DOCSLIB.ORG

Cyber–Securing the Vote: Ensuring the Integrity of the U.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

CYBER–SECURING THE VOTE: ENSURING THE INTEGRITY OF THE U.S. ELECTION SYSTEM HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED FIFTEENTH CONGRESS SECOND SESSION JULY 24, 2018 Serial No. 115–111 Printed for the use of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.govinfo.gov http://oversight.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 33–089 PDF WASHINGTON : 2018 VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:30 Dec 07, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 H:\33089.TXT APRIL KING-6430 with DISTILLER COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM Trey Gowdy, South Carolina, Chairman John J. Duncan, Jr., Tennessee Elijah E. Cummings, Maryland, Ranking Darrell E. Issa, California Minority Member Jim Jordan, Ohio Carolyn B. Maloney, New York Mark Sanford, South Carolina Eleanor Holmes Norton, District of Columbia Justin Amash, Michigan Wm. Lacy Clay, Missouri Paul A. Gosar, Arizona Stephen F. Lynch, Massachusetts Scott DesJarlais, Tennessee Jim Cooper, Tennessee Virginia Foxx, North Carolina Gerald E. Connolly, Virginia Thomas Massie, Kentucky Robin L. Kelly, Illinois Mark Meadows, North Carolina Brenda L. Lawrence, Michigan Ron DeSantis, Florida Bonnie Watson Coleman, New Jersey Dennis A. Ross, Florida Raja Krishnamoorthi, Illinois Mark Walker, North Carolina Jamie Raskin, Maryland Rod Blum, Iowa Jimmy Gomez, Maryland Jody B. Hice, Georgia Peter Welch, Vermont Steve Russell, Oklahoma Matt Cartwright, Pennsylvania Glenn Grothman, Wisconsin Mark DeSaulnier, California Will Hurd, Texas Stacey E. Plaskett, Virgin Islands Gary J. Palmer, Alabama John P. Sarbanes, Maryland James Comer, Kentucky Paul Mitchell, Michigan Greg Gianforte, Montana Michael Cloud, Texas SHERIA CLARKE, Staff Director WILLIAM MCKENNA, General Counsel TROY STOCK, Subcommittee Staff Director KILEY BIDELMAN, Clerk DAVID RAPALLO, Minority Staff Director (II) VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:30 Dec 07, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 H:\33089.TXT APRIL KING-6430 with DISTILLER C O N T E N T S Page Hearing held on July 24, 2018 ............................................................................... 1 WITNESSES The Honorable Christopher Krebs, Under Secretary, National Protection and Programs Directorate, U.S. Department of Homeland Security Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 6 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 9 The Honorable Thomas Hicks, Commissioner, U.S. Election Assistance Com- mission Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 14 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 17 The Honorable Maggie Toulouse Oliver, Secretary of State, New Mexico Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 22 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 24 The Honorable Ricky Hatch, County Auditor, Weber County, Utah Oral Statement ................................................................................................. 29 Written Statement ............................................................................................ 31 APPENDIX Motion to Issue Subpoena to Dan Coats, offered by Mr. Connolly ...................... 88 Mr. Meadows Motion to Table the Connolly Motion Vote Sheet ......................... 90 Letter for the Record from 21 State Attorneys General, submitted by Ranking Member Cummings .............................................................................................. 91 Four Letters for the Record, submitted by Mr. Clay ............................................ 96 Two Letters for the Record, submitted by Ms. Lawrence .................................... 105 Report from Capital Research Center, submitted by Mr. Palmer ....................... 116 Questions for the Record for Mr. Krebs, submitted by Ranking Member Cummings ............................................................................................................. 132 (III) VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:30 Dec 07, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 H:\33089.TXT APRIL KING-6430 with DISTILLER VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:30 Dec 07, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 H:\33089.TXT APRIL KING-6430 with DISTILLER CYBER–SECURING THE VOTE: ENSURING THE INTEGRITY OF THE U.S. ELECTION SYSTEM Tuesday, July 24, 2018 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM, Washington, D.C. The committee met, pursuant to call, at 10:01 a.m., in Room 2154, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Trey Gowdy [chairman of the committee] presiding. Present: Representatives Gowdy, Jordan, Sanford, Amash, Gosar, Foxx, Massie, Meadows, DeSantis, Ross, Walker, Blum, Hice, Grothman, Hurd, Palmer, Comer, Mitchell, Gianforte, Cloud, Cummings, Maloney, Norton, Clay, Lynch, Connolly, Lawrence, Watson Coleman, Krishnamoorthi, Raskin, Gomez, Welch, DeSaulnier, Plaskett, and Sarbanes. Chairman GOWDY. Good morning. The Committee on Oversight and Government Reform will come to order. Without objection, the presiding member is authorized is declare a recess at any time. I recognize myself for an opening statement, and then the gen- tleman from Maryland, and then I’ll recognize each of today’s wit- nesses. The right to vote is fundamental in a functioning democracy. In fact, the ability to pick our own leaders defines democracy. It’s the essence of self-governing. Everything we do in Congress from any legislative body, every bill passed, every hearing conducted, every witness summoned, every document accessed, all of it derives its power and legitimacy from an election. So the legitimacy of what we do is inextricably intertwined with the legitimacy of the under- lying election. The power to vote is likewise contingent on that vote being counted, no more or no less than anyone else’s. And the legitimacy to govern, therefore, flows from the reliability of the underlying election process. Further adding to the uniqueness of this idea called ‘‘America’’ is the duality that elections are principally governed by and con- ducted by State and local officials and sometimes volunteers, even though many elections have decidedly national implications. The stakes are national; the threats are sophisticated and inter- national. The process is State- and local-driven. But the States can and do ask for assistance, particularly given the nature of the at- tacks we now seem so face. Today’s hearing is focused generally on election security, on ac- cepting and advancing our individual and collective belief that the (1) VerDate Nov 24 2008 10:30 Dec 07, 2018 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6633 Sfmt 6633 H:\33089.TXT APRIL KING-6430 with DISTILLER 2 legitimacy of our work and the work of others in elective office is in direct proportion to the reliability of our own elections. Today’s hearing is broader than what happened in 2016, but what happened in 2016 must be addressed because the malefactors will attack us again. I personally am convinced beyond any evidentiary burden that Russia interfered with the 2016 election. I’m convinced Russia at- tempted to undermine the fundamentals of our democracy, impugn the reliability of the 2016 election, and sow the seeds of discord among Americans. Our intelligence community, both past and present, concluded this, as did the House Intelligence Committee report, as I am quite certain will the Senate Intelligence Committee report, and, equally importantly, as did our fellow Americans who served on the two grand juries which returned true bills. Just 10 days ago, the current Deputy Attorney General an- nounced Russians engaged in cyber operations to interfere in the 2016 Presidential election. They hacked into computer networks and installed malicious software that allowed them to spy on users, capture keystrokes, take screenshots, and exfiltrate and remove data from these computers. They also discussed the timing of the release in an attempt to enhance the impact on the election. This was not just his opinion; it was the consensus of average, everyday Americans who were called into service on what we call a grand jury. The Department of Justice said in both indictments, ‘‘There is no allegation that this inference changed the vote count or affected any election result,’’ but that was likely not for a lack of trying. What better way to undermine confidence in every derivative func- tion of government than to cast doubt on the election results as a whole? Last week, many of us were in a SCIF, meeting with Inspector General Michael Horowitz. There were no cameras. It was just us and our colleagues from Judiciary. And my suspicion is all of us who were there left with a renewed understanding of what hap- pened both in 2016 and even before that. We left even more fully cognizant that every election henceforth will be subject to attack, and, therefore, we must be prepared, not as partisans, but as fellow citizens. Russia attacked many institutions in our country. Some were successfully attacked, like the DNC and the DCCC, but many oth- ers were targeted. And I’m sure my colleagues were struck, as I was last week again and am struck every time I have access to rel- evant information, by the reality that all of us are actually
Recommended publications
  • Fact Sheet: Designation of Election Infrastructure As Critical Infrastructure

    Fact Sheet: Designation of Election Infrastructure As Critical Infrastructure

    Fact Sheet: Designation of Election Infrastructure as Critical Infrastructure Consistent with Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) 21, the Secretary of Homeland Security has established Election Infrastructure as a critical infrastructure subsector within the Government Facilities Sector. Election infrastructure includes a diverse set of assets, systems, and networks critical to the administration of the election process. When we use the term “election infrastrucure,” we mean the key parts of the assets, systems, and networks most critical to the security and resilience of the election process, both physical locations and information and communication technology. Specficially, we mean at least the information, capabilities, physical assets, and technologies which enable the registration and validation of voters; the casting, transmission, tabulation, and reporting of votes; and the certification, auditing, and verification of elections. Components of election infrastructure include, but are not limited to: • Physical locations: o Storage facilities, which may be located on public or private property that may be used to store election and voting system infrastructure before Election Day. o Polling places (including early voting locations), which may be physically located on public or private property, and may face physical and cyber threats to their normal operations on Election Day. o Centralized vote tabulation locations, which are used by some states and localities to process absentee and Election Day voting materials. • Information
  • Section I – E Xecutive Summary

    Section I – E Xecutive Summary

    SECTION I – EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The mission of the State Election Commission is to ensure every eligible citizen has the opportunity to register to vote, participate in fair and impartial elections, and have the assurance that their vote will count. Over the past decade, the business of conducting elections has become vastly more complex and subject to exceptional scrutiny by voters, candidates, media, and the legal community as never before. This requires everyone involved in the elections process, whether at the municipal, county, or state level, to become more technologically savvy, be better trained, and possess a higher level of election expertise. This is the environment in which the State Election Commission (SEC) must operate and carry out its mission. As the chief election agency in South Carolina, the SEC is tasked with the responsibility of overseeing the voter registration and election processes in the State. Everything that we do as an agency, our programs and our projects, emanates from these responsibilities. The primary mission and goal is to provide the highest level and quality of service possible within our statutory mandates. The SEC maintains the State’s computerized statewide voter registration system. The system contains voter registration data on every registered voter in South Carolina. All county voter registration offices have online access to the database. The SEC is responsible for printing the lists of registered voters for all elections held in the State, which averages approximately 300 each year. In combination with the driver’s license file, the system also serves as the source for jury selection lists in the State.
  • NASS Resolution on Threats of Violence Toward Election Officials and Election Workers

    NASS Resolution on Threats of Violence Toward Election Officials and Election Workers

    NASS Resolution on Threats of Violence Toward Election Officials and Election Workers Introduced by Hon. Kyle Ardoin (R-LA) Co-Sponsored for Introduction by: Hon. Kevin Meyer (R-AK) Hon. John Merrill (R-AL) Hon. Jena Griswold (D-CO) Hon. Paul Pate (R-IA) Hon. Scott Schwab (R-KS) Hon. Michael Adams (R-KY) Hon. Jocelyn Benson (D-MI) Hon. Steve Simon (D-MN) Hon. Michael Watson (R-MS) Hon. Al Jaeger (R-ND) Hon. Maggie Toulouse Oliver (D-NM) Hon. Barbara Cegavske (R-NV) Hon. Shemia Fagan (D-OR) Hon. Kim Wyman (R-WA) WHEREAS, the 2020 election cycle was the most challenging in recent memory, with a global pandemic and multiple natural disasters affecting numerous states and their election infrastructure and processes; and WHEREAS, election workers across the country worked tirelessly under difficult conditions to ensure a fair, safe and accurate election for the more than 155 million voters in November; and WHEREAS, based upon unrelenting misinformation and disinformation from both domestic and foreign sources, extremists have taken to threatening and endangering election workers, from Secretaries of State, state election directors, local election officials and election workers; and WHEREAS, the cornerstone of our republic is the right of Americans to vote in a safe, secure and accurate election, and their exercising of that right; and WHEREAS, election workers are a vital part of ensuring the exercise of that right for all eligible Americans; and WHEREAS, violence and violent threats directed at Secretaries of State, their families, staff, and other election workers is abhorrent and the antithesis of what our nation stands for.
  • The Irs's Systematic Delay and Scrutiny Of

    The Irs's Systematic Delay and Scrutiny Of

    THE IRS’S SYSTEMATIC DELAY AND SCRUTINY OF TEA PARTY APPLICATIONS HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED THIRTEENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION JULY 18, 2013 Serial No. 113–51 Printed for the use of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://www.fdsys.gov http://www.house.gov/reform U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 82–435 PDF WASHINGTON : 2013 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Aug 31 2005 11:16 Sep 03, 2013 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 C:\DOCS\82435.TXT APRIL COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM DARRELL E. ISSA, California, Chairman JOHN L. MICA, Florida ELIJAH E. CUMMINGS, Maryland, Ranking MICHAEL R. TURNER, Ohio Minority Member JOHN J. DUNCAN, JR., Tennessee CAROLYN B. MALONEY, New York PATRICK T. MCHENRY, North Carolina ELEANOR HOLMES NORTON, District of JIM JORDAN, Ohio Columbia JASON CHAFFETZ, Utah JOHN F. TIERNEY, Massachusetts TIM WALBERG, Michigan WM. LACY CLAY, Missouri JAMES LANKFORD, Oklahoma STEPHEN F. LYNCH, Massachusetts JUSTIN AMASH, Michigan JIM COOPER, Tennessee PAUL A. GOSAR, Arizona GERALD E. CONNOLLY, Virginia PATRICK MEEHAN, Pennsylvania JACKIE SPEIER, California SCOTT DESJARLAIS, Tennessee MATTHEW A. CARTWRIGHT, Pennsylvania TREY GOWDY, South Carolina MARK POCAN, Wisconsin BLAKE FARENTHOLD, Texas TAMMY DUCKWORTH, Illinois DOC HASTINGS, Washington ROBIN L. KELLY, Illinois CYNTHIA M. LUMMIS, Wyoming DANNY K. DAVIS, Illinois ROB WOODALL, Georgia PETER WELCH, Vermont THOMAS MASSIE, Kentucky TONY CARDENAS, California DOUG COLLINS, Georgia STEVEN A.
  • Jena M. Griswold Colorado Secretary of State

    Jena M. Griswold Colorado Secretary of State

    Jena M. Griswold Colorado Secretary of State July 28, 2020 Senator Mitch McConnell Senator Charles E. Schumer Senator Richard C. Shelby Senator Patrick J. Leahy Senator Roy Blunt Senator Amy Klobuchar Dear Senators: As Secretaries of State of both major political parties who oversee the election systems of our respective states, we write in strong support of additional federal funding to enable the smooth and safe administration of elections in 2020. The stakes are high. And time is short. The COVID-19 pandemic is testing our democracy. A number of states have faced challenges during recent primary elections. Local administrators were sometimes overwhelmed by logistical problems such as huge volumes of last-minute absentee ballot applications, unexpected shortages of poll workers, and difficulty of procuring and distributing supplies. As we anticipate significantly higher voter turnout in the November General Election, we believe those kinds of problems could be even larger. The challenge we face is to ensure that voters and our election workers can safely participate in the election process. While none of us knows what the world will look like on November 3rd, the most responsible posture is to hope for the best and plan for the worst. The plans in each of our states depend on adequate resources. While we are truly grateful for the resources that Congress made available in the CARES Act for election administration, more funding is critical. Current funding levels help to offset, but do not cover, the unexpectedly high costs that state and local governments face in trying to administer safe and secure elections this year.
  • The Socio Economic Impact of US Based Remittances in Nezahualcoyotl

    The Socio Economic Impact of US Based Remittances in Nezahualcoyotl

    The Socio Economic Impact of US based Remittances in Nezahualcoyotl. Nezahualcoyotl, May 29-July 2nd 2012 For More Information: Nuno Solano de Almeida, [email protected] www.clintonschool.uasys.edu 410-842-7227 This article is based on data collected from live interviews conducted in Nezahualcoyotl, State of Mexico, between May and July 2012. These are the findings of a research study made possible by a partnership between the organization ACORN International and the sponsor Clinton School of Public Service. The author and researcher is a graduate candidate for the Master’s degree of Public Service at the Clinton School, and joined ACORN International for his International Public Service research Project. This article contains passages from the author’s original report “The Socio-economic impact of US based remittances in Nezahualcoyotl”, and was compiled for publication at Social Policy Magazine. 1 2 The Socio-economic Impact of US based Remittances in Nezahualcoyotl Nuno Almeida 05-07 2012 Executive Summary: This paper is a reflection about the recent study conducted by the author, investigating the real impact that remittances have on the immigrant families, living in one of the newest and yet fastest growing municipalities in the metropolitan area of Distrito Federal, Mexico. The research project was a partnership between ACORN International and The Clinton School of Public Service, and served the purpose of looking into the relationship between those who immigrated to the US, and those who stayed behind, and what use was being made of the money that was sent home. The researcher’s goal with this project was to bring in a whole new perspective about remittances, based out of one of the most strategic places in Mexico.
  • Daily Congressional Record Corrections for 2019

    Daily Congressional Record Corrections for 2019

    Daily Congressional Record Corrections for 2019 VerDate Sep 11 2014 00:56 May 29, 2019 Jkt 089060 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 8392 Sfmt 8392 J:\CRONLINE\2019-BATCH-JAN\2019 TITLE PAGES FOR CRI INDEX\2019JANFEB.IDX 2 abonner on DSKBCJ7HB2PROD with CONG-REC-ONLINE VerDate Sep 11 2014 00:56 May 29, 2019 Jkt 089060 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 8392 Sfmt 8392 J:\CRONLINE\2019-BATCH-JAN\2019 TITLE PAGES FOR CRI INDEX\2019JANFEB.IDX 2 abonner on DSKBCJ7HB2PROD with CONG-REC-ONLINE Daily Congressional Record Corrections Note: Corrections to the Daily Congressional Record are identified online. (Corrections January 2, 2019 through February 28, 2019) Senate On page S8053, January 2, 2019, first column, The online Record has been corrected to read: the following appears: The PRESIDING OFFI- The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it CER. Without objection, it is so ordered. The is so ordered. The question is, Will the Senate ad- nominations considered and confirmed are as fol- vise and consent to the nominations of Robert S. lows: Robert S. Brewer, Jr., of California, to be Brewer, Jr., of California, to be United States At- United States Attorney for the Southern District of torney for the Southern District of California for California for the term of four years. Nicholas A. the term of four years; Nicholas A. Trutanich, of Trutanich, of Nevada, to be United States Attor- Nevada, to be United States Attorney for the Dis- ney for the District of Nevada for the term of four trict of Nevada for the term of four years; Brian years.
  • Observing the 2010 Presidential Elections in Guinea

    Observing the 2010 Presidential Elections in Guinea

    Observing the 2010 Presidential Elections in Guinea Final Report Waging Peace. Fighting Disease. Building Hope. Map of Guinea1 1 For the purposes of this report, we will be using the following names for the regions of Guinea: Upper Guinea, Middle Guinea, Lower Guinea, and the Forest Region. Observing the 2010 Presidential Elections in Guinea Final Report One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5188 Fax (404) 420-5196 www.cartercenter.org The Carter Center Contents Foreword ..................................1 Proxy Voting and Participation of Executive Summary .........................2 Marginalized Groups ......................43 The Carter Center Election Access for Domestic Observers and Observation Mission in Guinea ...............5 Party Representatives ......................44 The Story of the Guinean Security ................................45 Presidential Elections ........................8 Closing and Counting ......................46 Electoral History and Political Background Tabulation .............................48 Before 2008 ..............................8 Election Dispute Resolution and the From the CNDD Regime to the Results Process ...........................51 Transition Period ..........................9 Disputes Regarding First-Round Results ........53 Chronology of the First and Disputes Regarding Second-Round Results ......54 Second Rounds ...........................10 Conclusion and Recommendations for Electoral Institutions and the Framework for the Future Elections ...........................57
  • Columbia Acorn Family of Funds Class A, B, C, I, R and R5 Shares

    Columbia Acorn Family of Funds Class A, B, C, I, R and R5 Shares

    Merrill Corp - Ameriprise Financial [MCS] Columbia Acorn Trust Multi-Class Semi-Annual Report [Funds] 0...ED [AUX] | cmashak | 24-Aug-12 17:28 | 12-14557-2.aa | Sequence: 1 CHKSUM Content: 62817 Layout: 60096 Graphics: 56065 CLEAN Q2 2012 Columbia Acorn Family of Funds Class A, B, C, I, R and R5 Shares Managed by Columbia Wanger Asset Management, LLC Semiannual Report June 30, 2012 n Columbia Acorn® Fund n Columbia Acorn International® n Columbia Acorn USA® n Columbia Acorn International SelectSM n Columbia Acorn SelectSM n Columbia Thermostat FundSM n Columbia Acorn Emerging Markets FundSM n Columbia Acorn European FundSM Not FDIC insured • No bank guarantee • May lose value JOB: 12-14557-2 CYCLE#;BL#: 4; 0 TRIM: 8.25" x 10.75" COMPOSITE COLORS: Black, PANTONE 208 U, ~HTML color, ~HTML color 2, ~note-color 2 GRAPHICS: Acorn Z cvr k crop.eps, col_mgmt_R_bold_KO_new.eps V1.5 Merrill Corp - Ameriprise Financial [MCS] Columbia Acorn Trust Multi-Class Semi-Annual Report [Funds] 0...ED [AUX] | cmashak | 24-Aug-12 17:28 | 12-14557-2.aa | Sequence: 2 CHKSUM Content: 23529 Layout: 2229 Graphics: No Graphics CLEAN The views expressed in the “Chattering Squirrels” and “In a Nutshell” commentaries reflect the current views of the respective authors. These views are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict so actual outcomes and results may differ significantly from the views expressed. These views are subject to change at any time based upon economic, market or other conditions and the respective authors disclaim any responsibility to update such views.
  • The Politicization and Polarization of Climate Change

    The Politicization and Polarization of Climate Change

    Claremont Colleges Scholarship @ Claremont CMC Senior Theses CMC Student Scholarship 2021 The Politicization and Polarization of Climate Change Williamson Grassle Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses Part of the American Politics Commons, Environmental Law Commons, Environmental Studies Commons, and the Legislation Commons Recommended Citation Grassle, Williamson, "The Politicization and Polarization of Climate Change" (2021). CMC Senior Theses. 2663. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2663 This Open Access Senior Thesis is brought to you by Scholarship@Claremont. It has been accepted for inclusion in this collection by an authorized administrator. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Claremont McKenna College The Politicization and Polarization of Climate Change Submitted to Professor John J. Pitney, Jr. By Williamson Grassle For Senior Thesis Spring 2021 May 3rd 1 Table of Contents TITLE……………………………………………………………………………………..1 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS……………………………………………………………….3 ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………4 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………...5 CHAPTER 1 – LATE 20TH, EARLY 21ST CENTURY………………………………....12 CHAPTER 2 – RECENT………………………………………………………………...24 CHAPTER 3 – FUTURE………………………………………………………………...39 WORK CITED…………………………………………………………………………...52 2 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Professor John J. Pitney for his guidance and support on this thesis. Throughout my time at Claremont McKenna, you have helped foster my passion for politics and define my interest in environmental policy. Without your guidance and expertise, I would not have been able to complete this project. 3 Abstract In the mid to late 20th-century, climate change and other environmental issues were addressed on a bipartisan basis, with Republican politicians like President Richard Nixon and George H.W. Bush supporting and advancing measures to combat climate change. However, since the 1990s, climate change has become increasingly polarized, with significant polarization in the last decade.
  • Strategic Politicians, Partisan Roll Calls, and the Tea Party: Evaluating the 2010 Midterm Elections

    Strategic Politicians, Partisan Roll Calls, and the Tea Party: Evaluating the 2010 Midterm Elections

    Electoral Studies 32 (2013) 26–36 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Electoral Studies journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/electstud Strategic politicians, partisan roll calls, and the Tea Party: Evaluating the 2010 midterm elections Jamie L. Carson a,*, Stephen Pettigrew b a University of Georgia, 104 Baldwin Hall, Athens, GA 30602-1615, USA b Harvard University, Department of Government, 1737 Cambridge Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA article info abstract Article history: The 2010 midterm elections were politically and historically significant in several respects. Received 14 September 2011 This article offers a concise narrative of the congressional elections beginning with Received in revised form 8 August 2012 a discussion of the factors influencing the outcome of the historic election. We briefly Accepted 22 August 2012 consider established research on congressional elections and analyze the degree to which these theories apply to the specific circumstances in 2010. Throughout the article, we Keywords: compare the 2010 midterms to two other recent elections, 2006 and 2008. We also Congressional elections examine several idiosyncratic aspects of the 2010 elections, relative to the historic Midterms Strategic politicians midterm elections of 1994 and 2006, as well as the effects of the stimulus and healthcare fi Tea Party reform bills and the Tea Party movement. We nd strong effects for member votes on the individual roll calls, but little evidence of Tea Party influence on electoral outcomes. Ó 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. The 2010 midterms will likely go down as one of the economic conditions and changes in presidential approval. most historic elections in the modern era.
  • Mega Troubles for Micro Finance an Acorn International Campaign Report

    Mega Troubles for Micro Finance an Acorn International Campaign Report

    MEGA TROUBLES FOR MICRO FINANCE AN ACORN INTERNATIONAL CAMPAIGN REPORT For many years microfinance has been the „sacred cow‟ of the development world. Mohammad Yunus, considered the „father of the micro-credit movement‟, and his institution the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006, the United States Congress repeatedly appropriates more money for microfinance than requested by the executive and in 2009 alone $14.6 billion of public funds were committed to funding microfinancial institutions. ABOUT ACORN MEGA TROUBLES INTERNATIONAL ACORN International is multi-national FOR MICRO federation of more than 60,000 low-and- moderate income families working in FINANCE eleven countries. ACORN International AN ACORN INTERNATIONAL works in directly affiliated countries CAMPAIGN REPORT include Peru, Canada, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Argentina, Background India, Kenya, Honduras, Korea, Microfinance has traditionally been the „sacred cow‟ of the Czech Republic, and development sector. the United States with additional The Microfinance Information Exchange (MIX) (an authority on partnerships in microfinance and microfinancial data worldwide), defines Indonesia, microfinance as „retail financial services that are relatively small in relation to the income of a typical individual‟.i For the Philippines, and Italy. purpose of this report, we will further broaden this definition to include some hallmarks traditionally associated with ACORNInternational.org microcredit programmes worldwide (overwhelmingly the most popular form of microfinance and certainly the most controversial). Most microcredit borrowers are poor women. They unite collectively in groups in order to take out small loans which are then meant to finance investment in micro-enterprises. The income from these micro-enterprises goes towards loan repayment, further investment in the micro-enterprise and consumption which allows the borrowers to pull themselves, and their families, out of poverty.