DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comparative Study of the Aquatic Insect Populations of Rock Creek Montana and Its Major Tributaries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comparative Study of the Aquatic Insect Populations of Rock Creek Montana and Its Major Tributaries University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1974 A comparative study of the aquatic insect populations of Rock Creek Montana and its major tributaries Ralph Edward Driear The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Driear, Ralph Edward, "A comparative study of the aquatic insect populations of Rock Creek Montana and its major tributaries" (1974). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6872. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6872 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A OOMPAE%!nVE STUDY OF IHE AQUATIC INSECT POPULATIONS OF ROCK CREEK, MONTANA AND ITS MAJOR TRIBUTARIES By Ralph E. Driear B.S., University of Montana, 1970 Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA 1974 improved by: ■ I, Board of Examiners r Grad ^ / 9 7/ - Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP37673 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI OisMftation F\(talishing UMI EP37673 Published by ProQuest LLC (2013). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code ProQ^st: ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 - 1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. "lîie greatest social problem facing man today is the ecological one of adjustment to the ecosystems of which he is a part. Eoologists must provide technical answers, and they must ocme to fill an increasingly iirportant role in formulating national and international policies. We are in nowise suggesting that it is possible or even desirable to maintain the eoosjhere in a primeval state; what we are suggesting is that it well beliooves man to l e a m to predict the effects of his activities on the eoospliere and to govern those activities accordingly." Frank Blair, 1964 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF GCNTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF TABLES ACKNOrtTiEDGEEMENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCnCW................................ 1 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA................. 4 III. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPIÆSITES ................... 10 Site one................................ 10 Site two................................ .10 Site three.............................. 11 Site four............................... 12 Site five............................... 12 Site six................................ 13 Site seven...................... 13 Site eight.............................. 14 Site nine............................... 14 Site ten................................ 15 Site twelve............................. 16 Site thirteen........................... 16 Site fourteen........................... 17 Site two-A.............................. 18 Site six-A.............................. 19 IV. METHODS AND MATERIALS........................ 21 Physical data........................... 21 Chemical data....... 21 Sanpling procedures...................... 21 Sample trips........... 22 Distributicns........................... 22 Statistical analysis..................... 22 V. DISTRIBUTION MAPS AND QUALITATIVE DATA......... 24 VI. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS......................... 62 VII. STREAM CLASSIFICATIONS....................... 83 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE CF OONTENTS continued Chuter Page VIII. STREAM TYPES..................... 93 Type-A.......................... 93 lype-B.................. 112 Type-C........... 122 Type-D.................................. 128 Type-E.................................. 132 lype-F.................................. 135 IX. CONCLUSIONS................................ 139 X. SUMMARY.......... 147 LITERATURE CITED................................... 149 APPENDIX............. .............................. 151 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. U.S.F.S. classification of the Rock Creek drainage................................... 6 2. Elevation of the sample sites................ 8 3. Qualitative data for the period July, 1972 to June, 1973................................. 59 4. Nearest neighbor dendrogram shewing the relationship between the sample sites of the Rock Creek drainage......................... 77 5. Average pair-group dendrogram showing the relationship between the sample sites of the Rock Creek drainage......................... 80 6. Gr^h illustrating the relationship between the average width of each sample site and the average gradient of each sample site............ 95 7. Average water temperature for each sample site in the Rock Creek drainage for the summer months of 1970, as recorded by the U.S.F.S.......... 97 8. Water temperature of each sample site for the period from July, 1972, to June, 1973........ 99 9. Range of water temperature at each sample for the summer months of 1972-1973.............. 101 10. Range of turbidity and the average turbidity for each sample site during the spring and summer months of 1973, as recorded by the U.S.F.S. The firest bar of each sample site represents the period frcsn ipril to June, 1973. The seccaid bar represents the period from July to September, 1973.......................... 103 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Similarity index data for each sample site...... 72 2. Average pair-group similarity data for each sample site................................. 74 3. Table illustrating the physical characteristics of each of the stream classifications.......... 86 4. Aquatic insect relative occurrence data for each sample site............................ 90 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNCWLEIDGEMEISITS Many people have provided assistance in numerous ways throughout the course of this study, and for this help I am sincerely grateful. Special thanks are extended to Ms. Patricia Hcwe, and Mr. Lee Fairbanks for their help in gathering the data and providing encouragement throughout the study. I would like to thank Dr. A- Sheldon for his assistance with the statistical analysis of the data. Sincere thanks are also given to Mr. Gorden Haugen of the Lolo National Forest for arranging my financial s\jpport and for his continued interest in the study. Thanks are extended to the members of my graduate coranitte who gave so freely of their time. Dr. R. White, Dr. J. Taylor, Dr. M. Chessin, and Dr. G. Browder. I am sincerely grateful to Dr. R. B. Brunscxi for his guidance in all aspects of the study as Chairman of my graduate ccnrnitte. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Rode Creek originates in the Anaoonda-Pintlar Wilderness area in western Montana/ and is one of seven Montana streams currently classi­ fied as class-one, or "blue-ribbon" trout streams. Ihe stream system has a drainage of approximately 900 miles, 80% of which is under U.S. Forest Service management. Recent history reveals a new era of land develcçxnent about to begin. The small farm acreages along the lower section of Rock Creek have alreac^ been sub-divided into lots for sunmer homes, and an additional 5,000 acres of land north of Giller Bridge is suitable for this type of land development (Haugen, 1972). Increased usage of the area by transient recreationalis ts is also adding to the environmental pressures present in the drainage. There is no doubt that this area will oontinue to increase in recreational popularity. In addition to the above conditions, several other interests are contributing to the increased land usage along Rock Creek. The U.S. Forest Service land that comprises the drainage is divided into two districts, lolo and Deerlodge National Forests. Management policies in tirrber ScQ.es, clear cuts, road construction, and access development all help to define the quality of water flowing through these areas. The future dependency of the timber supported indus lories on this drainage for raw materials will also have a marked inpact cm the usage of the area. Mining interests look to the area for iiportant minerals, and appear only to be waitdng for hi^ner prices to move into the area and Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 add even further to the management problems of the drainage.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • List of Animal Species with Ranks October 2017
    Washington Natural Heritage Program List of Animal Species with Ranks October 2017 The following list of animals known from Washington is complete for resident and transient vertebrates and several groups of invertebrates, including odonates, branchipods, tiger beetles, butterflies, gastropods, freshwater bivalves and bumble bees. Some species from other groups are included, especially where there are conservation concerns. Among these are the Palouse giant earthworm, a few moths and some of our mayflies and grasshoppers. Currently 857 vertebrate and 1,100 invertebrate taxa are included. Conservation status, in the form of range-wide, national and state ranks are assigned to each taxon. Information on species range and distribution, number of individuals, population trends and threats is collected into a ranking form, analyzed, and used to assign ranks. Ranks are updated periodically, as new information is collected. We welcome new information for any species on our list. Common Name Scientific Name Class Global Rank State Rank State Status Federal Status Northwestern Salamander Ambystoma gracile Amphibia G5 S5 Long-toed Salamander Ambystoma macrodactylum Amphibia G5 S5 Tiger Salamander Ambystoma tigrinum Amphibia G5 S3 Ensatina Ensatina eschscholtzii Amphibia G5 S5 Dunn's Salamander Plethodon dunni Amphibia G4 S3 C Larch Mountain Salamander Plethodon larselli Amphibia G3 S3 S Van Dyke's Salamander Plethodon vandykei Amphibia G3 S3 C Western Red-backed Salamander Plethodon vehiculum Amphibia G5 S5 Rough-skinned Newt Taricha granulosa
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of the Costs of Alternative Mayfly Oviposition Behaviors
    Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2007) 61:1437–1448 DOI 10.1007/s00265-007-0376-4 ORIGINAL PAPER A comparative study of the costs of alternative mayfly oviposition behaviors Andrea C. Encalada & Barbara L. Peckarsky Received: 10 April 2006 /Revised: 5 February 2007 /Accepted: 7 February 2007 /Published online: 2 March 2007 # Springer-Verlag 2007 Abstract Oviposition behavior of insects has associated downstream while releasing their eggs (floaters). Almost fitness costs related to the probability that females survive 100% of lander and 50% of dipper females had not to oviposit. During summer 2003, we observed the oviposited when captured on sticky traps, increasing their oviposition behavior and compared the mortality rates of vulnerability to preoviposition mortality by aerial predators females of 17 mayfly species in one western Colorado compared to mayflies with other behaviors. In contrast, watershed. We dissected adult females collected on terres- most females had laid their eggs before drowning or being trial sticky traps, in drift nets submerged in streams, and in eaten by a fish (50–90%). However, groups with oviposi- stomachs of brook trout to determine whether the mayflies tion behaviors most exposed to the water surface (floaters, had oviposited before capture, drowning, or consumption. then splashers, dippers, and landers) were more vulnerable Females oviposited by either splashing on the water surface to drowning before completing oviposition. In addition, releasing all their eggs (splashers), dropping their eggs from splashers and floaters were most vulnerable to predation by the air (bombers), dipping their abdomens multiple times brook trout before ovipositing. These data suggest that releasing a few eggs at a time (dippers), landing on rocks fitness costs associated with preoviposition mortality may and ovipositing on the undersides (landers), or floating be considerable depending on mayfly oviposition behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • 2002 Benthic Sites with Data Types Available for Each Site
    APPENDIX A 2002 Benthic Sites with Data Types Available for Each Site 04-1422-022.1 King County 2002 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Data Analyses FINAL August 2004 A-1 APPENDIX A - 2002 Benthic Sites with Data Types Available for Each Site Land WQ Hydrology Benthic Use Habitat Station WQ Station Hydrology Watershed Site Code Site Name Data Data Data Code Data Code Data Green-Duwamish 09BLA0675 Black 0675 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0716 Black 0716 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0722 Black 0722 x x x A326 x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0756 Black 0756 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0768 Black 0768 x x x 03B x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0768 Black 0768 Replicate x x x 03B x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0771 Black 0771 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0772 Black 0772 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0813 Black 0813 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0817 Black 0817 x x x Green-Duwamish 09BLA0817 Black 0817 Replicate x x x Green-Duwamish 09COV1165 Covington Basin 1165 x x x Green-Duwamish 09COV1418 Covington Basin 1418 x x x C320 x Green-Duwamish 09COV1753 Covington Basin 1753 x x x Green-Duwamish 09COV1798 Covington Basin 1798 x x x Green-Duwamish 09COV1862 Covington Basin 1862 x x x Green-Duwamish 09COV1864 Covington Basin 1864 x x x Green-Duwamish Covington Basin Soos 03 x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2163 Deep/Coal Basin 2163 x x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2208 Deep/Coal Basin 2208 x x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2211 Deep/Coal Basin 2211 x x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2266 Deep/Coal Basin 2266 x x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2294 Deep/Coal Basin 2294 x x x Green-Duwamish 09DEE2294 Deep/Coal Basin 2294 Replicate x x x Green-Duwamish
    [Show full text]
  • Abstract Poteat, Monica Deshay
    ABSTRACT POTEAT, MONICA DESHAY. Comparative Trace Metal Physiology in Aquatic Insects. (Under the direction of Dr. David B. Buchwalter). Despite their dominance in freshwater systems and use in biomonitoring and bioassessment programs worldwide, little is known about the ion/metal physiology of aquatic insects. Even less is known about the variability of trace metal physiologies across aquatic insect species. Here, we measured dissolved metal bioaccumulation dynamics using radiotracers in order to 1) gain an understanding of the uptake and interactions of Ca, Cd and Zn at the apical surface of aquatic insects and 2) comparatively analyze metal bioaccumulation dynamics in closely-related aquatic insect species. Dissolved metal uptake and efflux rate constants were calculated for 19 species. We utilized species from families Hydropsychidae (order Trichoptera) and Ephemerellidae (order Ephemeroptera) because they are particularly species-rich and because they are differentially sensitive to metals in the field – Hydropsychidae are relatively tolerant and Ephemerellidae are relatively sensitive. In uptake experiments with Hydropsyche sparna (Hydropsychidae), we found evidence of two shared transport systems for Cd and Zn – a low capacity-high affinity transporter below 0.8 µM, and a second high capacity-low affinity transporter operating at higher concentrations. Cd outcompeted Zn at concentrations above 0.6 µM, suggesting a higher affinity of Cd for a shared transporter at those concentrations. While Cd and Zn uptake strongly co-varied across 12 species (r = 0.96, p < 0.0001), neither Cd nor Zn uptake significantly co-varied with Ca uptake in these species. Further, Ca only modestly inhibited Cd and Zn uptake, while neither Cd nor Zn inhibited Ca uptake at concentrations up to concentrations of 89 nM Cd and 1.53 µM Zn.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Adult Aquatic Insect Life History on Return to Lookout Creek, HJ
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Alexander Mark Farrand for the degree of Master of Science in Fisheries Science presented on June 4, 2004. Title: Effect of Adult Aquatic Insect Life Historieson Return to Lookout Creek.. HJ. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon Abstract approved: Redacted for privacy Redacted for privacy uditli'Li Sherri Johns9( Aquatic insects that emerge out of streams to mate representa potential energy flux to terrestrial food webs. The relativesuccess of an individual aquatic adult insect is whether it survives long enough to produce offspring, i.e.mate and return to the stream to oviposit eggs. Some characteristics of the adult stage of aquatic insectsare thought to be responses to aerial and terrestrial predation from riparianinsectivores. These characteristics and behaviorsmay result in differential numbers of returning individuals to the stream. In summer 2001 we measuredemergence and return of adult aquatic Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera at Lookout Creek,a4thorder western Oregon montane stream located in H.J. Andrews ExperimentalForest. As a group, Plecoptera had the highest proportion of returning adults(P{retum}0.37), Ephemeroptera the second highest (P{return}=O.28), and Trichoptera the lowest (P {return}=0. 18). The range in return proportionamong families within an order was large but among species withina family or genus they were surprisingly similar. Concurrently, we assessed the associations between adult behavior, specifically diel activity, the longevity of the adultstage, and length of emergence period with adult return to the stream. Six out ofseven Trichoptera species were nocturnal at our study site, but only two out of six Plecoptera and fourout of seven Ephemeroptera exhibited higher activity at night than during the day.
    [Show full text]
  • Physical Data and Biological Data for Algae, Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish from Selected Reaches on the Carson and Truckee Rivers, Nevada and California, 1993–97
    U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Physical Data and Biological Data for Algae, Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish from Selected Reaches on the Carson and Truckee Rivers, Nevada and California, 1993–97 Open-File Report 02–012 Prepared as part of the NATIONAL WATER-QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Physical Data and Biological Data for Algae, Aquatic Invertebrates, and Fish from Selected Reaches on the Carson and Truckee Rivers, Nevada and California, 1993–97 By Stephen J. Lawrence and Ralph L. Seiler Open-File Report 02–012 Prepared as part of the NATIONAL WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM Carson City, Nevada 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CHARLES G. GROAT, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government For additional information contact: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Information Services 333 West Nye Lane, Room 203 Building 810 Carson City, NV 89706–0866 Box 25286, Federal Center Denver, CO 80225–0286 email: [email protected] http://nevada.usgs.gov CONTENTS Abstract.................................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of a Forest Fire Upon the Benthic Community of a Mountain Stream in Northeast Idaho
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1977 Effects of a forest fire upon the benthic community of a mountain stream in northeast Idaho Deborah Cynthia Stefan The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Stefan, Deborah Cynthia, "Effects of a forest fire upon the benthic community of a mountain stream in northeast Idaho" (1977). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 6924. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/6924 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EFFECTS OF A FOREST FIRE UPON THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY OF A MOUNTAIN STREAM IN NORTHEAST IDAHO By g Deborah C. Stefan zo B.S., The Pennsylvania State University, 1971 § y Presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of c Ui < Master of Arts m •g UNIVERSITY OF MONTANA S 1977 Approved by: Chairman, Board of Examiners yT p44 f De^, Graduate School 3y... Jf22. Date Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: EP37725 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted.
    [Show full text]
  • Microsoft Outlook
    Joey Steil From: Leslie Jordan <[email protected]> Sent: Tuesday, September 25, 2018 1:13 PM To: Angela Ruberto Subject: Potential Environmental Beneficial Users of Surface Water in Your GSA Attachments: Paso Basin - County of San Luis Obispo Groundwater Sustainabilit_detail.xls; Field_Descriptions.xlsx; Freshwater_Species_Data_Sources.xls; FW_Paper_PLOSONE.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S1.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S2.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S3.pdf; FW_Paper_PLOSONE_S4.pdf CALIFORNIA WATER | GROUNDWATER To: GSAs We write to provide a starting point for addressing environmental beneficial users of surface water, as required under the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA). SGMA seeks to achieve sustainability, which is defined as the absence of several undesirable results, including “depletions of interconnected surface water that have significant and unreasonable adverse impacts on beneficial users of surface water” (Water Code §10721). The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is a science-based, nonprofit organization with a mission to conserve the lands and waters on which all life depends. Like humans, plants and animals often rely on groundwater for survival, which is why TNC helped develop, and is now helping to implement, SGMA. Earlier this year, we launched the Groundwater Resource Hub, which is an online resource intended to help make it easier and cheaper to address environmental requirements under SGMA. As a first step in addressing when depletions might have an adverse impact, The Nature Conservancy recommends identifying the beneficial users of surface water, which include environmental users. This is a critical step, as it is impossible to define “significant and unreasonable adverse impacts” without knowing what is being impacted. To make this easy, we are providing this letter and the accompanying documents as the best available science on the freshwater species within the boundary of your groundwater sustainability agency (GSA).
    [Show full text]
  • Swarming and Mating Behavior of a Mayfly Baetis Bicaudatus Suggest Stabilizing Selection for Male Body Size
    Behav Ecol Sociobiol (2002) 51:530–537 DOI 10.1007/s00265-002-0471-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Barbara L. Peckarsky · Angus R. McIntosh Christopher C. Caudill · Jonas Dahl Swarming and mating behavior of a mayfly Baetis bicaudatus suggest stabilizing selection for male body size Received: 26 June 2001 / Revised: 4 February 2002 / Accepted: 9 February 2002 / Published online: 21 March 2002 © Springer-Verlag 2002 Abstract Large size often confers a fitness advantage to trade-offs between flight agility and longevity or com- female insects because fecundity increases with body petitive ability. Results of this study are consistent with size. However, the fitness benefits of large size for male the hypotheses that there is stabilizing selection on adult insects are less clear. We investigated the mating behavior male body size during mating, and that male body size in of the mayfly Baetis bicaudatus to determine whether this species may be influenced more by selection pres- the probability of male mating success increased with sures acting on larvae than on adults. body size. Males formed mating aggregations (swarms) ranging from a few to hundreds of individuals, 1–4 m Keywords Body size · Large male advantage · above the ground for about 1.5–2 h in the early morning. Mayfly swarms · Size-assortative mating · Females that flew near swarms were grabbed by males, Stabilizing selection pairs dropped to the vegetation where they mated and then flew off individually. Some marked males returned to swarms 1, 2 or 3 days after marking. Larger males Introduction swarmed near spruce trees at the edges of meadows, but the probability of copulating was not a function of male It is often assumed that larger individuals of a species body size (no large male advantage).
    [Show full text]
  • Neonicotinoids in California's Surface Waters
    Neonicotinoids in California’s Surface Waters A Preliminary Review of Potential Risk to Aquatic Invertebrates Sarah Hoyle and Aimée Code November 2016 ________________________ Neonicotinoids, a relatively new class of insecticides, are the most widely used insecticides in the world. They are applied to a wide range of agricultural crops as well as in urban settings. Although neonicotinoids are less acutely toxic to mammals and other vertebrates than some older insecticides they have replaced, they are highly toxic to many beneficial invertebrates. Of the neonicotinoids, the nitroguanidine group (clothianidin, dinotefuran, imidacloprid, and thiamethoxam) are the most toxic and longest lived. Recent reviews and reports have drawn more attention to the risks these insecticides pose to water quality and their potential effects on aquatic systems.i While there is still uncertainty, independent research and regulatory evaluations from other countries suggest that the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) invertebrate aquatic life benchmarks may be substantially higher than levels of imidacloprid and other neonicotinoids in surface water that could cause harm to aquatic invertebrates and the systems they support.ii Aquatic invertebrates are essential to freshwater ecosystems and beyond. These invertebrates are preyed on by fish, birds, and other species; perform ecological services like shredding and nutrient retention; maintain biodiversity; and are important for human recreation, among other ecosystem functions.iii Effects on aquatic invertebrates could also indirectly cause harm to insectivorous fish and bird species, including protected species. This white paper reviews current research on the effects of nitroguanidine neonicotinoids on aquatic invertebrates and compares the toxicological endpoints identified in those studies with California’s surface water monitoring data.
    [Show full text]
  • A DNA Barcode Library for North American Ephemeroptera: Progress and Prospects
    A DNA Barcode Library for North American Ephemeroptera: Progress and Prospects Jeffrey M. Webb1*, Luke M. Jacobus2, David H. Funk3, Xin Zhou4, Boris Kondratieff5, Christy J. Geraci6,R. Edward DeWalt7, Donald J. Baird8, Barton Richard9, Iain Phillips10, Paul D. N. Hebert1 1 Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 2 Division of Science, Indiana University Purdue University Columbus, Columbus, Indiana, United States of America, 3 Stroud Water Research Center, Avondale, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 4 BGI, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China, 5 Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America, 6 Department of Entomology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., United States of America, 7 Prairie Research Institute, Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America, 8 Environment Canada, Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada, 9 Laboratory of Aquatic Entomology, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America, 10 Saskatchewan Watershed Authority, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada Abstract DNA barcoding of aquatic macroinvertebrates holds much promise as a tool for taxonomic research and for providing the reliable identifications needed for water quality assessment programs. A prerequisite for identification using barcodes is a reliable reference library. We gathered 4165 sequences from the barcode region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene representing 264 nominal and 90 provisional species of mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Canada, Mexico, and the United States. No species shared barcode sequences and all can be identified with barcodes with the possible exception of some Caenis.
    [Show full text]
  • Check List 2007: 3(1) ISSN: 1809-127X
    Check List 2007: 3(1) ISSN: 1809-127X LISTS OF SPECIES Mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) of typical of the explosion of Ephemeroptera data Yellowstone National Park, U.S.A. generated in North America in the 1920s and 1930s (primarily by James McDunnough and Jay W. P. McCafferty Traver), which McCafferty (2001) has documented and referred to as the golden age of discovery of Department of Entomology, Purdue University, Ephemeroptera in North America. Yellowstone West Lafayette, Indiana, U.S.A. 47907. E-mail: has been the type locality of four of these species: [email protected] Acerpenna thermophilos (McDunnough) (McDunnough 1926), Ecdyonurus criddlei Abstract (McDunnough) (McDunnough 1927), Caudatella The Ephemeroptera (Insecta) fauna of heterocaudata (McDunnough) (McDunnough Yellowstone National Park consists of 46 species 1929), and Rhithrogena futilis McDunnough in 24 genera among eight families. These species (McDunnough 1934). Thus, with the exception of are listed, and fifteen of the species (including an informal record by Arbona (1980), and a collection data) are reported for the first time. record given by Slater and Kondratieff (2004), it Another 13 species have been taken adjacent to has been nearly 40 years since significant new the park in Wyoming and Montana and noted as species records have been reported from the park. expected to occur in the park. A few other species have been listed in various park lists or reports (grey literature). These are not Introduction treated here because identifications cannot be Yellowstone National Park (Figure 1) was verified and because it is not the policy of Check established as the world’s first national park in List to include such species.
    [Show full text]