1890s the high hills near Seneca were the reason for one way roads, they were also long and narrow, so narrow that two teams and wagons could not meet on the road cuts. In the late 1940s when Highway 2 was paved, the route was changed to the south of town for better accessibility. Shortly after that the roundhouse closed.

Must See & Do!

At the entrance to Seneca take a few minutes to rest and relax at the City Park. Don’t be surprised if there are some local residents there and they welcome you to town.

Services

The Northern Plains Studio – This riverside studio offers a great look into the life of a local artist. It features award winning Native American, Western and nature pieces in pastels, mixed media and printmaking. 210 Broadway Street, north of Seneca along the Middle Loup River, 308-639-3227, www.northernplainsstudio.com

The Cattleman’s Restaurant - open Friday – Saturday nights and Sunday Buffet until 2 p.m. It offers excellent homemade choices for residents and visitors. North of Nebraska Highway 2 on Main Street in Seneca, 308-639-3242

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.8 – 7 Chapter 4.8 Thomas County

You’ll also want to know:

• Seneca is near the line denoting the Central/Mountain Time Zones. Travelers traveling west will need to set back their watches one hour, those traveling east will need to move their watches forward an hour.

• The Seneca Auditorium, built in 1912, was originally called the Welch Amusement Hall and Opera House. In the mid 1930s, it was severely damaged by a tornado that went through the river valley. It was renovated and the community continued to use it for community and school functions. In 2007, it was completely renovated again. It’s now available for groups, presentations, dining, catered meals, and other activities.

• A community reunion is held Memorial Weekend each year.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.8 – 8 Chapter 4.8 Thomas County

Chapter 4.9 County and Community Information Valentine National Wildlife Refuge

VALENTINE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

Valentine National Wildlife Refuge is open year round and is part of the Fort

Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge Complex.

For more information please contact the Refuge Manager

by calling 402-376-3789.

Latitude: North 42.5052273, Longitude: West -100.5822135

Valentine National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) was established in 1935 to protect a portion of the Sandhills and their wildlife. The unique nature of the Refuge was recognized in 1976 when the Sandhills prairie was designated as National Natural Landmark.

Valentine NWR is one of over 500 refuges in the National Wildlife Refuge System – a network or lands set aside specifically for wildlife. Managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Refuge System is a living heritage, preserving wildlife and habitat for people today and for generations to come.

The financial base for the Refuge System was firmly established in 1934 through the passage of the Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act, more commonly known as the “Duck Stamp” Act. This Act requires waterfowl hunters to annually purchase a migratory bird or duck stamp. Funds collected from duck stamp sales have been used to purchase numerous refuges that provide habitats necessary to sustain a variety of wildlife for both hunters and non-hunters to enjoy.

Valentine National Wildlife Refuge lies in the heart of a vast area of undulating sand dunes which stretch across north-central Nebraska. It is Nebraska’s largest national wildlife refuge. The region, called the Sandhills, is the largest remaining tract of mid and tall grass prairie in North America.

Eons ago, receding waters exposed the bed of a huge inland sea located west of Nebraska. West winds attacked the sea bed and transported the sand to north-central Nebraska. Here the sand was deposited in the dunes which comprise the Sandhills. Indian grass, big and little bluestem, prairie sand reed, and sand love grass blanketed the dunes and meadows. The grasses shielded the dunes from the force of the wind and provided a degree of stability to the shifting sands. Numerous lakes formed throughout the Sandhills and spring rains caused the water table to rise and flood additional lowlands. In other areas, the water table rose to within several feet of the surface providing natural underground irrigation. The sub-irrigated meadows produced the heaviest growth of grasses.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.9 – 1 Chapter 4.9 Valentine National Wildlife Refuge

The Sioux Indians, great buffalo hunters and warriors, controlled large portions of the Great Plains including the Sandhills. In the 1870s, the hills became ranching country with open range, cowboys, and Texas longhorn cattle. Settlers followed quickly, encouraged by the Homestead Act and later the Kincaid Law. "Kincaiders" attempts to farm the sandy soil was unsuccessful. Most small landowners sold out to cattle ranchers or let their land go to the county for unpaid taxes.

During the 1930s, conservationists recognized the need to protect a portion of the Sandhills and their wildlife. In 1935, the 71,516 acre Valentine National Wildlife Refuge was established for this purpose. Again in 1976, the unique nature of the Sandhills prairie was recognized when the Refuge was designated as a National Natural Landmark.

Numerous lakes, productive marshes, and tall grasses on hills and meadows provide habitat for many kinds of wildlife. Blue-winged teal, mallards, pintails, gadwalls, redheads, ruddy ducks, and shovelers nest on the Refuge in large numbers. During fall and spring migrations, many other species of ducks stop to rest and feed. Sometimes as many as 150,000 ducks can be found on the Refuge, with peak numbers occurring in May and October.

More than 260 species of birds have been sighted on the Refuge. Herons, terns, shorebirds, pelicans, and many songbirds nest on and migrate through the Refuge. Long-billed curlews and upland sandpipers call from hill and fence post. In early spring, prairie chickens and sharp-tailed grouse gather on dancing grounds for their elaborate courtship display. Sandhill cranes pass over in spring and fall in great numbers filling the sky with trailing V's and musical rattling calls. The numerous marshes and shallow lakes offer breeding habitat for eared, western and pied-billed grebes, a dozen species of waterfowl, and shorebirds such as soras, Wilson's snipes, and American avocets. The higher grasslands offer views of long-billed curlews, upland sandpipers, and Swainson's hawks. Winter storms and cold weather bring the bald and golden eagles to hunt the snow covered prairie.

White-tailed deer prefer the marshes and small woodlots, while mule deer can be found in the open hills. Muskrats and beaver inhabit the lake and marsh, meadows, and hills. The variation of habitat and the variety of wildlife each habitat supports make Valentine a unique Refuge.

Most of the refuge consists of Sandhills prairie, with dunes from 40 to 200 feet high, and intervening interdune depressions that often contain shallow, marshy lakes. Some of the lakes are open for canoeing or boating, offering great birding opportunities. Driving on the sandy trails requires care; a supply of water and a tow rope are recommended; avoid parking on bare sand, especially when oriented uphill.

Refuge grasslands and wetlands are managed for the benefit of the wide variety of wildlife found on the Refuge. Prairies and marshes evolved under wildfire and grazing, today cattle and carefully controlled prescribed fire are used. Grazing encourages the lush growth of grasses, returns nutrients to the soil, and removes old litter which can cause grassland to stagnate. Long term spring grazing is also used to control non- native grasses which are not as desirable for nesting cover. Fire can also be used to remove decadent grasses, control non-native grasses, and recycle nutrients.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.9 – 2 Chapter 4.9 Valentine National Wildlife Refuge

As wetlands across the Nation have been drained and converted to cropland, it has become more important to manage and preserve those that remain. New ponds have been created on the Refuge and water levels are regulated on some to provide the wetlands needed by many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals. In other lakes, carp, which had uprooted vegetation and reduced waterfowl food plants, were controlled and the basic productivity of the lakes restored. A combination of sound wildlife management practices enhances the Refuge habitat for wildlife.

Valentine National Wildlife Refuge is located 20 miles south of Valentine, Nebraska, along Highway 83 and covers 71,516 acres. The Refuge is administered as part of the Fort Niobrara-Valentine National Wildlife Refuge Complex with the main office located five miles east of the city of Valentine. The Hackberry Headquarters on Valentine Refuge is located along State Spur 16B.

Bird watching, wildlife observation, and photography are encouraged. To best observe wildlife, come early in the morning or before sunset. Bring binoculars and quietly walk the Refuge trails. Service trails are open to public hiking, but vehicles must stay on designated public roads. Public roads are generally passable to two-wheel drive vehicles except in snowy or wet weather. In the spring, observation blinds are provided for viewing the prairie chickens and sharp-tailed grouse courtship displays. Fishing and upland game, deer, and waterfowl hunting are provided. Regulations concerning hunting and fishing are available at Refuge headquarters or from dispensers on the Refuge. The Refuge is open during the daylight hours. Camping and fires are prohibited. State and private campgrounds are located nearby. Hotels, restaurants, and stores are available in the town of Valentine.

Valentine National Wildlife Refuge is one of a network of over 490 refuges across the United States. Refuges are vitally important. They provide habitat, food, water, cover, and space for hundreds of species of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and plants. National Wildlife Refuges are managed to protect endangered plants and animals, for migratory birds, to preserve natural diversity, and to provide places for people to understand and enjoy wildlife.

A wheelchair-accessible boat dock is located at Watts Lake. People with a special Nebraska Game and Parks Commission permit may shoot game from a vehicle on Refuge public use trails in areas open to public driving.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service seeks to provide persons with disabilities full accessibility or reasonable accommodation. Contact Refuge staff for information or to address accessibility needs. For visitors using TTY, contact the Nebraska Relay Service at 800 833-7352.

State hunting and fishing regulations, seasons, bag limits, and license requirements apply. Additional refuge-specific regulations are outlined here. Hunting hours are the same as those set in State regulations. Fishing is permitted from half an hour before sunrise to half an hour after sunset. Sportsmen are allowed a reasonable time before and after hours to enter and exit the Refuge. Motor vehicles are permitted only on public use trails as shown on the map. Driving on the ice or off-road is prohibited. Four-wheel drive is recommended. Camping and fires are both prohibited on the Refuge. Camping is available at Alkali Fish Camp, Ballard’s Marsh, and Merritt Reservoir. Consuming or possessing alcohol on the Refuge is prohibited.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.9 – 3 Chapter 4.9 Valentine National Wildlife Refuge

On all Refuge fishing lakes, keep only northern pike 28 inches or shorter. All pike longer than 28 inches must be released. In addition all muskies and bass caught on Watts Lake must be released. The possession or use of live or dead minnows and the possession of any fish not taken from Refuge waters is prohibited. Frozen or dead smelt may be used as bait. Turtles, frogs, and minnows may not be taken on the Refuge.

The use of internal combustion motors is prohibited on all Refuge lakes. Boats propelled with oars, paddles, or electric motors may be used.

Steel or other non-toxic shot is required for all bird hunting on the Refuge. Possession of lead shot in the field is prohibited. A map will be provided that shows the areas where firearm deer hunting, archery deer hunting, prairie grouse hunting, pheasant hunting and dove hunting are allowed. Areas around offices and residences are closed to hunting.

Hunting ducks, geese, and coots is allowed only on Watts, Rice, and Duck Lakes in the waterfowl hunting area shown on the map. A free permit is required to hunt coyotes on the Refuge. Permits are available from the Refuge Headquarters. The use of dogs for hunting coyotes is not permitted. The Refuge is closed to hunting of all other birds and animals.

Signs on the refuge allow or restrict certain activities, providing maximum freedom for visitors while protecting Refuge wildlife from undue harm. Regulations and further information are available at Refuge Headquarters.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.9 – 4 Chapter 4.9 Valentine National Wildlife Refuge

Chapter 4.10 County and Community Information – Hooker County, Mullen

HOOKER COUNTY

Hooker County/Mullen Tourism Website: Hooker-County.com.

Tourism Information: 308-546-0636

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitor Information Brochure Rack: Sandhills Motel, 507 SW 1st Street, West Highway 2

Land Mass of County: 721 square miles County Population: 783* County Seat: Mullen East Mile: Post 185 West Mile Post: 184 County Seat’s Population: 502** Elevation at Mullen Airport: 3,260’

In 1877 Buffalo Bill Cody and Major Frank North established the first ranch headquarters in what was to become Hooker County. This ranch was not a homestead, but was all on government land. The original log cabin built on this site is now on display at Scout's Rest Ranch in North Platte near Buffalo Bill's house and barn.

During 1878-79, Chief Spotted Horse and a band of his tribe left the reservation in South Dakota, hoping to live free again. But troops from nearby Fort McPherson and Fort Robinson were notified, and it was the last time the Native Americans were to live free in what is now Hooker County. Much of the history of the Sandhills area is recorded in the books Cheyenne Autumn by Marie Sandoz and Black Elk Speaks by John G. Neihardt.

The county was named for the Civil War Union General Joseph P. Hooker (1814- 1879). Joseph Hooker was born in Hadley, Massachusetts, and graduated from the United States Military Academy. During the Civil War he received the nickname "Fighting Joe Hooker" due to a newspaper article entitled "Fighting -Joe Hooker". Newspapers across the country began running the story, dropping the hyphen. Much to Hooker's disgust, the name would forever be connected to him!

The Boundaries of Hooker County were defined on March 29, 1889.

MULLEN

In 1884, the first permanent settlers moved into the area. They were Josiah Downing, Webster E. Bowers, and Chauncey Tucker and families. Other homesteaders began to follow. And in 1887, the Grand Island and Wyoming line of the Burlington Northern Railroad began laying rails across the Sandhills. A depot was set up about a mile east of Trefren’s Trading Post and was given the name of Mullen after one of the railroad’s contractors.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.10 – 1 Chapter 4.10 Hooker County

Mullen would become the county seat when Hooker County became organized in 1889. The original small frame court house was built in 1889. It was replaced in 1912 with a brick building that is still being used today. Several communities were established in Hooker County – Hecla, Kelso, Weir, Abby, Crescent, Donald, Dunwell, and Eclipse – but they were never incorporated. Now Mullen is the only town that remains in Hooker County on the Nebraska map distributed by the Nebraska Department of Roads.

Mullen reached the peak population of 811 residents in 1960. At one time there were 22 schools in the county because they established schools in any area with five or more children of school age. Schools were mounted on wheels and periodically moved as the population shifted.

Mullen is 75 miles from Valentine, Nebraska, to the north and 75 miles from North Platte, Nebraska, to the south. Local merchants provide everything needed since the distance to a larger town is so great. In addition to its location on Highway 2, Mullen is located on Highway 97 which is known as one of Nebraska’s most scenic North/South routes through the Sandhills.

Must See & Do!

Mullen has a heated swimming pool that opens Memorial weekend and closes when school starts. There are two parks in town, one with restrooms open during the summer, with a tennis court and a basketball court. Mullen also has a six lane bowling alley, a nice community golf course, historic courthouse, and a disc golf course.

The Sandhills Motel & Glidden Canoe Rental is located at 507 SW 1st Street. It is open twelve months a year and offers canoes, kayaks and tanks. The Dismal River’s swift current, winding channel and natural obstacles make it one of Nebraska’s most challenging rivers for the experienced canoeist. The tanks are water tanks for cattle that are placed on the river; several people sit inside and enjoy a leisurely float down the river. The Glidden’s also offer sharp-tail and prairie-chicken viewings in the spring during their mating season. The motel is open 24 hours.

Just one mile North of Mullen on Highway 97, the Middle Loup River meanders through the lush green meadows and super highlands which are some of the most beautiful hills in the area. Both the Dismal and Middle Loup Rivers are spring fed and support great water recreational sports and offer good photography opportunities.

The Double R Guest Ranch is the place to be for hunting, fishing, and viewing flora and fauna. The address is 86091 Double R Drive and the ranch is 19 miles North on Highway 97. It is open year round for your hunting pleasure when sharp-tail grouse, pheasant, dove, ducks, geese, white tail deer, and mule deer are in season. Fish for yellow perch and northern pike in a spring fed lake. Listed on the birding trail, you will find a wide variety of birds and abundant wildflowers. The lush meadows, several lakes and marshes, and high sandy dunes provide wonderful photo ops, a variety of hiking experiences, and scenic views. In addition to the deluxe lodging with kitchenettes, they also have a historical three room original sod house with an attic. It was the home of the first and only doctor of the North Country hills. It was built in 1908 and is available for viewing. On site is also a restored original one room schoolhouse that is also available for viewing. For more information call toll free at 866-217-2314 or visit the web site at www.sandhilldoublerranch.com.

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The Mullen Historical Hotel was originally the Hamm Hotel and it now houses the Hooker County Historical Museum. The building was sold in the early 1980s to the Mullen Historical Society. It has been renovated to house exhibits in every room on each of the three floors. One of the most talked about exhibits is the upstairs military room and hallway. Framed photos of our military men and women line the hallway of the 3rd floor. This is an impressive display of the area’s wartime and peacetime military. Among other interesting exhibits you will find a pioneer kitchen and washroom, an early beauty shop, a one-room schoolroom complete with desks and books, a cowboy room, a music room, church room, periodicals, and other displays tracing the history and the people of this area. The museum is open Memorial weekend and for various local events and by appointment. Visitors who come without reservations will find a sign on the door with phone numbers so they can call for assistance with viewing the museum.

Golfing in Mullen? Mullen has the distinction of having the Sand Hill Golf Club that has been ranked by Golf Digest as one of the ten best in the world of the newly built courses and is a Ben Crenshaw - Bill Coore golf course. It draws many visitors who marvel at the natural beauty and spectacular greens. The course is open from June through the first week of October. It is 15 miles south of Mullen on Highway 97 situated in a cedar- lined area along the banks of the scenic Dismal River.

Also situated along the Dismal River, three miles South of Mullen on Highway 97, and 17 miles west, is the Dismal River Club. This private golf club opened for business in 2006 and features an 18-hole Jack Nicklaus Signature Course that rolls through the natural terrain of Nebraska’s Sandhills. It was recently ranked among Golfweek’s Best New Courses in 2007. The expansive clubhouse, with its high ceilings, houses spacious areas for the golf shop, poker and pool rooms, theater, saloon and horseshoe pits.

Travel 15 miles north of Mullen on Highway 97 and then three miles west to find the Dry Valley Church. Dry Valley Church is an original condition country church that has been authentically restored to its glory days of the early 1900s and includes a pioneer cemetery that is still being used for burials. The original pews, organ, lectern, and hymnals make this a special stop for the history buffs. The church can be visited by appointment by calling Pat Bridges at 308-546-2314.

The Last Chance Winery Mullen Tasting Room is located in the heart of the Nebraska Sandhills on the scenic byway in downtown Mullen. The Last Chance Winery was established in 2004 to create Nebraska wine with old west flair. Making wine in Nebraska is unlike anywhere else because of the types of grapes grown here in the heartland. The tasting room is open Wednesday – Saturday, 1 to 5 p.m.

Events

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Polar Bear Tank Race – The first annual SJSB Polar Bear Tank Race was held in February 2008 as a benefit for the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway. This event was also held to encourage people from a distance to come and enjoy an unusual winter recreation in the Sandhills. Teams of 4 or 6 people raced in eight foot stock tanks down the Middle Loup River for approximately three miles. Each Polar Bear Tank Team was racing for the fastest time to reach the finish line. It was deemed a huge success as there were 60 plus participants, many from more than 200 miles away and one from out-of-state.

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Sandhills Sharptail Shootout – Mullen offers a variety of activities for the outdoor enthusiast throughout the year. The most well-known Mullen event is the annual Sandhills Sharptail Shootout on the second Saturday of the Nebraska grouse season in September. For more than 25 years, teams of hunters have visited Mullen for this timed event to see who can bag the largest number of grouse with the least shots fired. Teams compete in a trap shoot the day before the hunt and then have some fun on the Dismal River Sporting Ranch clays course.

The hunt, organized by the Mullen Commercial Club, is successful due to the 50 plus land owners from Hooker County and surrounding counties that open their land to the hunters. Many don’t allow any other grouse hunters on their land until after this event to assure an exciting shoot for the hunters.

Local groups assist with cooking, hosting, and serving meals for the hunters. The post hunt banquet and auction draws about 300 people each year in this town with only 500 residents. Teams are limited by the amount of lodging in the immediate area so enthusiasts sign up early to secure their spot for the event. The field for the hunt is usually set by May. Profits are used for community improvements.

With so many hunters some would worry about harvesting this many grouse. It is closely monitored since a Nebraska Game and Parks Commission biologist determines the age and sex of the grouse harvested each year to measure the reproductive success of prairie grouse in this portion of the Sandhills.

Special services are held on Memorial Day and Christmas night every year at the Dry Valley Church. The oversight committee holds a yearly Memorial Day Service and a Christmas Night Candle Light Service which are both open to the public. The services begin at 7 p.m.

During the third weekend of July, Mullen hosts the Sandhills Chute-Out Bull Riding competition. Approximately 30 contestants complete for $4,000 in prize money at this timed event pitting rider against bull. This annual contest draws a crowd of around 800 spectators from the surrounding area. This event is followed closely by the Hooker County Fair the first full weekend of August.

Group Tour Attractions and Services

Double R Guest Ranch has many tour groups come to view the on site 1908 original sod house and the circa 1910 renovated, one-room schoolhouse. The owners are your guides and can give historical facts of interest. There are restroom facilities and a picnic area. The ranch has had groups of 50, but prefers no more than 25-30 at one time. If requested ahead of time, iced tea and water will be available.

Mullen can handle smaller tours with details worked out in advance. Call Pat Bridges, a member of the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway at 308-546-2314 for help making arrangements for tours in the Mullen area.

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Services Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 18-Hole Golf Courses 2 9-Hole Golf Course 1 Airport 1 Automatic Teller Machine - Nebraskaland Bank 1 Attorney 1 Auto Repair Shop 2 Banks 2 Bowling Alley - Hondo Lanes 1 Campgrounds - Sandhills Motel & Canoe Rental 1 Chiropractic Clinic 1 Churches 5 City Library 1 City Park 2 Free Internet Access - Sandhills Motel 1 Funeral Home 1 Gas Station with 24-hour fuel 1 Gift Shops 2 Grocery Stores - Macke's 1 Guest Ranch 1 Gun Range 1 Hotel/Motel - Sandhills Motel & Canoe Rental 1 Laundromat 1 Medical Clinic - Sandhills Family Medicine 1 Museum - Hooker County Historical Museum 1 Newspaper - Hooker County Tribune 1 Nursing Home - Pioneer Memorial 1 Outdoor Basketball Court 1 Outdoor Tennis Court 1 Outdoor Disc Golf Course 1 Outfitter for hunting, birding, canoeing, kayaking, tubing, tanking - Sandhills Motel & Canoe Rental 1 Pet Grooming & Boarding - Cindy Pearman 1 Public Swimming Pool 1 Public Telephone 1 Restaurants 4 RV Dump 1 RV Sites 2 Veterinarian 1 Wine Tasting Room - Last Chance 1

The gas station with the 24-hour fuel is Farmers/Ranchers Co-op. The gift shops are Lucy’s Variety Store and the Country Door. The Guest Ranch is called Double R Guest Ranch which is open year round. The restaurants are Rustic Restaurant & Lounge, Big Red’s Café & Lounge, Drive-In, and Macke’s Deli. The RV Sites are located at Sandhills Motel & Canoe Rental and Wright’s City Trailer Park.

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Retail Trade:

• Avon, Jan Furrow • Loup Valley Vet • B & D Enterprises • Lucy’s Variety and Gifts • Bank of the West • Lyn’s Petals and Plants • Big Red’s Café • Macke’s Grocery & Deli Corner • Butcher Block • Mane Street Salon • Caterer’s-R-Us • McIntosh Estates • Crisp Construction • McIntosh Trucking • Consolidated Telephone • Mullen Auto & Diesel • Cooley Well Drilling & Trenching • Mullen Funeral Home • Cowboy Cadillac Body Shop • Mullen Laundromat • Dick Cash Iron & Metal • Mullen Motor Company • Dismal River Club • Nebraska Department of Roads • Dismal River Sporting Ranch • Nebraskaland National Bank • Double D Ironworks • Nebraska Pantry • Double R Guest Ranch • Drive-In • Farmers Elevator • Pegs Beauty Shop • Farmers/Ranchers Co-op • Porath Construction • Glidden Canoe Rental • Rafter C Trucking • Go Figure for Women • Rustic Restaurant and Lounge • Hampton Apartments • Sandhills Fertilizer • Hampton Insurance • Sandhills Beauty Shop • Hampton Well Drilling • Sandhills Country Door • Handyman Hardware • Sandhills Embroidery • Headlines Hair Studio • Sandhills Golf Club • Hondo Lanes • Sandhills Motel & Canoe Rental • Hooker County Tribune • Spencer Welding & Machine • Isom Dragline • TSM Computers • L & L Redi Mix • Vinton Feed Store • Marilyn Ericksen with • Western Styles Longaberger Baskets • Wolfenden, L.W. Trucking • Last Chance Tasting Room

You’ll also want to know:

• A historical site that you can’t miss in Mullen is an original wooden windmill situated on the Hooker County courthouse lawn.

• Mullen’s website is: www.hooker-county.com

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Chapter 4.11 County and Community Information – Grant County Hyannis, Whitman and Ashby

GRANT COUNTY

Land Mass of County: 776 square miles County Population: 747*

County Seat: Hyannis East Mile Post: 146 West Mile Post: 145 County Seat’s Population: 253** Elevation at Hyannis Airport: 3,710’

Grant County communities on the Byway, Nebraska Hwy 2, are:

Whitman unincorporated East Mile Post: 159 West Mile Post: 159 Ashby unincorporated East Mile Post: 137 West Mile Post: 137

A letter to the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway organization was received from the Grant County Commissioners in the spring of 2008 stating that Grant County does not endorse the application for national designation. The Byway passes through Grant County on Nebraska State Highway 2 and will stay within the state right-of-way. There will not be a Byway corridor in Grant County and information will not be provided regarding the county in this section.

However, there are a number of people and businesses from the county that are current Byway members and recognize the benefits that the Byway provides. The Byway values and welcomes memberships from Grant County residences and businesses and will continue to work cooperatively with them.

Must See & Do!

CaLinda's Pot Shop & Art Gallery in Ashby offers handmade pottery, watercolor, oil paintings, and inks with a Western flair. Landscapes of the Nebraska Sandhills are featured. The owner offers workshops on painting and pottery and does custom matting and framing. Summer hours are Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. Winter hours are Wednesday from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. and Friday afternoons. Call 308-577-6766. This attraction is a Byway member.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 4.11 – 1 Chapter 4.11 Grant County

Chapter 4.12 County and Community Information – Sheridan County Bingham, Ellsworth, Lakeside and Antioch

SHERIDAN COUNTY

Sheridan County Tourism Website: www.visitsheridancounty.com

Land Mass of County: 2,441 square miles County Population: 6,198* County Seat: Rushville (not within corridor) County Seat’s Population: 1,127**

Sheridan County communities on the Byway, Nebraska Hwy 2, are:

Bingham Unincorporated East Mile Post: 129 West Mile Post: 128 Ellsworth Unincorporated East Mile Post: 119 West Mile Post: 118 Lakeside Unincorporated East Mile Post: 111 West Mile Post: 110 Antioch Unincorporated East Mile Post: 102 West Mile Post: 101

Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge is located 28 miles south of Lakeside and the Byway - Nebraska Highway 2.

Legends, railroads and the Old West create a unique historical adventure, an adventure you must see and experience to believe! Phillip H. Sheridan (1831-1881) was a noted general of the Civil War period. Sheridan County honored him by choosing his name when the boundaries were defined on February 25, 1885.

Legendary figures such as Chief Crazy Horse, Buffalo Bill Cody, Bartlett Richards, “Old Jules”, and Mari Sandoz saw the hidden charm of this land.

In Sheridan County one can feel the tranquility of nature, enjoy the wide-open spaces, brilliant blue skies, star-filled nights, and experience the pleasures of pure country life.

BINGHAM

Bingham, named after Bingham, Massachusetts, was established around 1888 as one of the railroad stops since the train needed water for the steam engines every 8 – 10 miles. Bingham grew as settlers arrived in the area because of the Kincaid Act of 1902 (640 acres of free land) and needed supplies within a days wagon ride to town.

As residents needed services a general store, grocery store, hardware store, livery stable, bank, hotel, tavern, pool hall, barber shop, town electrical plant, post office, school, church, and many houses were built to house over 200 residents. In 1930, Nebraska Highway 2 came past Bingham and that seemed to provide the avenue for people to begin to migrate away. Bingham’s grade school closed in 2005 and the Post Office closed in 2008.

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Must See & Do!

Bingham’s true treasures are its people but there are three visible treasures worth stopping to visit.

The Bingham Church (now the Bingham Lutheran Church) was built in 1910. This traditional white clapboard church has two very unique features: first the hand painted mural of Jesus in the front of the church and second the ten original stained glass windows that are stunning pieces of artwork.

The Bingham Cemetery is about one-quarter mile to the east of the church for those looking for lost loved ones of the area.

The Veteran’s Memorial and Flag Pole located on main street honors those local heroes that proudly served our country in the armed forces. Dedicated in August 2001, the beautiful engraved granite stone displays the names of 142 service personnel. A local veteran raises and lowers the American flag each day, in true American style.

ELLSWORTH

The Spade Ranch Store was a supply station for the gigantic Spade Ranch that once contained 500,000 acres (that is more than 780 square miles). The store sells authentic western clothing and boots, books, postcards, and has a snack bar.

The town of Ellsworth was named after one of the officials of the Burlington-Northern Railroad in 1888. Bartlett Richard bought the first piece of the Spade Ranch that same year. He soon built a general store with supplies to haul north to the ranch and settlers. A hotel was built across the street and a windmill sat in the middle. He built a summer home with a courtyard at the end of the street as his headquarters. The stockyards were used to ship cattle to the Omaha Livestock Market, and the passenger trains were a way of travel to the East. The old Spade store is still an important part of our community housing the post office, food and drinks, horse supplies, hunting and fishing items, clothing, and books about our rich history on the Spade Ranch and Mari Sandoz. There is a three-lane bowling alley, a large white school, and a little school on skids that was used to pull around to the ranches where a school was needed. The Historical Marker in the middle of town tells the history of the Spade Ranch and Bartlett Richards who was “perhaps Nebraska’s most famous rancher ever.”

Must See & Do!

Stop at Morgan’s (see the Big Horse in front of the building) to check out what “real cowboys” wear. Many may consider it a step back in time.

You’ll also want to know:

Mari Sandoz is buried on her family’s ranch about 30 miles north of Ellsworth. Take Highway 27 out of Ellsworth to visit the Sandoz country.

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LAKESIDE

With a large lake beside it, it is easy to see why this town received the name of Lakeside when the railroad came through this vicinity in 1886. Located on the edge of the Nebraska Sandhills, Lakeside is just a shadow of its past. The Post Office, Cattleman’s Restaurant, Shaw’s Repairs, and Wilson’s Apiaries make up the business district. A church, grade school, fire hall, and a few houses round out the rest of the town. The line of a song “if you look both ways you can see it all” describes a town twice the size of Lakeside, but the residents like it that way.

Must See & Do!

The best steaks available in Southern Sheridan County are served at Cattleman’s Restaurant on weekend evenings.

Sandhills Guest House is located ten miles north of Lakeside on State Highway 250 (Gateway to the Nebraska Pine Ridge). Overnight accommodations or day tours for bird watching or working ranch excursions are available. www.sandhillsguesthouse.com

Smith Lake State Wildlife area, a popular ice fishing spot, is just a few miles farther north.

ANTIOCH

The original name of this town was Reno but due to possible confusion with Reno, Nevada, the W. G. Wilson family named it Antioch after a town that they came from in another state.

Antioch was once an industrial town of about 3000 people – and that was only two generations ago. Five potash factories in the area made Antioch a boom town during World War I. You can see the ruins of the old factories that used to extract potash for fertilizer from the ponds in the area. You can still see white mud alongside the ponds that is potash.

Must See & Do!

Visit the state historical marker adjacent to the Byway to learn more about the Potash industry and see the ruins.

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Chapter 4.13 County and Community Information Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Latitude North 41.7282972 Longitude West -102.3434876

Information provided by: Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge 10630 Road 181, Ellsworth, Nebraska 69340 Phone: 308-762-4893 Crescent Lake Website: www.fws.gov/crescentlake Email: [email protected]

In the late 1920s when the continuing decline of waterfowl became a national concern, steps were taken to establish a refuge in the Sandhills. An initial land purchase was completed in 1931 and Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge became a reality. Subsequent small purchases and land exchanges increased the refuge to its present size. Because the wetlands are randomly scattered, it was necessary to purchase a large tract of prairie grassland to provide the needed lakes and ponds.

This 46,000-acre refuge in west-central Nebraska consists of native Sandhills prairie dotted with numerous shallow lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Crescent Lake is a refuge located in the Nebraska panhandle that consists of 45,818 acres of rolling Sandhills, the largest continuous sand dune area in America. The grass covered dunes were created from the wind blown sands of an ancient sea.

The rolling green hills provide a glimpse of native prairie. Current management and future plans are to emphasize the untouched character of the landscape. Expect to see vast panoramas of mostly untouched grasslands much as great-grandpa might have seen. The twenty-one lakes and numerous ponds are supported by an aquifer lying below the hills. The grasslands range from the densely vegetated meadows to the sparsely covered “choppies” and support a wide variety of wildlife.

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To enter from the south, go north from Oshkosh on West Second Street for 28 miles following refuge signs all the way. From Alliance, go east on State Highway 2 to about one quarter mile east of Antioch. Go south, following refuge signs. From Ellsworth, go west on Highway 2 about 8 miles then go south, following refuge signs. Plan to drive another hour after leaving the highways when entering from the north or south.

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The climate chart below will give you a better idea of what type of weather to expect.

CRESCENT LAKE NAT'L WIL, NE (252000) Period of Record Monthly Climate Summary Period of Record : 06/01/1948 to 12/31/2005 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual Av. Max. 37.3 43.3 49.7 61.1 70.4 801 87.2 85.9 76.9 65.6 49.9 40.7 62.3 Temp. (F) Av. Min. 10.1 15.4 22.3 32.5 43.3 52.1 57.9 55.8 45.3 33.3 21.7 13.6 33.6 Temp. (F) Av. Total 0.31 0.39 0.84 1.67 3.13 3.01 2.43 2.02 1.60 0.99 0.52 0.29 17.20 Precip. (in.) Av. Total Snow Fall 5.4 5.0 7.6 3.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.5 4.5 4.7 32.9 (in.) Av. Snow 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 Depth (in.) Data source: High Plains Regional Climate Center

The Refuge is managed by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, an agency of the Department of the Interior. The National Wildlife Refuge System consists of more than 540 refuges. The system encompasses 96 million acres nationwide and is considered the world's most important network of lands dedicated to wildlife. The Service helps protect a healthy environment for people, fish and wildlife, and helps Americans conserve and enjoy the outdoors and our living treasures. The Service's major responsibilities are for migratory birds, endangered species, certain marine mammals, and freshwater and anadromous fish.

The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has adopted an ecosystem approach to conservation with the theory that they cannot only look at a single animal, species, or piece of land in isolation from all that is around it. The ecosystem approach is comprehensive. It's based on all of the biological resources within a watershed and it considers the economic health of communities within that watershed.

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Wildlife observation, sight-seeing, hiking, and photography are permitted and encouraged. A photo blind for observing sharp-tailed grouse on their dancing ground is available on a reservation basis throughout April. To learn more about the refuge a five mile self-guided Auto Tour is available on the Crescent Lake web site. Special group trips (school groups, scouts, etc.) are encouraged.

Also on the website is a Calendar of Natural Events so visitors will know what to expect during a given season. Examples of the information included are:

Spring • Willows are the first trees to “green up” • Canada geese and Sandhill cranes migrate through this area • Pelicans and other marsh and water birds arrive • Warblers return • Grouse dance in mid-April • Snakes and turtles become active • Bass and bluegills spawn • The chorus frogs call (with sounds like a finger running across the teeth of a comb)

Summer • The female cottonwood trees drop cotton (seeds) • Spiderwort, yucca, prickly pear, and the endangered blowout penstemon bloom in June • Upland sandpipers can be seen sitting on fence posts • Shorebirds are seen on the mudflats • Grouse, pheasant, and waterfowl broods are visible • The antelope bear their young (kids) • Fawns are visible • The garter snakes bear live young • You can hear the toads call with a sound like bleating sheep • Sunflowers bloom in late summer

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Fall • Painted turtles bask on logs and muskrat huts • Bass fishing improves with cooler days • Horned larks and meadowlarks forage along roadsides • Antlered deer are visible • The peak waterfowl migration is in November

Winter • The golden eagles are present • The most visible species are pheasant, northern harrier, and large wintering deer herds • The deer drop their antlers • Reptiles move underground and are dormant • Island Lake, Crane Lake, and Smith Lake provide opportunities for ice fishing

Many wildlife species use the Refuge. As many as 20 bald eagles and over 200,000 waterfowl may concentrate on the Refuge during fall migration. Well over 275 bird species have been observed on the Refuge since 1975. During the spring and fall a wide variety of migrating shorebirds and passerines utilize the refuge as a stop on their trip. In the summer months breeding ducks and geese populate the lakes. Red-tailed hawks and Northern Harriers search the meadows for prey. Wintering populations vary widely depending on ice conditions.

One of the top birding spots in the entire state, the species count stands at 279 species. Hundreds of thousands of waterfowl, shorebirds, and other water birds utilize the many wetland areas. Breeding species include eared grebe, American bittern, willet, Forster’s and black terns, while thousands of Wilson’s phalaropes, Baird’s sandpipers, and other wetland birds can be found during migration. The rare Clark’s grebe and black rail have been reported, too. The Sandhills prairies support breeding grassland birds that need extensive, unbroken areas of native habitat, such as the long-billed curlew, upland sandpiper, loggerhead shrike, dickcissel, grasshopper sparrow, bobolink, and northern harrier.

Lists are available on the web site for birds, mammals, and plants. The list of plants found on the Refuge was compiled in 1993. They note that this list of 179 plants, while useful, is not intended to be comprehensive. Lists are also available through the Refuge Manager.

Endangered Species

The Blowout Penstemon (Penstemon haydenii) is an endangered species that is found only in the Sandhills region of Nebraska. It is found in loose sand, usually in or on the margins of blowouts (areas of exposed sand). Blowout Penstemon's decline has been attributed to the decline of disturbances. Large bison herds and wildfire made the sands vulnerable to blowing and shifting winds. The winds create the blowouts or open sand areas the penstemon seed in. Over the past 20 years, refuge populations have fluctuated from a high of 2,058 plants to a low of 329 plants.

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Threatened Species

Although the Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was adopted as the United States National Emblem in 1782 bounties were paid for killing them as late as 1962. A declining population resulted in the National Emblem Law of 1940. Killing Bald Eagles was forbidden in the lower forty- eight states. It was another twenty-two years before it became illegal to kill them in Alaska.

The wide use of pesticides such as DDT after World War II increased the decline of the Bald Eagle population. The amount of toxins increases as they move up the food chain, especially in fish, the chief food source of Bald Eagles. The poisons resulted in the thinning of the eagle's egg shell, which caused them to crush under the weight of the incubating mother.

The ban on DDT in 1972 began the recovery of the Bald Eagle. Originally listed as Endangered in 1966 the Bald Eagle's status was dropped to threatened in 1996. Signs of the recovery included nests on both Crescent Lake and North Platte National Wildlife Refuges.

Bald Eagles began nesting on the refuge in 1994. Since then this first pair has produced an average of two eaglets annually. This nest is located on Hackberry Lake, an area closed to the public. A second pair initiated a nest on Crane Lake in 2003, and successfully fledged their first young in 2005. Both nests are still active on an annual basis. The eagles arrive in February and are incubating in March. Eggs hatch in April and are fledged by mid-June. In mid-July, as many southern breeding eagles do, the young and adults move north. They will return for short times in the fall while migrating to their wintering grounds.

Species of Special Concern

There are several species that are listed as species of special concern that are found at the Refuge. Among them are the Common Loon that occasionally migrates to this area, the American Bittern, and the White-faced Ibis since this species has not had any nests observed on the Refuge since 1993. Others are the Trumpeter Swan, Northern Harrier, Ferruginous Hawk, Black Rail, Upland Sandpiper, Long-billed Curlew, Black Tern, Barn Owl, Burrowing Owl, Short-eared Owl, Red-headed Woodpecker, Loggerhead Shrike, Dickcisel, Lark Bunting, Field Sparrow, and Lark Sparrow.

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Fishing

Some of the fish species found in Refuge lakes include bluegill, yellow perch, largemouth bass, and carp. The yellow perch is very colorful. The body is yellowish-gold with 6 to 9 black crossbars that run vertically down each side. The lower fins are brightly colored orange with white tips. Perch usually spawn shortly after ice-out in the spring. The maximum size is about 14 inches. Perch are very predacious, preferring a diet of minnows; however, they will eat aquatic insects, crayfish, leeches, and snails. These fish are easily caught using a bobber with worms or minnows. Best fishing is in the spring or winter through the ice.

The largemouth bass is one of the largest members of the sunfish family, capable of reaching weights of more than 8 pounds. They can be identified by their dark green color with a black strip running horizontally across each side and their extremely large mouth. Spawning occurs in early June when the male builds a nest for the female to deposit her eggs. Growth is fairly slow - it usually takes 5 to 6 years to reach the legal harvest size of 15 inches. These fish can be caught by a variety of methods, but by far the most popular is fishing the shoreline with top-water lures.

A smaller member of the sunfish family, the bluegill, takes approximately eight years to reach one pound. Coloration varies with age and sex. Most bluegill bodies are light blue to olive green. The breast may be dull yellow in females to bright orange in breeding males. All, however, have a dark blue “ear” on the opercle. Bluegills build nests for spawning in June and usually nest in colonies with dozens of nests in each colony. Fish travel in schools, so if you catch one there is a good chance you can catch more in the same area. The best method is a worm or a grub on a small hook using a small bobber.

Whether you fish from a boat or from one of two public fishing piers, Island Lake provides exciting fishing opportunities for all ages. Game fish species here include bluegill, largemouth bass, and yellow perch. Fishing is permitted at Island Lake where fishing is allowed year-round and both Smith and Crane Lakes that are open to fishing from November 1 through February 15. All state fishing regulations apply and the possession or use of live or dead minnows is prohibited in all Refuge lakes as is the possession of any fish not taken from Refuge lakes. Dead smelt may be used as bait and no overnight shelters or boating (including float tubes) is permitted.

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Boating including float tubes is permitted on Island Lake only. Internal combustion motors are prohibited. Boat access is available at the lake's southwest entrance, as well as in the northeast corner. Internal combustion motors are prohibited, providing the angler with a quiet, picturesque setting.

Hunting

Refuge hunting is permitted in accordance with applicable State and Federal regulations. A Nebraska hunting license (or, if appropriate, big game permit) and habitat stamp are required. A Federal waterfowl hunting stamp (duck stamp), state waterfowl stamp, and HIP number are also required to hunt migratory birds. Non-toxic shot is required for all shotgun hunting on the Refuge.

Prairie grouse, pheasant, rabbits, coyotes, furbearers and deer may be hunted on those portions of the Refuge open to hunting during appropriate State-regulated hunting seasons. Ducks, geese and coot may be hunted only on that portion of the Refuge lying east of the closed area and west of the proposed wilderness area. Hunters should refer to the public use map that is available on the web site or from the Refuge staff. No other wildlife may be hunted on the Refuge. All deer harvested on the Refuge should be checked in at the Refuge Headquarters.

Campgrounds and motels are available in Alliance approximately 50 miles to the northwest, via the county road and the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway. Information is available from the Alliance Chamber of Commerce. Camping is also available at Smith Lake Wildlife Management Area, which is 50 miles north of the refuge.

Regulations

You are invited to participate in several recreational activities during your visit to the Refuge. However, certain regulations are necessary to protect wildlife and preserve the beauty of the area. Please take a moment to review these regulations. Your understanding of Refuge regulations will make your visit a safe and enjoyable one. • Off road/trail vehicle use is prohibited. Licensed motor vehicles may be operated on county roads and mowed trails only. • Parking is permitted adjacent to open roads or trails (within one vehicle length of the road or trail) or in mowed parking areas only. • Gates must be left as they are found, opened or closed. • Several sand trails require the use of four wheel drive vehicles. These trails are signed and enforced as such. • Pets must be leashed, except hunting dogs used for bird hunting purposes during appropriate hunting seasons. • Possession of alcohol is prohibited on Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge. • Refuge public use is limited to daylight hours only. Deer hunters may access the Refuge two hours prior to the start of legal shooting time and must depart within two hours after the close of legal shooting time. • All firearms must be unloaded and either cased or dismantled unless being used for specific Refuge hunting seasons listed on this page. • Prohibited activities include, but are not limited to: overnight camping, open fires, driving on frozen lakes, and climbing fire-lookout towers.

Any public access or activity that is not specifically described on this page is prohibited.

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Wetlands

Wetlands are so diverse that it is difficult for the scientific and regulatory communities to agree on a definition of the term. However, a simple definition is that wetlands are transitional areas between land and water, they are covered by shallow water or waterlogged soils, have soil lacking in oxygen, and grow water-loving plants. A wetland's abilities to absorb the force of floods, filter pollutants from runoff, recharge and discharge groundwater, and meter out water to streams and rivers are part of its hydrological cycle. Hydrological factors such as water depth, frequency and duration of flooding, and the amount of dissolved or suspended materials determine a wetland's functions and plant and animal populations. Other hydrological factors that affect how fast water enters and the amount of sediment it carries are partly responsible for a wetland's shape, size, depth, and even location.

Wetlands moderate the flow of nutrients and sediment running off the land and regulate the flow of water moving downstream. They clean water by absorbing and filtering pollutants that would end up in lakes, rivers, and groundwater. They buffer riverbanks and lake shores from the eroding effects of currents and waves. By absorbing spring runoff, they take the punch out of floodwaters. Wetlands produce as much plant and animal life as do similarly sized areas of rain forest. Wetlands affect, and are affected by, the forests, prairies, lakes, streams, and rivers around them. Movement of wildlife, water, and nutrients is critical for sustaining all ecosystems, including wetlands (Minnesota Audubon Council, 1993).

Wetland complexes, which include a variety of wetland types, are crucial to many wildlife species and support a wide range of biological diversity. Many wildlife species can only find all the diverse food and habitats they need by using a combination of wetlands and other ecosystems. For example, seasonal and temporary wetlands warm early in the spring, and provide food for waterfowl at a time when larger, deeper wetlands are still frozen. They provide ideal feeding sites in terms of abundance and availability of high-protein foods throughout the spring and early summer. As they dry up, feeding shifts to semi-permanent ponds and lakes where adult insects are beginning to emerge (Swanson et al. 1974).

Wetland Restoration

Restoring wetlands is often simply a matter of destroying manmade drainage facilities and letting water and vegetation return to the site naturally. The same tools used to destroy wetlands are used to restore them. If a wetland is drained by underground tile, a section of the tile is uncovered, removed, and the area is backfilled with soil. Wetlands that are drained by ditches are restored by the construction of an earthen ditch plug at the outlet to the wetland. A pipe or earthen spillway is used to regulate water levels and provide for overflow. On larger wetlands, a water control structure may be installed that allows a periodic drawdown of the wetland in an attempt to mimic the natural wet-dry cycle of many basins.

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After restoration, wetland plants begin to reappear. The seeds of some wetland species can lie dormant, but viable, for as long as thirty years, waiting for moist conditions to return. These species will be among the first to appear after restoration, often even after years of agricultural herbicide use. Other seeds are carried into the wetland basin by birds, wind, and floods. It is generally not worth the cost to attempt to re-vegetate a wetland; if the conditions are right for a species, it will find its own way into the restored basin.

Many restored or enhanced wetlands are equipped with stop log structures that allow the manipulation of water levels. This manipulation permits control of the drawdown of water levels in a way that provides optimum moist soil plant growth. Water levels are slowly increased in the fall to provide the desired mix of open water and mature flooded moist soil vegetation.

Prairies

Since European contact in North America, more than 99% of tall grass prairie has been destroyed primarily because of conversion to agricultural uses (Betz, 1986; Solecki and Toney, 1986; Hands et al., 1989). Undisturbed, tall grass cover is not only valuable for nesting waterfowl, it provides habitat for other species, including pheasants, grouse, bitterns, northern harriers, short-eared owls, and many passerine birds.

Native grasses have root systems between five and nine feet deep, and because of this are excellent for long-term erosion control. They also grow well on poor soil because their deep roots can gain access to nutrients and water that shallower roots cannot reach. Introduced grasses, such as brome, are more easily established and are less expensive, but the cover often deteriorates in poor soil conditions as the sod opens up and weeds invade.

Native grass stands require several years to reach maturity, and usually require mowing in the midsummer during their first and second years. Once fully established, however, there are very few weeds which can compete with native grasses for nutrients and water in the soil.

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Prescribed Burning

Prescribed burning is a tool used by land managers to provide many benefits.

Burning reduces woody plant invasion and removes litter buildup in fields. Warm season grasses such as bluestem, switchgrass, and Indiangrass are stimulated by a properly- timed prescribed burn. When a burn is conducted in early April, cool season grasses have already begun to sprout, and will be badly damaged by the fire. However, warm season grasses are still dormant, and their underground energy reserves are unaffected. The black ground that results from a burn increases soil temperatures, causing warm season grasses to sprout earlier, enabling them to compete with any cool season grasses that remain. Fall burning is not as effective because it allows cool season grasses to grow after the burn without competition. Burning may also be used to prepare a field for seeding by removing litter and other unwanted growth.

Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program

The mission of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service is to conserve, protect, and enhance fish and wildlife and their habitats for the continuing benefit of the American people. By working with others, the Service's Partners for Fish and Wildlife Program helps accomplish this mission by offering technical and financial assistance to private (non- federal) landowners to voluntarily restore wetlands and other fish and wildlife habitats on their land. The program emphasizes the reestablishment of native vegetation and ecological communities for the benefit of fish and wildlife while sustaining the needs and desires of private landowners.

The objectives of the Partners program in Nebraska are to: (a) protect and restore Federal trust species on private lands through cooperative efforts with other governmental agencies and private partnerships; (b) conserve biological diversity through the careful selection, design, and implementation of restoration projects; and (c) provide technical assistance to USDA and landowners involved in the implementation of key conservation programs.

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The Nebraska Panhandle and its wildlife resources are highly diverse and very dynamic. The Partners Program focuses its efforts on working with farmers and ranchers to restore wetlands, stream and river corridors, prairies, grasslands, and other important fish and wildlife habitat. Some projects have resulted in substantial amounts of restored habitat for Federal trust species (i.e., migratory birds and threatened and endangered species).

Restoration costs may be shared by any combination of governmental agencies, private organizations, and the private landowner. Cost-effective restoration projects which provide maximum benefits to fish and wildlife for the least money receive top priority from the Partners program. The landowner must commit to maintaining restored habitat for a minimum of ten years by signing a wildlife extension agreement with the Service.

These photos show a degraded wetland before and after restoration.

You’ll also want to know:

• This is one of the great wildlife refuges in America, and it supports a greater bird diversity than any other Nebraska site except the Lake McConaughy area.

• Crescent Lake is about 30 miles from the nearest source of gas, food, or lodging (Oshkosh or Lakeside), and one must plan accordingly. Take a tow rope if possible. Never park on bare sand. Rather, park or turn around on level or down- sloping ground, and grassy meadows if possible. Water and a toilet are available only at the refuge headquarters near the south entrance.

• Crescent Lake is one of 16 areas of Nebraska that has been designated as an Important Bird Area (IBA) in Nebraska.

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Chapter 4.14 County and Community Info – Box Butte County Alliance and Hemingford

BOX BUTTE COUNTY

Box Butte County/Alliance Tourism Website: www.alliancechamber.com

Tourism Information Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Tourism Information Brochure Racks: Alliance Chamber of Commerce, 111 W. 3rd, 8:30-5:00, 308-762-1520

Land Mass of County: 1,075 square miles County Population: 12,158* County Seat: Alliance East Mile Post: 85 County Seat’s Population: 8,155** Elevation at Alliance Airport: 3,929’

Box Butte County communities on the Byway, Nebraska Highway 2 are:

Hemingford population: 895**

Box Butte County was formed after the panhandle of Nebraska was divided several times. It was split in 1883 and 1885 but due to the distance that residents needed to travel to the county seat, it was divided again. Between 1886 and 1887 it was divided again and Box Butte County was formed with approximately 1080 square miles in its borders.

Box Butte County got it name from the unique box-shaped buttes that jut up from the surrounding Sandhills

ALLIANCE

Just prior to Alliance you’ll drive out of the Sandhills and be back on a flat tableland surrounded by fields and farms.

Alliance exists because of the railroad. In 1886 when Box Butte County was organized from land formerly in Dawes County, there were only a few white settlers, all looking to the day when the steel rails would arrive in western Nebraska from Grand Island.

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A post office called "Bronco Lake" at the Philip Grover home, northwest of where Alliance is today, was registered in 1886. When Alliance was founded in June 1887 it was named Grand Lake. Not long after the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad opened a station for business. The name Alliance was given to the town by Superintendent G. W. Holdrege and he has some interesting reasons for choosing that name. He said that it would be near the beginning of the alphabet, that there were no other towns in Nebraska by that name, and that it was a short, one-word name. The town residents agreed on the name and a post office was established, the town site was platted, and on the plat the name was recorded as Alliance. The fact that an engineer, J.N. Paul, came from Alliance, Ohio, may also provide a link to its selection, as does the fact this was to be the junction point of two rail lines, also making the name an appropriate choice.

The new village was incorporated in the summer of 1888. Within eight weeks of the founding, 250 buildings were built, mostly of wood and tar paper, all of which was shipped in by rail. Although a town well was established very early, three fires swept through Alliance between August 1892 and July 1893, leaving a healthy respect for bricks and an improved waterworks. By August 1893 Alliance had established a water tower, a volunteer fire department, and a clay brick factory.

Four years from its founding, Alliance had a population of more than 1000 people and boasted a U.S. Land Office and a division headquarters for the CB & Q Railroad. In 1899 it won the election contest with Hemingford for the county seat. By 1900 another 500 people had moved to this location. The population remained relatively steady until 1942, during World War II, when there was an influx of people connected with the Alliance Army Air Base. After the war the population fell to about 6,000, but peaked again in 1980 at 9,869 due to the activities of the Burlington Northern Railroad.

Although the railroad was its primary reason for existence, the importance of agriculture and ranching cannot be ignored. The Homestead Act of 1862 provided 160 acres of free land to homesteaders who could "prove up" their claim after five years. An additional 160 acres could be acquired as a "tree claim" as the Congress attempted to forest the Plains. In 1904 Moses P. Kinkaid of Nebraska sponsored a bill changing the number of acres in the semi-arid regions to 640 acres per homesteader. With that bill, farming came to western Nebraska. Popular crops included potatoes and wheat. Dairy farming in this area was very popular and the Alliance Creamery was established to process cream and butter.

Ranching was equally important to Alliance. The Nebraska Stock Growers Association (now called the Nebraska Cattleman’s Association) founded in Alliance in 1889 was to protect stockmen from illegal rustling. The Alliance Livestock Commission Company bought and sold market cattle locally until December 1976.

Downtown Alliance is an old town, where many beautiful brick buildings carry the names of past owners and early 1900 dates. Older homes with elegant designs, from Sweetwater to Cheyenne Avenues and 1st to 8th Streets, bespeak of gracious living and citizens with much community pride.

Alliance has survived the drought and grasshoppers, business booms and busts, and many social changes. The town's history is at times comical, joyous, and tragic. But throughout the years, the steadfast character of the true pioneer comes through.

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Several interesting businesses call Alliance home. Vitalix manufactures cattle vitamins; Westco offers fertilizer and propane for the area. The Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad still has a presence and employs about 1600. Parker Hannifin manufactures hose and Perrin Manufacturing makes heaters and coolers for large equipment.

The fountain and central park areas that were constructed in the 1930’s with WPA funding and the brick main streets are still intact.

Must See & Do!

The Sallows Military Museum and the future High Plains Veterans Cemetery are part of the military history of this area. The Sallows features military history from every major conflict and will compliment the Alliance Air Base History. The Veterans Cemetery will draw people from many miles to pay their respects to loved ones that gave their lives for our country or served and were willing to sacrifice. The Sallows Military Museum is ADA accessible and open from 12:00 to 4:00 during the summer and has one unisex restroom. 308-762-2384

The Alliance Air Base is the most well known part of local military history. In May of 1942, Alliance used 3,265 acres to build an army air base, one of 11 sites in Nebraska. Upon completion, the air base consisted of 775 buildings plus elongated runways and taxiways. One of the reasons Alliance was chosen for an air base was its proximity to the Sandhills which were considered excellent for parachute and ammunition training.

Due to the declining war effort, the importance of Alliance Air Base began to lessen. It was redeployed in July of 1945 with the First Troop Carrier Command and on 31 October 1945 was finally deactivated. In 1953, the city of Alliance secured ownership of the land and is today the site of the Alliance Municipal Airport.

An interesting bit of military history about the air base is that the 507 Parachute Infantry Regiment, which trained there, was later attached to the 82nd Airborne Division. This was one of the regiments that landed in France only hours before the D-Day landing in Normandy on 6 June 1944. Because of this, many casualties from this battle were known personally to the people of Alliance.

Carhenge, which replicates Stonehenge, is 3-½ miles north of Alliance on Nebraska Highway 87. It consists of the circle of cars, three standing trilithons within the circle, the heel stone, slaughter stone, and 2 station stones, and the Aubrey circle, named after Sir John Aubrey who first recognized the earthworks and great stones as a prehistoric temple in 1648. It was not until excavations undertaken in the 1920's that they were found to be holes cut to hold timber uprights. A total of 56 holes were discovered and named the Aubrey Holes in honor of John Aubrey's observation. The artist of this unique car sculpture, Jim Reinders, experimented with unusual and interesting artistic creations throughout his life. While living in England, he had the opportunity to study the design and purpose of Stonehenge. His desire to copy Stonehenge in physical size and placement came to fruition in the summer of 1987 with the help of many family members.

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Thirty-eight automobiles were placed to assume the same proportions as Stonehenge with the circle measuring approximately 96 feet in diameter. Some autos are held upright in pits five feet deep, trunk end down, while those cars which are placed to form the arches have been welded in place. All are covered with gray spray paint. The honor of depicting the heel stone goes to a 1962 Caddy.

Carhenge was built as a memorial to Reinders' father who once lived on the farm where Carhenge now stands. While relatives were gathered following the death of Reinders' father in 1982, the discussion turned to a memorial and the idea of a Stonehenge replica was developed. The family agreed to gather in five years and build it. The clan, about 35 strong, gathered in June 1987 and went to work. They held the dedication on the Summer Solstice in 1987, with champagne, poetry, songs and a play written by the family.

Carhenge has been preserved by Friends of Carhenge, a local group, who now owns and maintains it. Reinders donated the 10 acres of land where Carhenge is located. They have added a paved parking lot, picnic tables, and an educational display board.

Additional sculptures have been erected at the site, known as the Car Art Reserve. One of the first sculptures to be added to the Car Art Reserve is a sculpture of a spawning salmon created by 29 year-old Canadian Geoff Sandhurst. Sandhurst won a $2500 prize and placement of his car art creation at the Reserve.

Reinders' "Ford Seasons", comprised only of Fords and inspired by Vivaldi's Four Seasons, suggests the Nebraska landscape's seasonal changes as wheat is planted, grows, is harvested, and then the field lies barren during a windy winter.

Carhenge's uniqueness, novelty and unusual components continue to draw the attention of film and television production crews as well as over 80,000 tourists from all over the world. All but 19 of the Aubrey holes have been developed, and those wishing to install a hole may do so upon application to Friends of Carhenge. Carhenge opened its new Visitors’ Center in 2007. Souvenirs and restroom facilities are available.

Alliance City Parks – Laing Lake & Park is located on Box Butte Ave between 18th and Burnham Drive is used for walking, jogging, picnicking, nature observation, feeding the ducks and geese. Laing Park features a disc golf course which is free to the public.

Central Park Fountain - 10th & Niobrara Streets Open all hours. Free. 308-762-5400. For more information contact Chuck Carbert, Cultural & Leisure Director, 308-762-2384. [email protected]

CB&Q Locomotive #719 - 18th & Box Butte - Built at the Havelock, Nebraska, shops about 1903, it was used for most of its half century on the Burlington’s Alliance Division. It was one of three K-4 locomotives, mainline passenger types, built at Havelock. The 86-ton engine was donated by CB&Q to the City of Alliance in 1962 and refurbished by Burlington Northern Railroad volunteers.

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Carnegie Arts Center - 204 West 4th - Historic 1911 Building - fine arts gallery featuring local and regional artists, gifts and sculpture garden. Tuesday - Saturday 10 a.m. – 4 p.m., Sunday 1:00 – 4 p.m. Closed holidays. Free. 308-762-4571. For more information contact Peggy Weber, email: [email protected] Website: www.carnegieartscenter.com

Dobby's Frontier Town - 320 East 25th Street Step back in time to the turn-of-the-century and see what life was like for the early settlers of the plains. With an authentic general store, post office, original bootleggers cabin and baled straw house. Summer hours: 10 a.m. – 6 p.m., closed Monday. Winter hours: 10 a.m. - dusk. Fall festival held in September - features assorted hands-on exhibits. For more information Contact Dobby Lee, 308-762-4321 or 308-762-7820 or email: [email protected] website: www.dobbysfrontiertown.com

Knight Museum and Sandhills Center - 908 Yellowstone Avenue – Features pioneer, American Indian, model railroad and turn-of-the-century history of the area. Research room with a large genealogy library and life-size one-room schoolhouse Open daily 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. Sept-May 1, 8 a.m. to 7 p.m. in the summer. Open May 1-Labor Day, Monday - Saturday, 10 a.m. – 6 p.m., Sunday, 1 – 5 p.m. Rest of the year, Tuesday - Saturday, noon – 5 p.m. Free, donations welcome. For more information contact Becci Thomas, manager, 308-762-2384 email: [email protected]

The Sandhills Drive-In - 111 West 3rd Street 2 miles east on Airport Road - One of Nebraska's three remaining drive-in theaters. Double feature shown May - September, Friday - Sunday evenings. 800-738-0648. For more information Contact Alliance Theater, 308-762-4100, Gerald Bullard, website: www.bbc.net/geju/index.html

Services

Type How Many Emergency Services Dial 911 Movie Theater - 5 screens at Walk-In 2 Community Theater - Alliance Players 1 City Park 3 9-Hole Golf Course - in Hemingford 1 18-Hole Golf Course 1 Outdoor Tennis Courts 6 Roller Skating 1 Racquetball 1 Hunting Preserve 1 Museum 2 Lake 1 Public Swimming Pool - Big Blue Bay Water Park 1 Bowling Alley 1 Gun Club 1 Hospital - Box Butte General Hospital 1 Dental Clinic 3

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Medical Clinic 3 Chiropractic Clinic 3 Physical Therapy 3 Eye Doctor/Eye Care 2 Airport 1 Car Rental Agency 1 Gas Station 9 Jiffy Lube/Quick Lube 1 24-Hour Fuel 3 Towing/24-Hour Emergency Roadside Help 3 RV Dumping & Repair 1 Locksmith 2 Laundromat 1 Churches 20 Public Telephone 2 Free Internet Access 2 Veterinarian 5 Pet Grooming 2 Pet Boarding 3 Hotels/Motels 6 Campgrounds 1 RV Sites 2 Retail Trade Operations 200 Retail Mall 1 National Retail Chain Stores 4 Restaurants 6 Grocery Stores 3 Antique Shops 1 Banks 6 24-Hour Automatic Teller Machines 6 Check Cashing Service 2

There are over 100 acres of parks in Alliance, one with a fountain on the National Register of Historic Places. The two museums are the Knight Museum and Sandhills Center and the Sallows Military Museum. The hospital includes an ambulance service and flight-for-life.

Group Tour Information & Attractions

The largest town in the area, Alliance has multiple services for groups. Customized tours can be arranged to meet the interests of your group.

The following attractions welcome group tours: (Please contact them directly for reservations.)

• Carhenge • Carnegie Arts Center • Knight Museum and Sandhills Center • Sallows Military Museum

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The Alliance Chamber of Commerce is also available to facilitate group tour activities, such as viewing the Burlington Northern Santa Fe and other local facilities and attractions. Alliance Chamber of Commerce, 308-762-1520; Website: www.alliancechamber.com

You’ll also want to know:

• Alliance was the first town in Nebraska to adopt the city manager form of government. Initiating this innovative system in 1921, it is still in use today. They also were the first town in Nebraska to have touch tone dialing and to use the cell form of landfill.

• Hemingford is about 20 miles northwest of Alliance on Nebraska Highway 2.

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Chapter 5 Traffic Information and Safety Plan

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway is a low traffic area, especially when compared to the national average and to other more congested areas of Nebraska. This rural area serves local residents, people who are traveling for business or pleasure, and trucks. Burlington Northern Santa Fe Railroad parallels Nebraska Highway 2 for a large portion of the Highway.

The Nebraska Highway 2 Byway extends for 272 miles from Grand Island to Alliance. The entire length of Highway 2 is a two-lane road with paved shoulders along a majority of the route. There are varying speed limits along the Byway so travelers should continually monitor their speed.

The accident data used in this CMP was derived from the Nebraska Department of Roads, primarily from their database and from their Traffic Crash Information data. Traffic counts, accident data, and accidents involving wildlife were compiled from the web site: www.nebraskatransportation.org/highway-safety that is maintained by the Nebraska Department of Roads.

Average Daily Traffic Counts along Highway 2 Year Ending 12/31/04

Location Total Vehicles Heavy Commercial Grand Island 4000 300 Cairo 1920 235 Ravenna 1150 160 Hazard 1650 230 Litchfield 1410 235 Mason City 1475 245 Ansley 2005 185 Broken Bow – East Side 2380 195 Broken Bow – West Side 2975 285 Merna 1520 220 Anselmo 935 185 Dunning 895 165 Halsey 1050 165 Thedford 825 185 Seneca 745 175 Mullen 875 170 Whitman 665 110 Hyannis 920 155 Ashby 760 160 Bingham 705 135 Ellsworth 705 130 Lakeside 145 120 Antioch 835 130 Alliance – East Side 820 160 Alliance – West Side (2 & 385) 2780 280

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NOTE: The statistics cited were statewide or county wide on all roadways, not just Highway 2. Some counties along Highway 2 with larger communities such as Grand Island in Hall County and Kearney in Buffalo County contributed higher numbers to the county totals listed but they also include some of the most traveled roads in the state such as Interstate 80, Highway 281, and Highway 30.

Accident and Injury Statistics for Nebraska and Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Counties Located Along Highway 2

Location Total Fatal Injuries PDO* Total Total Total Crashes Crashes Killed Injuries Fatalities with Apparent Alcohol Involvement State of 35739 238 13389 20112 276 19827 81 Nebraska Hall 1206 13 426 767 15 672 7 County Buffalo 1040 5 346 689 6 529 1 County Sherman 50 0 22 28 0 30 0 County Custer 191 2 73 116 2 106 2 County Blaine 8 0 2 6 0 4 0 County Thomas 7 0 4 3 0 5 0 County Hooker 9 1 4 4 1 4 0 County Grant 8 0 1 7 0 1 0 County Sheridan 99 0 33 66 0 47 0 County Box 181 3 56 122 3 87 0 Butte County

* PDO: There may be more than one vehicle or driver involved in a single accident. Parked and driverless vehicles are included.

The total fatalities on all roadways in the counties along Highway 2 in 2005 were 27 and 10 of those had apparent alcohol involvement. This compares to the statewide numbers of 276 fatalities with 81 having apparent alcohol involvement.

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Trends

According to the www.nebraskatransportation.org web site, the death rate on Nebraska roadways has been in a general downward trend. Much of this reduction can be attributed to improvements in vehicle design, roadway engineering, emergency medical services, specific safety programs, enforcement and improved driver awareness. Fatal accidents make up only a small portion of the total crashes in Nebraska. Property damage only (PDO) crashes make up the majority. Fatal crashes made up .7% of all accidents, and injury and PDO crashes made up 37.5% and 61.9%, respectively.

The death rate in Nebraska per 100 million vehicle miles in 1965 was approximately 5, in 1975 approximately 3.3, 1985 approximately 2, 1995 approximately 1.6, and in 2005 approximately 1.4. In 2002 there were 272 fatal crashes with 257, 229, and 238 respectively in 2003, 2004, and 2005.

The state of Nebraska is also looking closely at the number of total traffic fatalities and those that were traffic fatalities with apparent alcohol involvement.

Statistics of Special Interest to the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Team

Although information was not found that only involved the Highway 2 Corridor between Grand Island and Alliance, three Nebraska statistics are of special interest.

All crashes in Nebraska by month show that the late fall and winter months of November, December, and January have the highest number of crashes (3,397, 3,591 and 3,544 respectively) when the weather conditions tend to worsen. The typical tourist months of June, July, and August has considerable fewer accidents per month of 3,017, 2,751 and 2,760 respectively.

Year Animal Animal crashes for the state is in a general downward trend. Crashes Deer are the most frequently involved animals in motor vehicle- 2001 4305 animal crashes and there are a high number of deer in the 2002 3996 Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway corridor area. 2003 3975 2004 3412 There are also a high number of railroad crossings directly north or south of Highway 2. Although information on railroad 2005 3170 crashes for this area of the state was not available, railroad crashes in Nebraska are also remaining the same or decreasing. The total number of motor vehicle/train accidents in Nebraska in 2003 was 47, in 2004 were 39, and in 2005 were 40.

Road Conditions

Highway 2 in the Byway has shoulders for emergency stopping and has no steep grades. Signage is adequate with no passing zones, blind corners, and other road hazards clearly marked. Although there are numerous trains that pass through this area on a daily basis, there are no railroad crossings on Highway 2 since the road is parallel to the railroad tracks. There are railroad crossings connecting other roads to Highway 2 in numerous locations but they are well signed.

The road is well maintained by the Nebraska Department of Roads.

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Safety Issues

Deer Crossings - Several areas of Highway 2 through the Sandhills are highly populated with deer and this is a safety issue, especially for travelers who are unaware of this fact. Deer crossing signs are posted in several areas; however, deer/vehicle accidents are a concern since some drivers may not be aware that deer can cross at areas that are not marked. The deer are difficult to see since their coloring is not easy to see – especially at night – against the color of the highway. Since they are wild animals they are also unpredictable and a deer that appears to be grazing along the side of the road may be startled and dart out across the highway when a vehicle is passing.

Several ways of addressing this issue are being utilized to minimize the number of deer/vehicle accidents:

• Education: Educating visitors prior to their trip and during their trip about this hazard will raise awareness.

• Signage: As the residents of the Byway see new hazards they will report them to the Nebraska Department of Roads so signage can be added as needed.

• Maintenance: Keeping the areas directly adjacent to Highway 2 clear of vegetation increases visibility. Wide shoulders and wide, clear areas are being maintained. Frequent mowing of the grasses along the side of the road during the summer months is being done and this also contributes to the visibility of wildlife in the area. Highway right-of-way is maintained by the Nebraska Department of Roads; however, the Byway organization will make maintenance recommendations as needed.

Train Lights

The Burlington Northern Santa Fe train track runs adjacent to the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway along the majority of the 272 miles of the Byway. At night the bright lights from the approaching train engines is very dangerous to drivers of on-coming vehicles. The Byway Board of Directors will investigate the regulations regarding this issue. They will encourage the BNSF to direct their engineers to dim the engines lights to on-coming traffic.

Livestock Hazards

On occasion there may be ranchers and farmers moving cattle or other livestock across or along they Byway. Caution should be used when travelers happen upon these unique cultural practices. This could be a wonderful photo opportunity; however, one should stay in their vehicle or park in a safe place, using their emergency flashers. In rare instances, escaped livestock may be on the highway or in the road ditch so caution should be taken when driving the Byway.

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Changes in Speed Limits

The speed limit on Highway 2 is predominately 60 to 65 mph but it passes directly through numerous communities where the speed limits are reduced. Although signage is adequate, drivers must be aware and slow down in these areas where slower moving motor traffic and pedestrians are present. This is not currently a problem but could be a safety issue in the future as traffic increases. Maintaining signage at the current level is adequate. The Byway will maintain communications with the Nebraska Department of Roads to discuss the feasibility of additional safety measures.

The table below, from the Nebraska Department of Roads, shows the variance of speed limits along the Byway. Beg End Speed Route R.P. R.P. Limit 2 88.63 145.07 65 2 145.07 145.34 55 2 145.34 145.49 35 2 145.49 146.02 25 2 146.02 146.44 35 2 146.44 146.66 55 2 146.66 159.07 65 2 159.07 159.57 50 2 159.57 184.28 60 2 184.28 184.94 40 2 184.94 202.12 60 2 202.12 209.85 65 2 209.85 209.98 50 2 209.98 210.54 35 2 210.54 210.72 50 2 210.72 211.04 60 2 212.2 212.53 60 2 212.53 226.86 65 2 226.86 227.05 55 2 227.05 227.68 40 2 227.68 227.87 55 2 227.87 237.27 65 2 237.27 237.68 60 2 237.68 238.14 50 2 238.14 257.92 65 2 257.92 258.58 45 2 258.58 277.73 65 2 277.73 278.15 45 2 278.15 278.43 40 2 278.43 278.61 30 2 278.61 278.8 25

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Beg End Speed Route R.P. R.P. Limit 2 279.18 279.44 35 2 279.44 279.91 40 2 279.91 280.04 50 2 280.04 294.45 65 2 294.45 295.48 45 2 295.89 300.99 65 2 300.99 301.8 45 2 301.8 310.53 65 2 310.53 311.18 55 2 311.18 316.79 65 2 316.79 327.16 60 2 327.16 327.76 45 2 327.76 343.1 60 2 343.1 343.49 45 2 343.49 343.8 35 2 343.8 343.99 45 2 343.99 354.45 60 2 354.45 355.62 55 2 355.62 356.06 50

Slow Moving Vehicles and Traffic Entering Highway 2

The majority of the traffic entering Highway 2 is in the communities along the Byway where there are reduced speed limits. Most communities have a very low population of 1,000 residents or less. However, some potential traffic hazards occur from farm machinery and trucks using Highway 2 because they may be slow moving or wide loads.

Stopped Vehicles

Currently the shoulders of the roads are only used by vehicles in emergencies. As visitor traffic increases, more vehicles may stop beside the road to photograph the scenery. In the future additional pull-outs may be added so travelers have a safe place to stop well off of the roadway.

Exceeding Speed Limits

Although the accident rate is low, any drivers who exceed the speed limits on Highway 2 are not only breaking the law, but they are increasing the risk of being a safety hazard. While giving out speeding tickets may reduce speeding, it also alienates the public and that is not good for tourism. Awareness training such as providing information on speed limits at visitors centers, making sure all speed limit signs are posted according to regulations and enforcement presence are preventative measures that will assist with compliance.

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Roadside Assistance Plan

There is no formal roadside assistance plan. The Byway is covered by cell phone service; however service is limited depending on your cell service provider. Emergencies are handled by calling 9-1-1 and community responders include city police, county sheriffs, Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), fire fighters and other medical and safety personnel.

Safety Measures

Safe roadways are a primary concern and needs to be addressed fully.

The following list of goals and recommendations are made to enhance the corridor and its many assets. They are also intended to address current and potential conflicts if the Byway becomes a national scenic byway. The list, although extensive, is not all- inclusive. Adjustments will have to be made as the ideas are discussed with the Nebraska Department of Roads and other stakeholders. However, the Byway organization hopes that these will serve as discussion points and lead to more, and possibly better, strategies.

The overall goals and objectives are:

• Reduce total accidents • Reduce fatalities and injuries when accidents do occur • Look at the overall design, including operational changes that will reduce accidents

Measures will be discussed with the Nebraska Department of Roads to ensure safety along these roadways as traffic volumes potentially increase and bicyclists use the corridor in greater numbers. This list is not intended to be all-inclusive but the following measures will be discussed:

For Cars:

• Provide additional signage regarding communities, intersections, and area attractions • Provide paved shoulders in areas currently without • Add signage as needed for hazards • Address lights from oncoming trains traveling close to the highway at night • Evaluate the need for additional overpasses along the route (such as the proposed overpass at the Junction of Nebraska Highway 2 and U.S. 83 south)

For Bicyclists and Pedestrians:

• Provide off-road routes or separated trails wherever possible • Provide paved shoulders for bicyclists and pedestrians

For Pedestrians:

• Provide sensible, accessible connections to area trails • Provide direct and accessible connections to local destinations (schools, parks, retail) • Provide smooth transitions from pedestrian trails to local sidewalks

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Clearly signing the scenic corridor with consistent, easily recognizable displays will help reduce confusion on the roadway.

Other measures:

• Highlight areas where travelers are encouraged to leave their cars in order to explore communities and nearby public attractions • Provide roadside pullouts to view the surrounding landscape and special features • Providing easy and well-signed access to local visitor information centers

Cooperative efforts between the Byway organization and the state and local roads department will enhance the visitors’ experiences.

Currently the Nebraska Department of Roads maintains Nebraska Highway 2 for safe travel in the following ways:

• The highways are plowed and sanded in a timely manner when snow or ice is an issue • The highway roadside ditches are mowed per their directives. • Roadsides and roadways should be kept clean of debris • Illegal signs monitored

Several of these are areas where the Byway organization and local residents can assist. Programs are in place for volunteers to pick up road side litter and the Byway will encourage continued involvement. Reporting illegal signs to the proper authorities will provide an enhanced view and also minimize confusion for first time travelers.

Other maintenance goals and objectives are:

• Minimize the pot holes and road surface hazards • Keep all striping looking sharp and clean • Maintain quality of legal signs by removing and replacing signs with graffiti, holes or faded text

As is shown by this data, the Byway is a rural highway that can support additional traffic volume. There is sufficient capacity to handle future traffic increases associated with national byway designation.

The Byway is quite safe with minimal curves and no steep hills. There are few accidents and fatalities. There are not a large number of bicyclists and pedestrian traffic is extremely low.

It is the goal of the Byway to achieve an ongoing safe and attractive travel experience for byway visitors as well as commuter and local traffic in a manner that is sensitive to the byway’s natural, cultural, scenic, recreational, and historic qualities.

As this roadway is periodically updated, it will give the opportunity for additional facilities, pullouts, kiosks, and other visitor enhancements. Safety standards will be strictly maintained so visitors will have a safe and user-friendly experience.

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Chapter 6 Signage

Signage

Taken from the Nebraska Administrative Code, 415 Nebraska Department of Roads – Intermodal Transportation Division, Chapter 1 – Nebraska Scenic Byways Program, 002 Principles, 002.02 :

“The Nebraska Scenic Byway Program will conform to federal and state laws and regulations regarding advertising signs. Designation as a Scenic Byway is not intended to affect future roadway design or construction. Designation also will not change the existing state or federal classifications of the roadway or by itself justify or lend credence to highway improvements that are not otherwise needed.”

ISTEA and the National Highway System Designation Act are federal mandates that affect the location of commercial signs along scenic byways. These acts are defined as follows:

The acts that most prominently affect the location of commercial signs along scenic byways are ISTEA and the National Highway System Designation Act.

Section 1047 of ISTEA formally established the Scenic Byways Program and outlined the regulations that states need to follow to include particular state highways in the Scenic Byways Program. Nebraska chose to participate in this program and named nine rural highways as official scenic byways. To ensure that the country’s rural highways remained scenic as mandated by the federal Highway Beautification Act, this act further restricted the placement of outdoor advertising. Prior to ISTEA, states were allowed to locate commercial signs in zoned and un-zoned commercial and industrial locations adjacent to municipalities. Commercial and industrial zones, as defined by the Nebraska Department of Roads, are areas where “there is located one or more permanent structure devoted to a business or industrial activity, or on which a commercial or industrial activity is conducted.”

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However, after ISTEA was passed, new commercial signs were no longer allowed in these locations along scenic byways. This additional restriction was intended to further reinforce the preservation of the natural beauty surrounding the nation’s scenic byways. Following is the ISTEA amendment to the HBA that pertains to outdoor advertising along scenic byways:

Scenic Byway Prohibition—If a State has a scenic byway program, the State may not allow the erection along any highway on the Interstate System or Federal-Aid primary system which before, on, or after the effective date of this subsection, is designated as a scenic byway under such program of any sign, display, or device which is not in conformance with subsection (c) of this section. Control of any sign, display, or device on such a highway shall be in accordance with this section.

If states fail to comply with the new outdoor advertising amendments, they risk a 10 percent reduction of their federal highway apportionments. Highways that are not designated as scenic byways continue to follow the HBA’s outdoor advertising regulations.

In 1995, President Clinton signed the National Highway System Designation Act. Among its many provisions, this act included an amendment to subsection (s) of the Highway Beautification Act. Following is the text of this amendment:

Section 131(s) of Title 23, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: “In designating a scenic byway for purposes of this Section and Section 1047 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, a State may exclude from such designation any segment of a highway that is inconsistent with the State’s criteria for designating State scenic byways. Nothing in the preceding sentence shall preclude a State from signing any such excluded segment, including such segment on a map, or carrying out similar activities, solely for purposes of system continuity.”

In effect, this amendment means that a state’s scenic byways do not have to be continuous, but can exclude portions that do not meet the state’s criteria for a scenic byway. Nebraska’s scenic byways follow this pattern. The state’s nine byways officially stop at the corporate limits of each community along the scenic byway. One reason for this was so that outdoor advertising within communities would not be affected by federal scenic byway regulations regarding outdoor advertising.

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Nebraska Sign Regulations

For Nebraska to remain in compliance with federal outdoor advertising rules and regulations, the Nebraska Legislature enacted laws to comply with the federal acts regarding outdoor advertising. Title 415 Chapter 1 (Rules and Regulations Concerning the Nebraska Scenic Byways Program) Section 002.02 of the Nebraska Administrative Code states that “the Nebraska Scenic Byway Program will conform to federal and state laws and regulations regarding advertising signs.”

Title 410, Chapter 3, Section 002.02A states that “the erection or maintenance of any advertising sign, display or device adjacent to the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, and the System of Federal-Aid Primary Roads of the State of Nebraska, and visible from the main-traveled way of such highway or road, is hereby prohibited unless in compliance with these rules.” There are four sign classes that are allowed on Nebraska’s highways and byways:

• Class I—Official Signs • Class II—On-premise Signs • Class IV—Directional Signs • Class V—Farm and Ranch Directional Signs

Of the five sign classes allowed in Nebraska, only Class III—Commercial Signs—are not allowed to be erected adjacent to a scenic byway. Class III signs are commercial billboards that advertise off premise activities, good, or services.

Chapter 39 (Highways and Bridges) of the Nebraska Statutes covers statewide sign regulations. Following are the headings of sections in state law to explain the types of signs that are allowed along the rights-of-way of Nebraska’s highways:

• 39-202 Advertising signs, displays, or devices; visible from highway; prohibited; exceptions; permitted signs enumerated • 39-205 Informational signs; business signs; posted by department; costs and fees; disposition; notice of available space • 39-207 Tourist-oriented directional sign panels; erection and maintenance • 39-212 Acquisition of interest in property; control of advertising outside of right- of-way; compensation; removal; costs; payment by department • 39-213 Control of advertising outside of right-of-way; agreements authorized; commercial and industrial zones; provisions • 39-214 Control of advertising outside of right-of-way; adoption of rules and regulations by department; minimum requirements • 39-215 Prohibition of advertising visible from main-traveled way; other signs permitted; where; criteria listed • 39-218 Scenic byways; prohibition of signs visible from main-traveled way; exceptions • 39-219 Control of advertising outside of right-of-way; erected prior to March 27, 1972; effect • 39-220 Control of advertising visible from main-traveled way; permit; fee; rules and regulations; exceptions • 39-221 Control of advertising outside of right-of-way; compliance; damages; violations; penalty • 39-222 Control of advertising outside of right-of-way; eminent domain; authorized.

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Sections 39-215 and 39-218 deal most directly with the location of outdoor advertising and scenic byways. The text for these sections is as follows:

• Section 39-215 - Except as provided in sections 39-212 to 39-222, the erection or maintenance of any advertising sign, display, or device that is visible from the main traveled way of the Highway Beautification Control System is prohibited. On-premise signs, directional and official signs, and notices as defined and controlled in the department’s rules and regulations shall be permitted.

Other signs controlled in accordance with the federal-state agreement shall be permitted, if conforming to sections 39-212 to 39-222, in the following areas:

• All zoned commercial or industrial areas within the boundaries of incorporated municipalities, as those boundaries existed on September 21, 1959, and all other areas where the land use as of September 21, 1959, was clearly established by law or ordinance as industrial or commercial in which outdoor advertising signs, displays, and devices may be visible from the main-traveled way of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, except that no such signs, displays, or devices shall be permitted in areas in which advertising control easements have been acquired • All zoned and un-zoned commercial and industrial areas in which outdoor advertising signs, displays, and devices may be visible from the main-traveled way of those portions of the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways constructed upon right-of-way, any part of the width of which was acquired on or before July 1, 1956, except that no such signs, displays, or devices shall be permitted in areas in which advertising control easements have been acquired • All zoned and un-zoned commercial and industrial areas in which outdoor advertising signs, displays, and devices may be visible from the main-traveled way of all portions of the Highway Beautification Control System other than the National System of Interstate and Defense Highways within the State of Nebraska, except that no such signs, displays, or devices shall be permitted in areas in which advertising control easements have been acquired. No signs shall be allowed in such areas along scenic byways except those permitted under section 39-218. • All signs, displays, or devices beyond six hundred sixty feet of the edge of the right-of-way of the Highway Beautification Control System and outside of urban areas which are visible from the main-traveled way are prohibited except those which are authorized to be erected by the Federal-Aid Highway Acts of 1965, 1970, and 1974 and those signs whose advertising message is only visible from a secondary road or street but not visible from the main-traveled way of the Highway Beautification Control System. • Section 39-218 - No sign shall be erected which is visible from the main- traveled way of any scenic byway except (1) directional and official signs to include, but not be limited to, signs and notices pertaining to natural wonders, scenic attractions, and historical attractions, (2) signs, displays, and devices advertising the sale or lease of property upon which such media are located, and (3) signs, displays, and devices advertising activities conducted on the property on which such media are located. Signs which are allowed shall comply with the standards and criteria established by rules and regulations of the Department of Roads in Title 410, Chapter 3. These rules and regulations implement the preceding state statues.

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Alternatives to Billboards

Billboards are not essential because more efficient alternatives do exist. The most common are logo signs and tourist-oriented direction signs (TODS). With the available alternatives, billboards are unnecessary.

Logo signs and Tourist-Oriented Directional Signs (TODS) are small, business directional signs that have proven to be successful in regions across the country. Both supply passers-by with needed tourist and services information without marring the area's visual quality. Logo signs and TODS displays are smaller and less obtrusive than billboards and generally cut advertising costs for roadside businesses.

Logo signs advertise gas, food, camping, and lodging at nearby highway exits and already exist on interstates in at least 44 states. TODS appear on non-interstate highways to supply information about local tourist attractions, such as distances and directions.

A 1990 study sponsored by the US Department of Agriculture found that the annual direct economic impacts of TODS in Oregon and Washington exceeded $25 million, with secondary impacts topping $53 million. The benefit/cost ratio of the TODS program was nearly 2500 to 1 in Oregon and 1000 to 1 in Washington.

Small, hand-held electronic devices have been developed that conveniently supply travelers with city-to-city directions and interstate services, providing another alternative and a glimpse of future technology.

John Paul Nichols, Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing for Cendant Hotels, commented in a recent interview that:

". . . terrestrial billboards . . . are becoming a thing of the past . . . my little handheld (electronic) device can find every hotel in the United States; I don't need to wait for a billboard. The cell phone will alert me to my hotel preferences, not some sign I will find by accident."

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The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway is taking the following steps to address the challenges:

The Nebraska Scenic Byways, including the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway, have received the benefit of the Nebraska Department of Roads Byway related logo signs identifying each Byway as a Nebraska Scenic Byway with the Nebraska Scenic Byway logo sign. In addition each Nebraska Scenic Byway logo sign also has a name plate indicating the name of specific Scenic Byway. These signs have been placed prominently when leaving each community and approximately every 10 miles. This helps to insure travelers they are continuing on the scenic Byway. These signs are also placed near junctions of intersecting highways to insure the traveler that they’re still on the Byway.

The Byway will investigate the possibility of providing interpretative information regarding the intrinsic qualities in the area at appropriate locations or with additional way-finding signs.

The Byway will encourage visitors to explore using clearly marked and well designed way finding signs to towns, parks, heritage areas, intersecting rails and byways and to nearby attractions. The goal of the byway is to support resources, attractions, and visitor services located off of the roadway.

Encourage community and attraction interpretation through the development of walking tours, visitor information kiosks, web based communication tools and driving tours.

To insure that amenities for travelers are easy to find, the Byway will encourage all tourist industry entities to become members of the Byway in order for them to be promoted via the Byway’s website, Byway travel maps, and various other means of promotion.

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Chapter 7 Marketing and Target Markets

TARGET MARKETS AND VISITOR MANAGEMENT

Along a scenic byway, each attraction, event, festival, and amenity (restaurant, hotel, motel, theatre, etc.) is a tourism product that has the potential to contribute to the visitor’s experience. These products may be a small attraction with limited amenities or larger attractions that more efficiently accommodate visitors. Smaller attractions may focus on niche audiences and typically have lower annual attendance figures. Larger attractions tend to have more resources, enabling sophisticated marketing schemes that attract more visitors, including visitors from outside the immediate vicinity, from other sections of the United States, or foreign countries.

A good mixture of attractions along the scenic byway attracts larger audiences. The better the visitor experience, the more likely the visitor will be to encourage friends to visit. Personal recommendations and word-of-mouth are critical sources of information about the byway that increase the area’s tourism potential.

By improving the visibility of attractions along the byway and actively marketing it as a destination or mix of attractions, more visitors will be attracted to the area. New economic activity associated with tourism creates business opportunities for expansion and development, job growth, and a stronger tax base.

Increasing the number of visitors and extending the length of their stays along the scenic byway benefits hotels, restaurants, entertainment, and retail operations. Overnight guests generate a need for additional rooms in hotels, bed and breakfasts, and inns. While day-trippers, who constitute the majority of visitors, in some areas spend less per day than do overnight visitors, they may visit the area repeatedly. Overnight visitors and day-trippers support existing and new restaurant, retail, and entertainment operations.

Various employment opportunities generated by the expanded tourism base within the byway improve the quality of life for residents as well as the area’s economy. New visitor spending creates new jobs with the opening of additional hotel rooms, extended hours of restaurant and retail operations, and construction of new visitor amenities. Depending on the level of development, economic activity resulting from increased visitation will generate an increase in annual tax revenues for counties along the byway.

While it is obvious that increasing tourism provides an economic impact, investments in tourism can also improve the residents’ quality of life. New visitor dollars to the economy provide incremental revenues to area businesses, allowing them to expand existing services and products to residents. Residents benefit from the improved ambiance and mix of restaurants, entertainment, and retail operations supported by a mix of resident and visitor spending. As importantly, the Byway’s marketing and interpretation link the community with a defined identity that typically relies on the historical character of the area. Heritage tourism and ecotourism help to link area residents with their past while encouraging the preservation of the area’s scenic resources and history.

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MEETING VISITOR EXPECTATIONS

Successful tourism areas meet or exceed visitor expectations and ultimately produce an excellent visitor experience. Setting visitor expectations clearly from their first introduction to an attraction or destination is important. Visitors may research a specific attraction on the Internet, by reading printed materials, or by contacting the attraction itself. Other visitors may simply venture off the highway, discovering attractions or events along the road. In either case, visitors need a clear explanation of the potential experience, whether authentic, educational, or entertainment in nature.

In order to meet visitor expectations, a destination must provide a clean, safe, and easy-to-find environment. No visitor leaves the safety of his or her own home expecting any less and certainly no visitor returns to an environment that is not clean and safe. For visitors unfamiliar with an area, finding an attraction may prove difficult or impossible. Making an attraction easy to find with proper signage can encourage unplanned visits by travelers along the Byway.

An attraction sets out to tell a visitor a particular story, providing information in an entertaining format. Portraying information in a manner that requires visitors to use more than one of their five senses usually provides a more stimulating experience. For example, attractions may offer the visitor exhibits to view and read, interactive activities, movies to watch, and/or guided docent tours to follow. More sophisticated attractions give visitors educational information in various formats.

Most visitors prefer experiences different from options available near their homes. It is important to remember that visitor attractions, like museums, compete with other activities such as movies, sports, Internet and television. Unique attractions distinct from everyday life, such as authentic cultural experiences, directly engage visitors and vie more successfully for a visitor’s time. Visitor experiences that distinguish themselves from everyday life typically provide a memorable encounter. The more memorable each visit, the more likely the visitor is to return and recommend the experience to family and friends.

POTENTIAL TARGET MARKETS

There are several different types of visitors an area may attract based on the amenities, attractions, and events. For the most part, visitors can be categorized by the length and purpose of their visit. Day-trippers are visitors interested in leaving their home, driving one to three hours and returning to their home the same day. These visitors tend not to spend as much as an overnight visitor, who spends one or more nights away from home and must pay for lodging and additional meals. National trends in tourism show a decrease in the traditional long vacation and an increase in shorter trips in closer proximity to home. However, heritage or cultural visitors typically take longer trips with several destinations and have a higher propensity to spend money on activities outside of lodging and meals. Eco-tourists tend to be older than the average visitor, with higher levels of education and more supplementary income for vacation spending.

Some of these target markets are already being served in many of the communities along the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway. Others are just beginning to be developed.

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Motorcyclists

Nebraska Highway 2, the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway, has caught the attention of motorcycle enthusiasts. Featured in the “Ride Atlas of North America” published by Rand McNally, 2006, with a route length of 305 miles – a weekend trip – they tout the wildlife, land formations, and the wide open spaces as a recommended place to ride. This is a popular path for motorcyclists traveling across Nebraska to the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally in South Dakota each August. The Byway plans to develop a marketing plan targeting the motorcyclist to expand beyond the high use season, encouraging them to experience the various seasons along the Byway.

Rails Enthusiasts

Two Burlington Northern Santa Fe trains awaiting track clearance adjacent to the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway, Nebraska Highway 2, and the Middle Loup River near Thedford. Photo credit: Terri Licking

Rail enthusiasts will find a mecca along the Byway. In the information provided by the Grand Island/Hall County Convention & Visitors Bureau they note that that the busiest rail lines in the USA pass through there with the combination of the Union Pacific and the Burlington Northern Santa Fe. Those rail lines bring more trains through Grand Island than any other city. That makes it one of the top Train Hot Spots in the nation. In the section titled “The Railroads Role in Settling the Byway” other statistics are quoted that give readers a glimpse of the importance and frequency of trains along the route. The Byway organization views this market as relatively untapped and could easily be targeted with advertising placement in rail enthusiast publications.

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International Tourists

The western culture is very appealing to the European and Japanese travelers. They want to experience the wide-open spaces and the authentic culture that the Byway region can provide. Because of the devaluation of the U.S. dollar overseas, monetary constraints may be of less concern to foreign travelers. The Byway has plans to encourage more foreign tourists through their website marketing and other feasible means. They recently received a Nebraska Tourism Marketing Grant to develop a Spanish portion on their website in 2009.

Heritage Tourism

Many communities have festivals that celebrate their heritage. Dannebrog hosts Grundlovsfest, a weekend celebration honoring its heritage and to commemorate the anniversary of the signing of Denmark’s Free Constitution in 1849 by King Frederik VII. Grand Island has hosted an Ethnic Festival for several years. It includes celebrations of the melting pot of nationalities that make up its citizenry. County Historical Societies have preserved the written history of the people of the area and are kept busy with requests for information from descendants of the ancestors who inhabited the region.

Ecotourism

Ecotourism consists of nature-based travel that incorporates the history and culture of an area. Fortunately, the scenery, abundant wildlife, and recreational activities already along the Byway attract ecotourism visitors. Because of the Sandhill Cranes and other migratory birds stop-over in the spring, the unique Sandhills grasslands, streams, lakes, wetlands and marshes, bird watching activities present a huge market. The Byway plans to work with the communities along the route to encourage more cooperative marketing regarding birding. Nebraska has an extensive parks program with multiple opportunities for picnicking, hiking, biking, fishing and outdoor sports. Public wildlife and birding opportunities are available at Wildlife Management Areas, the Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge, and Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge.

Star gazing should be promoted along this Byway, especially the central and western portions of the Byway.

Geocaching is another recreation that has a huge potential along this Byway.

Ranch Tours/Individual Visits The Byway plans to encourage more ranchers to host individual and/or ranch group tours. We currently have a few ranchers that provide tours for visitors.

ATV’ing - Off Road ATV’ing (All Terrain Vehicles) is a very popular sport at the Nebraska National Forest. This activity needs to be discussed thoroughly with the Nebraska National Forest and the OHVA organization before moving forward with promotion of the ATV trails.

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Genealogy/History

The study of an individual’s family history has increased in popularity over recent decades. As baby boomers begin to retire, they devote more leisure time to retracing their ancestry. Those interested in genealogy will travel to different parts of the country or world in order to use local resources to trace family history.

Many people interested in genealogy begin with research about the origin of their family history. The initial research starts with family interviews or work on the Internet. When those people are ready they will visit communities along the Byway to get additional information. They will be interested in visiting churches, cemeteries, libraries, historical societies, and newspaper offices.

The Byway should encourage all of the museums to work cooperatively marketing their museums and genealogy research libraries. The creation of traveling exhibits to share with the other Byway museums would encourage visitors to stop at each museum. Priority should be to encourage the Stuhr Museum at Grand Island, Knight Museum and Sandhills Center at Alliance, the Custer County Museum, and the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center at Broken Bow to market cooperatively.

Families

Regional area families, those coming from 100 to 250 miles away, are a special niche market segment for the Byway. While a regional area family may only make the trip to the region for one day or a weekend, they tend to visit repeatedly and be willing to spend more on meals and retail items. These families usually travel with a party of four or more members increasing their overall impact.

Capitalizing on the natural mixture of visitor interests allows the Byway to appeal to different members of the same family. One member of the family may have strong interest in horses, while another may want to tour the local museum, and yet another to visit unique local shops. While the family’s interests may divide them during the day, they often come together for one joint activity or for meals before heading home. Typically, families attracted to the area’s diverse visitor assets may return to the Byway several times in one year.

It should also be promoted that children are able to register for 3-4 day camps at the Nebraska National Forest. 4-H sponsored camps provide outdoor activities for all age groups. Families could plan to have their children attend a camp while the older family members partake in other activities along the Byway.

Hunting & Fishing

Many farmers and ranchers allow “hunting with permission” on their private property. The Byway encourages farmers and ranchers to diversify by developing agri-tourism enterprises, and could assist them with their marketing efforts. Public hunting opportunities are available at Wildlife Management Areas, the Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge, and Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge.

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MARKETING & PROMOTIONS

This section describes how the Byway is to be marketed and publicized, what actions are in place and what is planned.

Strategic Plan – Marketing Development

A thorough and comprehensive strategic plan is necessary for a business, organization, or committee's overall success. This detailed plan outlines the Byway’s goals, strategies and actions of how the goals will be achieved. The strategic plan will help the Byway organization remain on track and ensure that its specified goals are achieved. This plan is a working document. It is necessary for it be evaluated and updated on an annual basis to discuss and plan for new projects as they relate to strategic goals. See Chapter 10 Strategic Plan for details.

Develop a “Brand” for the Byway

Although a logo has been designed, the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway needs continued and expanded brand recognition. Branding is necessary to market the Byway as an area that evokes images, thoughts, and feelings that will be valued by tourists. Care was taken to find a brand that conveys a theme that is easily recognizable and represents the Byway. Developers of community brochures, attraction marketing materials, and websites for communities along the Byway, will be encouraged to incorporate the Byway logo into their materials. The Byway has developed and will provide graphic standards for the proper use of the logo.

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Develop an overall marketing campaign for the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway

Some components of this have been achieved but others are needed. To date there are projects that have been completed but will still be ongoing such as:

• Web site – This will continue to get regular updates.

• Byway Brochure – Information will need to be updated and reprinted from time to time.

• Byway Tear-off Map – will need to be updated and reprinted as needed

Other components of the marketing campaign that will be added:

• Regular press releases will be sent out to announce events and celebrate successes.

• Paid advertising will be increased in regional and targeted national publications.

• A cooperative ad will be placed in the Nebraska Travel Guide published annually by the Nebraska Department of Travel and Tourism. The cost of this ad will be shared by the communities, attractions, visitors’ bureaus, lodging properties, and tourism entities. New advertisers will be solicited from those groups. The cost will be less and the impact will be greater when using the cooperative advertising method.

• Other cooperative advertising opportunities will be researched. Additionally, cooperative marketing by grouping similar attractions such as the diverse museums will be researched and developed.

Develop additional visitor enhancements and amenities and a maintenance plan for them.

• Development of displays and events at the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center in Broken Bow

• Improve signage by: - Improving directional signage between communities

- Encouraging adding directional signage within the communities to attractions, walking trails, historic districts, and visitor services

- Encouraging community welcome sign improvements

• Add more visitor information areas as some communities do not currently have visitor information areas. At current locations, brochure racks will be enlarged (where space allows) providing places to advertise more attractions. New businesses will be encouraged to incorporate visitor information areas into their design. For those who miss the visitor center, waysides should be developed where travelers can pull off of the roadway and get visitor information. At a minimum, these should be at both ends of the byway for visitors entering the Byway. “Mini visitor’s centers” – small information racks that can be placed near

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the entrance to businesses should be encouraged at 10-20% of tourism related businesses like restaurants, museums, convenience stores, and lodging properties.

• Encourage expansion of existing campgrounds and development of additional RV parks. Travelers will come to the Sandhills for a variety of reasons and may stay longer if convenient camping facilities are added. Although motels and bed and breakfasts can be added, they require a considerable investment and more time to build. Campgrounds, even if primitive, will fit well with the theme and spirit of exploring the wide open spaces.

• Local residents and front-line employees will be trained so they are prepared for visitor questions and know how to offer additional opportunities to tourists. Training materials and workshops are available through the Red Carpet Service Training of the UNL Rural Initiative so that each community can continually train new employees as they are hired and new volunteers as they are identified.

• Food is an important way for visitors to experience the Byway. Byway members will work with event planners, attractions, and restaurants to encourage a variety of foods that are typical of this area.

• Encourage the continuation and expansion of self-guided walking tours. Walkers do not follow identifiable patterns. They may walk alone or in groups. They may walk in the early morning, during the middle of the day, or late in the evening. Some will want to walk in historic downtown areas, others will use walking trails. Seasons will affect their walking patterns. For this reason a self-guided walking tours need to be developed for communities with historic downtowns. Details such as flora and fauna or the history of historic buildings may be included.

• Capitalize and expand upon target markets. Outdoor enthusiasts such as hunters, bird watchers, hikers, bikers, boaters, and anglers bring money to communities and leave with experiences that give them the desire to return. Some marketing programs exist but opportunities need to be explored and developed to increase outdoor recreational opportunities.

• Genealogy is becoming a popular pastime as families research their heritage and their family roots. The Knight Museum & Sandhills Center in Alliance is an excellent example of a facility that could be developed in other areas. Cataloging and preservation of existing history will be the next step. The final product will depend on the community resources. A museum may be developed with archives, information may be added to the community library; or the information may be compiled into books and other periodicals. The local newspapers will be encouraged to run historic profiles of the communities when they celebrate milestone events such as the 100th anniversary of the community.

• Sports enthusiasts abound and include everything from marathon runners to people who will travel long distances for sports tournaments. Golf vacations are popular and could feature multiple golf courses along the Byway. These and other sporting events need to be researched and may be developed into events.

•

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The family market is excellent for the Byway. Parents, especially baby boomers, continue to want to share the experiences and memories of their youth with their children and grandchildren. As local attractions expand, planning should include strategies that emphasize the Byway’s natural and cultural qualities to a wide range of ages. Museums with hands-on exhibits, playgrounds, and interactive activities will meet the needs of families. Special emphasis could be given to demonstrations and activities like quilting, soap making, roping cattle (or wooden cattle), making homemade ice cream, rope making, and other lost arts.

• Increasing the awareness of the existing trails is needed. Each community will be encouraged to place maps of their trails on the Byway’s website. The diversity of the community’s trails will add to the Byway’s appeal, thus encouraging visitors to stop at several while they are in the area.

Marketing Strategy

The Byway needs a cohesive marketing strategy with associated promotional materials to tie together the multitude of visitor attractions, events, and amenities.

Piggyback Marketing

The Nebraska Department of Travel and Tourism works to create partnerships with tourism organizations, provide regional marketing and joint advertising opportunities, and to support the operation and advertising at welcome center and rest areas. In order to promote all of the tourism opportunities within Nebraska, Nebraska Tourism attends various trade shows, uses electronic and public relations marketing, and compiles information about area visitors. The Byway plans to continue working to take advantage of Nebraska’s success and piggyback on its advertising campaigns and website links.

Website/Internet

In today’s high technology world the Internet provides many visitors with the first level of detail on any destination. The Byway will continue its expansion and enhancement of its current website www.sandhillsjourney.com. Several fundamental elements are incorporated into the website’s design to attract visitors. In addition, the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byways member businesses can link to the Byway’s website, thus expanding the potential market.

To take advantage of the different types of attractions, marketing links between existing attractions need to be strengthened and new links need to be created on the web site. Typically visitors search for information on an area’s attractions as they plan their trip, or they discover information when they arrive at their destination.

Ensuring that a complete calendar of events is available via the website will increase tourism. Some communities have only a handful of events per year, others have hundreds. By advertising all of them in one place the potential visitors can plan extended trips. Ultimately, many will stay longer so they can attend multiple events and visit multiple attractions.

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Visitor Packages

In order to attract larger groups of visitors or to encourage current visitors to increase the length of their stay, tourism products need to be packaged together. Packaging may consist of including a hotel accommodation and an attraction admission in one package or it may be more elaborate including several attractions, tickets to local events, and a discount coupon for a meal as well as lodging. Successful packaging may incorporate several different types of attractions to appeal to groups of visitors with varying interests. As travelers become more sophisticated, they require options for each member of their party and flexibility within packages. Rather than requiring visitors to select a package with a limited amount of attractions, successful packages offer additional attractions or features for a small additional fee.

Area visitor centers could sell individual tickets or packages for many of the area’s tourism attractions. Local attractions could sell joint tickets for admission to multiple attractions, helping to promote the assets along the entire scenic byway.

Preparing joint ticketing options for families and groups that incorporate several areas of interest will bring more tourists. Joint marketing packages can be easily distributed by placing the choices on the Byways web site, publishing them (at no charge) on the Nebraska Division of Travel & Tourism web site, and making visitors aware of them at visitor centers. These choices require a minimal investment. Other ways of informing the public about the joint ticketing, such as a presence at trade shows and media advertising, are also needed to get the maximum impact and to reach large numbers of people.

Group Tours

Tour bus operators often market to foreign visitors and other groups of individuals with common interest. Motor coach tours generate a significant economic impact for an area. To take advantage of these tour groups, marketing materials must be packaged to target independent group tour operators and larger conglomerates represented at trade shows.

Group tour itineraries along the Byway are in development. These need to be marketed to the group tour market. Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism will provide assistance by distributing information and making their group tour market contacts aware of the options that are offered along the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway.

Press Relations

Capturing an audience’s attention using creative public relations skills can enhance marketing efforts for any visitor destination. Encouraging the media to run a positive story about a local attraction or group of attractions builds awareness and credibility. As visitors read an article about an area they become more familiar with the area itself and to the other assets. Trusted news sources provide a sense of credibility with visitors. It is important to use media releases and third party published research to promote the location and vast tourism assets.

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Community Relations

Promoting awareness and appreciation of the history and culture of the Byway among residents benefits visitors. Nebraskans don’t brag. Is it in their genes or in the way they were raised? When residents talk favorably about the positive aspects of their communities and give referrals to restaurants, lodging facilities, attractions and shopping area, the visitors listen.

Local residents also help preserve the uniqueness of the Byway landscape and related historic sites and communities. Volunteerism is important and it is needed in many forms. Donating materials, time, and other resources improves the quality of life and helps to preserve the historic sites of the area.

The Byway promotes community revitalization while preserving community identity. Visitors want to see the architecture of days-gone-by and that is what often gives a community its charm. Revitalization is preferable to tearing down the old and building new because it protects the community’s identity and preserves the history of the area.

Businesses and attractions should be contacted to make sure they are aware of the services that others provide. As businesses open or remodel they should be encouraged to stock Nebraska products that help visitors learn about the area. Placemats or brochures with local information can be placed on tables in restaurants. Front-line employees need to be trained to provide information to visitors to showcase the intrinsic qualities so visitors will have a more positive experience.

CURRENT MARKETING PLAN IN PROGRESS

The Audience The 272-mile stretch of the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway is best enjoyed when travelers have ample time and a relaxed itinerary. Naturalists, empty-nesters, RV owners, the 55+ age group, and international travelers typically have the time and disposable income required to truly appreciate all that this Byway has to offer. Although there are other secondary audiences, we feel that the 55+ target audience should be the one to focus on since we have limited funding. (*portions taken from Idea Bank’s marketing proposal, November 2007)

The Message The recently created Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway logo smartly depicts the regional topography and adventure that lies within. The “2” taglines hint at the physical beauty and cultural treasures that can be found along the way. “Passage to a land less touched” and “You’re On 2 Something!” encompasses anything a traveler may seek – from peace and relaxation in the slower pace and wide open spaces, to exquisite arts and craftsmanship in the route’s many cultural offerings, to the thrill of a rodeo, and the charming hum of ranch and small town life. This branding effort will indeed lead a visitor to experiences they will enjoy.*

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Marketing Implementation

• Audio cassettes & CDs, 1,500 - 2002

• Brochure, 4 color, 12 pages - 2004 2nd printing - 2006

• Established a website www.sandhillsjourney.com - 2006

• Tear-off maps, 2 color, 12,000 - 2005 2nd printing, 20,000 - 2007

• Develop visual graphics to attract diversified audience and help brand the Byway - Spring 2008

• Web graphics enhancement - Spring 2008 A new Website header, featuring the new logo and slogan is essential for full-brand integration and identity building.

• Roll-up displays - Fall 2008 Three window shade displays allow for easy portability for various uses. Each panel will feature images and characteristics unique to the Byway’s three regions: Eastern, Central, and Western (Each display designed to be used separately, or as a group display.)

• Continued web up-dates - On Going

• Post Cards - Fall 2008 8 designs, 4 color, 4 x 6, to be used for direct mail

• Interpretive Center Grand Opening - Spring 2009 Announcement and media kits

• New brochure development - Spring 2009 Based on print quantity of 50,000. Rack card compatible; 3-panel/double folded; 11x17 brochure folded to rack size

• Publication and newspaper advertising - On Going Nebraska Life Western Nebraska Journey Visitors Guide Heartland Traveler, Custer County Chief Omaha World Herald Lincoln Journal Star Local newspapers along Byway

• Co-op Advertising -Spring 2009 American Road AAA Home & Away/Living Mid-west Traveler Endless Vacation

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• Press Releases -On Going To local and regional publications including the following newspapers: Omaha World Herald Lincoln Star Journal Grand Island Independent North Platte Telegraph Alliance Times Herald Thomas County Herald Hooker County Tribune Arnold Sentinel Midland News, Valentine Stapleton Enterprise

• Bi-lingual Web site Upgrades - Spring 2009

• Direct Mail campaign of Brochure - Spring 2009

• Direct Mail campaign of Postcards - Spring 2009

• Increase Byway Newsletter to monthly publication - Spring 2009

• Attend Travel Shows - Spring 2009 Omaha Boat Sports & Travel Show River City Hunting & Fishing Expo, Council Bluffs Nebraska State Fair - late Summer 2009

PROPOSED LONG TERM MARKETING PLAN

Travel Publications

1/6 page (approximately 2.25” x 4.75”) color print ads promoting the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway & Interpretive Center will be produced and placed in Trailer Life: Dealers & Destinations Section, Nebraska Life, and AAA Living: Nebraska magazines. Utilizing the distribution of these publications will hit the three tiers of the target audience (RV-ers, Nebraskans, and travelers).

• Cell phone interpretative travel guide information

• Pod-casting

• Passport for kids and/or adults

• Group tour marketing

• Kids activity book about the Byway

• International marketing, multi-lingual

• Nature marketing (including birding)

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• Encouraging retirees to visit/move to the region

• Brochures for target markets, i.e.; museums, birding, artisans, natural, agriculture, genealogy, recreation

• Continued media buys in target market areas

• Develop joint marketing efforts with neighboring Byways, including continued support and marketing of the Junk Jaunt (cooperative effort with Loup Rivers Scenic Byway) www.junkjaunt.com

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Chapter 8 Visitors Centers & Tourist Information Centers

In 2002, the Byway received a grant to establish Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Tourist Information Centers that would include location signage and brochure racks. These Information Centers are located at the following locations (see italicized locations):

The new Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center (opening spring 2009) on the east edge of Broken Bow is a barn that has been moved in and renovated to be used as a visitors center. See address and phone number below:

• Hall County Visitor Information Caboose Bosselman’s Travel Center I-80 Exit 312, Highway 281 North, Grand Island 800-658-3178

• Grand Island - Hall County CVB Visitor Center 308 West Second Street (Highway 30 West), Grand Island, 800-658-3178

• *Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer Junctions Nebraska Highways 2, 34 & U.S. Highway 281 4 miles North of I-80, Exit 312, Grand Island, 308-385-6316

• Bosselman’s Pump & Pantry, Nebraska Highway 2, Cairo, 308-485-4404

• Co-op, Nebraska Highway 2, Ravenna, 308-452-3257

• Aunt Betty’s B & B, 804 Grand Avenue, Ravenna, 308-452-3739

• **Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center, 308-872-2232 44106 Highway 2 (East Nebraska Highway 2), Broken Bow

• Custer County Museum, Nebraska Highway 2 & 9th Avenue Broken Bow, 308-872-2203

• Broken Bow Chamber of Commerce, 308-872-5691 Nebraska Highway 2 and 8th Street, Broken Bow

• *Norm’s Sinclair, Highway 2, Dunning, 308-538-2263

• Stub’s Restaurant, Highway 2, Thedford, 308-645-2642

• Roadside Inn, Highway 2, Thedford, 308-645-2284

• Thomas County Historical Society Museum, 308-645-2459 Highway 2, Thedford

• Thedford Art Gallery, Highway 2, Thedford, 308-645-2586

• Sandhills Motel, Highway 2, Mullen 888-278-6167 308-546-2206

•

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*Alliance Chamber of Commerce, Third Street, Alliance, 308-762-1520

*Informational computer Kiosk (funded by a Federal Highway Administration Byway grant and matched by the Nebraska Division of Travel & Tourism)

**The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center, in Broken Bow will open in the spring of 2009. This was funded through a Federal Highway Administration grant.

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Chapter 9.0 Tours – Car, Pedestrian, Bike and Motorcoach

There are many ways that visitors can explore the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway (SJSB). Hike and bike paths are available, individuals can travel the route by car, recreational vehicle, or by motor coach for larger groups.

People come to this Byway for widely varied reasons. Some will be familiar with the area and will be returning for a visit. First time travelers may be passing through on their way to another destination but will return to explore this area as their next destination. Individuals may have traced their ancestors back to this area. Others will come for the intrinsic qualities of the Byway.

As additional Byway information is developed and distributed, travelers may plan to stay longer than originally scheduled. Self-guided tours are an excellent way of encouraging those longer stays.

Due to the variety of interests of the individual and small group travelers and the length of the Byway (272 miles), tours need to be flexible enough to allow for individual tastes. Rather than promoting strict itineraries to explore the Byway, individual tour information is intended to “connect the dots” for travelers.

Local residents are very knowledgeable about the cultural and historical stories of the Byway. Local communities may become involved in further enhancing the visitor experience.

Individuals, non-profits and businesses may provide:

• Historical tours of the communities along the route showing visitors historical buildings, telling the story of the communities and the cultural history of each area.

• Environmental and wildlife tours or nature hikes containing environmental, educational and stewardship messages.

• Canoe and tanking tours with elements of environmental awareness, wildlife viewing and history.

• Complete discovery packages including tours, lodging, meals and entertainment.

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SANDHILLS JOURNEY SCENIC BYWAY NEBRASKA HIGHWAY 2 TOUR

This 272-mile stretch of Nebraska Highway 2, from metropolitan Grand Island to the railroad community of Alliance, has been named one of the 10 most scenic routes in the nation.

The View

Dramatic grass covered sand dunes (only place like it in the Western Hemisphere) called the Sandhills, farms (part of the bread basket of America), expansive cattle ranches, the most constant flowing rivers in the world, lakes, marshes and wetlands (from the largest underground High Plains/Ogallala Aquifer), one of the great areas for birding, and the largest hand-planted forest in the nation.

The Adventure

See the world renowned annual Sandhill Crane, whooping crane, and spring waterfowl migration, western heritage museums, American Indian artifacts, canoeing, tanking, boating, and camping, ATV’ing, and enjoy viewing the stars in one of the least light polluted (darkest) areas of the nation.

The following pages will give tour operators ideas of the attractions and opportunities available for individual tours or group tours. Tours of specific areas of interest such as Natural, Cultural, Historical, Art and Artisans, are very popular.

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SANDHILLS JOURNEY SCENIC BYWAY TOUR

Day 1

Begin your 272-mile trek along the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway in Grand Island, Nebraska’s fourth largest city.

Experience pioneer life on 200 acres at the Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer, 308-385-5316, which is one of the top 10 living history museums in the country. You can walk through a 1890s railroad town, push a handcart on the Mormon Trail, have a better understanding of American Indians at the Pawnee Earth Lodge, or explore the birth cottage of Oscar-winning actor Henry Fonda. A variety of special events are offered at the museum throughout the year. Add some mystery to your tour! Was there an island in Nebraska? Why is Grand Island a “train hot spot?” Who are the internationally known Abbott’s? Add a historic tour of the famous and infamous characters of Grand Island’s early days.

The Stuhr Museum Gift Shop offers fantastic souvenirs and gifts. Tour time: 1-3 hours (or all day).

See farming, past to present, with a look at local farms, the business behind agriculture, and tour some of the nation’s top agricultural manufacturing plants.

Grand Island abounds with art galleries, specialty stores and other shops where you can buy that hard-to-find gift or souvenir to remember your trip. Some shops you must make time for are Prairie Winds Art Center, 112 West 3rd Street, 308-381-4001, The Warehouse Gallery, 381 North Walnut Street, 308-382-8589, The Gallery, 3535 West 13th Street, 308-382-8701, Maudie’s Stained Glass, 301 West 3rd Street, 308-382-1993, Heart of the Country, 311 West 3rd Street, 308-382-2861, and Bartenbach’s Galleries, 209 North Locust Street, 308-382-7575.

Plan to have your lunch in Grand Island before departing.

15 minutes (13 miles) west on Nebraska Highway 2 to Cairo Notice the street signs that are cities in Egypt.

20 minutes (16 miles) west on Highway 2 to Ravenna In Ravenna, you’ll notice the town’s charming downtown district where several nice shops await your group. A newly renovated movie theater features the history and growth of Ravenna. For a refreshment break, make plans to stop at Aunt Betty’s Bed and Breakfast, 804 Grand Avenue, 308-452-3739, located a few blocks from downtown. You’ll enjoy this lovely antique-filled 1907 Victorian home.

A short side trip could take you to Loup City and Sherman Lake Reservoir. 40 minutes (21 miles) north on Highway 68, west on L82A, north on Highway 10 to Loup City

Enjoy homemade desserts, lemonade, ice tea and delicious lunches in a country farm setting at Cottonwood Lane and Anna’s Tea Room, 308-745-0211. Sherman Reservoir is 10 miles east of Loup City. Suggested tour time: 1 hour

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55 minutes (50 miles) northwest on Highway 2 to Broken Bow Plan to stop at the big red barn home of the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center (opening spring 2009). Learn about the Byway’s various attractions and special features. Suggested tour time 1 hour.

Truly a delightful town, the downtown district features a host of unique specialty stores, and a gazebo on the square where your group can enjoy a quiet picnic lunch. Contact the Broken Bow Chamber of Commerce to make pre-trip arrangements for lunch. The Custer County Historical Museum , 445 South 9th Avenue, 308-872-2203, owns many original photographs by famed Sandhills photographer Solomon Butcher. He photographed pioneers and brings you face to face with the people who settled this land in the 19th century. Suggested tour time: 1 hour

Overnight in Broken Bow Breakfast in Broken Bow

Day 2

20 minutes (20 miles) northwest on Highway 2 to Anselmo

Chandlers Cloversweet Honey This is a sweet stop and shop. Their natural clover sweet honey is bottled on site. It’s the only certified honey kitchen in the state of Nebraska. Other Nebraska produced products are also available in their gift shop. Suggested tour time: 1 hour

St. Anselm’s Cathedral Known as the Cathedral of the Sandhills, this church was built in 1925. Suggested tour time: 30 minutes

10 minutes (6 miles east on S21A county road)

Victoria Springs State Recreational Area Rest rooms available Suggested tour time: 1/2 hour

20 minutes (20 miles) west on Highway 2 to Dunning Creativity is queen at Sandhills Pottery, 308-538-2241, in Dunning, an excellent place to stop and learn how pottery is made from the wheel to the final piece. The studio is open for tours by appointment only. Unique and perfect pottery, available for sale at Norm’s Sinclair ¾ mile west of town, would make a great souvenir. Suggested tour time: 1 hour

15 minutes (11 miles) west on Highway 2 to Halsey Halsey is the gateway to the Nebraska National Forest —the largest hand-planted forest in the nation, 308-533-2257. This oasis in the Sandhills offers groups a variety of fun- filled activities, including nature trails and a panoramic view of the surrounding landscape from atop an observation tower. Forest personnel will give guided tours of both the forest and the nursery. Picnic and restroom facilities are available. Suggested tour time: 1-2 hours

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Plan your lunch at the Double T Bar and Grill in Halsey or the Nebraska State 4-H Camp in the Nebraska National Forest.

25 minutes (17 miles) west on Highway 2 to Thedford Thedford is home to the Thedford Art Gallery , 509 Court St., 308-645-2586. The gallery is owned and supported by Thedford Art Guild volunteers and offers some of the best works of art available for purchase in the area. You’re sure to find nice gifts for friends and family back home. Call ahead to ensure the gallery will be open for your tour. Suggested tour time: 45 minutes

The Thomas County Historical Museum is located one block west of the Thedford Art Gallery. Groups could plan to visit both. Suggested tour time: 45 minutes.

30 minutes (26 miles) west on Highway 2 to Mullen Located in the heart of Sandhills Country, Mullen offers canoeing adventures on the Dismal and Middle Loup Rivers, 308-546-2206 (Glidden Sandhills Motel ). The Dismal River appeals to a high adventure trip, while the Middle Loup is more sedate and makes for a great group outing. A new adventure trend is floating down the river in a stock tank. These 7-9 foot tanks are virtually unsinkable and will keep you dry. Each tank will easily accommodate 4 to 6 people. Suggested tour time: 2-4 hours

Optional dinner arrangements – BBQ at the campground or at the Rustic Restaurant in Mullen

Stop for a relaxing taste of local wine at the Last Chance Tasting Room, three doors away from the Rustic Restaurant . . . the grand finale to a perfect day in the Sandhills.

Other options to enjoy in Mullen are the Hooker County Historical Museum and the Hooker County Court House (listed on the National Register).

Overnight at Sandhills Motel in Mullen

Day 3

50 minutes (46 miles) west on Highway 2 to Ashby While traveling along the byway, plan a stop in Ashby and spend some time learning the fine arts of painting and pottery work at CaLinda’s Pot Shop & Art Gallery, 113 Main Street, 308-577-6766. Or take home some fabulous works of art—pottery, watercolors, oil paintings, pastels and inks. Suggested tour time: 1 hour

25 minutes (19 miles) west on Highway 2 to Ellsworth At the intersection of highways 27 and 2 is the tiny town of Ellsworth that was founded as the company town for the vast Spade Ranch in the late 19th century. The ranch remains a working cattle ranch. An old general store in town is Morgan’s Cowpoke Haven, 308-762-2666. The store also specializes in western clothing, so plan to spend some time and money on official western wear to make your friends back home green with envy. Cowboy up! The Sandhills is the country that Mari Sandoz wrote so much about. The Mari Sandoz state historical marker that tells her story is approximately 26 miles north of Ellsworth along Nebraska Highway 27. Nearby is the ranch where she grew to adulthood and her grave site.

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45 minutes (32 miles) west on Highway 2 to Alliance

The next best thing to Stonehenge is Carhenge , 308-762-1520, created in 1987. An exact replica of the world-famous Stonehenge in England, Carhenge uses old cars in place of stones. The project was the brainchild of architect Jim Reinders. He and his family gathered for a family reunion in Alliance and wanted to come up with a project to dedicate to Reinder’s father. Jim spent many years in Europe and studied Stonehenge at great length. In 1987, he returned to his family farm and constructed Carhenge. At first it met with mixed reactions from local residents; however, Carhenge has now become a national sensation and one of Nebraska’s unique attractions. Suggested tour time: 1 hour

Alliance also has one of the state’s best historical museums—the Knight Museum and Sandhills Center, 908 Yellowstone Avenue, 308-762-2384. A variety of displays interpret the history of the city, the importance that the railroad played in its growth, the Sandhills, and the ranching culture. Suggested tour time: 2 to 3 hours

The Carnegie Arts Center , 204 W. 4th St., 308-762-4571, features local and regional artists, gifts and a sculpture garden. Sallows Conservatory and Arboretum, 308-762-2384, features tropical and sub-tropical plants and walking paths wind through the flower displays of the Sunken Gardens. Downtown Alliance also offers a variety of unique shopping and dining opportunities. Suggested tour time at each attraction: 1 hour

Step back in time to a slower, more relaxed pace at Dobby’s Frontier Town , 320 East 25th Street, 308-762-4321. This re-creation of a turn-of-the-century western town boasts a homesteader’s cabin, mercantile, bootlegger’s cabin, post office, jail, baled straw house, and much, much more. Suggested tour time: 1½ hour

Alliance offers many exceptional lodging facilities for your group tour.

NATURE TOUR

• Enjoy at your own pace! Plenty of places to picnic, fish, camp, and sight-see! Some of these facilities and attractions are able to accommodate motor coach tours.

• Grand Island Stuhr Museum – native grasses

• Grand Island Mormon Island Recreation Area – camping, fishing

• Grand Island Crane Meadows – (temporarily closed/management reorganization) bird watching, monthly programs, native grasses

• Dannebrog Nature Hike & Bike Trail

• Cairo/Ravenna Living Snow Fence & Prairie Dog Town

• Ravenna Cedar Hill Vineyards and Gardens - birding

• Buffalo County Lake Recreation Area – fishing, paddleboats, birding

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• Loup City Sherman Reservoir – boating, fishing, camping, birding

• South of Broken Bow Pressey Wildlife Management Area – bird viewing, camping, swimming

• Arnold State Lake & Devil’s Den

• Anselmo Victoria Springs State Recreation Area – camping, bird viewing, fishing, paddle boats, cabin

• Brewster Sandhills Guest Ranch – bird watching

• Uncle Buck’s Lodge – wildflowers, special events for groups

• Halsey Nebraska National Forest – bird watching, native plants, nursery tour, hiking, ATV trails, horseback riding, picnicking

• Thedford Middle Loup River Ranch – bird watching, guided ranch tours, tour, hiking, and hunting

• North of Thedford Valentine National Wildlife Refuge – bird watching, hiking, hunting, fishing

• Mullen Glidden Canoe Rentals - Tank & Canoe Middle Loup River Or Canoe or Kayak Dismal River

• Bird Watching, Prairie Chicken Dance

• Double R Ranch, bird watching, hiking, hunting & fishing

• South of Lakeside Crescent Lake Wildlife Refuge – bird watching, tours

• Alliance Sallows Arboretum

• Star gazing is a popular recreational activity along the Byway due to the anti- light pollution in the region.

CULTURAL TOUR

• Grand Island Stuhr Museum Special Events (baseball games, spinning, pioneer lifestyle)

• Grand Island Antique Stores

• Grand Island German Heritage (Liederkrantz, Platte Duetsche)

• Dannebrog Danish Capital of Nebraska Architecture/Food

• Dannebrog Danish Baker

• Ravenna Cedar Hills Vineyard and Gardens SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 9 - 7 Chapter 9 Tours

• Ravenna Sabbiatos Winery

• Broken Bow Walking Tour (Architecture of the Square, Gazebo, Museum)

• Brewster Sandhills Guest Ranch

• Brewster Uncle Buck’s Lodge

• Thedford Middle Loup River Ranch

• Mullen Sabbiatos Tasting Room

• Ellsworth Spade Ranch Store

• Alliance Carhenge

HISTORICAL TOUR

• “Travel at Your Own Pace” – Lodging is provided in Grand Island, Broken Bow, Thedford, Mullen, and Alliance

• Grand Island Stuhr Museum (Railroad Town, Pioneer History, Pawnee Earth Lodge, Old West Artifacts)

• Grand Island Stolley Park (Replica of Early Cabin, Historic School Building), Veterans Park & Memorial Wall

• Grand Island, Grand Theatre – evening

• Grand Island, Historical Markers & Landmarks (see Grand Island attractions)

• Ravenna Historical Markers

• Ansley Historical Marker

• Westerville Historical Marker

• North of Ansley Dowse Sod House (near Comstock)

• Broken Bow Custer County Museum

• Broken Bow Historic Downtown District Walking Tour

• West of Broken Bow Historical Marker (Grange)

• Callaway, Seven Valleys Museum, southwest of Broken Bow via county road

• Anselmo St. Anselm's - Cathedral of the Sandhills

• Brewster Smallest County Seat in Nation SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 9 - 8 Chapter 9 Tours

• Thedford Thomas County Historical Society Museum

• Mullen Hooker County Historical Society Museum

• Ellsworth Historical Marker (Spade Ranch)

• Ellsworth Mobile One Room School House (on Skids)

• N. of Ellsworth Mari Sandoz Historical Marker

• Antioch Potash Ruins & Historical Marker

• Alliance Knight Museum and Sandhills Center

• Alliance Sallows Military Museum

• Alliance Dobby’s Frontier Town

• Alliance Historical Marker (Army Air Field) – soon to be a National & State Veterans Cemetery

• Alliance Historic Downtown Walking Tour

• Alliance Old Jules’ grave

• Alliance Historic Pioneer Cemetery

ARTISANS & FINE ARTS TOUR

• Grand Island Stuhr Museum – Exhibits

• Grand Island Multiple Art Galleries & Studios

• Broken Bow Wild Rose Gallery

• Dunning Sandhills Pottery

• Thedford Art Gallery

• Thedford Yellow Calf Studio – bronze (1 mile of gravel road)

• Seneca Northern Plains Studio Art Gallery (1/2 mile of gravel road)

• Ashby Calinda’s Art & Pottery Shop

• Alliance Carnegie Arts Center

• Alliance Elaine’s Art Gallery

• Alliance Central Park Fountain

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BROKEN BOW HALF DAY TOUR

• Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center

• Custer County Historic Museum

• Historic Downtown Walking Tour

• Twigs N Berries

• Wild Rose Gallery

• Way Out West - western wear store

• Shopping in Downtown

RECREATION TOUR

• Grand Island Oasis, Heartland Public Shooting Park, Kid’s Kingdom, Mormon Island, Golfing, Mid-Nebraska Speedway Auto Racing, Fonner Park Horse Racing, Stolley Park

• Ravenna 9 Hole Golf Course, Buffalo County Recreation Area (fishing, handicap fishing dock)

• Loup City Sherman Reservoir, Bowman Lake, Jenner’s Park, 9 Hole Golf Course

• Mason City RV Facilities

• Berwyn 1909 Heritage House Bed & Breakfast, collection of dolls

• Broken Bow Melham Pond fishing (handicap accessible fishing dock), 9-Hole Golf Course

• North of Merna - Milburn Dam

• Anselmo Victoria Springs – fishing, paddle boats

• Brewster Sandhills Guest Ranch (tubing, canoeing, tanking)

• West of Halsey Nebraska National Forest (ATV Trails, hiking, horseback riding, bird watching, hunting)

• Thedford 9-Hole Golf Course

• Thedford Valentine National Wildlife Refuge – (bird watching, trails, hiking, fishing)

• Mullen Tank or Canoe the Middle Loup River, Canoe or Kayak the Dismal River, 9-Hole Golf Course

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• South of Lakeside Crescent Lake Wildlife Refuge (bird watching, trails, hiking, fishing)

• Alliance Drive In Theatre (1 of 3 in the state), Alliance Speedway, Carhenge, 18 hole Golf Course

AGRICULTURAL TOUR

For Groups Only with Prior Arrangements Possible group tours in Grand Island and surrounding area

Step-On Tour Guide Service available – call Hall County/Grand Island Convention & Visitors Bureau

• Case IH Tour • Hornady • Frito Lay Potato Chip • Heartland Shooting Park • Micro-brewery at the Chicken Coop Restaurant

Special Event – Husker Harvest Days

Ravenna • Cedar Hills Vineyards and Gardens • Sabbiatos Winery

Broken Bow Step on guide service available – call Broken Bow Chamber of Commerce

• Arrow Seed • Adams Land & Cattle Feed Lot • Sargent Irrigation • Straight Arrow Bison Ranch • Custer Public Power • Step on guide providing info about the Grange

Special Event: Many events are held at the Custer County Fair Grounds

Merna

Anselmo Chandler’s Clover Sweet Honey

Halsey • Nebraska National Forest Bessey Ranger District and Bessey Nursery • Nebraska State 4-H Camp

Thedford Step on Guides available to visit local ranches • Pearson’s Livestock Equipment

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Ellsworth • Morgan’s - authentic ranch supply store • Spade Ranch history

Alliance • Western Potatoes • Thompson Potatoes • Trinidad Beanery • New Alliance Bean • Great Western Sugar Beet • Burlington Northern Santa Fe •

Please check with the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byways websites www.sandhillsjourney.com for current event information.

There are numerous special events regarding agriculture along the Byway year around.

Also numerous rodeos (professional, state associations, high school, junior and kids and bull riding), cuttings, team penning, ranch rodeos, barrel racing futurities are held along the Byway.

There are many “Farmer’s Market’s” along the Byway during the summer and early fall. Check with the local convention and visitors bureaus or chambers of commerce for dates, times and locations

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Chapter 9.1 Tours – Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge Auto Tour

Auto Tour Stop 1

Carp and other “rough fish” can be a serious problem when managing for waterfowl. If their numbers are excessive, their bottom feeding habitats will roil the water, causing turbid water conditions. Turbidity blocks sunlight, which in turn diminishes production of plant and animal life eaten by waterfowl. For this reason, carp were removed from Island Lake and game fish stocked in their place. This lake is open to fishing and you're invited to catch your limit of bass, bluegill, and perch.

Auto Tour Stop 2

Fire is a tool used by managers to alter habitat to benefit wildlife. Normally, some areas around Island Lake are burned each year to provide a foraging area for Canada geese. Unlike most waterfowl, geese utilize grass as a major food source and can be seen foraging succulent new grass. The island is also burned to provide a loafing area for birds.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 9.1 - 1 Chapter 9.1 Crescent Lake Auto Tour

Auto Tour Stop 3

The fire towers are two of many structures built on the refuge in the early 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Although the towers are no longer used for fire observation, they are serving wildlife. Several years ago, a barn owl gained access to this tower through a broken window, nested and produced several young. After the owlets reached flight stage, the window was repaired and an artificial nest box was attached near the top of the structure. For the past several years, barn owls have been produced from nest boxes on both towers.

Auto Tour Stop 4

Crescent Lake NWR is home to a pair of threatened bald eagles. The pair of bald eagles have been seen at Hackberry Lake in the spring for several years. In 1995, they produced two eaglets in their nest on the south end of the lake and have returned annually since then. Note the nest is in an area of the refuge closed to public access.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 9.1 - 2 Chapter 9.1 Crescent Lake Auto Tour

Auto Tour Stop 5

Sharp-tailed grouse have at least 45 known dancing grounds (or leks) on the refuge where males gather in mid-April to dance and display in hopes of attracting a female. One such lek is found to the east of here. On spring mornings you may be able to hear their low song. Or, you may make reservations to use a blind at the dancing ground to see them up close.

Auto Tour Stop 6

Canada geese are opportunistic in selecting nest sites. Muskrat houses, islands, dense marsh vegetation, even manmade nesting baskets are chosen as nesting places. Baskets (or tubs) filled with hay are comfortable and relatively safe from predators. The Canada goose is the first waterfowl to nest here each spring. Approximately 250 goslings will be produced on the refuge this year from 110 refuge-maintained goose tubs.

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Auto Tour Stop 7

Refuge marshlands provide living creatures with everything needed for survival: food, water, and cover. Stems, leaves, seeds, and roots of many marsh plants are relished by ducks and other wildlife. Aquatic insects, high in protein, furnish nesting ducks and ducklings with essential building blocks for reproduction and growth. With plentiful food and water only a bill's length away, the needs of marsh wildlife for shelter are comfortably met by heavy growths of cattail and bulrush. Muskrats play an important role in keeping such heavy vegetation from choking a marsh by creating openings for their houses and food stockpiles. These structures are often used by waterfowl as nesting sites.

Auto Tour Stop 8

During the early part of the century, the wood duck population plummeted due to wetland drainage, timber harvesting and excessive hunting. Their numbers are being aided by the construction of manmade nesting structures. These structures replace the natural nesting cavities lost to timber harvest.

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Auto Tour Stop 9

In the spring, a low-lying fence can be seen paralleling the road. This is part of a research project being conducted to study the ecology of the yellow mud turtle. As spring gets underway, the turtles, after spending the winter buried in the hillside, will begin migrating to Gimlet Lake. The fence will interrupt this journey just long enough for the researcher to collect data and mark the individual turtles. The turtles are then released unharmed.

This research project is deriving basic life history information of the yellow mud turtle. This information is valuable because the yellow mud turtle is on the endangered species candidate list. The candidate list consists of species whose numbers are low enough to be considered for listing as either “threatened” or “endangered”.

Auto Tour Stop 10

Because trees are scarce in the Sandhills, the groves that have been planted on the refuge attract many small passerine birds, especially during the migration. Some common visitors include the western and eastern kingbirds, yellow-rumped warbler, robin, and white- crowned sparrow.

Another species that you may encounter is the loggerhead shrike. The shrike is another species which is on the candidate species list. Shrikes are perching birds, but are tenacious hunters, much like raptors. “Butcher-bird” is a commonly-used nickname of the shrike because of its unusual practice of impaling its prey (insects, small birds, and small mammals) on thorns and barbed-wire.

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Auto Tour Stop 11

Goose Lake is one of several large lakes used by migrating waterfowl in the spring and fall. Open water and the two islands offer ducks and geese a place to feed and rest away from predators and human disturbance. At any time during the migrations, 10,000- 35,000 waterfowl can be found on the refuge. These lakes yield heavy growths of submerged aquatic plants eagerly sought and fed upon by migratory waterfowl.

Auto Tour Stop 12

While you are sitting here, underwater plants in the open water of this marsh are slowly killing it! As plants die, they decay. This material forms a mat on the marsh floor called “humus”. Humus provides larger plants, such as bulrush and cattails, with a place to become anchored. As the larger plants die, they add to the humus layer and slowly they are able to move inward, covering more of the surface area of the marsh.

Grass and other plants along the shore will gradually occupy the fertile, drying humus left behind. This process is called plant succession. As a result of succession, the shorelines of a marsh eventually meet in the center. After hundreds of years, this marsh will disappear.

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Auto Tour Stop 13

The grass-covered dunes of the Nebraska Sandhills are characterized by low rolling hills and steep-sided “choppies”. Upland sandpipers, meadowlarks, and lark buntings are among the prairie birds that share the Sandhills with cattle, antelope, and deer.

Sandhill soils are extremely susceptible to wind erosion, overgrazing and vehicle abuse. Any of these actions which disturb the fragile grass cover can quickly result in “blowouts”. Blowouts do serve some good. They are the home of the only endangered plant on the refuge, the blowout penstemon. Blowout penstemon is a wild flower which is found only in or immediately adjacent to active blowouts.

Auto Tour Stop 14

Duck numbers were in a serious decline in the late 1970s and 1980s. Much of this decline was attributed to the lack of suitable nesting habitat. Managers and researchers looked to the success of artificial structures used for geese and wood ducks. This led to the nesting structure you see attached below the goose tub. These structures have shown success elsewhere and were used for the first time on Crescent Lake NWR in 1995.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 9.1 - 7 Chapter 9.1 Crescent Lake Auto Tour

Auto Tour Stop 15

Small ponds such as these are valuable habitat for ducks. Ducks are somewhat territorial in the spring and the male has to defend his female from other males. These small ponds provide the privacy duck pairs need during courtship and breeding.

Auto Tour Stop 16

Blue-winged teal are the most common upland nesting duck at Crescent Lake NWR, followed by mallards, gadwalls, shovelers, and pintails. As we found out earlier, nesting habitat loss, in part, caused a decline in duck numbers.

A primary task on the refuge is to develop and maintain dense, tall, grassy habitat - the kind of nesting cover usually preferred by ducks. An incubating female duck or pheasant needs a secure place where she can sit on her clutch of eggs in relative safety from predators. Techniques used to improve nesting cover include grazing, haying, prescribed burning, and reseeding of native grasses.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 9.1 - 8 Chapter 9.1 Crescent Lake Auto Tour

Auto Tour Stop 17

The Moore Valley, which extends from Martin Lake (north) through Lower Harrison (south), provides a unique opportunity for managers, because it is a natural drainage system. By installing a system of earthen dikes and ditches, managers are able to control water levels.

You've learned about plant succession and the need for privacy by nesting pairs. By lowering water levels, burning the vegetation, and then flooding it again, plant succession can be slowed down. This allows for small openings to remain in the cattails and rushes. These openings provide the same privacy that the small ponds provide.

Auto Tour Stop 18

Smith Lake is home to the black-crowned night heron and the uncommon white-faced ibis. These are two of the six colonial nesters found on the refuge. Eared grebes, double-crested cormorants, black terns, and great blue herons are the other four.

Two theories suggest the reason for nesting in colonies. Detection of predators is the first. The second is the “information-center” hypothesis. It is believed that by following successful mothers foraging for food, inexperienced females can locate good hunting areas.

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Auto Tour Stop 19

Border Lake is a good place to view shorebirds. Two species common to the lake are the American avocet and Wilson's phalarope. The avocet can be distinguished by the pale orange and black markings on its white body. Avocets feed by moving their bills through the water surface to strain out food. The phalarope is a smaller shorebird which feeds by sitting on the water, spinning in circles to kick up its food. It can then pick the food items up from the water surface.

Auto Tour Stop 20

As you come to the end of the tour, recall the Indians, trappers, pioneers and early duck hunters who sought abundant game here. We are indeed fortunate that many bird and animal species so familiar to those early Americans still thrive here today. This has not happened by accident, but by the foresight of those who established the refuge and by the care given to managing wildlife today. Truly, an American heritage has been passed on.

This auto tour and photos are credited to the Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 9.1 - 10 Chapter 9.1 Crescent Lake Auto Tour

Chapter 10______Strategic Plan

The Byway CMP outlines the goals, strategies, actions and responsibilities for conserving and promoting the Byway. While adhering to the Guiding Principles, the CMP is designed to offer direction for the organization’s work and be responsive to new proposals and developments along the Byway.

The Byway will use the mission statement as a guide, to conserve, promote, and enhance the Byway. Using this plan will maintain the integrity of the area as larger numbers of visitors come to enjoy the uniqueness and diversity of the region.

During the planning process, concerns have been raised about the implications of the byway management plan on future land use, development rights, zoning, and the resale of property. The existing land use and zoning regulations adequately address land use and development.

No changes to growth areas, land use, or zoning regulations of any kind are proposed as part of this plan, nor are they needed for byway designation. The plan recommends that new incentives be developed that encourage business development and retention. Anyone who owns property either now or in the future, even if the byway is designated as an All American Road, can continue to use that property in any way local, state, and federal laws allow.

The counties and municipalities along the Byway are responsible for determining how to conserve the intrinsic qualities. The Byway organization and this plan will provide options that counties and municipalities may want to consider in their planning.

ELEMENTS OF SUCCESSFUL PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

• Have a clear chain of command. Decide who has the responsibility and authority to make decisions. Final decisions will be made by the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Board of Directors working closely with the Planning and Development Committee. The Board will take an active role in reviewing the policies and goals of this Byway as set forth in the CMP. The Planning and Development committee will be made up of community members, local business owners and public agency consultants, and as such it will incorporate public oversight of and involvement in the project.

The Nebraska Department of Roads will provide the leadership role in recommending and reviewing roadway improvements. County and city government officials and community entities will be involved in making recommendations on all capitol improvement projects related to the Byway.

• Keep members, partners and the general Byway community updated and involved via email, monthly meetings, phone conferences and website. Publicity campaigns, mailings, newsletters, website, emails and other methods for distributing information will be part of the communication process, as well as public meetings and other formats for discussion. Public input was gathered at CMP review meetings in east, central and western locations of the Byway. SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 10 - 1 Chapter 10 Strategic Plan

• Evaluate and update regularly to make sure progress is being made to attain the goals, being flexible and responsive to current developments. The Byway will continue to conduct research, analyze available information, facilitate public meetings, and make design and program recommendations for the enhancement, improvement and promotion of this Byway. Landscape architects and interpretation planners will be used as necessary in planning various facets of Byway enhancements.

• Procure funding for Byway projects. Funding for projects that are part of the CMP may be from local, state, federal agencies, and non-profit organizations. Additional funds may be realized from various groups, such as: business and industry, concessions, Byway fundraisers, county lodging tax revenue, private donations, and Byway membership dues.

• Maintain volunteer support. The Byway organization recognizes and appreciates the countless hours of volunteer support. The Byway will implement a recognition program and educational opportunities for its volunteers.

• Maintain and Expand Partnerships

Other organizations and agencies that may play an immediate or ongoing role implementing the CMP’s recommendations include:

• Local governments • Local chambers of commerce and tourism bureaus • Local Historical societies • City Parks Departments • Local recreation groups • Nebraska Division of Travel & Tourism • Nebraska Department of Economic Development • Nebraska Department of Roads • Nebraska Game & Parks Commission • Nebraska State Historical Society • Resource Conservation Development District Offices • University of Nebraska • U.S. Forest Service, including the Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District • U.S. Fish & Wildlife, including the Valentine and Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuges • The Resources listed in Chapter 11 – Resources and Partnerships

GOALS OF THE SANDHILLS JOURNEY SCENIC BYWAY

The Byway plans to pursue the following goals to enhance the visitor experience and improve the rural economy while assisting with population stabilization along the route. The diminishing population base that results in loss of services to community residents and Byway travelers is one of the greatest concerns of the Byway membership.

The Byway organization recognizes the importance of identifying benchmarks that will measure the success of the goals that are established.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 10 - 2 Chapter 10 Strategic Plan

Goal: Enhance the Byway visitor’s experience

Strategy – Provide information directing visitors to Byway attractions and amenities

Action – The Byway Marketing Committee will develop a “Travel Guide/Visitor Information Booklet” by 2011.

Action – The Byway Planning and Development Committee will conduct feasibility research to determine if interest exists to expand Visitors Centers within or as portals to the route by January 2011.

Strategy - Development of Interpretation Plan

Action – Grants Committee applies for Federal Byway Grant - Fall 2009.

Action - Upon notification of grant funding, Planning and Development Committee will proceed with design, development and installation of interpretive kiosks.

Action – Grants Committee applies for Federal Byway Grant for Interpretation and Kiosk Panels – Phase I - fall 2010 East – natural – eastern regional geology, native wildlife , & Sandhills Cranes & Spring Migration Central - natural -Sandhills Geology, native wildlife, and prairie chicken & sharp-tailed grouse West - natural – western regional geology, native wildlife and wetlands

Action – Grants Committee applies for Federal Byway Grant for Interpretation / Kiosk Panels – Phase II - fall 2011 East - Cultural - Farming or Golden Triangle (Cattle, Corn & Ethanol) Central - Cultural - Ranching West - Cultural - Farming (wheat, sugar beets, & dry edible beans)

Action – Grants Committee applies for Federal Byway Grant for Interpretation / Kiosk Panels – Phase III - fall 2012 East – cultural -German Immigrants Central –natural - National Forest, largest hand planted in US West – cultural - Burlington Northern/Santa Fe Transportation and the coal transported

Action – The Byway Planning and Development Committee will conduct feasibility research to determine if wayside pull-outs would be appropriate along the route by January 2011.

Strategy – Advocate for highway safety improvements

Action – The Byway Board of Directors will investigate the regulations regarding bright lights from approaching trains.

Action – The Byway Board of Directors will advocate for continued highway improvements on the remaining segments of Highway 2 that currently do not have hard surfaced shoulders (56 miles, approximately 20% of the Byway).

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 10 - 3 Chapter 10 Strategic Plan

Strategy - The Byway Board of Directors will be an advocate for the National Scenic Byway Program

Action – Byway members will attend national byway conferences and regional meetings.

Action – Continue to cooperate with other scenic byways on the state and national level to jointly learn about successes and opportunities.

Strategy – Encourage Byway beautification The Byway recognizes the significant number of organizations that are currently participating in the Adopt a Highway Program. (See appendix for a complete list of those organizations.)

Action – The Byway Public Relations Committee will develop a recognition program for community enhancement projects by January 2010.

Goal - Increase public awareness of the Byway, including its unique natural features, cultural activities, and quality of life

Strategy – Expand awareness of the Byway to the residents along the Byway

Action – The Education Committee will plan and coordinate annually workshops/educational seminars regarding unique features along the Byway beginning in 2009. These may include: Birding, Migratory Birds along the North American Central Flyway, Historical, Geological, Hydrology, flora and fauna.

Strategy – Expand awareness to a state, national, and international market

Action – The Byway Marketing Committee will expand and implement the current marketing plan to a national and international level by December 2009.

Action - Apply for All American Road during next application cycle

Action - Incorporate Multi-lingual translation into the website to encourage international travelers (applied for grant funding to Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism in July 2008).

Action – Develop pod casts interpreting the natural and cultural intrinsic qualities along the Byway including multi-lingual translations in 2009. (Project enabled by a 2007 grant from the Federal Highway Administration Byway Grant.)

Action – The Byway Public Relations Committee will research and, if feasible, develop reciprocal web links with logistically favorable attractions and groups by December 2009.

Action – The Byway Marketing Committee will develop a Byway user survey to research travelers’ needs and experiences by January 2009.

Action - Expand the Byway’s news letter frequency and distribution.

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Strategy – Increase media exposure between 2008 and 2013 by 50%

Action – The Byway Public Relations Committee will seek assistance to develop press releases with exceptional photography and distribute to regional, national, or special interest travel publications. Action – The Byway Marketing Committee will expand advertising into national publications by December 2009. Action - The Byway Marketing Committee will develop a bi-annual familiarization press tour emphasizing natural and cultural Byway qualities.

Strategy - Provide timely follow-up to advertisement inquiries.

Action – The Byway Fulfillment Committee will mail Byway promotional pieces to ad inquiries as an on-going task.

Strategy - Encourage youth and young adults to return “home” and live along the Byway, thus reducing the “brain drain” that may result in community stagnation.

Action - Encourage youth participation in the Byway organization. The Byway Membership Committee will develop a plan for youth “buy-in” to the organization by fall 2009.

Action – Partner with Byway Community Schools through various youth organizations.

Action – Byway members will make presentations regarding the Byway quality of life and business development opportunities beginning in the spring of 2009

Action – The Byway Public Relations Committee will use the Byway newsletter and press releases to encourage participation in the Adopt-A-Highway program beginning in the spring of 2009

Strategy - Support and enhancement of the Byway Tourism Information Centers

Action – The Byway Marketing Committee will replace or add new brochure racks where needed – on-going.

Action - By January 2011, the Byway will replace the Visitor Information location signage with the addition of the new Byway and All-American Road logos, identifying and differentiating the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway apart from the other eight Nebraska State Byways.

Strategy –Develop a plan to increase Byway recognition

Action - By January 2011, the Byway, in conjunction with the Nebraska Department of Roads, will develop and implement a plan to replace the current “Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway” identification and “Nebraska Byway Logo” signs with signs consisting of the Byway’s new logo and All-American Road brand, identifying and differentiating the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway apart from the other eight Nebraska State Byways.

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Strategy – Develop partnerships to protect and preserve the natural resources

Action – Encourage Byway members and other individuals/entities along the Byway to participate in the comprehensive plans and reviews of the Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District; Valentine National Wildlife Refuge; and Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuges.

Action – The Byway organization will collaborate with partners to encourage preservation and protection of the natural resources within the North America Central Flyway.

Goal – Increase marketing efforts to position the Byway region as a destination, yielding a 40% increase in visitor revenues based on taxable lodging sales by December 2013

Strategy - Encourage the increase of educational developments

Action – The Broken Bow Economic Development Corp. will complete the construction of the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitor Center at Broken Bow by 2009 – progress is on going, opening projected for April 25, 2009.

Action – The Broken Bow Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitor Center operational committees will develop intriguing educational displays that entice travelers to visit not only Custer County, but other quality byway attractions as well. (2009-2013).

Action – The Byway Education Committee will develop information regarding Agri/Ecotourism diversification opportunities by January 2009.

Strategy – Encourage the development of vacation packages

Action – Facilitate the communication between Byway attractions to develop vacation packages.

Action – List vacation packages on the Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism and other vacation package websites.

Strategy - Provide timely updates to all Byway web and print materials

Action – The Byway will retain the services of a professional marketing company.

Action – The Byway will retain the services of a professional internet website developer.

Strategy - Exhibit and distribute Byway information at events and regional trade shows in conjunction with other Nebraska tourist related exhibitors or independently.

Action – Byway volunteers will attend regional travel shows in Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Omaha, Nebraska, as well as the Nebraska State Fair and Byway county fairs, to display an informational booth and distribute information regarding Byway amenities (Grant awarded from the Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism in 2007 & July 2008).

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Strategy - Encourage collaboration of exhibits regarding the natural and cultural attributes of the Byway among the portals/museums/visitor centers

Action – The Byway Education Committee will facilitate communication between the portals/museums/visitor centers to initiate exchange of Byway related exhibits by spring of 2009.

Strategy – Initiate development and promotion of organized tours visiting Byway attractions by May 2009

Action – The Byway Group Tour Committee has developed and plans to develop more motor coach tour itineraries and promote them to tour operators, special interest groups or individual travelers. The following are tour themes the Byway plans to develop: Nature, Cultural, Agriculture, Art, Historical, Star-gazing, Birding, Motorcycle, Biking, Wineries, and Railroad.

Action - The Byway Group Tour Committee will continue to work with the Grand Island Convention and Visitors Bureau to develop the tour itinerary titled “Them Thar’ Hills,” highlighting attractions in the Nebraska Sandhills, the South Dakota Black Hills, and western Iowa’s Loess Hills.

Action – The Byway will continue to utilize the current Byway Audio Guide Tour on CD, and the Marketing Committee will investigate additional methods to present Byway information to travelers. These methods may include reproducing and/or updating current audio guide (CD), pod casting, and cell phone tours.

Action – The Byway tours will be submitted to the Nebraska Division of Travel and Tourism for inclusion in the State’s group tour planner as itineraries are developed.

Goal - Capitalize on Byway travelers who pass through the region en-route to other destinations

Strategy – Direct Interstate 80 travelers to use the Byway

Action - The Marketing Committee will research and if feasible, develop a plan to use billboard advertising to direct west bound I-80 travelers toward the Byway by December 2010.

Strategy – Partner with other “destination attractions” outside the Byway to develop cooperative marketing projects

Action – The Byway Marketing Committee will research and if feasible, develop a plan to work in cooperation with the South Dakota Black Hills tourism partners to attract Byway travelers by December 2010.

Action – The Byway Marketing Committee will research and if feasible, develop a plan to work in cooperation with the Indians and Pioneers tourism group of South Dakota/Nebraska to attract Byway travelers by December 2010.

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Goal: The Byway will be a “self-sustaining” organization

Strategy - Generate revenue streams to fund proposed Byway projects and operations

Action – The Byway Fundraising Committee will continue to assist Prairie Industries in creating and expanding the sales of “Byway” bottled water sales.

Action – The Byway Fundraising Committee will continue to host the Annual Polar Bear Tank Race and chili cook-off as a winter fund raiser.

Action – The Byway Fundraising Committee will investigate adding more raffle fund raisers in the future.

Action – The Byway will consider future contests as fund raisers and Byway awareness projects.

Action – The Byway will consider selling Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway “logo branded” items such as calendars, postcards, shirts, playing cards, coffee mugs, etc.

Action – The Byway Grant Committee will continue to apply for grants to promote, preserve, and educate people about the Byway and its intrinsic qualities.

Strategy – The work force of the Byway will consist of volunteer and paid staff

Action: The Byway Board of Directors will develop a plan to address staffing options that may result in a least one paid staff person to assist with Byway projects by January 2010.

Goal: Triple Byway organization’s membership by 2013

Strategy - Market Byway benefits to businesses and individuals interested in the organizations mission

Action - Continue familiarization tours of the Byway for members and others at monthly meetings – on-going.

Action - The Byway Marketing Committee will develop a “window cling” displaying the Byway logo and All-American Road logo for members to display in places of business by December of 2009.

Action – The Byway Membership Committee will implement a membership drive based on the benefits of the All-American Road designation after designation is announced.

Action - The Byway Membership Committee will investigate a membership recognition program that may include producing a “certificate of membership” that members can display. Certificates will be awarded at the annual banquet.

Action – The Byway Public Relations Committee will develop a plan to highlight Byway members, creating awareness in the Byway Newsletter by January 2009.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 10 - 8 Chapter 10 Strategic Plan

Goal: Increase appropriate business development

Strategy – Identify needed services as tourism increases

Action – The Byway will partner with local economic development corporations and private businesses to encourage additional tourism related services as needed.

Strategy - Partner to promote business development training

Action – The Byway Public Relations Committee will continue to work with partners to host Hospitality Training (Red Carpet Service Training by UNL Rural Initiative) - on-going.

Action – The Byway will partner with appropriate groups to promote business development and expansion training – on-going.

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PLAN

It is important to note that though the time frames referenced in goals, strategies, and actions are desired, actual timing of implementation will depend on many factors, including the availability of funding, the ability to obtain approvals and permits, the level of detail needed for design, and other factors. Once some of the short term action items are accomplished, the list may be reviewed, and other action items may become higher in priority. Also, with on-going planning and community involvement, additional action items will likely be added to the list in the future.

To insure that the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway is enjoyed and treasured by future generations, continuous evaluation of the Byway with its many features and elements is vital. The Byway Board of Directors will oversee an annual evaluation of the plan.

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 10 - 9 Chapter 10 Strategic Plan

Chapter 11 Resources and Partnerships

The following governmental agencies, organizations, and businesses have provided information for this document and/or are partnering with the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway. Voluntary partnerships are one of the most positive and productive means for assuring that the Byway is conserved, preserved, promoted and enhanced. A preliminary list of participants was identified in 2007. Cooperative partners to date include:

Government Agencies

Jim Pearson, Nebraska Byways Coordinator/Programs Manager Nebraska Department of Roads 1500 Highway 2 PO Box 94759 Lincoln, NE 68509-4759 402-479-4881 [email protected] www.nebraskatransportation.org

Christian Hornbaker, Director Nebraska Division of Travel & Tourism 301 Centennial Mall South PO Box 94666 Lincoln, NE 68509-4666 402-471-3794 or 800-426-6505 [email protected] www.visitnebraska.gov

Bob Puschendorf, Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer Nebraska State Historical Society 1500 R St PO Box 82554 Lincoln, NE 68501-2554 402-471-4769 or 800-833-6747 [email protected] www.nebraskahistory.org

Duane Westerholt, Parks Division Nebraska Game & Parks Commission 220 North 33rd Street PO Box 30370 Lincoln, NE 68503-0370 402-471-5511 or 800-826-PARK [email protected] www.OutdoorNebraska.org

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 11 - 1 Chapter 11 Resources and Partnerships

Nebraska Department of Agriculture Greg Ibach, Director 301 Centennial Mall South 4th Fl PO Box 94947 Lincoln, NE 68509-4947 402-471-2341 [email protected] www.agr.state.ne.us

Christin Kamm, Public Information Officer 402-471-2341 [email protected]

Joe Parsons, Agriculture Statistics 100 Centennial Mall North, Room 298 402-437-5541 [email protected]

Nebraska Department of Economic Development Richard Baier, Director 301 Centennial Mall South PO Box 94666 Lincoln, NE 68509-4666 402-471-3111 or 800-426-6505 [email protected] [email protected]

Nebraska Game & Parks Commission Rex Amack, Director 220 North 33rd Street PO Box 30370 Lincoln, NE 68503-0370 402-471-0641 or 800-826-PARK [email protected] www.OutdoorNebraska.org

Michelle Stryker Trails Administrator 402-471-5425 [email protected]

Sarah Johnson Photo Library 402-471-5466 [email protected]

Suzanne Ridder Parks, Marketing & Calendar of Events 402-471-1643 [email protected]

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 11 - 2 Chapter 11 Resources and Partnerships

Nebraska State Historical Society Michael J Smith, Director/CEO 1500 R St PO Box 82554 Lincoln, NE 68501-2554 402-471-3270 or 800-833-6747 [email protected] www.nebraskahistory.org

Nebraska Department of Natural Resources Brian Dunnigan, Interim Director 301 Centennial Mall South, 4th Fl PO Box 94676 Lincoln, NE 68509-4676 402-471-2363 [email protected] www.drn.ne.gov

Nebraska Department of Roads John Craig, Director 1500 Highway 2 PO Box 94759 Lincoln, NE 68509-4759 [email protected] www.nebraskatransportation.org

Mary Jo Oie, Communication Division Manager 402-479-4512 [email protected]

Sean Owings Highway Safety, Traffic Engineering Division 402-479-4628 [email protected]

Rose Braun GIS Manager 402-479-3698 [email protected]

District Engineers

Wesley Wahlgren, District 4 (Hall, Buffalo, Sherman & Howard) 211 N Tilden St, PO Box 1488 Grand Island, NE 68802-1488 308-385-6365 [email protected]

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 11 - 3 Chapter 11 Resources and Partnerships

Craig R Lind, District 5 (Sheridan & Box Butte Counties) 140375 Rundell Rd., PO Box 220 Gering, NE 69341 308-436-6587 [email protected]

Gary Thayer, District 6 (Custer, Blaine, Thomas, Hooker, Grant & Cherry) 1321 N Jeffers St, PO Box 1108 North Platte, NE 69103-1108 308-535-8031 [email protected]

University of Nebraska – Lincoln

Education & Human Sciences

Dr. Lisa Pennisi Asst Professor of Natural Resources, Tourism & Recreation Department of Agriculture Leadership Education & Communication 305 Ag Hall (East Campus) 402-472-5875 [email protected]

Geosciences

Dave Loope UNL Professor, Geosciences 402-472-2647 [email protected]

Jim Sweinhart UNL Natural Resources Dept Professor, Survey Division Professor, Geosciences 102 NH Kellogg Center Lincoln, NE 402-472-7529 [email protected]

University Museum

Bruce Baily Paleontologist, University Museum 1656 SW 15th St 402-472-2657 [email protected]

Shane Tucker 402-472-2657 University Museum Highway Palentologist [email protected]

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 11 - 4 Chapter 11 Resources and Partnerships

West Central Research & Extension Center

Connie Francis, Extension Educator West Central Research & Extension Center 402 W University Dr North Platte, NE 69101-7756 308-696-6739 [email protected] www.westcentral.unl.edu

Jim Goeke, Professor and Research Hydrogeologist West Central Research & Extension Center Rt. 4, PO Box 46A North Platte, NE 69101 308-696-6704 [email protected]

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

Forest Service

Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District Patricia “Patti” Barney United States Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service 40637 River Loop PO Box 39 Halsey, NE 69142 308-533-2257 [email protected] www.fs.fed.us/r2/nebraska

Nebraska National Forest, Forest and Grasslands Supervisor Jane D. Darnell United States Department of Agriculture, US Forest Service 125 N Main Chadron, NE 69337 308-432-0300 x 399 [email protected]

Resource Conservation & Development ( RC&D)

Sandhills RC&D Bob Broweleit, Coordinator 102 SE 2nd St PO Box 28 Mullen, NE 69152 308-546-0636 [email protected] www.sandhillsrcd.org

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 11 - 5 Chapter 11 Resources and Partnerships

Loup Basin RC&D Leroy Jons, Coordinator 801 S Street, Suite 2 Ord, NE 68862 308-728-3393 [email protected] www.loupbasinrcd.net

South Central Nebraska RC&D Randal Gunn, Coordinator 125 West Plum St Doniphan, NE 68832-0250 402-845-6678 [email protected] www.nercd.com

Panhandle RC&D Ron Moore, Coordinator 1517 Broadway, Suite 101 Scottsbluff, NE 69361-3184 308-632-1311 [email protected] www.panhandlercd.com

Natural Resource Conservation Service

Kelly Klenke USDA – NRCS 100 Centennial Mall N RM 152 Lincoln, NE 68508-3866 402-437-5300 [email protected]

United States Department of Interior

Fish & Wildlife

Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge Neil Powers, Refuge Manager 10630 Road 181 Ellsworth, NE 69340 308-762-4893 www.fws.gov/crescentlake

Valentine National Wildlife Refuge Refuge Manager Fort Niobrara National Wildlife Refuge Hidden Timber Route, HC 14, Box 67 Valentine, Nebraska 69201 402-376-3789 www.fws.gov/valentine

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 11 - 6 Chapter 11 Resources and Partnerships

Museums

Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer Joe Black, Director 3133 Hwy 34 W Grand Island, NE 68801-7280 308-385-5316 www.sturhmuseum.org

Mike Bockoven, Marketing & Public Relations Director 308-385-5316 x208 [email protected]

Custer County Historical Museum Mary Landkamer, Curator Chard Hirsch 445 S 9th Ave Broken Bow, NE 68822 308-872-2203 www.rootsweb.com/~necuster

Knight Museum & Sandhills Center Becci Thomas, Director 602 Box Butte Alliance, NE 69301 308-762-2384 [email protected]

Chambers of Commerce, Convention & Visitors Bureaus

Renee Seifert, Executive Director Grand Island/Hall County Convention & Visitors Bureaus 2424 S Locust St, Ste C Grand Island, NE 68801 308-382-4400 or 800- [email protected] www.visitgrandisland.com

Ravenna Chamber of Commerce PO Box 56 Ravenna, NE 68869 308-452-3225

Denise Russell, Director Broken Bow Chamber of Commerce 444 So 8th Broken Bow, NE 68822 308-872-5691 [email protected]

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 11 - 7 Chapter 11 Resources and Partnerships

Marlene VanDiest Blaine County Visitors Committee PO Box 25 Dunning, NE 68833 308-538-2241 [email protected]

Tom Witt, President Thomas County Visitors Committee PO Box 225 Thedford, NE 69166 308-645-2715 [email protected] www.tourthomascountynebraska.com

Mitch Glidden, President Hooker County Tourism PO Box 28 Mullen, NE 69152 308-546-2206 [email protected] www.hooker-county.com

Marina Garner, President Sandhills Chamber of Commerce PO Box 326 Hyannis, NE 69350 308-458-2716

Dixie Nelson, Executive Director Alliance Chamber of Commerce PO Box 571 Alliance, NE 69301 308-762-1520 [email protected] www.alliancechamber.com

Organizations

Sandhills Task Force Gene Mack PO Box 1686 Kearney, NE 68848 www.sandhillstaskforce.org

Ducks Unlimited Steve Donovan, NE Manager of Conservation Programs 2550 North Diers Ave, Ste L Grand Island, NE 68803 308-383-8075 www.ne.ducks.org

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 11 - 8 Chapter 11 Resources and Partnerships

Ducks Unlimited, Inc. is an international non-profit wetlands, waterfowl, and wildlife conservation organization. National Wild Turkey Federation Dennis Conger 16072 Oak St Omaha, NE 68130 402-933-5601 www.nwtf.org

Pheasants Forever Pete Berthelsen, Coordinator 1011 Alexander Ave Elba, NE 68835 308-754-5339 www.nebraskapf.com

Pheasants Forever is dedicated to the protection and enhancement of pheasant and other wildlife populations in North America through habitat improvement, land management, public awareness, and education.

Publications

NEBRASKAland Magazine Published by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission continuously since 1926, NEBRASKAland is dedicated to outstanding photography and engaging, informative writing about nature and outdoor recreation in Nebraska and the Great Plains. www.ngpc.state.ne.us/nebland

Nebraska Life Nebraska Life is a state-wide publication that provides informative articles about the people, communities, recreation, culture, history, nature and the scenery in Nebraska. www.nebraskalife.com

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 11 - 9 Chapter 11 Resources and Partnerships

Chapter 12 Acknowledgements

References:

Ann Bleed & Charles Flowerday, Editors; An Atlas of the Sandhills, Conservation and Survey Division, Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska- Lincoln, Resource Atlas No. 5 / 1989

Mead & Hunt, Inc, 6501 Watts Road, Madison, WI & Heritage Research, Ltd, N89 W 16785 Appleton Avenue, Menomonee Falls, WI 53051, Nebraska Historic Buildings Survey Historic Highways in Nebraska, prepared for the Nebraska State Historical Society and the Nebraska Department of Roads, August 2002

Charles Barron McIntosh, The Nebraska Sand Hills The Human Landscape, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln & London, 1966

Amy Koch, Sand Hills Archeology, a Nebraska State Historical Society publication, 1999

Jon Farr, Birding Nebraska, January-February 2004 NEBRASKAland Magazine, Volume 83, Number 1, Nebraska Game & Parks Commission

The Cellars of Time, January-February 1994, NEBRASKAland Magazine, Volume 72, Number 1, Nebraska Game and Parks Commission

Walk in the Woods, January-February 1993, NEBRASKAland Magazine, Volume 71, Number 1, Nebraska Game & Parks Commission

The Sandhills River Country, November 1993, NEBRASKAland Magazine, pages 18-34 and also printed as a separate booklet, Nebraska Game & Parks Commission

The Road Home: A Photographic Journey, January-February 1995, NEBRASKAland Magazine, Volume 73, Number 1, Nebraska Game & Parks Commission

Candy Moulton, Roadside History of Nebraska, Mountain Press Publishing, Missoula, Montana, 1997

D. Ray Wilson, Nebraska Historical Tour Guide, Crossroads Communications, 1983

Lauren Adams, editor; Nebraska Blue Book 2006-2007, Phillip Brothers Printers, published biennially

All information on State Historical Markers was retrieved from the Nebraska State Historical website on December 14, 2006: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/markers/texts

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 12 - 1 Chapter 12 Acknowledgements

The Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway organizational model stems from the volunteers’ vision, foresight, and support that recognize the benefits of the Byway program. Their dedication to get the organization to this point and beyond should be commended. These volunteers from diverse backgrounds include farmers, ranchers, business owners, retirees, and community organization members. Volunteer support has always been and will continue to be the driving force of this Byway. These volunteers are passionate in taking the initiative to provide the “get ‘er done” attitude.

Hundreds of people from the Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway and its Corridor helped formulate the CMP for the Byway. Without their input, the CMP would not have become the local tool for implementation that it is. Many thanks go to the following:

Corridor Management Plan Committee Members:

Renee Seifert, Grand Island Sandy Christiansen, Broken Bow Marlene Van Diest, Dunning Patti Barney, Halsey Helen White, Thedford Korinda Licking, Thedford Pam Reed, Thedford Terri Licking, Thedford Tom Witt, Thedford Mitch Glidden, Mullen Pat Bridges, Mullen Twila Phillips, Mullen Jeanne Davis, Hyannis

Resources:

Connie Francis, North Platte - University of Nebraska Extension Educator Bob Broweleit, Mullen - Sandhills RC&D Coordinator Twyla Witt, Thedford - Nebraska Tourism Byway Consultant

The plan would not have been possible without the assistance of these and many other individuals:

Abbie Welliver, Grand Island Liz Gerberding, Grand Island Renee Seifert, Grand Island Trish Beem, Grand Island Shirley Johnson, Dannebrog Alan Bartels, Farwell Ravenna News, Ravenna Joyce Sears, Kellie Crowe, Ravenna Dianne Weiberg, Loup City Becky Kramer, Litchfield Don White, Berwyn Anne Thomas, Broken Bow Chard Hirsch, Broken Bow Denise Russell, Broken Bow

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 12 - 2 Chapter 12 Acknowledgements

Randy Meyer, Callaway Dee Adams, Merna Rachel Chandler, Anselmo Gene Horst, Halsey Leah Carson, Natural Resource Conservation Service, Thedford Anna Baum, Upper Loup Natural Resource District, Thedford Connie Broweleit, Seneca Jackie Sevier, Seneca Jana Jensen, Bingham Stephanie Graham, Ellsworth Jack Andersen, Lakeside Becci Thomas, Alliance Dixie Nelson, Alliance Liz Taylor-Herdt, Alliance Leroy Jons, Ord - Coordinator, Loup Basin RC&D Randall Gunn, Doniphan – Coordinator, South Central Nebraska RC&D Ron Moore, Scottsbluff - Coordinator, Panhandle RC&D

Businesses and organizations that donated organizational time, food, and meeting space while the group worked on the CMP:

Broken Bow Library, Broken Bow Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, Halsey Stubs Fine Dining, Thedford Sandhills RC&D, Mullen

Nebraska Historic Preservation Office Staff Bob Puschendorf

Nebraska Department of Roads Staff Jim Pearson, Nebraska Byway Coordinator Mary Jo Oie, Public Relations Rose Baum, GIS Manager Sean Ownings, Traffic Safety Steve Land, Highway Maintenance Superintendent, Broken Bow Tom Renninger, Highway Maintenance Superintendent, Mullen Wesley Wahlgren, District Four Engineer, Grand Island (counties of Hall, Buffalo, & Sherman) Craig Lind, District Five Engineer, Gering (counties of Sheridan & Box Butte) Gary Thayer, District Six Engineer, North Platte (counties of Custer, Blaine, Thomas, Hooker & Grant)

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 12 - 3 Chapter 12 Acknowledgements

Nebraska Division of Travel & Tourism Christian Hornbaker, Director Tom Doering, Research Heather Hogue, Administrative Assistant Tom Tabor, Eco Tourism & Central Nebraska Development Consultant and the Division’s Ad Agency – Snitily Carr

Nebraska Game & Parks Commission Duane Westerholdt, Parks Division Administrator Doug Bauch, Information & Education Division Sara Johnson, Photo Library Michele Stryker, Trails

In 2006, when the Co-Chairs of the National Designation Committee met with the County Commissioners or County Board of Supervisors they ask them to appoint someone to represent their county. The following is a list of those appointments:

County Appointments

Hall County Thomas Emerton 308-485-4232 State Bank of Cairo P O Box 428 Cairo NE 68824 [email protected]

Buffalo County Sherry Morrow 713 W. 29th Street Kearney NE 68845

Sherman County Marlene Rasmussen 308-446-2279 105 W Highway 2 Litchfield NE 68852 [email protected]

Custer County Jim Varney 308-872-6486 Custer Federal Savings and Loan P O Box 310 Broken Bow NE 68822 [email protected]

Blaine Marilyn Rhoades 308-547-2210 Box 100 Brewster NE 68821 [email protected]

Thomas Helen White 308-645-1489 Box 224 Thedford NE 69166 [email protected]

Hooker County Mitch Glidden 308-546-2206 Box 368 Mullen NE 69152 [email protected]

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 12 – 4 Chapter 12 Acknowledgements

Grant County Margaret Sibbitt Grant County later rescinded support Box 349 and appointment Hyannis NE 69350 Sheridan County Dennis Vencill 607 E 2nd Street Rushville NE 69360

Box Butte County Liz Taylor-Herdt 308-762-3876 Box Butte County Tourism P O Box 571 Alliance NE 69301 [email protected]

Grants and Donations Received:

$5,000 Anonymous Donor-To begin the writing of the Corridor Management Plan

$5,000 Custer Economic Development Corp - National Designation effort

$20,000 Custer County Tourism - Match for marketing grant (Pledged)

$ 1,500 Custer County Tourism - Formatting the CMP

Hooker County Visitors Committee Match for Advantage Grants

Thomas County Visitors Committee Match for Advantage Grants

$ 3,000 Consolidated Telephone Byway marketing - (challenge grant)

$ 500 Consolidated Telephone - For conference call equipment

$1,000 Nebraska Rural Electric (NREA) - Byway marketing

$5,000 Roy and Dot Yanagida - for barn for Interpretive Center ($2,000 cash and $3,000 value)

$87,320 Bob Allen - 14.5 acres of land for Interpretive center

$26,000 Broken Bow Industrial Corp. - Interpretive Center

$25,000 Custer Economic Development Corp - Interpretive Center

$5,000 Custer County Foundation - Interpretive Center

$10,000 M. Eighmy Foundation - Interpretive Center

$100,000 Burlington Northern Sante Fe - Interpretive Center

$500 Neal Keller - Interpretive Center

$12,500 Custer County Tourism - Interpretive Center

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 12 - 5 Chapter 12 Acknowledgements

Chapter 13 Appendix

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 13 - 1 Chapter 13 Appendix

Chapter 13.1 Appendix – SJSB Committee List

Annual Banquet Korinda Licking, Thedford 308-645-2528 H [email protected] 308-645-2642 W Marlene Van Diest, Dunning 308-538-2241 [email protected]

Audit

Marlene Van Diest, Dunning 308-538-2241 [email protected] Twila Phillips, Mullen 308-546-0636 [email protected] Tom Witt, Thedford 308-645-2715 [email protected]

Educational & Motor Coach Tours or Group & Motor Coach Tours

Marlene Van Diest, Dunning 308-538-2241 [email protected] Pat Bridges, Mullen 308-546-2314 [email protected] Patti Barney, Halsey 308-533-2257 [email protected] Terri Licking, Thedford 308-645-2368 [email protected] Trish Beem, Grand Island 308-381-1352 [email protected] Dixie Nelson, Alliance 308-762-1520 [email protected] Twyla Witt, NE Tourism-Byway 308-645-9566 cell [email protected]

Fulfillment

Twila Phillips, Mullen 308-546-0636 [email protected]

Fund Raising/Special Events

Jeanne Davis, Hyannis 308-458-2579 [email protected] Merrial Baxter, Thedford 308-645-9891 Mitch Glidden – PB Tank Race 308-546-2368 [email protected] Tom Witt – PB Tank Race 308-645-2715 [email protected] Connie Francis – SJSB Water 308-696-6739 [email protected] Twyla Witt – SJSB Water 308-645-9566 [email protected]

Grants

Bob Broweleit, Mullen 308-546-0636 [email protected] Sandy Christiansen, Broken Bow 308-872-2232 [email protected] Twila Phillips, Mullen 308-546-0636 [email protected]

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 13.1 - 1 Chapter 13.1 SJSB Committee List

Motorcycle & Biking

Korinda Licking, Thedford 308-645-2528 H [email protected] 308-645-2642 W Jeanne Davis, Hyannis 308-458-2579 [email protected] Connie Broweleit, Seneca 308-639-3298 [email protected] Tom Witt, Thedford 308-645-2715 [email protected] Dixie Nelson, Alliance 308-762-1520 [email protected]

Photography

Bob Broweleit, Mullen 308-546-0636 [email protected] Anne Thomas, Broken Bow 308-872-5218

Website Updates

Patti Barney, Halsey 308-533-2257 W [email protected] 308-533-0418 H Pam Reed, Thedford 308-645-2719 H [email protected] 308-660-3032 C Bob Broweleit, Mullen 308-546-0636 W [email protected] 308-546-7110 C

Marketing & Promotion Appointed by President Terri Licking

Pam Reed, Thedford 308-645-2719 H [email protected] Resigned as chair Bob Broweleit, Mullen 308-546-0636 W [email protected] 308-546-7110 C Mitch Glidden, Mullen 308-546-2368 [email protected] Sandy Christiansen, Broken Bow 308-872-2232 [email protected] Jeanne Davis, Hyannis 308-458-2579 [email protected] Connie Francis, North Platte 308-696-6739 [email protected] Twyla Witt, NE Tourism-Byway 308-645-9566 [email protected] Twila Phillips, Mullen 308-546-0636 [email protected]

Membership

Mitch Glidden, Mullen 308-546-2368 [email protected] Terri Licking, co-chair, Thedford 308-645-2368 [email protected] Pat Bridges, Mullen 308-546-2314 Jeanne Davis, Hyannis 308-458-2579 [email protected] Connie Broweleit, Seneca 308-639-3298 [email protected] Chard Hirsch, Broken Bow 308-872-6616 [email protected] Crystal Hanrahan, Ravenna 308-452-4297 W 308-452-4046 H 308-390-6508 C Stephanie Graham, Ellsworth 308-762-2949 [email protected]

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 13.1 - 2 Chapter 13.1 SJSB Committee List

Planning & Development

Eastern Rep – Renee Seifert, Grand Island 308-382-4400 [email protected] Central Rep - Tom Witt, Thedford 308-645-2715 [email protected] Western Rep – Jeanne Davis, Hyannis 308-458-2579 [email protected] Twyla Witt, Nebraska Tourism-Byway 308-645-9566 [email protected] Bob Broweleit, Mullen 308-546-0636 W [email protected] 308-546-7110 C

Public Relations

Tom Witt, Thedford 308-645-2715 [email protected]

National Designation Committee

Jeanne Davis - Co-Chair 308-458-2579 [email protected] Sandy Christiansen - Co-Chair 308-872-2232 [email protected] Patti Barney 308-533-2257 W [email protected] 308-533-0418 H 308-645-9668 C Korinda Licking 308-645-2528 H [email protected] 308-645-2642 W Connie Broweleit 308-639-3298 [email protected] Mitch Glidden 308-546-2368 [email protected] Anne Thomas 308-872-5218 [email protected] 308-870-0387 Denise Russell 308-872-5092 [email protected] Twila Phillips 308-546-0636 W [email protected] 308-546-2540 H Marlene Van Diest 308-538-2241 [email protected] Tom Witt 308-645-2715 H [email protected] 402-450-2268 C Bob Broweleit–Sandhills RC&D-Resource 308-546-0636 W [email protected] 308-546-7110 C Connie Francis, UNL Rural Initiative 308-696-6739 [email protected] Twyla Witt – NE Tourism-Resource 308-645-9566 C [email protected] 308-645-2702 W

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 13.1 - 3 Chapter 13.1 SJSB Committee List

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center Committee Summer 2008

RJ Thomas, Thomas Livestock Co. Norm McCaslin HC 2 Box 74 RR 3 Box 1707 Broken Bow NE 68822 Broken Bow NE 68822 308-872-2061 308-872-5793 [email protected] [email protected]

Anne Thomas Doug Campbell 1910 Westridge Drive Custer Economic Development Corp Broken Bow NE 68822 P O Box 2 308-872-5218 Broken Bow NE 68822 [email protected] 308-870-2959 [email protected] Bill Adams, Adams L&C 327 S. 1st Avenue Chard Hirsch Broken Bow NE 68822 Custer County Tourism 308-872-6494 207 S. F Street [email protected] Broken Bow NE 68822 (cc: [email protected]) 308-872-6616 [email protected] Connie Adams Rt 2 Box 186 Jim Varney, Custer Federal S&L Broken Bow NE 68822 P O Box 310 308-872-5442 Broken Bow NE 68822 [email protected] 308-872-6486 [email protected] Rick Maas Mead Lumber Connie Francis P O Box 396 402 W. State Farm Rd Broken Bow NE 68822 North Platte NE 69101 308-872-2061 308-696-6739 [email protected] [email protected]

Deb McCaslin Allen Donahey 305 S. 10th Avenue NE Department of Roads Broken Bow NE 68822 P O Box 1108 308-872-2471 North Platte NE 69103 [email protected] 308-535-8031 [email protected]

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 13.1 - 4 Chapter 13.1 SJSB Committee List

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center Operations & Maintenance Committee June 2008

Stan Sedlacek, Chairman Doug Campbell 2029 Memorial Dr Custer Economic Development Corp Broken Bow, NE 68822 P O Box 2 308-872-6192 Broken Bow NE 68822 [email protected] 308-870-2959 [email protected]

Anne Thomas Jeanne Davis – SJSB Representative 1910 Westridge Drive PO Box 271 Broken Bow NE 68822 Hyannis, NE 69350 308-872-5218 308-458-2579 H [email protected] 308-458-8082 cell [email protected] Bob Allen Custer County Implement Jim Jones (1 year appointment ) RR 2 Box 75 43910 Dr 783 Broken Bow, NE 68822 Eddyville NE 68834 308-872-2497 308-858-4893 [email protected] No E-mail

Chard Hirsch Paul Loomer Custer County Tourism Broken Bow Public Schools rd 207 S. F Street 1123 S. 3 Ave Broken Bow NE 68822 Broken Bow, NE 68822 308-872-6616 308-872-3114 [email protected] [email protected]

David Green Rick Maas Grocery Kart Mead Lumber RR 1 Box 59 P O Box 396 Broken Bow, NE 68822 Broken Bow NE 68822 308-872-3124 308-872-2061 [email protected] [email protected]

Denise Russell, Treasurer Nancy Sedlacek Broken Bow Chamber of Commerce 2029 Memorial Drive 444 South 8th Broken Bow NE 68822 Broken Bow, NE 68822 (308) 872-6192 308-872-5691 [email protected] [email protected] Sandra Christiansen Don Davis, Secretary Custer County Foundation (1 year appointment) P O Box 304 Mid-Plains Community College Broken Bow NE 68822 Coordinator 308-872-2232 626 S D [email protected] Broken Bow, NE 68822 [email protected] 308-872-5259

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 13.1 - 5 Chapter 13.1 SJSB Committee List

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center Operations & Maintenance Officers and Sub-Committees

Chairman: Stan Sedlacek Secretary: Don Davis Treasurer: Denise Russell

Committees:

Finance: Denise, Sandy

Maintenance: Bob Allen, Rick Maas, Don Davis

Volunteer Recruitment: Chard Hirsch, David Green, Connie Francis

Marketing/Public Relations: Jim Jones, Jeanne Davis, Don Davis

Displays: Paul Loomer, Connie Adams, Denise Russell, Anne Thomas, Sandy Christianasen and Chard Hirsch

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 13.1 - 6 Chapter 13.1 SJSB Committee List

Chapter 13.2 Appendix – Adopt A Highway Program for Nebraska Highway 2

Nebraska Department of Roads (Data received from Nebraska Department of Roads, August 1, 2008)

Beginning Ending Organization Description Reference Reference Number Number

90.000 92.000 Employees of AEP 92.000 94.000 Alliance Lodge #183 118.800 120.000 Employees US Post Office 128.000 130.000 Bingham Women’s Fellowship 133.000 136.000 Rex Ranch 138.000 140.000 Fabulous 4-H Club 140.000 143.000 Hebbert Charolais 143.000 145.000 Hyannis High School Faculty 146.000 148.000 Hyannis FFA 148.000 150.000 Hyannis Rodeo Club 150.000 152.000 Sandhills Chamber of Commerce 157.000 159.000 Beta Sigma Phi 159.000 162.000 Whitman Community Club 177.000 180.000 Phipps and McCully Families 182.000 184.280 Contenders Bible Club 208.000 209.980 UCC Youth Group 225.000 227.000 Nebraska Bow Hunters Assn 227.680 229.000 Sandhills Elementary 235.000 237.000 Sandhills FBLA 238.000 240.000 Sandhills Student Council 260.000 266.000 Anselmo-Merna Nat’l Honor Society 266.000 269.000 Lillian Church of Christ Youth Group 269.290 272.000 St Joseph Catholic Youth 272.000 277.790 Broken Bow FFA 280.000 282.000 Our Savior Lutheran Church 283.000 285.000 Rotary Club of Broken Bow 285.000 286.950 Great Connections 4-H Club 287.460 288.000 Great Connections 4-H Club 288.000 290.000 National Guard Det. 1 1074th Transportation Co. 300.850 300.990 Zimmer Family 301.800 303.000 Zimmer Family 308.000 310.000 Mid-Nebraska Bowhunters 310.000 310.530 Litchfield National Honor Society 311.180 312.000 Litchfield National Honor Society 312.000 314.000 Litchfield Girl Scouts/Lads & Lassies 4-H Club 316.000 316.910 Hazard 4-H Club 317.640 318.000 Hazard 4-H Club 319.000 321.000 Russ Rathjen Family 327.500 329.000 V Skills USA 329.000 330.500 Ravenna FBLA 338.000 340.000 Muzzle Loading Rifle 345.700 347.820 Central Community College - Faculty

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 13.2 -1 Chapter 13.2 Adopt A Highway Program

Chapter 13.3

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Community GPS Waypoints

Nebraska Highway 2

Community Position

Alliance N42 05.977 W102 52.394

Antioch N42 04.164 W102 34.926

Lakeside N42 03.340 W102 25.532

Ellsworth N42 03.505 W102 16.798

Bingham N42 01.198 W102 05.262

Ashby N42 01.362 W101 55.704

Hyannis N42.00.044 W101 45.652

Whitman N42 02.516 W101 31.315

Mullen N42 02.516 W101 02.640

Seneca N42 02.516 W100 49.951

Thedford N41 58.726 W100 34.460

Halsey N41 54.111 W100 16.168

Dunning N41 49.662 W100 06.281

Anselmo N41 37.137 W99 51.943

Merna N41 29.063 W99 45.681

Broken Bow N41 24.283 W99 38.430

Berwyn N41 21.152 W99 30.026

Ansley N41 17.197 W99 22.939

Mason City N41 13.407 W99 17.831

Litchfield N41 09.452 W99 09.261

Hazard N41 05.332 W99 04.647

Sweetwater N41 02.695 W99 00.363

Ravenna N41 01.542 W98 54.760

Cairo N41 00.059 W98 36.632

Grand Island N40 55.280 W98 21.965

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 13.3 -1 Chapter 13.3 Community Waypoints

Chapter 13.4 Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Points of Interest GPS Waypoints

Stuhr Museum, Grand Island N40.52.887 W98.22.418

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway begins N40.57.134 W98.23.213 At Junction of NE Hwy 2 and US Hwy 281

Cedar Hills Vineyard & Tasting Room, N41 235.55 W98 49.5172 East of Ravenna

Sherman Reservoir, Loup City N41.3227621 W98.9025394

Sandhills Journey Scenic Byway Visitors Center N41.23.885 W99.36.779 Broken Bow

Custer County Historical Museum, Broken Bow N41.23.995 W99.38.465

Sod House, Anselmo N41.39.009 W99.71.717

Victoria Springs State Recreation Area, near Anselmo N41 69.948 W99 75.135

Dismal River, south side of Dunning N41. 49.246 W100.06.043

Middle Loup River, north side of Dunning N41 49.755 W100 06.043

Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District N41.87444 W100.37444

Middle Loup River Ranch Guest House N41 55.738 W100 22.909 4 miles west of Halsey

Sandhills State Historical Marker N41 58.831 W100 32.244 Junction East Highway 2 & U.S. Highway 83 North

Valentine National Wildlife Refuge N42.5052273 W100.5822135 North of Thedford on U.S. Highway 83

Thomas County Historical Museum, Thedford N42 01.932 W100 50.204

Glidden Canoe & Tanking Rental, Mullen N42 04.0562 W101.048584

Double R Guest Ranch, north of Mullen N42 3406 W101 0084

Crescent Lake National Wildlife Refuge N41.7282972 W102.3434876 South of Lakeside via county road

Spade Ranch State Historical Marker, Ellsworth N42 4.1478 W102 35.08764

Knight Museum & Sandhills Center, Alliance N42.103447 W102.866900

Carhenge, Alliance N42.138538 W102.858924

Alliance eastern city limits, SJSB ends N42 05.977 W102 52.394

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 13.4 -1 Chapter 13.4 Points of Interest Waypoints

Chapter 13.5 SJSB Logo Graphic Standards

SJSB Corridor Management Plan Page 13.5 -1 Chapter 13.5 SJSB Logo Graphic Standards