Second and Third Studies Prepared by the Secretariat
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Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 Eileen Ryan Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2012 ©2012 Eileen Ryan All rights reserved ABSTRACT Italy and the Sanusiyya: Negotiating Authority in Colonial Libya, 1911-1931 By Eileen Ryan In the first decade of their occupation of the former Ottoman territories of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica in current-day Libya, the Italian colonial administration established a system of indirect rule in the Cyrenaican town of Ajedabiya under the leadership of Idris al-Sanusi, a leading member of the Sufi order of the Sanusiyya and later the first monarch of the independent Kingdom of Libya after the Second World War. Post-colonial historiography of modern Libya depicted the Sanusiyya as nationalist leaders of an anti-colonial rebellion as a source of legitimacy for the Sanusi monarchy. Since Qaddafi’s revolutionary coup in 1969, the Sanusiyya all but disappeared from Libyan historiography as a generation of scholars, eager to fill in the gaps left by the previous myopic focus on Sanusi elites, looked for alternative narratives of resistance to the Italian occupation and alternative origins for the Libyan nation in its colonial and pre-colonial past. Their work contributed to a wider variety of perspectives in our understanding of Libya’s modern history, but the persistent focus on histories of resistance to the Italian occupation has missed an opportunity to explore the ways in which the Italian colonial framework shaped the development of a religious and political authority in Cyrenaica with lasting implications for the Libyan nation. -
Summer 2020 Web Newsletter
Burgher Association Australia Summer Community Newsletter December 2020 Postal Address: PO Box 75 Clarinda VIC 3169 ABN - 28 890 322 651 ~ INC. REG. NO: A 0007821F Web Site: http://www.burgherassocn.org.au COMMITTEE OF MANAGEMENT 2019/2020 President Mr Hermann Loos - 03 9827 4455 [email protected] Vice President Mrs Tamaris Lourensz - 03 5981 8187 [email protected] Secretary Mr Harvey Foenander - 03 8790 1610 [email protected] Assistant Secretary Mrs Rita Van Geyzel - 03 9503 4841 [email protected] Treasurer Mr Bert Van Geyzel - 03 9503 4841 [email protected] Assistant Treasurer Mr Ashley Henricus - 03 9561 6212 [email protected] Editor Mr Neville Davidson - 03 97111 922 [email protected] Public Relations Manager Mrs Elaine Jansz - 03 9798 6315 [email protected] Customer Relations Manager Mrs Breeda Foenander - 03 8790 1610 [email protected] COMMITTEE Mrs Carol Loos - 03 9827 4455, Mr Shoua Liu - 0420 225 600, Mr Hans De Zilwa - 0419 292 939, Mr Terry Backhouse - 0429 987 300 Mrs Ruth Liu - 0415 463 037, Mrs Fallon De Zilwa - 0414 096 774 2 The 2019/20 Burgher Association Australia Donations Pledge The Burgher Association Australia Incorporated~ (BAA) is passionate about supporting the community and is proud to be helping make a difference in the area of health and wellbeing. It is our goal to empower wellbeing and healthy lifestyles across Australia and Sri Lanka. The BAA is pleased to have considered charitable contributions, donations and sponsorships to children's education in Sri Lanka and other charitable donations/sponsorship based in Australia The BAA has announced following their November 2019 Committee Meeting that for the forthcoming year donations and sponsorships will be granted to the following. -
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE Soviet Military Policy In
NATIONAL INTELLIGENCE ESTIMATE Soviet Military Policy in the Third World tnlit ..2.1'P.Oetbbei41976'4 T October 1975, the Soviets initiated an air and sealift from the USSR to help its client and in January 1976 began providing an airlift for Cuban forces between Cuba and Angola. 94. The Soviets evidently believe that the victory of a Soviet-supported national liberation movement has increased Soviet prestige in the Third World. The Soviets probably hope that Angola—where a substan- tial Cuban presence will probably remain for some [Omitted here is text unrelated to Africa.] time—may also assist the USSR in providing Soviets an entree to other national liberation movements in southern Africa—such as SWAPO. In October 1976 the Soviets signed a treaty of friendship and coopera- tion to consolidate their political position. In addition, they may hope to obtain access to port and air facilities as an alternative to those in Guinea. 95. Mozambique. Although not as extensive as that of the Chinese, Soviet aid in the form of military equipment, training, and funds assisted the Mozam- bique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) to come to power when Mozambique achieved independence in June 1975. FRELIMO will probably continue to receive substantial financial and military aid both from the USSR and the PRC. Mozambique provides training and base areas for guerrilla operations against - the white minority government of Rhodesia, an B. Africa activity to which the Soviets have given both military and political support. President Machel kept the 92. In absolute terms, Soviet military aid to sub- Soviets at arm's length immediately after independ- Saharan Africa is quite small. -
Country Coding Units Version 3 (December 2014)
Country Coding Units Version 3 (December 2014) Principal Investigators Research Assistant Michael Coppedge – U. of Notre Dame Vlad Ciobanu – U. of Gothenburg John Gerring – Boston University Staffan I. Lindberg –U. of Gothenburg Jan Teorell – Lund University Suggested citation: Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Vlad Ciobanu. 2014. “Varieties of Democracy: Country Coding Units v3.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. 1 This document lists (a) every country in the eventual V-Dem database, (b) the years for which we have collect data or plan to collect data (in parentheses next to the entry); (c) the polities that comprise each country’s 20th century history (even if falling outside the time-period that we wish to code); and (d) the borders of each country (wherever this might be unclear). Many dates are approximate due to the inconclusive nature of a country’s history. Note that changes in sovereignty often occur by stages, and marking these stages with specific dates can be challenging. General sources for compiling this document include Wikipedia and Statesman.org. Additional sources, along with notes pertaining to specific countries, empires, and federations are contained in a separate document: “Countries, Empires, Elections (misc notes)” “Country” A V-Dem “country” is a political unit enjoying at least some degree of functional and/or formal sovereignty. This means that fully sovereign nation-states as well as colonies and protectorates and semi-autonomous administrative districts may qualify as countries. A territory must claim sovereignty at some point in its history in order to qualify. Thus, Somaliland qualifies but not Puntland. -
Fighter Squadron
REGISTERED FOR POSTING AS A PERIODICAL CATEGORY B JOURNAL AVIATION HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF AUSTRALIA PRICE $1.55 A new $500,000 overseas departure and transit lounge at Perth Inter national Airport was officially opened on 6 February, greatly improving facilities at the airport for International passengers. The lounge can handle MONTH LY 500 passengers per hour and will allow for better security measures to be taken at the airport. The next two Boeing 727—200 for Ansett and TAA will be registered NOTES VH-RMK and VH—TBM respectively. TAA have already retired,on 14 February 1976^Boeing 727 VH-TJA "James Cook" (c/n 18741) which has flown 37,643 hours. To mark the anniversary of Ansett Airways first commercial flight, Ansett Airlines of Australia carried out a special Melbourne-Hamilton return flight on Tuesday, 17 February, 1976. The initial flight was made on CIVIL 17 February 1936 in a Fokker Universal VH-UTO (c/n 422) piloted by Captain Vern Cerche, During Ansett's anniversary year, a replica of VH—UTO is being displayed at Melbourne Airport, Tullamarine. Fokker Friendship The Federal Government will increase air navigation charges by 15 per VH—FNU (c/n 10334) piloted by Captain John Raby was used for the cent, the increase to apply from 1 December 1975. The Transport Minister, re-enactment flight, and passengers Included Captain Cec Long, one of Mr. Nixon, said the rise was unavoidable because of losses in operating and Ansett's first pilots, and three of the passengers on the 1936 flight. A maintaining air facilities. -
Libya's Conflict
LIBYA’S BRIEF / 12 CONFLICT Nov 2019 A very short introduction SERIES by Wolfgang Pusztai Freelance security and policy analyst * INTRODUCTION Eight years after the revolution, Libya is in the mid- dle of a civil war. For more than four years, inter- national conflict resolution efforts have centred on the UN-sponsored Libya Political Agreement (LPA) process,1 unfortunately without achieving any break- through. In fact, the situation has even deteriorated Summary since the onset of Marshal Haftar’s attack on Tripoli on 4 April 2019.2 › Libya is a failed state in the middle of a civil war and increasingly poses a threat to the An unstable Libya has wide-ranging impacts: as a safe whole region. haven for terrorists, it endangers its north African neighbours, as well as the wider Sahara region. But ter- › The UN-facilitated stabilisation process was rorists originating from or trained in Libya are also a unsuccessful because it ignored key political threat to Europe, also through the radicalisation of the actors and conflict aspects on the ground. Libyan expatriate community (such as the Manchester › While partially responsible, international Arena bombing in 2017).3 Furthermore, it is one of the interference cannot be entirely blamed for most important transit countries for migrants on their this failure. way to Europe. Through its vast oil wealth, Libya is also of significant economic relevance for its neigh- › Stabilisation efforts should follow a decen- bours and several European countries. tralised process based on the country’s for- mer constitution. This Conflict Series Brief focuses on the driving factors › Wherever there is a basic level of stability, of conflict dynamics in Libya and on the shortcomings fostering local security (including the crea- of the LPA in addressing them. -
European Airports Fact Sheet
European Airports from the 1960s to the 1980s To support the commentary on this DVD, AVION VIDEO has produced this complimentary Fact Sheet listing all the aircraft featured, in the order of their first appearance. PLEASE RETURN THE SLIP BELOW TO RECEIVE A FREE CATALOGUE KLM Viscount V803 Pan American 707-121 BEA Vanguard V953 G-APEK USAF C9A Nightingale Trans Arabia Airways DC6B 9K-ABB Air France 727-200 TAP Caravelle VI-R CS-TCB Laker Airways DC10-10 G-AZZD Air Ceylon Comet 4 G-APDH Pan American 707-121 Air France L1049G Super Constellation F-BHBG Laker Airways BAC1-11 320AZ G-AVBY Iberia Caravelle VI-R EC-ARK Aeroamerica 720-027 KLM L188 Electra II Dan Air BAC 1-11 401AK G-AXCK Air France Caravelle III F-BHRU French A.F. Nord 262 Sabena CV440 Dan Air BAC 1-11 Qantas 707-138 VH-EBA French A.F. Noratlas 312 BA British Westpoint Airlines DC3 G-AJHY Intl. Caribbean Airways 707-138B G-AVZZ BOAC [Nigeria Airways] 707-436 G-ARRA French A.F. DC6A KLM Viscount V803 PH-VIA Jersey Airlines Herald Finnair Caravelle III Derby Airways DC3 Aer Lingus DC3 EI-AFA KLM Viscount V803 Iraqi Airways Viscount V735 YI-ACL Fairways Rotterdam DC3 PH-SCC JAT Caravelle VI-N YU-AHB Channel Airways Viking US Navy R4Y Channel Airways DC3 TWA 707-331 N763TW Aer Lingus F27 BOAC Comet 4 G-APDR Aer Lingus 720-048 EI-ALA Cunard Eagle Viscount V755 G-AOCB Sabena DC6B South African Airways 707-344 British Eagle Viscount 700 East African Airways Comet 4 VP-KPK Channel Airways Viscount 812 Dan Air 707-321 G-AZTG BKS Avro 748 Air France Concorde F-BVFA Dan Air DC3 Air France -
The Basic Principles and Practices of the Turmsh Foreign Policy Under Atatürk
THE BASIC PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF THE TURMSH FOREIGN POLICY UNDER ATATÜRK YÜCEL GÜÇLÜ The fifteen years during which the Republican Turkey had been in existence under Kemal Atatürk's leadership were filled with an almost incredible activity in every field—including the foreign affairs. Few more surprising metamorphoses were recorded in history than the transformation which in the course of one decade and a half had changed old Turkey into a progressive modern country and a pillar of peace and stability in the Balkan Peninsula, in the eastern Mediterranean and in Western Asia. Turkey enjoyed the respect of all. No one dreamed of interfering in its internal affairs. Its neighbours, far from watching for opportunities to despoil it, were anxious to cultivate its friendship and they welcomed its co-operation in maintaining their common interests. Turkish diplomacy, in the period between the two world wars, wise and moderate as it showed itself, as well as vigorous and far-seeing, could not have accomplished so much if it had not been supported by radical reforms at home removing old shackles and inhibitions and opening the way for a tremendous revival of national energy and for a great development of national resources, both economic and cultural. The Turkish Constitution of 1924 had reserved a special foreign policy role to the President of the Republic. The President was well acquainted with the nation's diplomatic and security concerns. Atatürk had able lieutenants and devoted followers; but the realism and radicalism that marked Turkish foreign and internal policy since the foundation of the Republic were the fruit of his original genius. -
Ground-Water Resources of the Bengasi Area, Cyrenaica, United Kingdom of Libya
Ground-Water Resources of the Bengasi Area, Cyrenaica, United Kingdom of Libya GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-B Prepared under the auspices of the United States Operations Mission to Libya, the United States Corps of Engineers, and the Government of Libya BBQPERTY OF U.S.GW«r..GlCAL SURVEY JRENTON, NEW JEST.W Ground-Water Resources of the Bengasi Area Cyrenaica, United Kingdom of Libya By W. W. DOYEL and F. J. MAGUIRE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HYDROLOGY OF AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN REGION GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WATER-SUPPLY PAPER 1757-B Prepared under the auspices of the United States Operations Mission to Libya, the United States Corps of Engineers, and the Government of Libya UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON : 1964 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Thomas B. Nolan, Director For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 CONTENTS Page Abstract _ _______________-__--__-_______--__--_-__---_-------_--- Bl Introduction______-______--__-_-____________--------_-----------__ 1 Location and extent of area-----_______----___--_-------------_- 1 Purpose and scope of investigation---______-_______--__-------__- 3 Acknowledgments __________________________-__--_-----_--_____ 3 Geography___________--_---___-_____---____------------_-___---_- 5 General features.._-_____-___________-_-_____--_-_---------_-_- 5 Topography and drainage_______________________--_-------.-_- 6 Climate.____________________.__----- - 6 Geology____________________-________________________-___----__-__ 8 Ground water____._____________-____-_-______-__-______-_--_--__ 10 Bengasi municipal supply_____________________________________ 12 Other water supplies___________________-______-_-_-___-_--____- 14 Test drilling....______._______._______.___________ 15 Conclusions. -
AG RECEIVED /Lf-Osi.>:F
EC RECEIVED APR 1 6 2014 /lf- o SI.>:f EXBCtJTI'VEdm at OPTIIESECRET ARY-G.BNERAI, 14 April2014 ACTION M The Honourable Ban Ki-moon Secretary-General COPY D sf:, United Nations Headquarters c_cL c.... 2 United Nations Plaza £-s New York, New York 10017 United States of America AG The Reqm:st by Palestinian Officials to Join UN Agencies and Accede ro International Conventions Your Excellency: By way of introduction, the European Centre for Law and Justice ("ECLJ") is an international, Non-Governmental Organisation ("NGO"), dedicated, inter alia, to the promotion and protection of human rights and to the fu rtherance of the rule of law in international affairs. The ECLJ has held Special Consultative Status before the United Nations/ECOSOC since 200i. Recently, Palestinian Authority (PA) President Mahmoud Abbas submitted a series of letters to various UN agencies as well as to officials of Switzerland and the Netherlands requesting that "Palestine" be admitted to the respective UN agency or that "Palestine" be permitted to accede to the respective convention or treaty2• By submitting such requests, President Abbas is attempting to obtain recognition of Palestinian statehood "through the back door" by circumventing the provisions of solemn treaties which the PA entered into in the past. Such a manoeuvre indicates that the Palestinians are prepared to violate the terms of agreements they have entered into when such terms become inconvenient or do not lead to the results the Palestinians otherwise desire. Such actions violate fo undational principles of international law, to wit, the principle of ·'good fa ith" 3 4 and the rule of ''pacta sunt servanda" regarding treaties , and cannot be permitted or tolerated. -
Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa
UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa This simulation, while focused around the Ethiopia-Eritrea border conflict, is not an attempt to resolve that conflict: the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) already has a peace plan on the table to which the two parties in conflict have essentially agreed. Rather, participants are asked, in their roles as representatives of OAU member states, to devise a blueprint for preventing the Ethiopian-Eritrean conflict from spreading into neighboring countries and consuming the region in even greater violence. The conflict, a great concern particularly for Somalia and Sudan where civil wars have raged for years, has thrown regional alliances into confusion and is increasingly putting pressure on humanitarian NGOs and other regional parties to contain the conflict. The wars in the Horn of Africa have caused untold death and misery over the past few decades. Simulation participants are asked as well to deal with the many refugees and internally displaced persons in the Horn of Africa, a humanitarian crisis that strains the economies – and the political relations - of the countries in the region. In their roles as OAU representatives, participants in this intricate simulation witness first-hand the tremendous challenge of trying to obtain consensus among multiple actors with often competing agendas on the tools of conflict prevention. Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn of Africa Simulation on Conflict Prevention in the Greater Horn -
Passman on Defrance and Ulrich Pfeil, 'Der Élysée-Vertrag Und Die Deutsch-Französischen Beziehungen 1945-1963-2003'
H-German Passman on Defrance and Ulrich Pfeil, 'Der Élysée-Vertrag und die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen 1945-1963-2003' Review published on Thursday, June 1, 2006 Corine Defrance, Ulrich Pfeil. Der Élysée-Vertrag und die deutsch-französischen Beziehungen 1945-1963-2003. München: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2005. 291 S. EUR 24.80 (cloth), ISBN 978-3-486-57678-8. Reviewed by Elana Passman (Department of History, Indiana State University)Published on H- German (June, 2006) Catalyst to Cooperation? The 1963 Elysée Treaty in France and Germany Three winters ago, the tricolor waved over Berlin--from the new French Embassy near the Brandenburg Gate (through which Napoleon had marched victorious in 1806) to the Siegessäule (built to commemorate the 1870 victory over the French). The previous day, a joint French-German parliamentary session took place at Versailles, where so many wars had been ended. January 22, 2003 marked the fortieth anniversary of the Elysée Treaty (often dubbed the Treaty of Friendship), signed by Konrad Adenauer and Charles de Gaulle in 1963. Fanfare in both Berlin and Paris demonstrated the desire to neutralize--and even appropriate--symbolic sites of the old enmity. Recasting lieux de mémoire has a long legacy in the post-1945 history of Franco-German relations, and the 2003 celebrations proved no exception. This volume, drawn from a 2003 conference at the Deutsches Historisches Institut-Paris and the Sorbonne, hinges on two basic and interrelated questions. First, did Franco-German reconciliation result from the state and its representatives (read great men), from big ideas or from civil society? Second, was the Elysée Treaty the cause or the result of reconciliation between the twoErbfeinde ? Throughout the work, a rigorous and balanced scrutiny of the treaty from multiple angles belies the apparent simplicity of these queries.