Impacts of Joint Land Rights Titling on Women Empowerment: Evidence from Ethiopia
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Impacts of Joint Land Rights Titling on Women Empowerment: Evidence from Ethiopia Adane Dabissa Master Thesis Development Economics Group, Wageningen University Wageningen August, 2013 Impacts of Joint Land Rights Titling on Women Empowerment: Evidence from Ethiopia Adane Dabissa Master Thesis Supervisors: Pr. dr. Erwin Bulte Mr. Mequanint Melesse Development Economics Group Wageningen University August, 2013 Acknowledgment First of all, thanks to almighty God in which nothing could be fruitful without his good will. Next, I would like to thank my supervisors Prof. dr. Erwin Bulte and co-supervisor Mr. Mequanint Biset (a PhD fellow) for their invaluable advice and support. I am also grateful to the Woreda administration officers of Womberma, Bure and Jabi Tehnan woredas. My appreciation also goes to the following kebeles heads of administration offices and DAs - Dened, Yergen, koki, Kentefen, Wazengez, Alefa Basie, Fatan Santom, Gedam Lijamor, Gulim Denj, Menkusa Abadegoma, Guay Wubishet, and Goref Kwencha. In addition, I would like to thank all the twelve enumerators for their dedicated and skillful data collection without whom the tough work of data collection would be difficult. Moreover, my gratitude goes to Bahir Dar University and Wageningen University for their support and collaboration for this research to become real. At last, my deep gratitude goes to NUFFIC for supporting me in financial matters during my whole Master study in the Netherlands through their fellowship grant called Netherland Fellowship Program (NFP). III Table of Contents Lists of tables........................................................................................................................................... V Lists of figures ......................................................................................................................................... V Abbreviations .......................................................................................................................................... V Abstract .................................................................................................................................................. VI 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Literatures review and conceptual framework ................................................................................ 4 2.1. Concepts and importance of land rights .................................................................................. 4 2.2. Women empowerment ............................................................................................................ 4 2.3. Empirical literatures review .................................................................................................... 6 2.4. Conceptual framework ............................................................................................................ 8 3. The case of Ethiopia ...................................................................................................................... 10 3.1. Land rights in Ethiopia .......................................................................................................... 10 3.2. Tenure system in Amhara region (past and present) ............................................................. 11 3.3. The land registration process ................................................................................................. 13 3.4. Study area description ........................................................................................................... 14 4. Data and empirical strategy ........................................................................................................... 16 4.1. Data ....................................................................................................................................... 16 4.1.1. Survey description ......................................................................................................... 16 4.1.2. Public Goods Game ....................................................................................................... 24 4.2. Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 28 4.2.1. Propensity score matching method ................................................................................ 29 4.2.2. Econometric strategy: Tobit Model ............................................................................... 33 5. Results and discussions ................................................................................................................. 34 5.1. Propensity score matching results ......................................................................................... 34 5.1.1. ATT estimation .............................................................................................................. 34 5.1.2. Matching quality assessment ......................................................................................... 42 5.2. Tobit regression results ......................................................................................................... 44 6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................................... 47 References ............................................................................................................................................. 49 Appendix ............................................................................................................................................... 52 A. Women empowerment indicator categories .............................................................................. 52 B. Hypothesized explanatory variables .......................................................................................... 54 C. Experiment (game) protocol ...................................................................................................... 56 IV Lists of tables Table 1: Households sample size by woreda ......................................................................................... 16 Table 2: Summary statistics of explanatory variables ........................................................................... 19 Table 3: Explanatory variables .............................................................................................................. 20 Table 4: Dependent Variables ............................................................................................................... 24 Table 5: Summary statistics of game..................................................................................................... 27 Table 6: Program selection equation ..................................................................................................... 35 Table 7: Average treatment effect and sensitivity analysis results (using all covariates) ..................... 40 Table 8: Average treatment effect and sensitivity analysis results (using exogenous covariates only) 41 Table 9: PSM using kernel matching and covariate balance ................................................................. 43 Table 10: Robustness of results to matching methods and matching quality of kernel method ............ 44 Table 11: Tobit regression ..................................................................................................................... 46 Lists of figures Figure 1: Conceptual framework ............................................................................................................. 9 Figure 2: Study woredas map ................................................................................................................ 15 Figure 3: Histogram of propensity score distribution ............................................................................ 31 Abbreviations ATT ........................ Average Treatment Effect CIA ......................... Conditional Independence Assumption CSA ........................ Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia DAs ......................... Development Agents ETB ........................ Ethiopian Birr FDRE ...................... Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia GDP ........................ Gross Domestic Product HH .......................... Households LAC ........................ Land Administration Committee LUAD ..................... Land Use Administration Desk NGO ....................... Non-Governmental Organization PSM ....................... Propensity Score Matching SNNP ...................... Southern Nations and Nationalities and peoples TLU ........................ Tropical Livestock Unit USD ........................ United States Dollar V Abstract This study examines the impacts of joint land titling in Ethiopia on women empowerment. The study employees a combination of propensity score matching (PSM) and experimental approach, using cross-sectional data of 325 households from three districts (Womberma, Bure and Jabi Tehnan) of Amhara region. The findings of this study reveal a robust, positive and significant impact of joint titling of land rights for women on different dimensions of women empowerment measures. Generally, from the PSM analysis, the empirical result indicates that joint titled women are more likely to be empowered in most dimensions of women empowerment, but not all, compared