Gatsby” Movie Typescript by Baz Luhrmann. Thesis, English Education Departement, Tarbiyah Faculty, State Islamic College of Ponorogo, Advisor Nurul Khasanah, M.Pd
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Abstract
Mahmudah, Eti. 2015. An Analysis of Derivational Adjective in “The Great Gatsby” Movie Typescript by Baz Luhrmann. Thesis, English Education Departement, Tarbiyah Faculty, State Islamic College of Ponorogo, Advisor Nurul Khasanah, M.pd.
Key words: Derivational Adjective, Movie
Language is a social phenomenon. It is a means of communication between individuals. It also brings them into relationship with their environment. The study of language is conducted within the field of linguistics. Morphology is the part of linguistics that deals with the study of words, their internal structure and partially their meanings This research is aimed to analyze derivational adjective that used in “The Great Gatsby” movie. This movie become object of research because the language in this film presented many words that can change the meaning, especially for adjective. It was good for students who study English language because knowing about derivation is very important in studying language. Derivation as a part of morphology has the unique characteristics, one word can change other meanings depends on the affixes which follow it. This research was qualitative research, especially library research. Data were collected by documentation. Researcher collected documents that related to this film, one of them was dialogue script of the movie to clarify the meaning of dialogue to find the affixes and functions of derivational adjective used. The results of this research show that the affixes of derivational adjective in this movie are, as follows: in- (5 times), un- (8 times), -ful (13 times), -less (5 time), -able (6 times), -ous (4 times), -ly (3 times), -al (3 times), -y (5 times), and - ic (7 times). Besides that, the result of the function of adjective in this movie are, as follows: the first, attributive adjective that consist of the determiner, are the (19 times), a (48 times), an (7 times), this (1 time), these (1 time), that (3 times), my (6 times), your (2 times), and his (2 times). The second, predicative that is consist of subject complement and object complement. Predicative adjective as subject complement that show after to be (is, am, are) (39 times), after linking verb (3 times), and it is premodified by the intensifier (very, so) (23 times). Predicative adjective as object complement that explain pronoun appear (2 times) from this movie. There are many kinds of affixes and the function of derivational adjective, learning more about it will increase English language student‟s capability, especially to change the words or to change the meaning of words based on the class word
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the study
Language is very important for our life which takes a part as a
communication tool among human. People will get difficulty on
expressing their ideas, opinions, and feelings without language. Lim Kiat
Boey stated, “Language is a social phenomenon. It is a means of
communication between individuals. It is also brings them into
relationship with their environment. Language is therefore socially learned
behavior, a skill that is acquired as we grow up in society”.1
In globalization era the language has been changeable. The
changing of language is caused by many factors. One of them comes into
contact with others. Language has so many words. In linguistics, the
science that study about words is called morphology. Morphology is a sub
discipline field of linguistics that concerns in the process of words
formation.
Word formation is the process of creating new words that is used in
daily communication. According to George Yule, word formation is a
study of the processes whereby new words come into being in a language.2
Word can be divided into different kinds of morpheme such as roots and
1 Lim Kiat Boey, An Introduction to Linguistic for The Language Teacher (Singapura: Singapura University Press, 1975), 3. 2 George Yule, The Study of Language (United Stated: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 52-53. 1
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affixes and in this situation word formation happened. A word may be an
existing word which is created into a new one. Consequently, several
forms of words are found in a language. Word formation processes are
potential to create new words to the categories of noun, verb, adjective,
and adverb. They are opened in the sense that new members are constantly
being added.
New words are made on the basic of patterns of meaning
correspondence between existing words. It is not only creating new words
but also creating new meanings. Furthermore, those new words are the
existing words are likely to undergo certain morphological processes. One
of the processes is known as affixation. This process is characterized by
adding an affix to a base. A base is a form to which any affixes can be
added. It can be free morpheme, the one that can stand alone, for instance,
wipe, head, bracelet and McDonald, or a bound morpheme, the one that
cannot stand alone. In the examples above, the bound morphemes are un-,
ize, and –ation.
Bound morphemes come in different varieties. Those in are
prefixes and suffixes; the former are bound morphemes that come before
the base of word, and the latter bound morphemes that come after the base.
Together, prefixes and suffixes can be grouped together as affixes.3
Affix is a bound morpheme with which it is differed from the
position of the attachment. An affix attaches to word or a main part of a
3 Rochelle Lieber, Introducing Morphology (United States: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 44.
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word. It usually has an abstract meaning, and an affix cannot occur by
itself. Morphologists often use special terms for different kinds of affixes,
depending on their position within the word. Affixes that precede it are
called prefixes and affixes that follow the main part of the word are called
suffixes.4 Suffixes can be classified into four classes of derivatives they
are producing. They are suffixes forming noun, suffixes forming verb,
suffixes forming adjective, and suffixes forming adverb.
The word antivirus, disconnect, to which the prefix (anti- and dis)
is applied. In this word, the addition of the prefix (anti-) means against or
opposite. And the prefix (dis-) means not or opposite of. Whereas, the
word adorable, hopeful, to which the suffix (-able and –ful) is applied. In
this word, the addition of the suffix (-able) to the verb fix converts the verb
into adjective as well as effect on new meaning of the new word. And
when the suffix (-ful) is applied to the noun, it also will create a new
meaning of the word. Based on those examples, we can conclude that noun
or verb can be formed adjective by adding the suffixes. It is called
derivational suffixes forming adjective. And derivational prefixes typically
do not change the lexical category of the base.5
Derivational adjective affixes not only can be found in written text,
but also in movie or film. One of the movies that will discuss to this
research is The Great Gatsby. The Great Gatsby is the novel which is
written by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby is one of the great
4 Martin Haspelmath, Understanding Morphology 2nd Edition (London: Hodder Education an Hachette UK Company, 2010), 19-20. 5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_prefixes.
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American novels that use literary language that is easily understood.
Besides that, One of the strengths of this novel is precisely on the
characters created by Fitzgerald (whose real name is Jay Gatz) is a
mysterious millionaire, magnetic, charismatic, and very fragile. It caused
his emotion relies on the past that cannot be achieved back.6
Based on the statement above, these are Baz Luhrmann‟s reason
lift The Great Gatsby novel into the movies than any other novel. On the
Great Gatsby movie, there are derivational adjective affixes. There are
affixes that find in The Great Gatsby movie, such as a (n)-, anti-, de-, dis-,
in-, mis-, non-, un-, –ful, -less, -able/-ible, -ous, -al, -y, -ic, and –ly. Each
affix has the function itself and it can be paired with noun or verb in order
to be adjective. Based on the statement above, the researcher will discuss
about this movie by the title “An Analysis of Derivational Adjective in
“The Great Gatsby” Movie Typescript by Baz Luhrmann.”
B. Statements of the Problem
Based on the background of the study, the writer formulates the
statements of the problem below.
1. What are the derivational adjectives found in “The Great Gatsby”
Movie Typescript?
2. What are the functions of adjectives in “The Great Gatsby” Movie
Typescript?
6http://www.tempo.co/read/jeda/2013/05/31/97/Gatsby-di-antara-Fitzgerald-dan Luhrmann.
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C. Objectives of the Study
Concerning with the problem statement, this study has some
objective described as follows:
1. To analyze the derivational adjective in “The Great Gatsby” Movie
Typescript.
2. To analyze the functions of adjectives in “The Great Gatsby” Movie
Typescript.
D. Significances of the Study
After completing all research activities, this study is expected to
give significances presented as follow.
1. Theoretical Significances
Based on theoretical significance, the researcher hopes this
research can give a useful contribution for development of linguistics
theory especially in morphology aspect. Besides that, this research is
expected can rich the knowledge and references of derivational affixes
that change the class of root or base in the part of speech.
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2. Practical Significances
a. English Department students
The study can enrich the vocabulary and knowledge of
English students about derivational morphemes of English words.
They can use their understanding of derivational for English
language activity. For example write a journal, article, essay, and
their daily conversations.
b. The English teacher
This research can give information and understanding for
English teachers deeply. It also give contribute for English teachers
to increase comprehension in explaining about derivational
adjective with analyzing the articles, journals, novels, books, and
others.
c. The other researchers
This research can be references for the other researchers to
understanding and differentiate the meaning, the category of
derivational words between the original words and the new words
in the movie. It can help them to find the purpose of movie easier.
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E. Review of Related Literature
1. Linguistics
Linguistics is the scientific study of language. There are three
aspects to this study, which include language form, language meaning,
and language in context. The linguistics ingredients that language is
made up of are arranged in accordance with a set of rules. This set of
rules we call the grammar of a language.7
There are many approaches to study of language, emphasizing
different scientific traditions and aspects of the subject. Two broad
divisions are the following; theoretical linguistics which study of the
structural properties of language and experimental and applied
linguistics.8
The theoretical of linguistics that is concerned with the structure of
language is divided into a number of subfields:
a. Phonetic
Phonetic is the general study of the characteristics of speech
sounds.9 Phonetics is the study of production, transmission and
reception of speech sounds.10 According to Bruce Hayes, phonetics
is primarily an experimental science, which studies speech sounds
from three viewpoints; Production is how sounds are made in the
7 Bas Aarts, English Syntax and Argumentation (London: MACMILAN PRESS LTD, 1997), 3. 8 http://www.mcgill.ca/files/linguistics/What_is_Linguistics.pdf, April 29 2010 9 George Yule, The Study of Language, 30. 10 Loreto Todd, An introduction to Linguistics (Singapore: Longman York Press, 1987), 7.
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human vocal tract. Acoustics is the study of the waveforms by
which speech is transmitted through the atmosphere. Perception is
how the incoming acoustic signal is processed to detect the sound
sequence originally intended by the speaker.11
The science of phonetics attempts to describe all of the
sounds used in language – the sounds that constitute a small but
extremely important fraction of the totality of sounds that human
beings are capable of producing.
The process by which we use our linguistic knowledge to
produce a meaningful utterance is a very complicated one. It can be
viewed as a chain of events starting with an “idea” or message in
the brain of the speaker and ending with a similar message in the
brain of the hearer. The message is put into a form that is dictated
by the language we are speaking. It must then be transmitted by
nerve signals to the organs of speech articulation, which produce
the different physical sounds heard by the listener.
Speech sounds can be described at any stage in this chain of
events. The study of the physical properties of the sounds
themselves is called acoustic phonetics. The study of the way
listeners perceive these sounds is called auditory phonetics. The
11 Bruce Hayes, Introductory Phonology (United Kingdom: Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2009), 7.
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study of how the vocal tract produces the sounds of language is
called articulatory phonetics.12
b. Phonology
Phonology is the study of what sounds a language has and
how these sounds combine to form words.13 According to Charles
W. Kreidler, phonology is the knowledge or the description how
speech sounds are organized in a particular language, there are
units called phonemes which combine is various possible ways to
express meaningful units such as words.14
Phonology is concerned with this kind of linguistic
knowledge. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce
sounds which form meaningful utterances to recognize a foreign
“accent” to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic
segments to form plurals and past tenses, to produce “aspirated”
and “unaspirated” voiceless stops in the appropriate context, to
know what is or is not a sound in one‟s language, and to know that
different phonetic strings may represent the same “meaningful
unit.”15
12 Victoria Fromkin – Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language 3rd Edition (New York: CBS Collage Publishing, 1983), 36-37. 13 John I. Saeed, Semantics: Introducing Linguistics 2nd Edition (Australia: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2003), 23. 14 Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics (London & New York: Roudledge, 1998), 7. 15 Victoria Fromkin – Robert Rodman, An Introduction to Language 3rd Edition, 71.
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c. Syntax
Syntax is the knowledge or the description of the classes of
words, sometimes called part of speech, and of how members of
these classes go together to form phrases and sentences. Syntax is
the study of how words can be combined into sentences.16
Syntax is the part of grammar that represents a speaker‟s
knowledge of sentences and their structures.17 In the syntactic
structure of sentences, two distinct yet interrelated aspects must be
distinguished. The first one is the function of elements as subject
and direct object in a sentence. The second aspect concerns the
organization of the units which constitute sentences.18
d. Semantics
Semantics is the study of the meanings of words and
sentences. The basic task in semantics is as showing how people
communicate meaning with pieces of language.19 Semantics is
mainly concerned with a speaker‟s competence to use the language
system in producing meaningful utterances and processing
(comprehending) utterances produced by others.20
16 Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics, 8. 17 Victoria Fromkin, An Introduction to Language 10th Edition (USA: WADSWORTH CENGAGE Learning, 2014), 77. 18 Robert D. Van Valin JR, An Introduction to Syntax (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 21. 19 John I. Saeed, Semantics: Introducing Linguistics 2nd Edition, 25. 20 Charles W. Kreidler, Introducing English Semantics, 18.
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e. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is another branch of linguistics that is concerned
with meaning. Pragmatics is focus on a person‟s ability to derive
meanings from specific kinds of speech situations to recognize
what the speaker is referring to, to relate new information to what
has gone before, to interpret what is said from background
knowledge about the speaker and the topic of discourse, and to
infer or „fill in‟ information that the speaker takes for granted and
doesn‟t bother to say.21
f. Morphology
Morphology is the study of the meaningful parts of words
and it concerned with the form of words themselves.22 Francis
Katamba stated that morphology is the study of word formation
and word structure.23 According to Loreto Todd, morphology is the
study of morphemes, which are the smallest significant unit of
grammar.24
Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that has its own
meaning. The concepts of morpheme differ from the concept word,
as may morphemes cannot stand as words on their own. A
morpheme is free if it can stand alone, or bound if it is used
exclusively alongside a free morpheme. Such as /–ish/, /-ness/, /-
21 Ibid, 19. 22 Kirsten MalmKjaer, The Linguistic Encyclopedia 2nd Edition (London & New York: Routledge, 2005), 354. 23 Francis Katamba, English Words (London & New York: Roudledge, 1994), 3. 24 Loreto Todd, An introduction to Linguistics, 41.
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ly/, /dis-/ are bound morpheme.25 English example: the word
“adorable” has two morphemes “adore” a free morpheme, and “-
able” is a suffix. Suffix is part of affixes.
Based on the statement above, it concludes that morpheme
is the smallest parts that construct words. Morpheme can be
classified into two various, there are:26 free morpheme and bound
morpheme.
a) Free morpheme
Free morpheme is one which may stand alone in a
language, without the requiring the presence of additional
morpheme in order to be freely pronounceable as a word. Thus,
words made up of only one morpheme, such as walk, force,
miss, are necessarily free morpheme.
Free morpheme fall into two categories. The first categories
are that set of ordinary noun, adjectives, and verbs which carry
the “content” of message of speaker conveys. These free
morphemes are called lexical morpheme. E.g. girl, man, house,
tiger. The other types of free morphemes are called functional
morpheme. E.g. end, but, when, that, it, them.
25 Victoria Fromkin, An Introduction to Language 7th Edition (Los Angeles: University of California, 2003), 97. 26 Charles F. Meyer, Introducing English Linguistics (United States: Cambridge University Press, 2009), 152.
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b) Bound morpheme
Bound morpheme is one which cannot stand alone as a
freely pronounceable word in a language, but which requires
the presence of some morpheme. Thus, morpheme in English
such as –ed ”past”, or miss- “wrongly” are bound morpheme.
Bound morpheme can also be divided into two types. The
first categories are inflectional morpheme. It is not used to
produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate
aspects of the grammatical function of a word. At the present
stage of English history, there are a total of eight bound
inflectional affixes: /-s/ third person-singular present, /-ed/ past
tense, /-ing/ progressive, /-en/ past participle, /-s/ plural, /-„s/
possessive, /-er/ comparative, /-est/ superlative.27
The second one of bound morpheme is derivational
morpheme. It is make new words or to make words of a
different grammatical category from the stem. For example, the
noun care can become the adjective careful or careless by the
addition of the derivational morpheme –ful or –less.
27 Victoria Fromkin, An Introduction of Language 7th Edition, 119-120.
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2. Derivation
a. Definition of derivation
Derivation is the process of new lexemes that are formed
with prefixes and suffixes on a base.28 Derivation is the word
formation process in which a derivational affix is attached to the
base form of a word to create a new word.
b. Kinds of derivation
Morphology is the branches of linguistics that studies the
structure of words. Morphology fulfils two main functions in
English.29 Morphemes can be used to form new word or to inflect
verbs and nouns. It can divided into some categories, there are:
1) Derivational Morphology
Derivational Morphology involves affixation. An affix is a
bound morpheme that attaches to bases.30 In English, affixes
commonly used by morphologists are prefixes and suffixes.
Prefixes are attached before a base. The prefixes of English
can be classified semantically into the following groups. First,
there is a large group that quantify over their base words‟
meaning. For example: „one‟ (uni-, unilateral, unification),
„twice or two‟ (bi-, bilateral) and others. Second, there are
numerous locative prefixes such as circum- „around‟
28 Rochelle Lieber, Introducing Morphology , 44. 29 Loreto Todd, An Introduction to Linguistics, 44. 30 Ingo Plag, Word-Formation In English (United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2003), 72.
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(circumnavigate), counter- „against‟ (counterbalance) and
others. Third, there are temporal prefixes expressing notions
like „before‟ (ante-, pre-, and fore-, as in antechamber,
preconcert, and foresee). A fourth group consists of prefixes
expressing negation (a(n)-, de-, dis-, in-, non-,and un-.31
Suffixes are attached after a base. Commonly occurring
suffixes always change the class of the word to which they are
attached. There are kinds of suffixes, including:
a) Words ending in the morpheme „-acy‟, „-ation‟, „-er/-or‟, „-
ess‟, „-ity‟, „-ment‟, „-ness‟, and „-ship‟ tent to be noun. For
example: democracy, adoration, painter, actor, mistress,
weakness, etc.
b) Words ending in „-ise/-ize‟ tent to be verbs. For example:
epitomize, hospitalize, etc.
c) Words ending in „-able, „-ed, „-ful, „-ical, „-ive, „-less, „-
like, „-ous, and „-y tent to be djectives. For example:
enjoyable, polished, comical, diminutive, helpless,
industrious, etc.
d) Words which end in „-ly‟ tent to be adverb. For example:
quickly, securely, etc.
Beside that, there are the other affix such as infix and
circumfix. Infix is attached inside a base. For example: Tagalog
31 Ibid, page 98.
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language –um- in s-um-ulat sumulat (base: sulat). Circumfix
is occurred on both sides of the base. For example: German
language ge-…-en, ge-fahr-engefahren.
2) Inflectional Morphology
When derivational affixes often involve a change of class,
but inflectional suffixes never involve a change of class.
Inflectional morphology occurs with nouns, pronouns, and
verbs. This is the example of inflectional in English
morpheme.32
English Inflectional Examples Morphemes -s third-person singular She wait-s at home present -ed past tense She wait-ed at home -ing progressive She is eat-ing the donut -en past participle Mary has eat-en the donuts -s plural She ate the donut-s -„s possessive Disa‟s hair is short -er comparative Disa has short-er hair than Karin -est superlative Disa has the short-est hair
Based on the statement above that the new word can be
formed and make the new meaning by derivational processes.
Derivation can occur when an affix (prefixes and suffixes)
32 Victoria Fromkin, An Introction to Language 7th Edition, 120.
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attach inside noun, verb, or adjective. So, in this research the
writer focus on derivation suffixes forming adjective.
3. Adjective
a. Definition of Adjective
Adjectives are words used to describe or modify nouns or
pronouns, it caused adjective can describe things. But, in
linguistics, Adjectives take many forms. Some are formed when it
add a suffix to a noun or verb. Besides that, adjective take the form
of participles (verb ending in –ed or –ing) and many others are not
formed from nouns or verbs but are original in themselves.33
b. Kinds of Adjective
Adjectives are one of the English parts of speech. An
adjective is a word added to a noun or pronoun. Adjective can be
divided into some kinds, there are:34
1) Demonstrative Adjective
These adjective are used to point out or indicate a particular
noun or pronoun using the adjectives, such as this, that, these,
and those. The example: That bag belongs to Neil.
2) Distributive Adjective
Distributive adjectives are used with singular nouns. The
following verb is usually singular, but can be plural in a very
formal style. In English, there are four distributive adjective,
33 http://grammarist.com/grammar/adjectives/. 34 A. J. Thomson, A Practical English Grammar 4th Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), 22.
19
such as each, every, either, and neither. The example: Taxes
have to be paid by every employed citizen.
3) Quantitative Adjective
These adjectives help to show the amount or the
approximate amount of the noun or pronoun. These adjective
do not provide exact numbers; rather they tell us the amount of
the noun in relative or whole terms, such as all, half, many,
few, little, no, enough, great, etc. The example: Many people
came to visit the fair.
4) Interrogative Adjective
These adjectives are used to ask questions about noun or in
relation to nouns, they are where, what, which, and whose. The
example: Whose pen is this?
5) Possessive Adjective
A possessive adjective modifies a noun by telling whom it
belongs to. It answers the question “whose?” such as his, her,
its, my, our, their, and your. The example: This is his room.
6) Adjective of Quality
These adjectives are used to describe the nature of a noun.
They give an idea about the characteristics of the noun by
answering the question „what kind‟. The example: Sheila is a
beautiful woman.
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c. The characteristics of Adjective
Every part of speech has the main characteristic, one of it is
Adjective. Four features are commonly considered to be
characteristic of adjectives, including:35
1) Attributive Adjective
It can be placed between determiner (with article or without
article) and the head of noun phrase. The example: A beautiful
girl.
2) Predicative Adjective
It can function as subject complement or object
complement. The example: The painting is ugly (subject
complement) and He thought the painting is ugly (object
complement).
3) It can be premodified by the intensifier very. The example: The
children are very happy.
4) It can be formed from comparative and superlative. The
example: The children are happier now (comparative) and
They are the happiest people I know.
d. The formation of adjective
Adjective can be formed from word bases with some
suffixes. Derivational process occurs when the process result in the
formation of adjectives from base of a different word class.
35 Randolph Quirk, A comprehensive Grammar of The English Language (United States: Longman Inc, New York, 1985), 206.
21
According to Barbara, Adjective suffixes can be classified into
two, there are:36 The first, adjective can be formed from noun to
express the quality of the noun. For example: point (noun)
pointed (adjective), hope (noun) hopeful (adjective).There are
the suffixes which have the function of forming adjectives,
especially from nouns. The second, adjective can also be formed
from verbs. For example: to run (verb) running (adjective), to
believe (verb) believable (adjective). There are the suffixes have
the function of forming adjectives, especially from verb.
Based on the statement above, adjective can be formed
from word class noun or verb by adding suffixes. According to
Randolph Quirk, there are eight suffixes, including:37
1) –able. The example: accept + able acceptable, agree + able
agreeable.
2) –al. The example: logic + al logical, mechanic + al
mechanical.
3) –ful. The example: beauty + ful beautiful, care + ful
careful
4) –ic. The example: scene + ic scenic, hero + is heroic
5) –ish. The example: child + ish childish, grey + ish
greyish
36 Barbara Dykes, Grammar for Everyone: Practical Tools for Learning and Teaching Grammar (Victoria: ACER Press, 2007), 67. 37 Randolph Quirk, A comprehensive Grammar of The English, 206.
22
6) –less. The example: care + less careless, harm + less
harmless
7) –y. The example: dirt + y dirty, fruit + y fruity.
8) –ous. The example: danger + ous dangerous, fame + ous
famous
e. The function of adjective
An adjective, when it is used in a sentence or phrase,
performs in a syntactic function. That to say, it has a certain
function at its place in the sentence or phrase. According to
Randolph Quirk, adjective can be classified according to the
syntactic function they perform.38
1) Attributive
Adjectives are attributive when they premodify nouns;
appear between the determiner and the head of noun phrase.
The example: the wonderful poppies of course. It means that
the sentence consist of the as determiner, wonderful as
adjective, and poppies as noun. The adjective wonderful
appears between determiner the and the noun poppies.
2) Predicative
Predicative adjectives are divided into two, there are subject
complement and object complement. The example:
38 Randolph Quirk, A University Grammar of English (Longman: University of London, 1973), 63.
23
a) Subject complement
I am very grateful
The sentence above consist of I as subject, „m as copular
verb, very as intensifier, and grateful as predicate adjective
which function as subject complement.
b) Object complement
The wine is fruity
The sentence above consist of the as determiner, wine as
object, fruity as predicative adjective which has object
complement.39
4. Movie
a. Definition of movie
Movie is simply short for motion pictures. Movie is a
popular entertainment, a product produced and marketed by a large
commercial studio. Regardless of the subject matter, this movie is
pretty to look at-every image is well polished by an army of skilled
artists and technicians. The finished product, which is about two
hours long, screens initially in movie theaters, is eventually
released to DVD, and ultimately winds up on television. This
common expectation is certainly understandable; most movies that
39 Ni Luh Putu Winiastari, The Function of Derivational Adjectives in “Now Bali” Magazine (Bali: Udayana University), 6-7.
24
reach most English-speaking audiences have followed a good part
of this model for three-quarters of a century.40
b. Types of movie
According to Richard M. Barsam there are three major
types of movies, including narrative movie, documentary movie,
and experimental movie.41
1) Narrative movie
Narrative is a way of structuring fictional or fictionalized
stories presented in narrative films. Narrative can be defined in
a broader conceptual context as any cinematic structure in
which content is selected and arranged in a cause-and-effect
sequence of events occurring over time.
Narrative movie is tell stories or utilize other formal aspects
of narrative, is that narrative films are directed toward fiction.
Even those narrative movies that purport to tell a true story.42 A
good story in narrative should have three sequential parts; there
is a beginning, a middle, and an end. But, three part structure
has been expanded into five parts today:43
a) Exposition. Everything preceding and including the
inciting moment- the event or situation that sets the rest of
the narrative in motion. The exposition provides
40 Richard M. Barsam, Looking At Movies: An Introduction to Film 3rd Edition (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc, 2010), 3. 41 Ibid, 60-61. 42 Ibid, 65 43 Ibid, 119
25
background information on the characters, setting, and
basic conflict, and ends with an inciting moment that sets
the action going. b) Rising action. The development of the action of the
narrative toward a climax. During the rising star, the
principle conflict develops and may be complicated by the
introduction of related secondary conflicts. c) Climax. The narrative‟s turning point. The climax is not
the end of the action but rather the turning point, where, for
example, the protagonist may begin to overpower the
antagonist, or the opposite. d) Falling action. The events that follow the climax and bring
the narrative from climax to conclusion. During the falling
action, the principle conflict moves toward resolution, with
the protagonist winning or losing against the antagonist. e) Denouement. The resolution or conclusion of the narrative.
In the denouement, the final part, there should be no
question about the resolution unless, of course, ambiguity is
intended. We usually say that in a story which is considered
a comedy, the protagonist is better off now than he or she
was at the beginning of the story; if the story is considered
a tragedy, the situation is the opposite.
26
2) Documentary movie
Documentary movie is more concerned with the recording
of reality, the education of viewers, or the presentation of
political or social analysis. Documentary filmmakers use actual
people, places, and events as source material, their films always
reflect adjective truth. Documentary movies have been broken
into four basic approaches, there are factual, instructional,
persuasive, and propaganda.
Factual movies, including Nanook of The North, usually
present people, places, or processes in straightforward ways
meant to entertain and instruct without unduly influencing
audiences. Instructional movies seek to educate viewers about
common interests, rather than persuading them to accept
particular ideas. Today, these movies are most likely to teach
the viewer basic skills like cooking, yoga, or golf swings.
Persuasive movies were originally called documentary
movies. The founding purpose of persuasive documentaries
was to address social injustice, but today any documentary
concerned with presenting a particular perspective on social
issues with corporate and governmental injustice of any kind
could be considered persuasive. Propaganda movies are
systematically disseminate deceptive or distorted information.
27
3) Experimental movie
Experimental movie is the most difficult of all types of
movies define with any precision, in part because experimental
filmmakers actively seek to defy categorization and
convention. There are six criteria that outline the basic
characteristics that most experimental films share.
a) Experimental films are not commercial.
b) Experimental films are personal.
c) Experimental films do not conform to conventional
expectations of story and narrative cause and effect.
d) Experimental films exploit to possibilities of the cinema.
e) Experimental films critique culture and media.
f) Experimental films invite individual interpretation.
Based on the statement above, the researcher concludes that
the Great Gatsby movie in this research is narrative movie.
c. The Great Gatsby movie
The Great Gatsby is a set in New York City and on long
island in the early 1920s, in two areas known as “West Egg” and
“East Egg” in real life, Great Neck and Port Washington peninsulas
in long island. Long island‟s beach communities really were (and
still are) home to the rich and fabulous of the New York City area,
and Fitzgerald actually lived in a small house in West Egg.44
44 http://www.shmoop.com/great-gatsby/setting.html
28
The strengths contained in The Great Gatsby movie that is on the players who play the characters. In this movie, Tobey
Maguire as Nick Carraway, the man who graduated from Yale and he worked on Wall Street. In 1922, Nick got job in New York, so he rented the house in the city (West Egg) in Long Island. Nick has a mysterious neighbor which has the large mansion and his hobby is held the great party every night. Nick wondered who the owner of the mansion. Later, he knew that his neighbor name is Jay
Gatsby.
Jay Gatsby (Leonardo DiCaprio) is a mysterious man who lived in a castle in long island. He is a rich man who held the big party every night. He held the party to attract the attention of
Daisy, because Daisy is the first love for him. One day, he sent the invitation to his neighbor (Nick Carraway) who lived in a small cottage to come to his party. Nick come to Gatsby‟s party and met with him. Nick has a cousin who lived in a cross the bay that faced with Daisy Buchanan‟s (Carey Mulligan) cottage. Daisy has married with a millionaire; his name is Mr. Tom Buchanan (Joel
Edgerton). Daisy has a friend who is the player of golf, Jordan
Baker (Elizabeth Debicki). Jordan knew a little secret about Gatsby and she asked Nick to help him.
Finally, Gatsby met Daisy in his party, it caused Nick has helped him. Although, Gatsby knew that Daisy was married, he
29
tried to build love with her. But, it is not come true. Daisy cannot
make the decision to choose between Gatsby and his husband. So,
she had gone by a car with Gatsby. On the way, they hit a woman
until she died. A woman is Myrtle who is Tom‟s affair. And, this
story has the tragic ending, it caused Gatsby has killed by
someone. d. Previous study
The previous study will help the researcher to finish this
research. The first is from Ni Luh Putu Winiastari‟s thesis with the
title “The Functions of Derivational Adjectives in “Now Bali”
Magazine” from English department faculty of Letters Udayana
University.
This research focused on the functions of derivational
adjective in”Now Bali” magazine and the suffixes that derived
noun or verb to be adjective in “Now Bali” magazine. The result of
analysis from the research is there are 10 types of derivational
adjectives, those suffixes are –ful, -less, -able, -ous, -ive, -al, -y, -
ic, -ly, and –ish that were found in the magazine entitled Now Bali
September 2012 edition. They have their own meanings and can be
attached to noun or verb bases in order to produce adjective.
Besides that, there are two functions of adjectives found in Now
Bali magazine, those are: attributive and predicative.
30
The second is from Ni Kadek Heny Puspita Dewi‟s thesis with the title “Derivational English Suffixes forming noun in “Can
You Keep a Secret?” novel by Sophie Kinsella from Non-regular
Program English department faculty of Letter Udayana University.
This research focused on the kinds of suffixes that forming noun and how is the derivational process occur?
The result of analysis in this research is the kinds of noun suffixes found in the novel “Can You Keep a Secret?” by Sophie
Kinsella were suffixes forming noun from verb, suffixes forming noun from adjective, and suffixes forming noun from noun. There were some suffixes that can be added to the verb in forming noun.
They are suffixes –ation, -al, -er/-or, -ment, -ant, -ee, -age, and – ing. Suffixes that are used to form noun which are derived from adjective bases are: -ness and –ity. Other than from verb and adjective, noun can be also derived from noun bases itself. It can be derived by adding the bases noun by suffixes –hood, -ship, -ess,
-er, -ing, -ster, -y/-ie, -eer, -(e)ry, -ful, and –let.
The third is from Maharani Sri Aryati‟s thesis with the title
“An analysis of Derivational Affixes in “The Land of Five
Towers” novel by A. Fuadi translated by Angie Kilbane” from
English educational department teacher training and education faculty Muria Kudus University 2014. This research, the researcher focused on finding of derivational affixes and the roots from the
31
words in the Land of Five Towers novel by A. Fuadi. Besides that,
the writer used all the words that are attached prefix and suffix as
the data.
The result analysis from this research is Derivational
affixes in the Land of Five Towers Novel by A. Fuadi are en-, in-,
un-, a-, non-, re-, im- as prefix, while suffix are –ly, -able, -er, -al,
-ous, -ate, -cy, -y, -ee, -tion, -ion, -ize, -ship, -ment, -ism, -ist, -en, -
ful, -age, -tic, -ish, -ary, -cent, -ive, -ance, -less, -ence, -ity, -ant, -
or, -ness, -ure, -fy and many others. It shows that the most
frequently present are suffix –ly as an adverb marker in The Land
of Five Towers Novel by A. Fuadi which have a meaning that the
author wants to make clarity for the readers about the expression of
the actor or the condition that happened in his novel.
Based on the statement above, most of the previous
research above discuss about derivational suffixes forming
adjective, derivational suffixes forming noun, and derivational
affixes. However, this research is focus on derivational affixes
forming adjective in “The Great Gatsby” Movie Typescript. e. Theoretical framework
In this research, the researcher discusses about language
which it has variations in words. In linguistics, the science that
study about words is called morphology. Morphology is a sub
discipline study from linguistics that concerns in the process of
32
words formation. According to George Yule, word formation is a study of the processes whereby new words come into being in a language.
New words are made on the basic of patterns of meaning correspondence between existing words. It is not only creating new words but also creating new meaning. Furthermore, those new words are the existing words are likely to undergo certain morphological processes. One of the processes is known as affixation.
Affix is a bound morpheme with which is differed from the position of the attachment. Morphologists often use special terms for different kinds of affixes, depending on their position within the word, there are prefix and suffix. It is called a prefix when it is placed a base. When a bound morpheme is attached after a base, it is called a suffix. Derivational adjective affixes that found in The
Great Gatsby movie, such as a (n)-, anti-, de-, dis-, in-, mis-, non-, un-, –ful, -less, -able/-ible, -ous, -al, -y, -ic, and –ly.
Based on the statement above, the researcher want to review the derivational adjective affixes in “The Great Gatsby” movie by Baz Luhrmann with the specific aims to analyze the derivational adjective affixes and the function of adjective.
33
F. Research Methodology
1. Research Design
Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the
research problem. It may be understood as a science of studying how
research is done scientifically. In it we study the various steps that are
generally adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem
along with the logic behind them. It is necessary for the writer to know
not only the research methods/techniques but also the methodology.45
In this research, the method used to collect the data was qualitative
research, which means that a research method applied to written or
visual materials for the purpose of identifying specified characteristics
of the material. It is called content or document analysis. The materials
analyzed can be textbooks, newspapers, web pages, speeches,
television programs, advertisements, musical compositions, or any of a
host other types of documents.46 Content analysis is needed as a step in
understanding social phenomenon in depth.
In this case, the researcher will discuss in depth about derivational
adjective.
a. Data source
To get description about situation of problem and to make
decision and to solve the problems, the data sources are needed in
45 C.R Khothari, Research Methodology Methods and Teachnique (India: New Age International, 2004), 4. 46 Donald Ary, Introduction to Research in Education (USA: Wadsworth Cencage Learning, 2006), 457.
34
conducting research. According to Suharsimi Arikunto,” Data
source is subject where the data come from”.47
1) Primary data source
Primary sources are original documents (correspondence,
diaries, reports, etc). In this research, the primary data source is
taken from documentation transcript of The Great Gatsby
Movie by Baz Luhrmann.
2) Secondary data source
Secondary sources are materials which written and
published by authors who does not directly observe or
participate in the fact that she describes or not invent the
theory. This resource contains the results of the synthesis of
materials that are derived from primary sources, both
empirically and theoretically.
The secondary data sources is the other sources related to
this movie, books, journal, news, internet media, dictionary,
encyclopedia, and all of kind of literature there are have
relation with this research. They are the Grammar of English
Words 2nd Edition by Geert Booij, A Comprehensive Grammar
of the English Language by Randolp Quirk, A University of
Grammar English by Randolp Quirk, An Introduction to
Language 7th Edition by Victoria Fromkin, Introducing English
47 Suharsimi Arikunto, Prosedur Penelitian, (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2013), 172.
35
Linguistics by Charles F. Mayer, An Introduction to Linguistic
by Loreto Todd, The Study of Language by George Yule.
2. Techniques of data collection
This research used one way in collecting data. That is
documentation. This way is used because the object of this research is
derivational adjective categories and data are taken from “The Great
Gatsby” movie. Therefore, this way is suitable in order to get and
collect the data from “The Great Gatsby” movie.
Basrowi points out that “documentation is a way of collecting data
that produce important records related to the problem under study, so
that it will obtain complete data, legitimate, and not based on
estimates”. Guba and Lincoln defined that “document is any material
written or compiled movie person or institution for the purposes of
testing an event”.48
Based on the statement above, it can be said that documentation is
one method for collecting data. To collect data, the researcher may
obtain information from books, transcripts, newspaper, agenda, etc. So,
in this study, researcher takes the script of movie up to complete the
data.
48 Basrowi, Memahami PenelitianKualitatif (Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2008), 158-159.
36
3. Data analysis
Miles and Huberman‟s view of qualitative data analysis consisting
of data reduction, data display, and drawing conclusion is employed49
in this research.
a. Data reduction
Data reduction is the stage of processing the “raw” data in
order to be ready analyzed. The process, as suggested by Miles and
Huberman, might be in the form of selecting, simplifying,
focusing, summarizing, coding, sorting, or even making cluster of
the themes. In the context of this study, data reduction refers to the
process of selecting the derivational adjective from the
documentation transcript of the movie. The example: the prefix in-:
incredible, incorruptible. The suffixes -able: vulnerable. The
suffixes –ful: hopeful, beautiful, wonderful. The suffixes –ous:
riotous, enormous. The suffixes –less: penniless.
b. Data display
Data display is the process of demonstrating the data either
in the form of narrative text, matrices, graphs, networks or charts.
The displayed data are expected to ease the researcher to
completely understand what happens in the field and come to the
conclusion. In the context of this research, the data are displayed in
49 Matthew, M and M. Huberman. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. (Beverly Hills: SAGE Publication Inc, 1994), 24.
37
the form of derivational adjective focused on affixes. In this
research, researcher displays the data in the form of table.
Derivational Adjective Location
No Prefix Suffix Frequency (Dialogue
Number)
1 In- 3 times 495, 563, 2224
2 -less 5 times 113, 546… 2181.
3 -ful 13 times 19, 274, 424…
2113.
c. Conclusion drawing
The above steps, starting from reducing data to displaying
data, are applied each time the researcher obtained data from one
discussion session. Based on these activities, the researcher makes
a tentative conclusion of the analysis which provides the researcher
with information needed to come to a more focused attention in the
subsequent data collection. This conclusion is written based on the
analysis of documentation transcript in the relation with the
research problem that had been formulated.
The first column of table above is number, the second
column is kinds of derivational adjective affix, the third column is
frequency of derivational adjective appears in this movie, and
fourth column is location where derivational adjective appear
38
during the movie (based on the dialogue script numbering). So,
from the first cell above we know that kind of derivational
adjective prefix “in-“appear 3 times in the dialogue script number
495, 563, and 2224. The suffix “-less” appear 5 times in the
dialogue script number 113, 546… 2181.
G. Organization of the Thesis
The thesis will be divided into four chapters as follow:
CHAPTER I Introduction
This chapter introduces the whole of the research
content that involves: background of the study,
statements of the problem, objectives of the study,
and significances of the study, review of related
literature, previous research finding, research
methodology, and organization of the thesis.
CHAPTER II Types of derivational affixes
This chapter discusses about data and analysis of the
first statement of the problem. It contains data
analyzing about kind of derivation affixes that
formed adjective in “The Great Gatsby” movie.
CHAPTER III Analysis of functional Adjective in “The Great
Gatsby” Movie Typescript.
This chapter is the main discussion of this thesis.
Because in this chapter all of derivational adjective
39
affixes which used in “The Great Gatsby” movie
would be presented and criticized.
CHAPTER IV Conclusion
The conclusion and the recommendation of this
research are applied in this chapter.
40
CHAPTER II
AN ANALYSIS OF TYPES OF DERIVATIONAL ADJECTIVE IN THE
GREAT GATSBY MOVIE TYPESCRIPT BY BAZ LUHRMANN
A. Types of Derivational Adjective Found in “The Great Gatsby” Movie
In this chapter, the researcher will serve the finding of the research
of derivational adjective affixes and the bases or root of word in The Great
Gatsby Movie by Baz Luhrmann. The objective of this research is to know
the derivational affixes in The Great Gatsby Movie by Baz Luhrmann.
And the words itself consist of root or base added by derivational affix that
has been changed the part of speech.
In this movie, all of derivational adjective were not completely
existed. A(n)-, anti-, de-, dis-, mis-, non-, -ive, and –ish was not existed. In
detail, researcher presented it in the table below:
Table 1 Types of Derivational Adjective Found In “The Great Gatsby”
Movie
Derivational Location (Dialogue
No Adjective Frequency Number)
Prefix Suffix
1 a(n)- - -
2 Anti- - -
39
41
3 De- - -
4 Dis- - -
5 Non- - -
6 Mis- - -
7 In- 5 times 414, 495, 563, 2206, 2224
8 Un- 8 times 168, 274, 424, 437, 906,
1376, 1719, 2227
9 -ful 13 times 19, 231, 757, 782, 788,
1006, 1120, 1137, 1159,
1309, 1392, 1442, 2113
10 -less 5 times 113, 546, 1446, 2151,
2181
11 -able 6 times 149, 340, 354, 1107,
1338, 1817
12 -ous 4 times 62, 511, 879, 1569
13 -ly 3 times 111, 592, 1410
14 -al 3 times 216, 981, 1369
15 -y 5 times 34, 265, 382, 664, 1264
16 -ic 7 times 180, 210, 366, 367, 446,
787, 1232
17 -ive - -
18 -ish - -
42
The first column of table above is number, the second column is
kinds of derivational adjective, the third column is frequency of
derivational adjective appear in this movie, and fourth column is location
where derivational adjective appear during the movie (based on the
dialogue script numbering). So, from the first until the sixth cell above we
know that kinds of derivational adjective prefix “a(n)-, anti-, de-, dis-, mis-
, and non- was not appear in the dialogue. But, the seventh cell above we
know that prefix “in-“ appear 5 times in the dialogue script number 414,
495, 563, 2206, 2224. And the ninth cell above we know that kinds of
derivational adjective suffix “-ful” appear 13 times in the dialogue script
number 19, 231 … 2113.
B. Derivational processes
Derivational process occurs when the process results in the
formation of adjectives from base of a different word class.
1. Prefixes
A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change
its meaning.
a. Prefix un-
The prefix un- united by the adjective it has the negative
meaning. The dialogue number 168, “You‟re making me feel
uncivilized” was sentence from Tom Buchanan when he talked
with Nick Carraway in the dinner time. The word of uncivilized in
43
this dialogue is learned about prefix un- which it united to the word
civilized as adjective.
The others are:
(274)” … an unexpected …” (424)” … uneasy feeling …” (437)”… simply came uninvited …” (906)” But for some unknown reason, Gatsby couldn't return” (1376)”… but Gatsby was unable to return” (1719)” … unless you brought the groceries to the back door” (2227)” And as I stood there, brooding on the old, unknown world …”
b. Prefix in-
The prefix in- united by the adjective it has the negative
meaning. The dialogue number 495 “… The incredible …” was
sentence from the master of ceremony who came in the Gatsby‟s
party. The word of incredible in this dialogue is learned about
prefix in- which it united to the word credible as adjective.
The others are:
(414)”… by the inexhaustible variety of life” (563)” The whole thing‟s incredible” (2206)” … incoherent house once more” (2224)” … an incorruptible dream”
2. Suffix
Adjectives can be formed from word bases with some suffixes.
This section discusses adjectives that are formed from word class noun
(N) and verb (V).
44
a. Suffix (-ful)
The suffix –ful can form adjective if it united by verb or
noun word class. The dialogue number 19, “…the single most
hopeful person I‟ve ever met” was sentence from Nick Carraway
when he talked the story about Gatsby to the professor. Gatsby is
the man who gives him the single hopeful. Nick met with Gatsby
in the party in New York. The word hopeful is adjective that is
derived from verb and noun word class which is hope.
The others are:
(231)” A beautiful little fool” (757)” A wonderful pleasure …” (782)” You be careful, now. You‟re turning into a real jazz hound, commissioner” (788)” You be careful at those tables now …” (1006)” Beautiful” (1120)” It‟s beautiful” (1137)” They‟re so beautiful!” (1159)” Because I‟ve never seen such beautiful shirts before” (1309)” Be careful for the snake charmer, Mr. McLennehan” (1392)” … she had a wonderful time” (1442)” I‟d never been in such a beautiful house” (2113)” Not today, it‟s so beautiful”
b. Suffix (-y)
The suffix –y can form adjective if it united by verb or
noun word class. In the dialogue number 34, “… in a steady…”
was sentence from Nick Carraway when he talked the story about
Gatsby to the professor. Besides that, he talked about the condition
of economic condition in New York. Nick said that stocks reached
record peaks and the most people became the golden roar. The
45
word steady is adjective that is derived from noun word class
which is stead.
The others are:
(265)” … crumbling through the powdery air” (382)” He‟s a greasy” (664)” I am the son of very wealthy people from the Middle West” (1264)” … filthy bootleggers. Not Gatsby”
c. Suffix (-ous)
The suffix –ous can form adjective if it united by verb or
noun word class. In the dialogue number 43, “Wall Street was
luring the young and ambitious” was sentence from Nick Carraway
when he talked the story about the condition in New York in the
1922. In that time, Wallstreet (One of cities in New York) called
the young and ambitious. One man of them is Nick Carraway. The
word ambitious is adjective that is derived from noun word class
which is ambition.
The others are:
(62)” … for the riotous…” (511)” … the mysterious …” (879)” … this enormous request?” (1569)” It‟s a marvelous idea” d. Suffix (-ly)
The suffix –ly can form adjective if it united by verb or
noun word class. In the dialogue number 111, “Is that you, my
lovely?” was sentence from Daisy Buchanan. She taught that the
man is her husband. But, she is wrong. The man who came is Nick
46
Carraway. He is Daisy‟s nephew. He came for dinner with Tom‟s
family in the East Egg. The word lovely is adjective that is derived
from noun word class which is love.
The others are:
(592)” Lovely to see you again, Miss Baker” (1410)” Her parents are lovely people, old sport. We‟ll be …”
e. Suffix (-less)
The suffix –ly can form adjective if it united by verb or
noun word class. In the dialogue number 113, “A breathless …”
was sentence from Nick Carraway when he gave the praise to
Daisy about her beauty. He taught that daisy is the golden girl.
The word breathless is adjective that is derived from noun word
class which is breath.
The others are:
(546)” You penniless pantywaist” (1446)” … a penniless young man …” (2151)” I remember the rest of that day as an endless drill …” (2181)” They were careless people, Tom and Daisy”
f. Suffix (-al)
The suffix –ly can form adjective if it united by verb or
noun word class. In the dialogue number 216, “I‟m pretty cynical
about everything” was sentence from Daisy Buchanan when she
talked with Nick in the garden in front of her house. Daisy told that
everything‟s terrible in her family and she had a very bad time. The
47
word cynical is adjective that is derived from noun word class
which is cynic.
The others are:
(981)” … confidential sort of thing …” (1369)” It‟s Mr. Slagle. He‟s quite emotional”
g. Suffix (-ic)
The suffix –ly can form adjective if it united by verb or
noun word class. In the dialogue number 180, “It‟s scientific” was
sentence from Tom Buchanan when he dinner with Nick, Daisy,
and Jordan Baker. The topic began by Daisy. She said to Nick that
she heard a rumor that Nick was getting married to a girl out West.
But, Nick evade about it. Then, Tom asked to move the other topic.
So, the topic of conversation is changed about the book which
written by Fellow Goddard “The Rise of the Colored Empires”.
The word scientific is adjective that is derived from noun word
class which is science.
The others are:
(210)” … metallic urgency” (366)” … is in the artistic game” (367)” Nick‟s artistic. No” (446)” … this kaleidoscopic” (787)” Yeah, that‟s fantastic” (1232)” … and its captain, alcoholic millionaire Dan Cody”
48
h. Suffix (-able/-ible)
The suffix –ly can form adjective if it united by verb or
noun word class. In the dialogue number 149, “Your life is
adorable” was sentence from Daisy Buchanan for Nick when he
came to her house. The word adorable is adjective that is derived
from verb word class which is adore.
The others are:
(340)” Oh, you are adorable” (354)” I‟m not comfortable. Daisy‟s my cousin” (1107)” Remarkable little camera. Latest design” (1338)” That wouldn‟t be respectable. You live …” (1817)” The only respectable thing about you, old sport, is your money”
49
CHAPTER III
AN ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONS OF ADJECTIVE IN THE GREAT
GATSBY MOVIE TYPESCRIPT BY BAZ LUHRMANN
A. The Function of Adjective
An adjective, when it is used in a sentence or phrase, performs a
syntactic function. That is to say, it has a certain function at its place in the
sentence or phrase. Furthermore, adjective can be classified according to
the syntactic function they perform.
1. Attributive Adjective
Adjectives are attributive when they premodify nouns, appear
between the determiner and the head of noun phrase. There are many
kinds of determiner, but not all of determiners could found in this
movie. The determiner could find in this movie, such as the, a-an, this,
these, that, my, your, and his. In detail, the researcher presented it in
the table below based classified of the determiner.
Table 1 kinds of determiner found in The Great Gatsby Movie
No Kinds of Frequency Location(dialogue number)
determiner
1 The 19 times 91, 112, 134, 174, 241, 265, 336,
366, 810, 867, 1161, 1167, 1365,
1625, 1875, 1955, 2229, 2235,
2236
2 A 48 times 151, 215, 231, 259, 336, 536,
48
50
540, 543, 547, 650, 672, 716,
757, 805, 929, 976, 982, 1005,
1043, 1061, 1114, 1170, 1196,
1198, 1202, 1283, 1392, 1396,
1442, 1446, 1474, 1475, 1569,
1579, 1606, 1609, 1645, 1799,
1802, 1896, 1902, 1903, 1925,
1926, 1928, 2024, 2092, 2130
3 An 7 times 198, 565, 724, 1042, 2151, 2211,
2224
4 This 1 time 266
5 These 1 time 1377
6 That 3 times 1736, 1805, 1941
7 My 6 times 709, 711, 756, 1016, 1176, 1840
8 Your 2 times 1575, 1809
9 His 2 times 1491, 2158
The first column table above is number, the second column is kinds of determiner that is found in The Great Gatsby Movie, the third column is frequency of attributive function of adjective between determiner and noun appear in this movie, and the fourth column is location where attributive function of adjective appear during the movie (based on the dialogue script numbering).
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Based on the table above, the first column is the determiner “the” appears 19 times in the dialogue script number 91, 112, 134, 151 …
2236. The determiner “a” appears 48 times in the dialogue script number 151, 215, 231, 259, 336 … 2130. The determiner “an” appears
7 times in the dialogue script number 198, 565 … 2224. And the last cell is the determiner “his” appears 2 times in the dialogue script number 1491, 2158.
Adjective are attributive function when they premodify nouns, appearing between the determiner and the head of noun phrase. a. The determiner “the”
The dialogue number 91, “How‟s the great American novel
coming?” was sentence from Tom Buchanan when he talked with
Nick Carraway in his house. He asked about how‟s the American
novel coming? And Nick Carraway said that he sold bounds with
Walter Case‟s outfit. Based on the dialogue number 91, the
sentence consist of the as determiner, great as adjective, and
American as noun. The adjective “great” appears between
determiner “the” and the noun “American”.
The others are:
(112)” Daisy Buchanan, the golden girl”. (134)” She was the most frightening person. I'd ever seen”. (174)” ...that it's up to us, the dominant race...” (241)” The green light”.
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In this case, the researcher just gives some examples of
adjective are attributive. The others example, it can look at
appendix. b. The determiner “a”
The dialogue number 151, “I don't know a single person...”
was sentence from Nick Carraway when he talked with Jordan
Baker. Jordan Baker said that she known someone in West Egg
where Nick Carraway is lived. But, Nick Carraway answered that
he doesn‟t know someone who lived around his house. Then,
Jordan Baker said that you must know Gatsby. Based on the
dialogue number 151, the sentence consist of a as determiner,
single as adjective, and person as noun. The adjective “single”
appears between determiner “a” and the noun “person”.
The others are:
(336)” ...now's a good time”. (536)” A little party never”. (540)” A little party never killed”. (543)” A little party”. (547)” A little party never killed”
In this case, the researcher just gives some examples of
adjective are attributive. The others example, it can look at
appendix. c. The determiner “an”
The dialogue number 198,”An absolute rose …” was
sentence from Daisy Buchanan when she talked with Nick
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Carraway. She said that Nick has reminded her of a rose. Then,
nick said if he is not like a rose. Based on the dialogue number
198, the sentence consist of an as determiner, absolute as adjective,
and rose as noun. The adjective “absolute” appears between
determiner “an” and the noun “rose”.
The others are:
(565)” He sent me an actual invitation. Seems I'm the only one”. (724)” Miss Baker's an honest sportswoman. She wouldn't do...”. (1042)” That's an old clock. Lovely, though”.
In this case, the researcher just gives some examples of
adjective are attributive. The others example, it can look at
appendix. d. The determiner “this”
The dialogue number 266,” This fantastic farm…” was
sentence from Nick Carraway when he wrote a story in New York,
especially in West Egg. The professor asked him to write anything.
The topic is free. It can about a memory, a place, a thought, and
other. Then, Nick chooses the topic about place in New York.
Based on the dialogue number 266, the sentence consists of this as
determiner, fantastic as adjective, and farm as noun. The adjective
“fantastic” appears between determiners “this” and the noun
“farm”. In this movie, the determiner “this” just appear for once
time.
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e. The determiner “these”
The dialogue number 1377,” With these hot-headed types
in here, I rely on you” was sentence from Mr. Slagle when he
talked with Gatsby in the room. He is angry with Gatsby, but
Gatsby just keep silent. He heard what the Mr. Slagle said for him.
Finally, Mr. Slagle asked to Gatsby. What happen with you, Jay?
Based on the dialogue number 1377, the sentence consists of these
as determiner, hot-headed as adjective, and types as noun. The
adjective “hot-headed” appears between determiners “these” and
the noun “types”. In this movie, the determiner “this” just appear
for once time. f. The determiner “that”
The dialogue number 1736,” ...to the story of that little
spree!” was sentence from Daisy Buchanan when talked with his
husband, Tom Buchanan. Daisy is angry with him. It caused Tom
Buchanan never told about why did they go from Chicago? Based
on the dialogue number 1736, the sentence consists of that as
determiner, little as adjective, and spree as noun. The adjective
“little” appears between determiners “that” and the noun “spree”.
The others are”
(1805)” ...free booze at that fun park every weekend”. (1941)” That yellow car wasn't mine!”
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g. The determiner “my”
The dialogue number 709,” ...a Mr. Meyer Wolfshiem, my
good friend” was sentence from Mr. Gatsby when he talked with
Nich Carraway in the car. They want to take lunch in the
restaurant. At lunch, Gatsby want to introduce Mr. Meyer
Wolfshiem to Nick Carraway. Mr. Meyer Wolfshiem is one of
New York‟s most distinguished businessman and he is Gatsby‟s
best friend too. Gatsby believe that Mr. Meyer Wolfshiem will
confirm the truth of his life and he vouched for Gatsby‟s good
character. Based on the dialogue number 709, the sentence consists
of my as determiner, good as adjective, and friend as noun. The
adjective “good” appears between determiners “my” and the noun
“friend”.
The others are:
(711)” ...and vouch for my good character. That's not necessary”. (756)” Mr. Carraway, this is my good friend, Mr. Meyer Wolfshiem”. (1016)” Is this absolutely where you live, my dearest one?
h. The determiner “your”
The dialogue number 1575,” Daisy, it was your great idea”
was sentence from Tom Buchanan in his house when he talked
with his wife, Daisy Buchanan. Tom asked Daisy to go to town.
Daisy didn‟t want to do it. She asked Tom to wait her until her
cigarette is least. Daisy wants to avoid with her husband. But, Tom
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don‟t care what Daisy said. Finally, daisy followed what Tom said
for her. They go to town together. Based on the dialogue number
1575, the sentence consists of your as determiner, great as
adjective, and idea as noun. The adjective “great” appears between
determiners “your” and the noun “idea”.
The other is:
(1809)” With your little racket”.
i. The determiner “his”
The dialogue number 1491,” In his blue gardens, men and
girls came and went like moths...” was sentence from Nick
Carraway when he told the story in the Professor‟s office. Nick
said that there had been music from his neighbor‟s all summer. In
his palace, men and girls came and went like moths among the
whisperings and the laughter and the star. The professor heard what
have he said, until the waiter came bring the food for breakfast.
Tom said thank you. Based on the dialogue number 1491, the
sentence consists of his as determiner, blue as adjective, and
gardens as noun. The adjective “blue” appears between
determiners “his” and the noun “gardens”.
The other is:
(2158)” Darling, Daddy's taking care of his two favorite girls”.
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2. Predicative
Adjective are predicative when it positioned after to be (is, am, are,
was, were), linking verb, and before noun or explain noun. The
markers of adjective are after words very, so, quite too, more and most.
Predicative adjectives are divided into two: subject complement and
object complement.
Kinds of Predicative
No Subject Object Frequency Location (Dialogue
Complement Complement Number)
1 After to be 39 times 149, 163, 180, 186,
(is, am, are) - 216, 228, 325, 340,
354, 382, 388, 419,
527, 559, 569, 621,
625, 649, 785, 858,
1030, 1097, 1110,
1120, 1318, 1333,
1487, 1488, 1518,
1604, 1617, 1715,
1725, 1917, 1918,
1945, 2077, 2131,
2169
2 After - 3 times 998, 1095, 1249
linking verb
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3 It can be 23 times 178, 215, 328, 530,
premodified - 754, 853, 1060,
by the 1063, 1089, 1137,
intensifier 1397, 1399, 1418,
(very, so) 1420, 1431, 1557,
1558, 1627, 1672,
2012, 2113, 2144,
2231
4 - Explain 2 times 1127, 2213
pronoun
The first column table above is number, the second column is kinds of predicative as subject complement and object complement that is found in The Great Gatsby Movie, the third column is frequency of predicative function of adjective that appears in this movie, and the fourth column is location where predicative function of adjective appear during the movie (based on the dialogue script numbering).
Based on the table above, the first column is the predicative function as subject complement after to be (is, am, are) appears 39 times in the dialogue script number 149, 163, 180, 186, … 2169. The adjective function as subject complement after linking verb appears 3 times in the dialogue script number 998, 1095…1249. The adjective function as subject complement that can be premodified by the
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intensifier appears 23 times in the dialogue script number 178, 215,
328, 530 …2231. And the last cell is the adjective function as object complement appears 2 times in the dialogue script number 1127, 2213. a. Subject complement
As subject complement, when they explain the subject of
the sentence.
a) After to be (is, am, are)
The dialogue number 149, “Your life is adorable” was
sentence from Daisy Buchanan when she talked to Nick
Carraway. She said it when Nick Carraway visited her house.
Daisy said that Nick‟s life in the West Egg is adorable. Based
on the dialogue number 149, the sentence consists of your as
determiner, life as noun, is as to be, and adorable as predicative
adjective which functions as subject complement.
The others are:
(163)” ...to a girl out West. It's a libel” (180)” It's scientific”. (186)”I‟m sorry”. (216)” I'm pretty cynical about everything”. (228)” I'm glad it's a girl.
In this case, the researcher just gives some examples of
adjective are attributive. The others example, it can look at
appendix.
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b) After linking verb
The dialogue number 998, “The grass looks fine, if that's
what you mean” was sentence from Nick Carraway when he
talked with Gatsby in his house. In this time, Gatsby has
planned to meet Daisy in Nick‟s house. So, Gatsby decorated
Nick‟s house is well. There are many flowers in living room,
and the grass looks fine in front of his house. Based on the
dialogue number 998, the sentence consists of the as
determiner, grass as noun, looks as linking verb, and fine as
predicative adjective which functions as subject complement.
The others are:
(1095)” The house looks well, doesn't it? (1249)” She looks well, doesn't she...”
c) After the intenfier
The dialogue number 178, “Tom's very profound lately.
He reads deep books with long words in them” was sentence
from Daisy Buchanan when he talked with Nick Carraway.
Daisy said that Tom is very diligent lately when he read deep
books with long word. Based on the dialogue number 178, the
sentence consists of Tom as subject,„s as copular verb, very as
intensifier, and profound as predicative adjective which
functions as subject complement.
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The others are:
(215)” I've had a very bad time, Nicky”. (328)” Catherine's said to be very good-looking by people who know. (853)” He's a very smart man”. (2012)” You see, after we left New York, she was very nervous”. (2144)” I know Mr. Gatsby will be very happy that you've called”.
The dialogue number 530, “They're so intimate” was sentence from Jordan Baker when she talked with a man and
Nick Carraway in the room when Gatsby held the big party.
Jordan Baker said that a small party there isn‟t any privacy.
Based on the dialogue number 530, the sentence consists of
They as subject,„re as copular verb, so as intensifier, and intimate as predicative adjective which functions as subject complement.
The others are:
(754)” Mm. Smell so good”. (1060)” Don't talk so loud. Hey”. (1063)” Looking over my story so far…” (1089)” It's so grand. You like it?” (1137)” They're so beautiful!”
In this case, the researcher just gives some examples of adjective are attributive. The others example, it can look at appendix.
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b. Object Complement
As object complement, when they explain the object of the
sentence. The dialogue number 1127, “Then I demand a
Charleston. She makes it look so splendid...” was sentence from
Gatsby when he talked with Nick Carraway. Gatsby told about
Daisy that she is very beautiful. She is very happy when she heard
the music. Then, Gatsby show the clothes. There is a man in
England who bought him the clothes. There are many kinds of
clothes, such as silk, flannel, Indian cotton, linen, and others.
Based on the dialogue number 1127, the sentence consists of it as
subject, look as linking verb, so as intensifier, and splendid as
predicative adjective which has object complement.
The other is:
(2213)” She makes it look so splendid...”
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CHAPTER IV
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
1. The results of this research show that kinds of affixes that show
derivational adjective in this movie are: in- (5 times), un- (8 times),
-ful (13 times), -less (5 time), -able (6 times), -ous (4 times), -ly (3
times), -al (3 times), -y (5 times), and -ic (7 times),
2. The functions of adjective in this movie are: the first, attributive
adjective. It is followed by the determiner, there are the (19 times),
a (48 times), an (7 times), this (1 time), these (1 time), that (3
times), my (6 times), your (2 times), and his (2 times). The second,
predicative adjective. It is divided into two kinds, predicative
adjective as subject complement and object complement.
Predicative adjective as subject complement that show after to be
(is, am, are) (39 times), after linking verb (3 times), and it is
premodified by the intensifier (very, so) (23 times). Predicative
adjective as object complement that explain pronoun appear (2
times) from this movie.
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60
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B. Recommendation
Based on the results of this research, some suggestions re-enclosed
as follows:
1. For teacher
The teacher, especially English teacher are suggested to
know more about linguistic. They can understand derivation in
each word classes and improve English teaching.
2. For students
The students, especially the students of English department
of STAIN Ponorogo are suggested to learn more about morphology
because it can help them in improving skill.
3. For readers
The readers are suggested to get some new sources in
linguistics. Here focuses in derivational adjective analysis so that
this thesis can be used as references in study of language.
4. For other researcher
The other researcher is expected to analysis the other
derivation in further movie. It will improve to analysis change of
meaning in other word classes.
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