TREES & SHRUBS GOWANUS FIELD GUIDE

2020 EDITION GOWANUS CANAL CONSERVANCY DISCLAIMER: To the best of our knowledge, the edible history and medicinal uses of these plants are accurate. However, the authors and publisher of this field guide do not recommend eating plants that grow in Gowanus or in unclean soil. Additionally, many poisonous plants can easily be confused for edible plants.

We stress that you do not eat or use medicinally any part of any cultivated or wild plant until you have verified with your healthcare professional that they are non-toxic and safe for you to consume and touch and until you have had their identifications verified by an expert in the field.

Neither the publisher nor the authors accept responsibility for any effects that may arise from eating wild plants.

Cover photo: Diana Gruberg TREES & SHRUBS GOWANUS FIELD GUIDE

2020 EDITION

Photographs, Illustrations, Text: Christine Facella Ruth Nervig, Sam Bishop, Lauren Salas-Schumann, Caitlin Murphy, James Papadopoulos, Diana Gruberg

Editing: Diana Gruberg, Wayne Morris, Nancy Seaton

Project Direction: Diana Gruberg, Christine Petro

Layout Design: Christine Facella

GOWANUS CANAL CONSERVANCY

CONTENTS

TREES & SHRUBS ACER RUBRUM • Red Maple...... 6 AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA • Tree of Heaven...... 7 AMELANCHIER SPP. • Serviceberry...... 8 BACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA • Groundsel-bush...... 9 BETULA NIGRA • River Birch...... 10 CERCIS CANADENSIS • Eastern Redbud...... 11 CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA • Summersweet Clethra...... 12 GINKGO BILOBA • Ginkgo...... 13 GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS • Honey Locust...... 14 IVA FRUTESCENS • Bigleaf Marsh Elder...... 15 JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA • Eastern Red Cedar...... 16 LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA • Sweet Gum...... 17 MORUS ALBA • White Mulberry...... 18 PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA • Princess Tree...... 19 POPULUS SPP. • Poplar...... 20 PRUNUS SEROTINA • Black Cherry...... 21 QUERCUS COCCINEA • Scarlet Oak...... 22 QUERCUS PALUSTRIS • Pin Oak...... 23 RHUS TYPHINA • Staghorn Sumac...... 24 ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA • Black Locust...... 25 ROSA PALUSTRIS • Swamp Rose...... 26 ROSA 'RADRAZZ' KNOCK OUT • Knock Out Rose...... 27 • Bald Cypress...... 28 LEAF CONFIGURATIONS...... 30 CITATIONS & CREDITS...... 32

GOWANUS CANAL CONSERVANCY Red in fall

ACER RUBRUM Red in fall

• Red Maple 1 - 1.5”

Family: Sapindaceae 1 - 1.5” Native to: East/Central North America Habitat: Wide range of conditions including swamps and poorly drained soils Leaves: Opposite Height: 60-90’

Material uses: Boiled inner bark creates a purple color that can be mixed with lead sul- phate to create a black dye and used as ink1. Wood is used for basket splints2 and furniture making, but is not strong despite being hard and heavy (38 lb per cubic foot)3. Edible: Leaves are used to wrap and preserve apples and root crops4. Sap can be extracted as syrup5 - only yields half of the quantity of sugar maple (A. saccharum)6. Seedlings, fresh in spring, or dried. Wings are removed and seeds can be boiled and eaten7. Medicinal value: Cramps and dysentery have been treated by an infusion of the bark8. Other: Most abundant native tree in North America. Gowanus: Native tree planted as street tree found on 9th and 1st streets in Gowanus.

Red in fall in Red 1 - 1.5” Fruit

Total leaf length: 3 - 4”

Bark

Red fall foliage

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 6. AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA • Tree of Heaven

Family: Simaroubaceae Native to: China, Taiwan and north Korea Habitat: Disturbed areas along roads, abandoned mines, urban areas Leaves: Alternate Height: 80-100’

Ecological value: Rapidly growing (3-6’ per year), short lived tree. Pollution tolerant. Used to re-vegetate acid mine spoils1. Extensive root structures are suitable for soil stabilization2. Food source of butterflies, , and fungi in native habitat. Host plant of silkworms (Samia cynthia). Material uses: Lumber, yllow dye and paper making (high content of cellulose). Crushed leaves and flowers as -repellent.3 Plant parts steeped in water as insecticide4. Medicinal value: Almost every part of the tree is used in traditional Chinese medicine. Other: Nickname: ‘Tree of hell’, ‘Stink tree’, ‘Ghetto palm’. Resprouts rapidly after being cut. Produces allelopathic chemicals to outcompete other plants. Makes a central, metaphorical appearance in A Tree Grows in Brooklyn, by Betty Smith. Brought to the US in the 1780’s5, and is today considered invasive. Shade intolerant. Phytoremediation: Heavy metals including hexavalent chromium6. Gowanus: Very common spontaneous non-native tree that emerges wherever it can in Gowanus: along the banks of the canal, fence lines, sidewalks, and in garden spaces.

Yellow to red fall foliage. Can be confused with Juglans cinerea, Juglans nigra or Rhus spp. Ailanthus leaves have distinctive notch at base with gland on underside.

Leaflet length: 1-2” length: Leaflet

Clusters of seeds, each one measuring around 1-2”. Prolific production.

Bark

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 7. AMELANCHIER SPP. • Serviceberry

Family: Rosaceae Native to: Eastern North America ALTERNATE Habitat: Coastal plains. Leaves: Alternate Height: 15-25’

Ecological value: Source of food for birds. 1 Material uses: Strong wood,ALTERNATE used for tool handles . Edible: Fruit can be prepared like raisins, eaten raw and used in pies and preserves2. Rich in Iron and copper3. Medicinal value: Dried berries or berry juice used traditionally by Native Americans as eye and ear drops, to treat upset stomachs or as a laxative4. Other: Used as dwarf rootstock for crabapple and pear-tree spp5. Wind tolerant and used in shelterbelts. Gowanus: Native shrub genus with many species planted in gardens in Gowanus, including at Degraw Street West and at the Salt Lot.

Red, orange fall foliage

Total leaf length: 2 - 3”

Bark. ALTERNATE

Fruit

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 8. BACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA • Groundsel-bush

Family: Asteraceae

Native to: Eastern and southern parts of the US, ALTERNATE Leaves: Alternate the Bahamas and Cuba Habitat: Wetlands, salty or brackish shores, disturbed areas, ditches and old fields

Ecological value: Flowers provide abundant nectar for various species of caterpillars, including the Monarch butterfly. The dense foliage provides cover for wildlife1. Edible: The seeds are toxic. Medicinal value: In Southern Louisiana it has traditionally been used to treat inflamed kidneys2. Other: Small white, silky flowers. Bare in winter. Hedge for coastal environments and salt tolerant. Extensive root system that binds sand/soil3. Good fuel source due to secretions of resin from leaves and stem, although plant is relatively small4. Baccharis has alternate leaf arrangement as opposed to Iva frutescens, which is opposite. Gowanus: Native shrub found at the upper elevations of the high salt marsh in Gowanus, along the Salt Lot’s coastal edge and rain gardens.

Total leaf length: 2-4”

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 9. Female cone

ALTERNATE Female cone 1 - 2”

BETULA NIGRA • River Birch

Family: Betulaceae Native to: Eastern US Habitat: Leaves: Alternate Height: 40-60’ Floodplains and swamps ALTERNATE 1 - 2” Ecological value: Hosts moths and butterflies whose caterpillars eat the foliage, including Mourning Cloak butterfly, and Luna, Polyphemus and Cecropia moths. These become food sources for birds, along with the birch seeds during fall and winter seasons. Material uses: Young branches can be used for whisks and brooms1. Wood may be used for furniture-making but is contorted and knotty, though light and strong (weighs 36 lb per cubic foot). Edible: Extracted sap may be consumed raw or cooked2: Native Americans traditionally boiled the sap to create a syrup similar to maple syrup. Fermented sap can be used as vinegar or beer3. Medicinal value: Highly valued in a variety of folk/traditional medicines world-wide (Betula genus). From B. nigra, a balm can be made from boiled buds and sulfur to cure ringworm and skin sores4, leaves chewed or as infusion against dysentery5. Other: Heat-tolerant cold weather trees. Used for erosion control - extensive root system. Phytoremediation: Heavy metals including, Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb)6. Gowanus: Native tree planted in the 3rd and 3rd Garden, Gil Hodges Garden and occasionally as a street tree.

Yellow fall foliage

1 - 2”

Catkin Mature bark Young bark

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 10. CERCIS CANADENSIS • Eastern Redbud

Family: Fabaceae Family: Clethraceae Native to: Eastern and Central North America Habitat: Understory tree, found along river banks Leaves: Alternate Height: 20-30’ and streams, forests, bluffs and ravine.

Ecological value: Attracts pollinators including bees. Seeds are eaten by bobwhite birds and a few songbirds and squirrels, but are not a highly desirable source of food1. Material uses: Red dye can be extracted from roots2. Bark of shoots is used for making baskets3. Edible: Flowers can be cooked, pickled or eaten raw4 and are rich in vitamin C5. Medicinal value: A tea made from the bark can be used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, fevers, and leukemia6. Other: Dislikes ‘wet feet’, clay and/or dry soils. Fast growing, but often short lived in wild7. Begins flowering on the trunk and branches once the tree is around 2-4 meters in height. Flowers from March to May. Despite it being a member of the Fabaceae family, it does not fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil8. Phytoremediation: Petroleum degradation9. Gowanus: Native tree planted at the Salt Lot, 2nd Avenue Garden, and street trees along Bond Street.

Leaf length: 2-5”

Paper-thin seed pod Flowers on branches

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 11. CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA • Summersweet Clethra

Family: Clethraceae Native to: Eastern US Habitat: Wet forests, wetlands, along streams Leaves: Alternate Height: 3-6’

Ecological value: 3 - 4” Attracts pollinators, including birds. Shrub shape 3 - 4” Material uses: Stalk of blossom can be used as a soap substitute. Shrub shape Other: Good for erosion control. Fragrant. ALTERNATE Gowanus: Native shrub planted in rain gardens at the SaltALTERNATE Lot and along 6th Street as well as at Gil Hodges Community Garden.

Total leaf length: 3-4”

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 12. ALTERNATE ALTERNATE 0.5”

GINKGO BILOBA • Ginkgo

Family: Ginkgoaceae Native to: China Habitat: Deciduous forests, valleys Height: 30-40’

Material uses: Oil for fuel and soap1. Wood is soft and light and repels insects.2 Edible: Seed may be cooked (to destroy any possible toxicity) and eaten, with a flavor similar to pine nuts. Can be used in soups and stews. High in protein, low in fat3. Medicinal value: Leaves contain several health-beneficial phytochemicals4. Used to treat many ailments such as high blood pressure, tinnitus5, asthma and bronchitis6. Other: Listed as a threatened and endangered species, due to its rarity in the wild. The tree was thought extinct but had been preserved by Chinese monks through cultivation in two small areas of China, over a period of 1,000 years. Fossils date this tree back to 270 million years. Can live more than 2,500 years. 6 trees planted in Hiroshima in the mid 1800’s sur- vived the nuclear bomb attack. Phytoremediation: Accumulation of heavy metals7. Gowanus: Non-native tree commonly planted as a street tree throughout Gowanus.

Leaf length: 1-2”

Bright yellow fall foliage. Female trees shed pink,

stinky berries. 1.5” 0.5”

Seed Bark

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 13. GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS • Honey Locust

Family: Fabaceae Native to: Central North America Habitat: Plains, urban areas Leaves: Alternate Height: 60-100’

Ecological value: Tolerant of a variety of conditions, including compacted soil, drought, heat, and alkaline soil. Fast growing pioneer species, first to emerge in disturbed or barren environments. Fixes atmospheric nitrogen. Material uses: The heartwood contains tannin. Timber is strong, hard and durable, weighing 42 lb per cubic foot1 and is used for rails, fencing and in construction2. Edible: Young seed can be eaten raw3 or cooked and has a pea-like flavor. The sweet pulp can be made into sugar or eaten raw. A drink can also be made from the pods4. Seeds may be roasted and used as a coffee substitute5. Medicinal value: Pods can be brewed into a tea to treat ailments of indigestion, measles, smallpox, whooping cough etc6. Might contain anticancer compounds7. Phytoremediation: Petroleum degradation8. Used to reclaim mining spoils9. Gowanus: Native tree; the thornless variety is a very common street tree throughout Gowanus.

Oblong leaflets with crenate margins. Thorns on branches, though there are varieties without. Bright yellow fall foliage.

Bark

Leaflet 1” length:

Large seed pods can reach 20” long. Shape often twisted.

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 14. IVA FRUTESCENS • Bigleaf Marsh Elder

Family: Asteraceae Native to: Coastal eastern North America Habitat: Wetlands Leaves: Opposite

Ecological value: Attracts birds. Other: Highly salt tolerant and tolerant of soils with poor drainage. Iva frutescens has opposite leaf arrangement, as opposed to Baccharis, which is alternate. Gowanus: Found in high salt marsh along the Salt Lot’s coastal edge and rain gardens.

Total leaf length: 1-4”

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 15. 1/8”

1/8” JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA • Eastern Red Cedar

Family: Cupressaceae. Native to: Eastern North America. Habitat: Prairies, oak barrens, old pastures, and disturbed areas. Leaf detail: Height: 70’ 1/8” wide

Ecological value: The berry is an important food source for birds during winter. Material uses: Fragrant and rot resistant wood. Essential oil from wood1 can be added to soaps, deodorants, perfumes, or used as an insecticide ( repellent).The wood is used in furniture making (insect resistant) and both durable and light (30 lbs per cubic foot)2. Edible: Cones are used to flavor gin. Crushed berries are used as flavorings in stews and soups3. Medicinal value: Traditionally used by Native Americans. Treats mouth ulcers. Can be brewed as tea to treat colds, rheumatism and worms. Contains the anticancer compound podophyllotoxin4. Other: Pioneer species, first to emerge in disturbed or barren environments, and can live to over 900 years. Widely used as a shelterbelt species to protect from wind during the 1930’s Dust Bowl drought. Very drought tolerant. Needles that fall raise the pH of soil to alkaline, causing it to hold onto nutrients such as phosphorus and making it difficult for plants to access them. J. virginiana also removes nitrogen from soil5 and has proven to reduce soil carbon which results in less microbial diversity.6 Phytoremediation: Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene7. Gowanus: Native evergreen tree planted along the coastal edge at the salt lot and in the 3rd and 3rd street garden. Evergreen

Bark

Fruit

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 16. 3 - 5”

LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA • Sweet Gum

Family: Altingiaceae Native to: Eastern North America through 3 - 5” Central America Habitat: Moist woods, coastal plains Leaves: Alternate Height: 100’

Ecological value: Seed ball attracts birds. Material uses: Important commercial hardwood, used in plywood, furniture, railroad ties, crates, floors and wood pulp1. Fairly hard wood that is fine grained (weighs 37 lb per cubic foot).2 An aromatic resin (Styrex) can be obtained, by beating trunk of tree in spring3. The resin is used as fragrance, soap and adhesive. It can also be chewed to clean teeth4. Edible: Chewing gum can be made from tree resin5. Medicinal value: The resin has antiseptic properties and is chewed to treat sore throats, coughs, asthma, dysentery6. Can be applied externally to treat wounds, ringworm and scabies7. Other: The species was introduced to Europe in 1681. Phytoremediation: Uranium (U) and Thorium (Th)8, trichlorethylene9. Gowanus: Native tree planted as a street tree intermittently in Gowanus.

Total leaf length: 3 - 5”

Red and yellow fall foliage

Bark

Fruit

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 17. MORUS ALBA • White Mulberry

Family: Moraceae Native to: China Habitat: Rich, moist soils, sun/part-shade Fields, forest margins, roads, and in disturbed soils Leaves: Alternate Height: 30-50’

Ecological value: Food source for birds. Material uses: Leaves used in China since at least 2600 B.C. as the primary diet for silkworms. Introduced into colonial N. America to establish a silk industry. Fiber from bark is used for weaving1. Bark from stem used in used in paper-making. Twigs are used in baskets. Wood is a source of ethanol and valued in furniture and sports equipment2. Edible: Fruit can be eaten. Rich flavor develops if fruit is dried. Young leaves and shoots can be cooked3. Medicinal value: Used to treat ailments such as colds, influenza, eye infections and nosebleeds4. Other: Tree produces berries from June to August. The non-native white mulberry is out competing and replacing native red mulberry (Morus rubra) through hybridization and a harmful root disease5. Phytoremediation: Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, zinc and copper6. Gowanus: Common spontaneous non-native tree can be found along the canal.

Generally a variety of ‘mitten’-like leaf shapes. Serrated margins. Bright yellow fall foliage.

Total leaf length: 1-5” Prolific fruiter that attracts birds.

Fruit

Bark

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 18. PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA • Princess Tree

Family: Paulowniaceae Native to: Central and Western China Habitat: Disturbed areas, waste sites, urban areas Leaves: Opposite Height: 40’

Ecological value: In its native range is considered a pioneer species as it regenerates rapidly, stabilizes soil with roots, and replenishes soil with its nitrogen-rich leaves. It is eventually succeeded by taller trees as is intolerant of shade. Survives wildfires. Edible: Flowers are traditionally eaten with miso. Cooked leaves may be eaten as an emergency food1. Material uses: Seeds used as packaging material in crates by Chinese exporters in19th C. before the development of styrofoam packing peanuts.2 When packaging cases break during transit, seed pods spread in new environment. Fast growing hardwood, lightweight and durable. Insect resistant. Medicinal value: A liquid extraction of the leaves is said to promote hair growth and prevent graying3. Destroys intestinal worms and parasites, astringent for warts. Other: In China, a Princess tree was traditionally planted at the birth of a girl and cut down and carved into wooden items for her dowry4. Phytoremediation: Heavy metals and hydrocarbons5. Gowanus: Very common spontaneous non-native tree can be found along the banks of the canal and along sidewalk cracks and fence lines.

Total leaf length: 2-20”

Fruit

Flower

Bronze fall foliage. During spring, entire tree is covered in purple blossoms

Bark

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 19. 3 - 5”

POPULUS SPP. • Poplar

Family: Salicaceae Native to: Canada to Mexico. Habitat: Stream banks and low areas, Leaves: Alternate Height: 65-80’ upland woods, disturbed areas

Ecological value: Hosts an array of birds, mammals and butterflies, including Eastern Tiger Swallowtail and Viceroy. Material uses: The wood is strong but soft - used in making matches, paper and packaging (wood wool). Wood that has been heat treated is used in the interior of saunas and in Russia. The wood is used for making thin slats for roofing. Edible: Inner bark, raw or cooked, can be ground into a flour. Catkins can be eaten raw or cooked, but have a bitter. Medicinal value: Used by Native Americans for its antiseptic and analgesic qualities, but has a long list of applications (against excessive menstrual bleeding, fevers, infections, digestive disorders)1. Other: Short lived, often plagued by disease and insect problems. Pioneer species. Gowanus: Genus of native tree species that can be found growing along the canal in colonies at the Salt Lot.

P. tremuloides has a flat petiole, which reduces aerodynamic drag when windy, reducing damage to branches. This is why the tree is called ‘quaking aspen’ - the leaves ‘tremble’ in the wind.

Female and male catkins on separate trees Up to 2.5” long.

Catkin

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 20. PRUNUS SEROTINA • Black Cherry

Family: Rosaceae Native to: North and South America Habitat: Fields and sunny areas Leaves: Alternate Height: 50-80’

Ecological value: Food source for birds and small mammals. Material uses: Green dye can be extracted from leaves and dark green/grey dye from fruit1. Wood is strong and weighs about 36 lb per cubic foot and is used in furniture2. Wood can be used for smoking foods. Edible: Ripe fruit can be eaten raw or cooked in stews, jams and pies or used as flavoring in liqueurs, sodas and ice creams3. Seeds and leaves contain hydrogen cyanide and are toxic, and in high doses can be fatal4. Medicinal value: Commonly used by Native Americans for a variety of ailments including alleviation of early labor pains, fevers, colds diarrhea and dysentery5. Other: Often grows in companionship with black walnut, black locust and hackberry. Gowanus: Spontaneous and planted native tree emerges along the banks of the canal.

Yellow , orange, red fall foliage. Tree can be confuesed with P. virginiana (chokecherry), which has broader leaves Total leaf length: 2-3” and hairs in vein axils on underside of leaf.

Black fruit

Fruit

Flower Bark

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 21. ALTERNATE ALTERNATE 0.5”

QUERCUS COCCINEA • Scarlet Oak

Family:4 - 5” Fagaceae Native to: Central and eastern US Habitat: Sandy, acidic soils Leaves: Alternate. Height: 60’ - 100’

Ecological value: Food source for small mammals and birds including blue-jays and red-headed woodpeckers. Material uses: Mulch of leaves serves as an insect repellent0.5 - 1” for grubs and slugs, although fresh leaves may inhibit plant growth1. Vacated insect galls in leaves contain high amounts of tannin and can be used in dyeing2. Wood is strong and heavy, weighing 46 lbs per cubic foot and is used in construction and furniture3. Edible: Cooked seeds, dried and ground into a powder canEgg-shaped, be added brownish acorn to cereals, stews and bread. Roasted seed is a coffee substitute4. Medicinal value: Galls are a strong astringent Can be used to treat dysentery and diarrhea5. Other: Popular as an ornamental tree with a bright red fall color. Gowanus: Native tree occasionally planted as a street tree.

Pointed leaf tips. Can be confused with Q. rubra or Q. palustris. 4 - 5” Deep red fall foliage.

Entire nut:

0.5 - 1” 1/2 - 1” long

Fruit Egg-shaped, brownish acorn

Total leaf length: 4-5” Bark

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 22. ALTERNATE ALTERNATE 0.5”

QUERCUS PALUSTRIS • Pin Oak

Family:4 - 5” Fagaceae Native to: Eastern US Habitat: Floodplain and soils with high clay content Leaves: Alternate. Height: 100’

Ecological value: Only host of the Bucculatrix domicola caterpillar. Material uses: Mulch of dried leaves repels slugs and grubs1. Black ink can be made from

abandoned galls (larva of different insects often produce galls,0.5 - 1” which are growths on leaves or branches, in the form of lumps or complicated structures). Wood is used for furniture and is strong, often knotty (weighs 43 lb per cubic ft)2. Edible: Seed can be eaten after bitter tannins have been washed out. Roasted seed is a coffee substitute. Egg-shaped, brownish acorn Medicinal value: Galls are strongly astringent and can be used to treat chronic diarrhea, dysentery and hemorrhages.3 Other: Pioneer species. Used in landscaping due to its pollution tolerance. Gowanus: Native tree very commonly planted as a street tree in Gowanus, including along 3rd Ave, Smith street and President street.

Red, bronze fall foliage. Deep lobes. Pointed tips. U - shaped sinuses. Can be confused with Q. rubra or Q. coccinea.

Total leaf length: 4 - 6”

Entire nut: ALTERNATE ALTERNATE 1/2 ” long

Bark. 0.5”

Fruit

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 23. RHUS TYPHINA • Staghorn Sumac

Family: Anacardiaceae Native to: Eastern North America Habitat: Forest edges, disturbed areas, edges of roads Leaves: Alternate Height: 20’

Ecological value: Erosion control, windbreak. Low canopy. Material uses: Leaves contain 48% tannin, and can be collected as they fall in autumn and used as brown dye or mordant. Bark and fruits also rich in tannin1. Yellow dye can be extracted from roots, orange dye from inner bark. Black ink is made from boiling leaves and stems2. Oil from seeds can be used to make candles (emit pungent smoke)3. Pipes have been made from young shoots to draw sap from sugar maple4. Wood is soft and brittle (27 lbs per cubic foot5) - used as rough wood in construction, can be turned on a lathe.6 Edible: Fruit is soaked, washed and strained to make a lemonade7. Dried leaves and berries have been traditionally smoked, mixed with tobacco. Seeds are used as a spice. Medicinal value: Used by Native Americans. Infusion increases lactation flow of a nursing mother. Treats venereal diseases, diarrhea, stomatitis, improvement of appetite, used as an astringent. Sap can be used to treat warts8. Other: Beekeepers use seed head as a fuel for smokers. Phytoremediation: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons9. Gowanus: Spontaneous and planted native shrub can be found growing along the canal at Degraw street east and at the Salt Lot.

Leaf margin: serrated. Orange and red fall foliage.

Leaflet length: 1-2” Fruit

Bark

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 24. ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA • Black Locust

Family: Fabaceae Native to: Eastern and central US Habitat: Woodlands, prairies, pastures, urban areas Leaves: Alternate Height: 40-100’

Ecological value: Fixes nitrogen in the soil. Attracts pollinators and seeds are eaten by birds and squirrels. Material uses: Highly valued oil can be extracted from seed, used in perfumery1. The bark produces a yellow dye and it dyes cotton to a brown-orange shade2. Paper, silk and wool can be made from the bark3, timber is hard and strong (weighing 45 lbs per cubic foot) and used for shipbuilding, fence posts, floors and as a fuel-wood4. It is a rot resistant wood, currently being used in Europe in outdoor applications in lieu of tropical species such as Ipe5. Edible: Entire tree is generally considered toxic, besides flowers, which can be used in jams and drinks6. Toxins are destroyed by heat7. Medicinal value: Used to treat eye ailments8, toothaches9 and the flower is believed to contain the anti-tumor compound benzoaldehyde10. Other: Used in erosion control. Pioneer species - rapid growth, thrives in a variety of soils. Phytoremediation: Phytostabilization of heavy metals such as Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb) and Sodium (Na)11. Gowanus: Spontaneous native tree can be found at the Salt Lot and along the canal growing in colonies that spread tenaciously.

Round leaflets with smooth margins. Bright yellow Thorns on branches, fall foliage. though there are variet- ies without.

Clusters of seed pods, measuring about 2-3” each.

Leaflet length: 1”

Seed Bark

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 25. ROSA PALUSTRIS • Swamp Rose

Family: Rosaceae Native to: Eastern US Habitat: Marshes, meadows, fields, shores of rivers and lakes, Leaves: Alternate swamps and edges of wetlands compound leaves

Length of leaflet: 1.5-2.5”

Generally 7 leaflets, occasionally 5 or 9, up to 2.5” long. June - July bloom

Ecological value: Attracts pollinators including birds and insects. Caterpillars of Parasa indetermina (Stinging Rose Caterpillar) feed off foliage and birds eat fruits. Medicinal value: Native Americans made a tea of bark and roots to treat worms, dysentery, and diarrhea1. Other: Very fragrant. Gowanus: Native shrub planted in rain gardens along the 6th street Green Corridor.

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 26. ROSA 'RADRAZZ' KNOCK OUT • Knock Out Rose

Family: Rosaceae Native to: Asia Knock Out roses are bred from two distinct rose groups Leaves: Alternate and at least eight cultivars1. compound leaves Habitat: Mainly used in gardens and borders

Ecological value: Attracts butterflies. Edible: Petals, buds and fruits from several species of roses are used in fruit teas and jams2. The fruit (rose hip) from Rosa canina contains vitamin C. Material uses: Used in commercial perfumery and for slope stabilization. Medicinal value: Used in traditional Chinese medicine. Research on the cancer inhibiting properties of phenolic antioxidant compounds found in Rosa chinensis is currently underway3. Other: Rose thorns are prickles (thorns are modified stems, while prickles are outgrowths of the epidermis), which allows the rose to hang onto other vegetation when growing. It is believed that the densely-packed prickles in Rosa rugosa and Rosa pimpinellifolia are used to trap sand and reduce erosion to protect their roots, as both species naturally occur on coastal sand dunes. The prickles also reduce activity from browsing mammals, although deer still enjoy eating the flowers and leaves. Tolerant of air pollution. Low care. Phytoremediation: Promise shown using Rosa pulverulenta for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals such as cadmium, aluminum, and silicone4. Gowanus: Non-native shrub used as a common landscape plant. Planted in the rain garden at Carroll St. and Bond St.

3-5 leaflets, up to 2” long. June - frost bloom.

Length of leaflet: 1-2”

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 27. TAXODIUM DISTICHUM • Bald Cypress

Family: Cupressaceae Native to: Southeastern and Gulf coastal plains in the US Habitat: Inundated soils along riparian wetlands. Leaves: Alternate Height: 50-100’

Ecological value: Nesting habitat for birds, provides seeds for small mammals, hosts moth cupressi, the Bald cypress sphinx moth. Material uses: Bark can be used for rope1. Wood is light (28 lbs per cubic foot)2 and not very durable. Used for water pipes, shingles, and general construction. Medicinal value: Resin from cones can be used as a pain reliever for wounds3. Other: The trunk is surrounded by cypress ‘knees,’ knob-like growths poking out of ground or water, thought to be support structures for main trunk. Can grow to be more than 1,700 years old, and once dominated swamplands in the southeast US. Can withstand hurricane-strength winds. Can easily be confused with Dawn Redwood, which has an opposite leaf arrangement, unlike Bald Cypress, which is alternate. Phytoremediation: Sewage effluent and potential heavy metals4. Gowanus: Found at the Salt Lot and along the canal growing in colonies that spread tenaciously. Planted as a street tree including along Nevins and Baltic streets.

Deciduous, not an evergreen, hence the name ‘bald’. Copper fall color.

Bark

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 28. Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 29. LEAF CONFIGURATIONS Compound leaves

Trifoliate Odd-pinnate Even-pinnate

Palmatisect Palmate Simple leaves

Crenate Incised Sinuate Lobed Entire

Serrate (toothed) Serrulate Doubly serrate Dentrate

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 30. Compound leaf anatomy

Leaflet

Rachis

Petiole

Leaf arrangements on stem

Opposite Sub-opposite

Whorled

Alternate

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 31. CITATIONS & CREDITS

ACER RUBRUM, RED MAPLE 1. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin ISBN 0-14-046-440-9 (1984-00-00) 2. Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. ISBN 0-88192-453-9 (1998-00-00) 3. Vines. R.A. Trees of North Texas University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292780206 (1982-00-00) 4. Philbrick H. and Gregg R. B. Companion Plants. Watkins (1979-00-00) 5. Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant’s Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-20459-6 (1972-00-00) 6. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin ISBN 0-14-046-440-9 (1984-00-00) 7. Weiner. M. A. Earth Medicine, Earth Food. Ballantine Books ISBN 0-449-90589-6 (1980-00-00) 8. Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. ISBN 0-88192-453-9 (1998-00-00) Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA, TREE OF HEAVEN 1. Hoshovsky, Marc C. (1988). “Element Stewardship Abstract for Ailanthus altissima” (PDF). Arlington, Virginia: The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 2. Vines. R. A. Trees of Central Texas. University of Texas Press 3. Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim 4. Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. 5. Edward O’Reilly, ‘From “Splendid” to “Usurper”: The fickle story of the Ailanthus tree’, http://blog.nyhistory.org/ splendid-usurper-fickle-story-ailanthus-tree/ 6. Ranieri et al, ‘Ailanthus Altissima and Phragmites Australis for chromium removal from a contaminated soil’, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, June 2014, 225:1981 Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

AMELANCHIER CANADENSIS, SERVICEBERRY 1. Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim (1959-01-01) 2. Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications ISBN 0-9628087-0-9 (1990-01-01) 3. Lauriault. J. Identification Guide to the Trees of Canada Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Ontario. ISBN 0889025649 (1989- 01-01) 4. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 5. Natural Food Institute, Wonder Crops. 1987. () Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella/Lauren Salas-Schumann. Layout: Christine Facella.

BETULA NIGRA, RIVER BIRCH 1. Mabey. R. Plants with a Purpose. Fontana ISBN 0-00-635555-2 (32202/01/01) 2. Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant’s Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-20459-6 (32202/01/01) 3. Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications ISBN 0-9628087-0-9 (32202/01/01) 4. Weiner. M. A. Earth Medicine, Earth Food. Ballantine Books ISBN 0-449-90589-6 (32202/01/01) 5. Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. ISBN 0-88192-453-9 (32202/01/01) 6. Ansari et al (Editors) ‘Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants’ Volume 5, Springer publishing, 2016, ISBN 978-3-319-52381-1 Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

BACCHCARIS HALIMIFOLIA, GROUNDSEL-BUSH 1. Brown, Steven H. & Kim Cooperrider. “Baccharis halimifolia”. University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Services. 2.Brassieur, C. Ray, ‘Herbal Healing Traditions of South Louisiana’, 2014. http://www.botanical.pbrc.edu/pdf/Brassieur%20 Medicinal%20Plants.pdf, accessed July 30, 2017 3. Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press ISBN 0-333-47494-5 (1992-00-00) 4. Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray (1981-00-00) Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella/ Lauren Salas-Schumann. Layout: Christine Facella.

CERCIS CANADENSIS, EASTERN REDBUD 1, 2, 4. Petrides, George. A field guide to trees and shrubs. Houghton Mifflin Co, 1958 3. Coon. N., The Dictionary of Useful Plants, Rodale Press, 1975. ISBN 0-87857-090-x 5. Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications ISBN 0-9628087-0-9 (1990-00-00) 6. Foster. S. & Duke. J. A., A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co, 1990

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 32. CLETHRA ALNIFOLIA, SWEET PEPPERBUSH Source: Wikipedia Text: Christine Facella. Images: Baruch Tauber. Layout: Christine Facella.

GINKGO BILOBA, GINKGO 1. Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant’s Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-20459-6 (1972-01-01) 2. Rosengarten. jnr. F. The Book of Edible Nuts. Walker & Co. ISBN 0802707699 (1984-01-01) 3. Hobbs. C. Ginkgo. Elixir of Youth. Botanica Press, California. ISBN 0-9618470-3-4(1994-01-01) 4. Rosengarten. jnr. F. The Book of Edible Nuts. Walker & Co. ISBN 0802707699 (1984-01-01) 5. Rosengarten. jnr. F. The Book of Edible Nuts. Walker & Co. ISBN 0802707699 (1984-01-01) 6. Bown. D. Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. ISBN 0-7513-020-31 (1995-01-01) 7. Liang, Fang, Zhang, Liu, “Heavy metal in leaves of twelve plant species from seven different areas in Shanghai, China”, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening Volume 27, October 2017, Pages 390-398 Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS, HONEY LOCUST 1. Vines. R.A. Trees of North Texas University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292780206 (1982-00-00) 2. Sargent. C. S. Manual of the Trees of N. America. Dover Publications Inc. New York. ISBN 0-486-20278-X (1965-00- 00) 3. Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications ISBN 0-9628087-0-9 (1990-00-00) 4. Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. ISBN 0-88192-453-9 (1998-00-00) 5. Duke. J. Handbook of Energy Crops - (1983-00-00) 6. Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. ISBN 0-88192-453-9 (1998-00-00) 7. Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0395467225(1990-00-00) 8. Kennan and Kirkwood, ‘Phyto, Principles and resources for site remediation and landscape design’, Routledge, 2015 9. Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press ISBN 0-333-47494-5 (1992-00-00) Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella/Lauren Salas-Schumann. Layout: Christine Facella.

IVA FRUTESCENS, BIGLEAF MARSH ELDER Source: Wikipedia Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella/Lauren Salas-Schumann. Layout: Christine Facella.

JUNIPERUS VIRGINIANA, EASTERN RED CEDAR 1. F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press (1951-00-00) 2. Vines. R.A. Trees of North Texas University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292780206 (1982-00-00) 3. Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. ISBN 0-88192-453-9(1998-00-00) 4. Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 5. Norris, Mark D., John M. Blair, and Loretta C. Johnson. “Altered Ecosystem Nitrogen Dynamics as a Consequence of Land Cover Change in Tallgrass Prairie.” American Midland Naturalist 158.2 (Oct. 2007): 432-445. 6. McKinley, Duncan C., and John M. Blair. “Woody Plant Encroachment by Juniperus virginiana in a Mesic Native Grass- land Promotes Rapid Carbon and Nitrogen Accrual.” Ecosystems 11.3 (Apr. 2008): 454-468. 7. Kennan and Kirkwood, ‘Phyto, Principles and resources for site remediation and landscape design’, Routledge, 2015 Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA, SWEETGUM 1. “Sweetgum”, McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, New York: McGraw-Hill 2. Vines. R.A. Trees of North Texas University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292780206 (1982-00-00) 3. Hill. A. F. Economic Botany. The Maple Press (1952-00-00) 4. Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications ISBN 0-9628087-0-9 (1990-00-00) 5. Kavasch. B. Native Harvests. Vintage Books ISBN 0-394-72811-4 (1979-00-00) 6. Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 7. Lust. J. The Herb Book. Bantam books ISBN 0-553-23827-2 (1983-00-00) 8. Saritz, R., Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, An International Journal Dealing with All Aspects and Applications of Nuclear Chemistry, 2005, Print ISSN: 0236-5731 Online ISSN: 1588-2780 9. Kennan and Kirkwood, ‘Phyto, Principles and resources for site remediation and landscape design’, Routledge, 2015 Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 33. MORUS ALBA, WHITE MULBERRY 1. Chiej. R. Encyclopaedia of Medicinal Plants. MacDonald ISBN 0-356-10541-5 (1984-00-00) 2. Duke. J. Handbook of Energy Crops - (1983-00-00) 3. Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications ISBN 0-9628087-0-9 (1990-00-00) 4. Yeung. Him-Che. Handbook of Chinese Herbs and Formulas. Institute of Chinese Medicine, Los Angeles (1985-00- 00) 5. NPS, ‘White Mulberry’, https://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/midatlantic/moal.htm, accessed 07/19/17 6. NIKOLOVA, ‘Absorption oF pb, Cu, Zn And CD type MORUS ALBA L. Cultivated on soils Contaminated with heavy metals’, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 21 (No 4) 2015, 747-750 Agricultural Academy Text: Ruth Nervig. Images: Ruth Nervig. Layout: Christine Facella.

PAULOWNIA TOMENTOSA, PRINCESS TREE 1. 3. Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications ISBN 0-9628087-0-9 (32202/01/01) 2. Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. 3. https://japanesemythology.wordpress.com/2014/12/07/the-custom-of-planting-a-paulownia-at-the-birth-of-a-baby- girl/ 11. Macci, C., Doni, S., Peruzzi, E. et al. ‘ A real-scale soil phytoremediation’ Biodegradation, July 2013, Volume 24, Issue 4, pp 521–538 5. Remaley, Tom (2006-06-27). “Princess tree”. Plant Conservation Alliance’s Alien Plant Working Group Least Wanted. Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella. Photo credit - flower: https://www.australianseed.com/shop/item/paulownia-tomentosa-

POPULUS SPP, POPLAR 1. Plants for a Future: https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Populus+tremuloides Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

PRUNUS SEROTINA, BLACK CHERRY 1. Grae. I. Nature’s Colors - Dyes from Plants. MacMillan Publishing Co. New York. ISBN 0-02-544950-8 (1974-00-00) 2. Vines. R.A. Trees of North Texas University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292780206 (1982-00-00) 3. Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant’s Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications ISBN 0-486-20459-6 (1972-00-00) 4. Lust. J. The Herb Book. Bantam books ISBN 0-553-23827-2 (1983-00-00) 5. Weiner. M. A. Earth Medicine, Earth Food. Ballantine Books ISBN 0-449-90589-6 (1980-00-00) Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella. Photo credit - flower: Russ Kleinman & Kelly Kindscher, Mogollon Mtns., Mineral Creek, July 7, 2007

QUERCUS COCCINEA, SCARLET OAK 1. Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. Garden Way, Vermont, USA. ISBN 0-88266-064-0 (1978- 00-00) 2. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin ISBN 0-14-046-440-9 (1984-00-00) 3. Hill. A. F. Economic Botany. The Maple Press (1952-00-00) 4. Sargent. C. S. Manual of the Trees of N. America. Dover Publications Inc. New York. ISBN 0-486-20278-X (1965-00- 00) 5. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin ISBN 0-14-046-440-9 (1984-00-00) Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

QUERCUS PALUSTRIS, PIN OAK 1. Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. Garden Way, Vermont, USA. ISBN 0-88266-064-0 (1978- 00-00) 2. Vines. R.A. Trees of North Texas University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292780206 (1982-00-00) Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 34. RHUS TYPHINA, STAGHORN SUMAC 1. Buchanan. R. A Weavers Garden. 2. Lauriault. J. Identification Guide to the Trees of Canada Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Ontario. 3. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 4. Sargent. C. S. Manual of the Trees of N. America. Dover Publications Inc. New York. 5. Britton. N. L. Brown. A. An Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada Dover Publications. New York. 6. Lauriault. J. Identification Guide to the Trees of Canada Fitzhenry and Whiteside, Ontario. 7. Peterson, Lee Allen (1977). Edible Wild Plants. New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 186 8. Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co 9. Ansari et al (Editors) ‘Phytoremediation: Management of Environmental Contaminants’ Volume 5, Springer publishing, 2017 Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella. Photo credit - bark: Wikidot

ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA, BLACK LOCUST 1. Polunin. O. Flowers of Europe - A Field Guide. Oxford University Press ISBN 0192176218 (1969-00-00) 2. Duke. J. Handbook of Energy Crops - (1983-00-00) 3. Triska. Dr. Hamlyn Encyclopaedia of Plants. Hamlyn ISBN 0-600-33545-3 (1975-00-00) 4. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin ISBN 0-14-046-440-9 (1984-00-00) 5. https://dirt.asla.org/2011/11/10/why-use-ipe-when-you-can-have-black-locust/ 6. Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications ISBN 0-9628087-0-9 (1990-00-00) 7. Frohne. D. and Pf?nder. J. A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Plants. Wolfe ISBN 0723408394 (1984-00-00) 8. Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-917256-20-4 (1985-00-00) 9. Foster. S. & Duke. J. A. A Field Guide to Medicinal Plants. Eastern and Central N. America. Houghton Mifflin Co. ISBN 0395467225(1990-00-00) 10. Duke. J. Handbook of Energy Crops - (1983-00-00) 11. Luyssaert, S. (2004). Metal uptake by young trees from dredged brackish sediment: limitations and possibilities for phytoextraction and phytostabilisation. Science of the total Environment, 326(1), 209-215. Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

ROSA PALUSTRIS, SWAMP ROSE 1. Mueller, P. et al. 2000. Illinois State Museum Tree Guide. http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/forest/htmls/ trees/R-palustris.html Text: Christine Facella/Sam Bishiop. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

ROSA ‘RADRAZZ’ KNOCK OUT, SHRUB ROSE 1. Schultz Nelson, J, ‘Knock out Roses’, http://web.extension.illinois.edu/dmp/palette/060528.html, May 28, 2006 2. Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications ISBN 0-9628087-0-9 (1990-00-00) 3. Huang et al, ‘Natural Phenolic Compounds From Medicinal Herbs and Dietary Plants: Potential Use for Cancer Prevention’, Nutrition and Cancer Vol. 62 , Iss. 1,2009 4. Turan M et al, ‘Phytoremediation of some heavy metals by different tissues of roses grown in the main intersections in Erzurum City’, May 2015 · Fresenius Environmental Bulletin Text: Lauren Salas-Schumann./Sam Bishop. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

TAXODIUM DISTICHUM, BALD CYPRESS 1. Moerman. D. Native American Ethnobotany Timber Press. Oregon. ISBN 0-88192-453-9 (1998-00-00) 2. Vines. R.A. Trees of North Texas University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292780206 (1982-00-00) 3. Vines. R.A. Trees of North Texas University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292780206 (1982-00-00) 4. Ali H.m., Hassan F.A., El-Mahrouk, E.S.M, El-Tarawy, M.A, “Use of bald cypress seedlings for phytoremediation of soil irrigation with sewage effluent: Plant growth and nutrient uptake”, January 2014 Journal of Pure and Applied Microbi- ology 8:581-592 Text: Christine Facella. Images: Christine Facella. Layout: Christine Facella.

Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy Gowanus Field Guide: Trees & Shrubs Gowanus Canal Conservancy 35. GOWANUS CANAL CONSERVANCY