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Home , Glandularia, Phryma leptostachya, Phyla (genus), Phyla lanceolata, Phyla nodiflora, Verbenaceae

– VERVAIN

Plant: herbs, vines, and Stem: mostly 4-angled Root: : usually simple (rarely pinnate of palmate), mostly opposite, rarely alternate or whorled; no stipules : mostly perfect and irregular (zygomorphic); 2-8 but usually 5 lobed and united sepals; usually 4-5 petals united forming an irregular tube; stamens usually 4 (2 or 5) and are often attached to the corolla; ovary superior, 1 stigma, 1 style Fruit: fruit with 4 (or 2) 1-seeded nutlets, or a drupe or dried capsule Other: mostly tropical regions; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 100+ genera; locally (beautyberry), Phryma (lopseed), , (vervain), – some have moved Callicarpa and Vitex to the

WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Morphology in the Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Examples of some common genera

American Beautyberry Callicarpa americana L. American Lopseed L. Blue Vervain [Swamp Verbena] L.

Rose [Mock] Vervain canadensis (L.) Nutt.

Lanceleaf Fogfruit White Vervain (Michx.) Greene L. var. urticifolia

Lantana [ Verbena] camara L. (Introduced) VERBENACEAE – VERVAIN FAMILY

American Beautyberry; Callicarpa americana L. Dakota Mock Vervain; Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt. var. bipinnatifida Rose [Mock] Vervain; (L.) Nutt. Lantana [Shrub Verbena]; L. (Introduced) American Lopseed; Phryma leptostachya L. Lanceleaf Fogfruit; Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene Turkey Tangle Fogfruit []; (L.) Greene Long-Bracted Vervain [Bigbract Verbena]; Lag. & Rodr. Brazilian Vervain; Vell. (Introduced) Blue Vervain [Swamp Verbena]; Verbena hastata L. Narrow- Vervain; Lehm. Hoary Vervain [Verbena]; Vent. White Vervain; Verbena urticifolia L. var. urticifolia American Beautyberry USDA Callicarpa americana L. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Springfield Conservation Nature Center, Greene County, Missouri Notes: shrub; 4-lobed, small, pale pink to pale blue; leaves opposite, simple, obovate, coarsely toothed, glabrous above, dense fine stellate hairs below, petioles also with dense stellate hairs; stem and twigs hairy early but glabrous later; fruit a cluster of rose to blue colored berries; summer [V Max Brown, 2010] Dakota Mock Vervain USDA Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt. var. bipinnatifida Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Lake Charles State Park, Lawrence County, Arkansas Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, pink, blue to purple, flower tube length <2x that of calyx tube length; leaves very deeply lobed, leaves and stem hairy; summer [V Max Brown, 2007] Rose [Mock] Vervain USDA Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Lake Charles State Park, Lawrence County, Arkansas Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, pink- blue- purple- white, flower tube length 2x or somewhat greater than calyx length; leaves ovate to somewhat deltoid and deeply toothed; stem densely hairy; erect or at least flowering shoot erect if plant prostrate; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Lantana [Shrub Verbena] USDA Lantana camara L. (Introduced) Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Cedar Key, Levy County, Notes: shrub; 4-lobed tube flowers, small, different colors, in compact head; leaves opposite, simple, ovate, coarsely toothed (sometimes crenulate), rough; stem and twigs hairy and rough; fruit a cluster of blue berries; spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2011] American Lopseed USDA Phryma leptostachya L. (Lopseed Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Notes: 5-lobed and 2-lipped flower, white to purple, notch in upper lip, 3-lobed lower lip, flowers paired on long spike; leaves opposite, ovate and toothed; stem mostly unbranched, usually hairy; fruit closely deflexed to stem; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2006] Lanceleaf Fogfruit USDA Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-lobbed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, white or pink, arranged radial in a tight head, on long peduncle; leaves opposite, 5-10 teeth down the leaf blade; stem hairy or not, somewhat square; wet and muddy places; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2006] Turkey Tangle Fogfruit [Lippia] USDA Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Fort Pulaski National Monument, Georgia Notes: 4-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, mostly white, in a tight radial head often longer than broad; leaves opposite, thick, with 1-7 teeth above the middle of leaf; major stems prostrate with long peduncles ascending; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2006] Long-Bracted Vervain [Bigbract Verbena] USDA Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) University of Toledo Campus, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, blue to purple, in long terminal spike; dense and leafy, spreading bracts beneath flowers along spike; lower leaves deeply cut; stem densely hairy; prostrate to ascending plant; late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2005] Brazilian Vervain USDA Verbena brasiliensis Vell. (Introduced) Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge, White County, Arkansas Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, blue to violet, in dense spikes; leaves opposite, lanceolate, coarsely toothed, mostly sessile; stem angled; plant tall, much branched; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Blue Vervain [Swamp Verbena] USDA Verbena hastata L. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, blue to violet (rarely pink), in dense spikes; leaves lanceolate, coarsely toothed (sometimes double-toothed), lower leaves may be hastate (arrowhead lobed), with long petioles; stem hairy; plant tall; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2004] Narrow-Leaf USDA Vervain Verbena simplex Lehm. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Taum Sauk Moutain State Park, Iron County, Missouri Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, lavender to light purple, in dense terminal spikes; leaves opposite, narrowly lanceolate, sessile, toothed; stem with some hairs; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Hoary Vervain [Verbena] USDA Verbena stricta Vent. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Mountain View area, Howell County, Missouri Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, blue to violet (rarely pinkish), in one or more dense spikes; leaves opposite, mostly elliptical to ovate, coarsely toothed, sessile; stem with very white hairs; plant tall, often found in dry places; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2008] White Vervain USDA Verbena urticifolia L. var. urticifolia Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Oak Openings Metro Park, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped small flower, white, long flower spikes branch from single stem; leaves ovate to lanceolate, toothed; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2004]