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Seasonal Activity and Phoresy Rates of Sap Beetles

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Seasonal Activity and Phoresy Rates of Sap Beetles SEASONAL ACTIVITY AND PHORESY RATES OF SAP BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) IN OAK WILT INFECTION CENTERS, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS RELATED TO THE OAK WILT CYCLE, AND LONG TERM EVALUATION OF RED OAK PROVENANCES. By Olivia R. Morris A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Entomology – Master of Science 2020 i ABSTRACT SEASONAL ACTIVITY AND PHORESY RATES OF SAP BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: NITIDULIDAE) IN OAK WILT INFECTION CENTERS, VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS RELATED TO THE OAK WILT CYCLE, AND LONG TERM EVALUATION OF RED OAK PROVENANCES. By Olivia R. Morris In chapter one of this thesis, the seasonal timing of Nitidulidae beetle activity and contamination by the fungus (Bretziella fagacearum) that causes oak wilt were monitored, along with development of red oak xylem vessels. Activity for all species was highest in May and June, which coincided with the main contamination period. Of the 23 nitidulid species captured, six were found to be carrying viable B. fagacearum spores. In chapter two, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with oak wilt were collected and identified from samples of healthy, unwounded red oak trees, healthy red oak trees with a fresh wound, B. fagacearum mycelial mats on dead red oak trees, and pure colonies of B. fagacearum grown on Petri dishes. Identity and abundance of compounds differed among sample types. Compounds that were especially abundant and characteristic of each sample type could be potentially useful for future lure development. In chapter three, I evaluated survival and growth of red oak trees in 22 provenances in a plantation at MSU’s W.K. Kellogg Experimental Forest in southwest Michigan. These trees were planted in 1962-1963 and were 55-56 years old at the time of evaluation. Survival differed among provenances; all trees from three provenances had died by 2018. Overall, 17% of the trees originally planted in the plantation remained alive in 2018. Diameter at breast height (DBH) and height of trees did not differ among provenances. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my advisor, Dr. Deborah G. McCullough, for her leadership and guidance while this project was underway. Deb always encouraged me to think critically and step out of my research comfort zone, which has improved me as a researcher as well as a person. Thank you for providing me with the opportunity to develop a deeper understanding and love for our native forests and the insects that inhabit them. I would also like to thank the members of my guidance committee: Dr. Bert M. Cregg, Dr. Therese Poland, and Dr. Monique L. Sakalidis. I would not have been able to complete these projects without the help and support from my fellow lab members and the undergraduate student assistants in the Forest Entomology Lab. I would especially like to thank Patrick Engleken for his help with statistical analyses and software, and Justin Keyzer for his help collecting samples and conducting surveys in the field. I would like to thank James Wieferich for using his years of experience to offer insight and words of encouragement. I thank Louise Labatte for her support and friendship throughout my time at Michigan State University. A fellow lab mate and friend, Louise encouraged me to see the good in everything, and her smile is infectious. As we completed our degrees on similar timelines, it was always nice to know we could turn to each other when we hit a bump in the road of graduate studies. I thank Karandeep Chahal, a member of the Forest Pathology Lab, for his work testing nitidulid beetles for fungal contamination. Without it, we would be missing a critical piece of the oak wilt puzzle. His hard work and optimistic attitude throughout this project will always be appreciated. iii Funding for this research was provided through the Michigan Invasive Species Grant Program of the Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Additional funding to enable presentation of this research was provided by The College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, and the Ray and Bernice Hutson Memorial Entomology Endowment Travel Funds. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1: SEASONAL PATTERNS IN SAP BEETLE (COLEOPTERA:NITIDULIDAE) ACTIVITY AND PHORESY RATES IN RELATION TO RISK OF OAK WILT TRANSMISSION ................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 Methods....................................................................................................................4 Study Sites ...................................................................................................4 Monitoring Nitidulids ..................................................................................5 Nitidulid Contamination by Bretziella fagacearum .....................................6 Mycelial Mats ..............................................................................................7 Xylem Development ....................................................................................8 Statistical Analysis .......................................................................................8 Results ....................................................................................................................10 Nitidulid Captures at Northern Sites ..........................................................10 Canopy versus Ground Traps at the Northern Sites ...................................14 Pheromone Lures .......................................................................................14 Nitidulid Contamination with B. fagacearum ............................................15 Nitidulid Captures at Kellogg Forest .........................................................16 Canopy versus Ground Traps at Kellogg Forest ........................................18 Xylem Development ..................................................................................18 Discussion ..............................................................................................................19 APPENDICES .......................................................................................................27 APPENDIX A. Tables and Figures .......................................................................28 APPENDIX B. Record of Deposition of Voucher Specimens ..............................44 CHAPTER 2: ANALYSIS OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS RELATED TO THE OAK WILT DISEASE ......................................................................................................46 Introduction ............................................................................................................46 Methods..................................................................................................................48 Study Sites .................................................................................................48 Sample Collection ......................................................................................49 VOC Extraction .........................................................................................50 Statistical Analysis .....................................................................................51 Results ....................................................................................................................52 Discussion ..............................................................................................................54 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................57 v CHAPTER 3: SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF 55-YEAR OLD NORTHERN RED OAK (QUERCUS RUBRA L.) TREES FROM 22 PROVENANCES ........................................68 Introduction ............................................................................................................68 Methods..................................................................................................................70 Plantation Establishment ............................................................................70 Tree Measurements ....................................................................................71 Statistical Analysis .....................................................................................71 Results ....................................................................................................................72 Survival ......................................................................................................72 Tree Diameter and Radial Growth .............................................................73 Tree Height ................................................................................................75 Discussion ..............................................................................................................76 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................81 LITERATURE CITED ..........................................................................................88 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Location, size and oak wilt status of
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