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Verbenaceae – Vervain Family

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VERBENACEAE – VERVAIN FAMILY Plant: herbs, vines, shrubs and trees Stem: mostly 4-angled Root: Leaves: usually simple (rarely pinnate of palmate), mostly opposite, rarely alternate or whorled; no stipules Flowers: mostly perfect and irregular (zygomorphic); 2-8 but usually 5 lobed and united sepals; usually 4-5 petals united forming an irregular tube; stamens usually 4 (2 or 5) and are often attached to the corolla; ovary superior, 1 stigma, 1 style Fruit: fruit with 4 (or 2) 1-seeded nutlets, or a drupe or dried capsule Other: mostly tropical regions; Dicotyledons Group Genera: 100+ genera; locally Callicarpa (beautyberry), Phryma (lopseed), Phyla, Verbena (vervain), Vitex – some have moved Callicarpa and Vitex to the Lamiaceae WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive Flower Morphology in the Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Examples of some common genera American Beautyberry Callicarpa americana L. American Lopseed Phryma leptostachya L. Blue Vervain [Swamp Verbena] Verbena hastata L. Rose [Mock] Vervain Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Lanceleaf Fogfruit White Vervain Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene Verbena urticifolia L. var. urticifolia Lantana [Shrub Verbena] Lantana camara L. (Introduced) VERBENACEAE – VERVAIN FAMILY American Beautyberry; Callicarpa americana L. Dakota Mock Vervain; Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt. var. bipinnatifida Rose [Mock] Vervain; Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Lantana [Shrub Verbena]; Lantana camara L. (Introduced) American Lopseed; Phryma leptostachya L. Lanceleaf Fogfruit; Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene Turkey Tangle Fogfruit [Lippia]; Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Long-Bracted Vervain [Bigbract Verbena]; Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. Brazilian Vervain; Verbena brasiliensis Vell. (Introduced) Blue Vervain [Swamp Verbena]; Verbena hastata L. Narrow-Leaf Vervain; Verbena simplex Lehm. Hoary Vervain [Verbena]; Verbena stricta Vent. White Vervain; Verbena urticifolia L. var. urticifolia American Beautyberry USDA Callicarpa americana L. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Springfield Conservation Nature Center, Greene County, Missouri Notes: shrub; 4-lobed, small, pale pink to pale blue; leaves opposite, simple, obovate, coarsely toothed, glabrous above, dense fine stellate hairs below, petioles also with dense stellate hairs; stem and twigs hairy early but glabrous later; fruit a cluster of rose to blue colored berries; summer [V Max Brown, 2010] Dakota Mock Vervain USDA Glandularia bipinnatifida (Nutt.) Nutt. var. bipinnatifida Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Lake Charles State Park, Lawrence County, Arkansas Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, pink, blue to purple, flower tube length <2x that of calyx tube length; leaves very deeply lobed, leaves and stem hairy; summer [V Max Brown, 2007] Rose [Mock] Vervain USDA Glandularia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Lake Charles State Park, Lawrence County, Arkansas Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, pink- blue- purple- white, flower tube length 2x or somewhat greater than calyx length; leaves ovate to somewhat deltoid and deeply toothed; stem densely hairy; plant erect or at least flowering shoot erect if plant prostrate; summer to fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Lantana [Shrub Verbena] USDA Lantana camara L. (Introduced) Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Cedar Key, Levy County, Florida Notes: shrub; 4-lobed tube flowers, small, different colors, in compact head; leaves opposite, simple, ovate, coarsely toothed (sometimes crenulate), rough; stem and twigs hairy and rough; fruit a cluster of blue berries; spring to fall [V Max Brown, 2011] American Lopseed USDA Phryma leptostachya L. Phrymaceae (Lopseed Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed and 2-lipped flower, white to purple, notch in upper lip, 3-lobed lower lip, flowers paired on long spike; leaves opposite, ovate and toothed; stem mostly unbranched, usually hairy; fruit closely deflexed to stem; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2006] Lanceleaf Fogfruit USDA Phyla lanceolata (Michx.) Greene Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Maumee River Metroparks, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 4-lobbed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, white or pink, arranged radial in a tight head, on long peduncle; leaves opposite, 5-10 teeth down the leaf blade; stem hairy or not, somewhat square; wet and muddy places; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2006] Turkey Tangle Fogfruit [Lippia] USDA Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Fort Pulaski National Monument, Georgia Notes: 4-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, mostly white, in a tight radial head often longer than broad; leaves opposite, thick, with 1-7 teeth above the middle of leaf; major stems prostrate with long peduncles ascending; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2006] Long-Bracted Vervain [Bigbract Verbena] USDA Verbena bracteata Lag. & Rodr. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) University of Toledo Campus, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, blue to purple, in long terminal spike; dense and leafy, spreading bracts beneath flowers along spike; lower leaves deeply cut; stem densely hairy; prostrate to ascending plant; late spring to early fall [V Max Brown, 2005] Brazilian Vervain USDA Verbena brasiliensis Vell. (Introduced) Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Bald Knob National Wildlife Refuge, White County, Arkansas Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, blue to violet, in dense spikes; leaves opposite, lanceolate, coarsely toothed, mostly sessile; stem angled; plant tall, much branched; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2007] Blue Vervain [Swamp Verbena] USDA Verbena hastata L. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, blue to violet (rarely pink), in dense spikes; leaves lanceolate, coarsely toothed (sometimes double-toothed), lower leaves may be hastate (arrowhead lobed), with long petioles; stem hairy; plant tall; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2004] Narrow-Leaf USDA Vervain Verbena simplex Lehm. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Taum Sauk Moutain State Park, Iron County, Missouri Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, lavender to light purple, in dense terminal spikes; leaves opposite, narrowly lanceolate, sessile, toothed; stem with some hairs; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2010] Hoary Vervain [Verbena] USDA Verbena stricta Vent. Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Mountain View area, Howell County, Missouri Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped flower, blue to violet (rarely pinkish), in one or more dense spikes; leaves opposite, mostly elliptical to ovate, coarsely toothed, sessile; stem with very white hairs; plant tall, often found in dry places; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2008] White Vervain USDA Verbena urticifolia L. var. urticifolia Verbenaceae (Vervain Family) Oak Openings Metro Park, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: 5-lobed, somewhat 2-lipped small flower, white, long flower spikes branch from single stem; leaves ovate to lanceolate, toothed; summer to early fall [V Max Brown, 2004].
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