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Bidrag Till Fennoskandiens Språkliga Förhistoria I Tid Och Förhistoria Rum Språkliga Till Fennoskandiens Bidrag

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Bidrag Till Fennoskandiens Språkliga Förhistoria I Tid Och Förhistoria Rum Språkliga Till Fennoskandiens Bidrag HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET HUMANISTISKA FAKULTETEN MIKKO K.MIKKO HEIKKILÄ | BIDRAG FENNOSKANDIENS TILL SPRÅKLIGA RUM FÖRHISTORIA OCH I TID ISBN 978-951-51-0065-8 (HFT.) BIDRAG TILL FENNOSKANDIENS ISBN 978-951-51-0066-5 (PDF) UNIGRAFIA SPRÅKLIGA FÖRHISTORIA HELSINGFORS 2014 I TID OCH RUM MIKKO K. HEIKKILÄ BIDRAG TILL FENNOSKANDIENS SPRÅKLIGA FÖRHISTORIA I TID OCH RUM Mikko K. Heikkilä Akademisk avhandling som med tillstånd av Humanistiska fakulteten vid Helsingfors universitet framlägges till offentlig granskning i auditorium I i Forsthuset lördagen den 23 augusti 2014 kl. 12. HELSINGFORS UNIVERSITET På pärmbilden en utsikt över sjön Kulovesi i Kumo älvs vattendrag i Sastamala Foto Mikko Heikkilä 2014 ISBN 978-951-51-0065-8 (hft.) ISBN 978-951-51-0066-5 (PDF) Unigrafia Helsingfors 2014 Boken är tillägnad mina morföräldrar. LITE SNILLE OCH SMAK ”Mindre rådfrågande mina krafter, än min kärlek för Fäderneslandets häfder och min håg att i någon mon gagna i den vetenskap, hvaråt mina lediga stunder varit egnade, har jag företagit utarbetningen af en språkhistoria öfver de tider, som föregått våra, och fullbordande nu Första Bandet af detta Verk, är det i tillförlit till ämnets vigt och storhet, jag vågar nedlägga denna doktorsavhandling för offentlig granskning.” En aning modifierat utdrag ur förordet till första bandet (Skandinavien under hedna-åldern) i verket Svenska folkets historia från äldsta till närwarande tider av Anders Magnus Strinnholm (1834). ”Det är bättre […] att säga sanningen på ett oskickligt sätt än att vältaligt frambära vad som är lögnaktigt.” ”Därför överlämnar jag djärvt mina försök åt Din kritik, och jag ber om Ditt omdöme. Jag vet emellertid, att, som vanligt är när det gäller något nytt, jag kommer att få åtskilliga kritiker, som hävdar, att mina ord är uppdiktade och osanna, liknande de Scipios drömmar, som Cicero diktade om. Ja, om de vill, kan de t.o.m. säga, att de orden passerat Vergiliusʼs elfenbensport. Jag åberopar sanningen1 själv som vittne till att jag inte profeterar något på lösa grunder. Även om jag själv inte har kunnat uträtta något på rätt sätt, har jag åt andra överlämnat ett stoff att behandlas med större lycka.” Ur Företal till magister Adam av Bremens verk Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum (ca 1075), översatt av Emanuel Svenberg. 1 Obs. etymologi betyder ordagrant ʼläran om det sannaʼ (Elmevik 2011a: 61). 4 TIIVISTELMÄ Väitöskirjassani Bidrag till Fennoskandiens språkliga förhistoria i tid och rum (”Aikapaikkaisia lisiä Fennoskandian kielelliseen esihistoriaan”) tutkin poikkitieteellistä lähestymistapaa noudattaen Pohjois-Euroopan kielellistä esihistoriaa erityisesti rautakaudella (n. 700 eKr.–1200 jKr.), mutta jonkin verran myös pronssikaudella (n. 1700–700 eKr.) ja Suomen varhaiskeskiajalla (n. 1200–1323 jKr.). Tieteenaloista edustettuina ovat germanistiikka, nordistiikka, fennougristiikka, historiatiede ja arkeologia. Keskeisintä väitöskirjassani on germaanisten kielten, (itämeren)suomen ja saamen kielten esimuodoissa (kantagermaanissa, kantaskandinaavissa, kantasuomessa ja kantasaamessa) tapahtuneiden äänteenmuutosten tapahtumajärjestyksen ja tapahtuma-ajan eli suhteellisen ja absoluuttisen kronologian selvittäminen historiallis-vertailevan kielitieteen ja erityisesti lainasanatutkimuksen avulla. Äännehistoria on kielten ajallista muuttumista tutkivan historiallisen kielitieteen perusta. Mainittujen kantakielten äännekehityksen systemaattinen ajoittaminen suhteessa toisiinsa tehdään väitöskirjassani ensimmäistä kertaa edellä mainittujen tieteenalojen pitkässä historiassa. Kantakielissä tapahtuneen äännekehityksen ajoituksen ja toisiinsa suhteuttamisen lisäksi tutkin väitöskirjassani Fennoskandian paikannimiä. Vanhimmat ajoitettavissa ja etymologioitavissa eli alkuperältään selvitettävissä olevat paikannimet tuovat arvokasta uutta tietoa Pohjois-Euroopan asutushistoriasta ja etnisestä historiasta. Kantakielten äännekehityksen tutkiminen on kielten tutkimusta ajassa. Paikannimistöntutkimus on puolestaan kielten tutkimusta paikassa ja ajassa, mikä näkyy myös väitöskirjani nimessä. Käsittelen väitöskirjassani muun muassa seuraavien paikannimien etymologiaa eli alkuperää: Ahvenanmaa/ Åland, Eura(joki), Inari(järvi), Kemi(joki), Kokemäki, Kvenland, Kymi(joki), Kymmene ʼKymi(joki)ʼ, Köyliö, Lappi, Ounasjoki, Sarsa, Satakunta, Vanaja, Vantaa, Vånå ʼVanajaʼ ja Ähtäri. Väitöskirjani osoittaa, että kantasuomi, kantasaame, kaikkien germaanisten kielten esimuoto kantagermaani ja pohjoisgermaanisten eli skandinaavisten kielten esimuoto kantaskandinaavi ajoittuvat kaikki rautakauden eri vaiheisiin. Väitän väitöskirjatutkimukseni sekä aiemman tieteellisen tuotantoni (ks. lähdeluettelo) myös osoittavan, että (länsi)uralilaista kieltä – suomen ja saamen kielen esimuotoa – on puhuttu nykyisen Suomen valtion alueella jo pronssikaudelta alkaen, muttei sitä aiemmin. Kantasaamea on ennen ajanlaskun 5 alkua puhuttu koko nykyisen Suomen alueella Lappia lukuun ottamatta. Ajanlaskun alussa kantasaamea puhuttiin koko nykyisen Suomen alueella, Etelä-Suomi mukaan luettuna, mistä saamen kieli on sittemmin ensimmäisenä väistynyt. Nykyisen Suomen alueella ja sen lähialueilla lienee puhuttu hyvin vanhakantaista (luoteis)indoeurooppalaista kieltä ja sittemmin kadonnutta muinaiskieltä, kun suomalaisten ja saamelaisten kielelliset esi-isät saapuivat maahan (Itämeren alueelle) itäkaakosta Volgan-Kaman alueelta luultavasti pronssikauden alussa. Esimerkiksi nimet Suomi ja Viro lienee lainattu kyseisestä indoeurooppalaisesta kielimuodosta. Skandinaviasta on pronssikaudelta alkaen tullut nykyisen Suomen alueelle (kanta)germaanisia vaikutusaaltoja. Itämerensuomen ja saamen sanastosta huomattava osa onkin eri-ikäisiä germaanisia lainasanoja, jotka muodostavat kielessä eriaikaisia kerrostumia. Nämä lukuisat ja eri-ikäiset germaaniset lainasanat mahdollistavat pelkän etymologisen eli sanahistoriallisen tutkimuksen lisäksi kontaktissa olleiden kielimuotojen kehityksen ajallisen suhteuttamisen toisiinsa, minkä olen tehnyt käsillä olevassa, aiheeltaan ja aineistoltaan laajassa väitöstutkimuksessani, jonka pyrkimyksenä on olla yhtä aikaa sekä yksityiskohtainen että kokonaisvaltainen esitys. Toivon, että monen menneisyyttä tutkivan tieteenalan tutkijat voivat hyödyntää joko koko tutkimustani tai sen osia omissa tutkimuksissaan. 6 ABSTRACT My academic dissertation Bidrag till Fennoskandiens språkliga förhistoria i tid och rum (“Spatiotemporal Contributions to the Linguistic Prehistory of Fennoscandia”) is an interdisciplinary study of the linguistic prehistory of Northern Europe chiefly in the Iron Age (ca. 700 BC–AD 1200), but also to some extent in the Bronze Age (ca. 1700–700 BC) and the Early Finnish Middle Ages (ca. AD 1200–1323). The disciplines represented in this study are Germanistics, Nordistics, Finnougristics, history and archaeology. The language-forms studied are Proto-Germanic, Proto-Scandinavian, Proto- Finnic and Proto-Sami. This dissertation uses historical-comparative linguistics and especially loanword study to examine the relative and absolute chronology of the sound changes that have taken place in the proto-forms of the Germanic, Finnic and Samic languages. Phonetic history is the basis of historical linguistics studying the diachronic development of languages. To my knowledge, this study is the first in the history of the disciplines mentioned above to examine the systematic dating of the phonetic development of these proto-languages in relation to each other. In addition to the dating and relating of the phonetic development of the proto-languages, I study Fennoscandian toponyms. The oldest datable and etymologizable place-names throw new light on the ethnic history and history of settlement of Fennoscandia. The study of the diachronic development of proto-languages is linguistic research in time. Onomastics is in turn linguistic research in space and time. The origin and age of many place-names is studied in the dissertation. For instance, I deal with the etymology of the following place-names: Ahvenanmaa/Åland, Eura(joki), Inari(järvi), Kemi(joki), Kvenland, Kymi(joki), Sarsa, Satakunta, Vanaja, Vantaa and Ähtäri. My dissertation shows that Proto-Germanic, Proto-Scandinavian, Proto- Finnic and Proto-Sami all date to different periods of the Iron Age. I argue that the present study along with my earlier published research (see References) also proves that a (West-)Uralic language – the pre-form of the Finnic and Samic languages – was spoken in the region of the present-day Finland in the Bronze Age, but not earlier than that. In the centuries before the Common Era, Proto- Sami was spoken in the whole region of what is now called Finland, excluding Lapland. At the beginning of the Common Era, Proto-Sami was spoken in the whole region of Finland, including Southern Finland, from where the Sami 7 idiom first began to recede. An archaic (Northwest-)Indo-European language and a subsequently extinct Paleo-European language were likely spoken in what is now called Finland and Estonia, when the linguistic ancestors of the Finns and the Sami arrived in the eastern and northern Baltic Sea region from the Volga-Kama region probably at the beginning of the Bronze Age. For example, the names Suomi ʻFinlandʼ and Viro ʻEstoniaʼ are likely to have been borrowed from the Indo-European idiom in question. (Proto-)Germanic waves of influence have come from Scandinavia to Finland since the Bronze Age. A considerable part of the Finnic and Samic vocabulary is indeed Germanic loanwords of different ages which form strata
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