Stangeria Eriopus

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SANBI IDentifyIt - Species Stangeria eriopus Family Stangeriaceae NEMBA Status Protected (PR) CITES Listing Appendix I Redlist category VU (Vulnerable) Common names English: Natal Grass Cycad, Stanger's Cycad Afrikaans: Bobbejaankos Zulu: Imfingo Xhosa: Umfingwani, Umncuma Geographic location / distribution / province Mozambique; South Africa (Eastern Cape; KwaZulu Natal) Population trend Decreasing Description Stangeria eriopus is a slow-growing perennial plant with large fern-like leaves, which is why it is often mistaken for a fern.. The body of the plant consists of a large tuberous root which is swollen and carrot-shaped. The upper portion is the stem which branches and can form up to 10 heads. Each growing point of the stem only produces one leaf at a time. When young, the leaf is rolled up at the tip and is fern-like, varying in length from 0.25-2 m depending on the habitat Distinguishing characteristics Stangeria eriopus has pinnately-veined and fern-like leaves that distinguish it from all other cycads. Stems are completely subterranean (underground) and the tuberous root is swollen and carrot-shaped. Threats Over-collecting (for medicinal and ornamental use); habitat destruction Stangeria eriopus. Photographer: Errol Douwes Stangeria eriopus leaf midvein present. Photographer: Rob Kunitz Stangeria eriopus. Photographer: De Wet Bosenberg Copyright/Website: SANBI Stangeria eriopus. Photographer: De Wet Bosenberg Copyright/Website: SANBI Stangeria eriopus. Photographer: De Wet Bosenberg Copyright/Website: SANBI Stangeria eriopus female cone. Photographer: De Wet Bosenberg Copyright/Website: SANBI Stangeria eriopus cone. Photographer: JMK Stangeria eriopus male cone. Photographer: Robert Kunitz Copyright/Website: Way to grow Stangeria eriopus leaf. Photographer: De Wet Bosenberg Copyright/Website: SANBI Stangeria eriopus immature male cone. Photographer: De Wet Bosenberg Copyright/Website: SANBI Stangeria eriopus. Photographer: PeregrinusX Copyright/Website: Wikimedia Commons Stangeria eriopus lignotuber. Photographer: Errol Douwes Stangeria eriopus seed. Photographer: Errol Douwes Comparison of Encephalartos, Cycas and Stangeria. Copyright/Website: TRAFFIC Copyright © 2017. All rights reserved..

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Bowenia Serrulata (W
ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Wilson, Gary Whittaker (2004) The Biology and Systematics of Bowenia Hook ex. Hook f. (Stangeriaceae: Bowenioideae). Masters (Research) thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/1270/ If you believe that this work constitutes a copyright infringement, please contact [email protected] and quote http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/1270/ The Biology and Systematics of Bowenia Hook ex. Hook f. (Stangeriaceae: Bowenioideae) Thesis submitted by Gary Whittaker Wilson B. App. Sc. (Biol); GDT (2º Science). (Central Queensland University) in March 2004 for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Tropical Plant Science, James Cook University of North Queensland STATEMENT OF ACCESS I, the undersigned, the author of this thesis, understand that James Cook University of North Queensland will make it available for use within the University Library and by microfilm or other photographic means, and allow access to users in other approved libraries. All users consulting this thesis will have to sign the following statement: ‘In consulting this thesis I agree not to copy or closely paraphrase it in whole or in part without the written consent of the author, and to make proper written acknowledgment for any assistance which I have obtained from it.’ ………………………….. ……………… Gary Whittaker Wilson Date DECLARATION I declare that this thesis is my own work and has not been submitted in any form for another degree or diploma at any university or other institution of tertiary education. Information derived from the published or unpublished work of others has been acknowledged in the text.
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Stangeria Eriopus (Stangeriaceae): Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Alfred Maroyi /J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. Vol. 11(9), 2019, 3258-3263 Stangeria eriopus (Stangeriaceae): medicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities Alfred Maroyi Medicinal Plants and Economic Development (MPED) Research Centre, Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa Abstract Stangeria eriopus is a perennial and evergreen cycad widely used as herbal medicine in South Africa. This study reviewed medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of S. eriopus. Relevant information on the uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of S. eriopus was collected from electronic scientiﬁc databases such as ScienceDirect, SciFinder, PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, and SCOPUS. Pre-electronic literature search of conference papers, scientific articles, books, book chapters, dissertations and theses was carried out at the University library. Literature search revealed that S. eriopus is used as a protective charm against enemies, evil spirits, lightning, and bring good fortune or luck. The caudices, leaves, roots, seeds, stems and tubers of S. eriopus are used as emetics and purgatives, and as herbal medicine for body pains, congestion, headaches, high blood pressure and ethnoveterinary medicine. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include alkaloids, amino acids, biflavones, fatty acids, glycosides, polyphenols, saponins and tannins. Pharmacological studies revealed that S. eriopus extracts have anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory and β-glycosidase
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Chemical Element Concentrations of Cycad Leaves: Do We Know Enough?
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Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4074The Linnean Society of London, 2004? 2004 145? 499504 Original Article
Blackwell Science, LtdOxford, UKBOJBotanical Journal of the Linnean Society0024-4074The Linnean Society of London, 2004? 2004 145? 499504 Original Article 5S rDNA SITES ON CYCAD CHROMOSOMES G. KOKUBUGATA ET AL. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 145, 499–504. With 6 figures Mapping 5S ribosomal DNA on somatic chromosomes of four species of Ceratozamia and Stangeria eriopus (Cycadales) GORO KOKUBUGATA1*, ANDREW P. VOVIDES2 and KATSUHIKO KONDO3 1Tsukuba Botanical Garden, National Science Museum, Tokyo, Ibaraki 305-0005, Japan 2Instituto de Ecología, A. C., Apartado Postal 63, 91000, Xalapa, Mexico 3Laboratory of Plant Chromosome and Gene Stock, Graduate of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan Received October 2003; accepted for publication February 2004 Somatic chromosomes of four species of Ceratozamia, C. hildae, C. kuesteriana, C. mexicana and C. norstogii, and Stangeria eriopus, were observed and compared by the fluorescence in situ hybridization method using 5S ribosomal (rDNA) probes. The four Ceratozamia species and S. eriopus showed the same chromosome number of 2n = 16, and had similar karyotypes, comprising 12 metacentric (m), two submetacentric (sm) chromosomes and two telocentric (t) chromosomes. The four Ceratozamia species exhibited a proximal 5S rDNA site in the interstitial region of two m chromosomes. Stangeria eriopus exhibited a distal 5S rDNA site in the interstitial region of two m chromosomes, which probably indicates that the two genera differ in chromosome structure by at least one paracentric inversion. © 2004 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2004, 145, 499–504. ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS: cycads – cytotaxonomy – fluorescence in situ hybridization. INTRODUCTION Recently, the molecular–cytological techniques of the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method The genus Ceratozamia (family Zamiaceae; Steven- have been applied to cytotaxonomic studies in some son, 1992) is endemic to Mega-Mexico 2, an extension cycad taxa.
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Species Encephalartos Family Zamiaceae CITES Listing Appendix I Common Names Cycad Trade All South African Cycad Species (Encephalartos Spp
SANBI IDentifyIt - Species Encephalartos Family Zamiaceae CITES Listing Appendix I Common names Cycad Trade All South African cycad species (Encephalartos spp. and Stangeria eriopus) are listed on CITES Appendix I. While no international trade is permitted in wild plants, trade is permitted in artificially propagated plants that meet certain requirements, for example, the stem diameter is less than 15 cm. The National Cycad Policy, when redrafted, will detail trade standards such as the types of shipping containers that may be used, how these containers should be sealed and when microchips are needed. Once completed, this information will be made available on the DEAT website (www.environment.gov.za). Identifying cycadsUnless complex botanical keys are used, specific cycad identification is very difficult. However, as all cycads are protected by CITES and national legislation, it is sufficient to recognise that a plant is a cycad. Become familiar with the terminology of cycad structure and the key to cycad genera, but always remember to call an expert for assistance (see Contacts). Note that there are three plant families containing cycads. Of the two genera found in South Africa, Stangeria has a single species, Stangeria eriopus. This plant, which occurs on the East coast of South Africa, has soft, fern-like pinnate leaves from 30cm to 2m long (see picture). Lateral veins arise at almost right angles to the midrib of the leaflets. Members of the genus Encephalartos can be recognized by the following basic characteristics: Leaves are pinnate, leaflets with sunken, parallel veins (no midrib). Leaflets are hard and prickly and DO NOT bend easily: they may be deep green, blue green, or grey.
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An Evolutionary Clock
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Stangeria: an Endangered Cycades Teena Agarwal* University of Banasthali, Department of Plant Genecology, Niwai, 304022, India
Research and Reviews: Journal of Pharmacognosy e-ISSN:2321-6182 p-ISSN:2347-2332 and Phytochemistry Stangeria: An Endangered Cycades Teena Agarwal* University of Banasthali, Department of Plant Genecology, Niwai, 304022, India Review Article Received date: 27/09/2017 ABSTRACT Accepted date: 02/11/2017 Gymnosperms are the plants of the conservation of the evolution Published date: 07/11/2017 in there all plant parts; they have the good reservoirs of the metabolites and the other conserved sequences of the evolutionary values. These *For Correspondence groups have the very fantascting ecosystems in the Mesozoic era. The appropriate reconstruction of the Mesozoic era gives the appearances University of Banasthali, Department of Plant of that evolutionary past. Cycadales are the living fossils and they are at Gencology, Niwai, 304022, India, the edge of the degradation, all of them totally 11 genera are existing, Tel: 9680724243. which have very narrow distribution in some of the area of the world. In this review articles we are trying to work on the one of the Cycadales entitles E-mail: [email protected] as the Stangeria. This is well distributed on the some of the area of the South Africa and some islands of the West Indies. Now this cycadales is at Keywords: Evolution, evolutionary clocks, the junction of the disappearances due to the habitat destruction and the conservation, extinction other anthropogenic activity. (IUCN endangered). INTRODUCTION Gymnosperms are the plants of the naked seeds with some anatomical differences form the angiosperms; they developed the large and the gigantism ecosystem in the Mesozoic era; however, one can see the declines in the fascinating line during the modern era.
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Rhyzobius Lophanthae Introduced Against Asian
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Cycad Aulacaspis Scale
CycadCycad AulacaspisAulacaspis ScaleScale InvasiveInvasive PestPest withwith ExtinctionExtinction Potential!Potential! Photo: Anne Brooke, Guam National Wildlife Refuge Jody Haynes Montgomery Botanical Center, 11901 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL 33156 USA [email protected] GeneralGeneral CycadCycad InformationInformation OrderOrder:: CycadalesCycadales FamiliesFamilies:: BoweniaceaeBoweniaceae,, Cycadaceae,Cycadaceae, Stangeriaceae,Stangeriaceae, ZamiaceaeZamiaceae ExtantExtant speciesspecies:: 302302 currentlycurrently recognizedrecognized Photo: Dennis Stevenson DistributionDistribution:: PantropicalPantropical ConservationConservation statusstatus:: CycadsCycads representrepresent oneone ofof thethe mostmost threatenedthreatened plantplant groupsgroups worldwide;worldwide; >50%>50% listedlisted asas threatenedthreatened oror endangeredendangered Photo: Tom Broome Photo: Mark Bonta AulacaspisAulacaspis yasumatsuiyasumatsui TakagiTakagi OrderOrder:: Hemiptera/HomopteraHemiptera/Homoptera FamilyFamily:: DiaspididaeDiaspididae CommonCommon namesnames:: OfficialOfficial cycadcycad aulacaspisaulacaspis scalescale (CAS)(CAS) OtherOther AsianAsian cycadcycad scale,scale, ThaiThai scale,scale, snowsnow scalescale NativeNative distributiondistribution:: AndamanAndaman IslandsIslands toto Vietnam,Vietnam, W. Tang, USDA-APHIS-PPQ includingincluding ThailandThailand andand probablyprobably Cambodia,Cambodia, Laos,Laos, peninsularpeninsular Malaysia,Malaysia, Myanmar,Myanmar, southernmostsouthernmost China,China, andand possiblypossibly
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Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2020 Evolutionary signal of leaflet anatomy in the Zamiaceae Coiro, Mario ; Jelmini, Nicola ; Neuenschwander, Hanna ; Calonje, Michael A ; Vovides, Andrew P ; Mickle, James E ; Barone Lumaga, Maria Rosaria Abstract: Premise of research: The morphology of leaves is shaped by both historical and current se- lection acting on constrained developmental systems. For this reason, the phylogenetic signal of these characters is usually overlooked. Methodology: We investigate morphology of the leaflets of all gen- era of the Zamiaceae using multiple microscopical techniques to test whether leaf characters present a phylogenetic signal and whether they are useful to define clades at a suprageneric level. Pivotal re- sults: Our investigation shows that most genera are quite uniform in their leaflet anatomy, with the largest genera (Zamia, Encephalartos) presenting the highest degree of variation. Using both Bayesian and parsimony methods on two different molecular scaffolds, we are able to show that leaflet anatomy has a strong phylogenetic signal in the Zamiaceae and that many clades retrieved by molecular analyses present potential synapomorphies in their leaflet anatomy. Particularly, the placement of Stangeria ina clade with Zamia and Microcycas is supported by the presence of both an adaxial and an abaxial girder sclerenchyma and the absence of sclerified hypodermis. The placement of Stangeria as sister to Bowenia, on the other hand, is not supported by our analysis. Instead, our results put into question the homology of the similar guard cell morphology in the two genera. Conclusions: We show that leaflet anatomy has a substantial amount of phylogenetic signal in the Zamiaceae, supporting relationships that are not supported by general morphology.
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Gene Duplications and Genomic Conflict Underlie Major Pulses of Phenotypic 2 Evolution in Gymnosperms 3 4 Gregory W
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.13.435279; this version posted March 15, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 1 Gene duplications and genomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic 2 evolution in gymnosperms 3 4 Gregory W. Stull1,2,†, Xiao-Jian Qu3,†, Caroline Parins-Fukuchi4, Ying-Ying Yang1, Jun-Bo 5 Yang2, Zhi-Yun Yang2, Yi Hu5, Hong Ma5, Pamela S. Soltis6, Douglas E. Soltis6,7, De-Zhu Li1,2,*, 6 Stephen A. Smith8,*, Ting-Shuang Yi1,2,*. 7 8 1Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9 Kunming, Yunnan, China. 10 2CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of 11 Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. 12 3Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Research, College of Life Sciences, 13 Shandong Normal University, Jinan, Shandong, China. 14 4Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. 15 5Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, 16 University Park, PA, USA. 17 6Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. 18 7Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. 19 8Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 20 MI, USA. 21 †Co-first author. 22 *Correspondence to: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected].
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Changing Perspectives in Australian Archaeology, Part X
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