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The German Navy: from World Power to Alliance Power

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The German Navy: from World Power to Alliance Power View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2013-12 The German Navy: from world power to alliance power McCarty, Benjamin I. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/38979 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS THE GERMAN NAVY: FROM WORLD POWER TO ALLIANCE POWER by Benjamin I. McCarty December 2013 Thesis Advisor: Donald Abenheim Second Reader: Hans Woehlermann Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED December 2013 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS THE GERMAN NAVY: FROM WORLD POWER TO ALLIANCE POWER 6. AUTHOR(S) Benjamin I. McCarty 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This paper is a case study of the German Navy. The analysis centers on the role of naval institutions within state and society, the interplay between naval strategy and statecraft, and the factors affecting civil-military relations. The progression from first a young empire driven by Weltpolitik and navalism, to ultimately a compact and multilaterally focused naval institution operating within alliance collective security systems, demonstrates the limits and potentials of naval strategy under widely disparate statecraft. Unlike the long-established maritime democracies, such as Britain, France, or the United States, Germany’s naval experience is rife with discontinuities and in many ways can be viewed as infant in its contemporary form. To the professional naval officer serving in a democracy, the failures and successes of the various iterations of the German Navy provide myriad universal, timeless lessons that can be applied toward the effective conduct of ones duties. More then a handy reference of narrowly focused operational naval tales, this paper offers the aspiring naval officer an understanding of the imponderable aspects of navies: The importance of melding strategic purpose with long range construction planning, the role of tradition in fostering a healthy naval cadre, or the importance of respecting geostrategic and economic realities. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Germany, German Navy, Kaiserliche Marine, Reichsmarine, Kreigsmarine, 15. NUMBER OF Bundesmarine, Volksmarine, Deutsche Marine PAGES 105 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THE GERMAN NAVY: FROM WORLD POWER TO ALLIANCE POWER Benjamin I. McCarty Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., The Rochester Institute of Technology 2006 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (EUROPE AND EURASIA) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL December 2013 Author: Benjamin I. McCarty Approved by: Dr. Donald Abenheim Thesis Advisor Col. Hans Woehlermann Second Reader Dr. Mohammed M. Hafez Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT This paper is a case study of the German Navy. The analysis centers on the role of naval institutions within state and society, the interplay between naval strategy and statecraft, and the factors affecting civil-military relations. The progression from first a young empire driven by Weltpolitik and navalism, to ultimately a compact and multilaterally focused naval institution operating within alliance collective security systems, demonstrates the limits and potentials of naval strategy under widely disparate statecraft. Unlike the long-established maritime democracies, such as Britain, France, or the United States, Germany’s naval experience is rife with discontinuities and in many ways can be viewed as infant in its contemporary form. To the professional naval officer serving in a democracy, the failures and successes of the various iterations of the German Navy provide myriad universal, timeless lessons that can be applied toward the effective conduct of ones duties. More than a handy reference of narrowly focused operational naval tales, this paper offers the aspiring naval officer an understanding of the imponderable aspects of navies: The importance of melding strategic purpose with long-range construction planning, the role of tradition in fostering a healthy naval cadre, and the importance of respecting geostrategic and economic realities. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 A. MAJOR RESEARCH QUESTION ............................................................... 1 B. IMPORTANCE ............................................................................................... 2 C. PROBLEMS AND HYPOTHESES .............................................................. 4 D. LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................. 6 E. METHODS AND SOURCES ....................................................................... 14 F. THESIS OVERVIEW .................................................................................. 14 II. THE KAISERLICHE MARINE AND THE BID FOR WORLD POWER .......... 17 A. ORIGINS OF A NAVY: THE STORY LEADING UP TO 1888 ............. 17 1. The Politics of Civil-Military Relations in the Imperial Period ... 19 2. Manning the Fleet ............................................................................. 20 B. KAISER WILHELM II—“THE NEW COURSE” ................................... 21 C. ADMIRAL ALFRED VON TIRPITZ AND THE HIGH SEAS FLEET ........................................................................................................... 23 1. The Navy Bills ................................................................................... 24 2. Risk Theory and the Naval Arms Race ........................................... 26 D. WORLD WAR I—THE WAR THAT CAME TO SOON ........................ 28 III. FROM REICHSMARINE TO KRIEGSMARINE: REBIRTH FROM DEFEAT, AND THE RESURGENCE OF GLOBAL AMBITION ..................... 31 A. WEIMAR REPUBLIC: CIVIL MILITARY RELATIONS IN CRISIS . 33 B. POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTED HISTORY AND THE IMPOVERISHMENT OF STRATEGIC THINKING ............................. 34 C. TREATIES, LIMITATIONS, AND THE EFFECT ON NAVAL CONSTRUCTION AND STRATEGY ....................................................... 38 1. The Treaty of Versailles ................................................................... 38 2. The Anglo-German Naval Agreement ............................................ 41 D. GERMAN NAVAL STRATEGY LEADING INTO WORLD WAR II .. 42 E. THE KREIGSMARINE AND GERMANY’S RESURGENT NAVAL AMBITIONS ................................................................................................. 44 IV. GERMAN NAVY REDUX: EAST AND WEST AFTER 1955 ............................ 51 A. THE ROLE OF THE INTERMEDIARY NAVAL ORGANIZATIONS ...................................................................................... 52 B. HERITAGE IN CONFLICT: THE CONSTRUCTION OF NAVAL TRADITION IN EAST AND WEST .......................................................... 55 C. THE ROLE OF NAVAL INSTITUTIONS WITHIN STATE AND SOCIETY ....................................................................................................... 58 1. Bundesmarine: A Navy Within a Democracy ................................ 59 2. Volksmarine: A Navy As an Instrument of the Party ................... 63 D. NAVAL STRATEGY AND THE COLD WAR ......................................... 64 V. THE MODERN GERMAN NAVY: AN ALLIANCE POWER ........................... 67 vii A. UNIFICATION ............................................................................................. 68 B. FROM ESCORT FORCE TO EXPEDITIONARY FORCE ................... 70 1.
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