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Supporting Inclusive Rural Transformation in Ethiopia

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Supporting Inclusive Rural Transformation in Ethiopia Supporting Inclusive Rural Transformation in Ethiopia The Case of the GIZ Sustainable Land Management Project in the Amhara Region This internal working paper is produced by: Sector Project Rural Development Authors: Alessandra Fiedler Laura Bender Boris Büchler and Antti Seelaff Consultant for Sustainable Land Use The working paper comprises findings from a field study conducted in Ethiopia in October 2017, supported by the GIZ-Sustainable Land Management Project. Bonn, May 2018 Content List of Figures and Tables ........................................................................................................................ 4 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 5 Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 6 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Inclusive and Sustainable Rural Transformation ................................................................................. 9 3. Approach and Analytical Framework ................................................................................................ 12 4. Trend Analysis: Rural Transformation in Amhara Region ................................................................. 14 4.1 Ecological Dimension ................................................................................................................. 14 4.2 Economic Dimension .................................................................................................................. 16 4.3 Social Dimension ........................................................................................................................ 22 4.4 Political and Institutional Dimension ......................................................................................... 26 4.5 Synthesis: Rural Transformation in Amhara Region, Ethiopia ................................................... 31 . The GIZ suppot to Ethiopias Sustaiale Lad Management Program in the context of rural transformation ................................................................................................................................. 32 5.1 Contributions of the GIZ-SLM project ........................................................................................ 33 5.2 Results in Amhara Region .......................................................................................................... 36 5.3 Discussion: addressing the four dimensions of rural transformation with the GIZ-SLM project…………………………………….........................................................................................…………….41 6. Implications for the design of rural development projects ............................................................... 46 Literature ............................................................................................................................................... 49 Annex 1: Agro-Ecological Zones of Ethiopia .......................................................................................... 52 Annex 2: Urbanization in Amhara Region ............................................................................................. 54 Insights into rural transformation in Ethiopia Bure Integrated Agro Industry Park Project 21 Rural future? – Perspectives from the rural youth 25 Agriculture and rural transformation under the second Growth and Transformation Plan 2015-2020 (GTP II) 26 Garma Microwatershed Users Association in Gozamin Woreda 29 Ato Tiruye – Farmer at Bure Zuria 39 Zembaba Union of bee product cooperatives – Bahir Dar 43 Evergreen Integrated Dairy Farm Enterprise 45 3 List of Figures and Tables Figure 1: Trends in sectoral share of GDP (1991-2016) ........................................................................ 11 Figure 2: Dimensions of Rural Transformation Processes .................................................................... 12 Figure 3: Administrative divisions in Amhara Region ............................................................................ 14 Figure 4: Soil erosion gullies………………… .................................................................................……………. Figure 5: Land degradation due to overgrazing .................................................................................... 15 Figure 6: Productivity growth between 2006-2016 of selected crops in the short and the long rains seasons in Amhara Region (%) .............................................................................................................. 18 Figure 7: Access to electricity in Ethiopia (% of population) ................................................................. 19 Figure 8: Population density of Amhara Region (2008) ........................................................................ 22 Figure 9: Drivers of rural-urban migration ............................................................................................ 24 Figure 10: Challenges of rural natural resource-based livelihoods and possible impacts .................... 31 Figure 11: Agricultural and rural development flagship programs ....................................................... 32 Figure 12: Agricultural and rural development flagship programs: Geographical coverage of Amhara Region .................................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 13: Fodder bund plantation ....................................................................................................... 33 Figure 14: Rehabilitation works............................................................................................................. 33 Figure 15: SLM entry points and leverages to address rural transformation dynamics ....................... 41 Figure 16: Agro-ecological zones of Ethiopia ........................................................................................ 52 Figure 17: Map of agro-ecological zones in Ethiopia ............................................................................ 53 Figure 18: Elevation map of Amhara ..................................................................................................... 53 Table 1: Framework for analysis ........................................................................................................... 13 Table 2: Major recent and projected climate trends in Ethiopia .......................................................... 16 Table 3: Average number of field holdings and field size in Amhara Region ........................................ 18 Table 4: Importance of different income sources in rural areas, estimates using the Agricultural Growth Program of Ethiopia baseline survey data ............................................................................... 20 Table 5: Share of urban population over time (in million) .................................................................... 22 Table 6: Share of men and women by educational attainment ............................................................ 23 Table 7: Selected indicators for basic health ........................................................................................ 24 Table 8: Selected Indicators for media coverage & mobile phone ownership ..................................... 24 Table 9: Overview on GIZ-SLM objectives over time ............................................................................ 35 Table 10: Number of districts covered under SLMP by donor .............................................................. 35 Table 11: GIZ-SLM interfaces with other projects/partners ................................................................. 36 Table 12: Cities in Amhara Region with more than 20,000 inhabitants ............................................... 54 4 List of Abbreviations ADLI Agricultural Development-Led Industrialisation AGP Agriculture and Growth Program ATVET Agriculture Technical Vocational Education and Training BMZ German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development CAADP Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme CSA Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia DA Development Agents DFATD Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development DHS Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey FTC Farmers' Training Centres GDP Gross Domestic Product GIZ German Development Cooperation GIZ-SLM GIZ Support Project to the National Sustainable Land Management Program GTP Growth and Transformation Program IAIP Integrated Agro-Industrial Parks ISFM Integrated Soil Fertility Management MoANR Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources NRM Natural Resource Management PFM Participatory Forest Management PIF Policy and Investment Framework PSNP Productive Safety Net Program RED-FS Rural Economic Development and Food Security Working Group RJOC Rural Job Opportunity Creation Strategy RTC Rural Transformation Centres SIDA Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency SLM Sustainable Land Management SLMP Ethiopian Sustainable Land Management Program SO Strategic Objective WUA Watershed User Association WB World Bank 5 Executive Summary While different patterns of rural transformation have been widely discussed at development policy level in the past years, translating
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