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An Evolutionary Clock Journal of Conservation Biology. 115 (2017) 155-157 https://sites.google.com/site/photonfoundationorganization/home/conservation-biology-journal Original Research Article. ISJN: 8423-2468: Impact Index: 4.87 Journal of Conservation Biology Ph ton Stangeria: An Evolutionary clock Dr. Teena Agrawal* a Banasthali University, India Article history: appearances of that evolutionary past. Cycadales are the Received: 09 August, 2017 living fossils and they are at the edge of the degradation, Accepted: 10 August, 2017 all of them totally 11 genera are existing, which have Available online: 18 September, 2017 very narrow distribution in some of the area of the world. Keywords: In this review articles we are trying to work on the one of Evolution, evolutionary clocks, conservation, extinction the Cycadales entitles as the Stangeria. This is well distributed n the some of the area of the South Africa and Corresponding Author: the some islands of the West Indies. Now this cycadales Dr. Agrawal T.* is at the junction of the disappearances due to the habitat Assistant Professor destruction and the other anthropogenic activity. (IUCN Email: tagrawal02 ( at ) gmail ( dot ) com endangered). Abstract Citation: Gymnosperms are the plants of the conservation of the Dr. Agrawal T.*, 2017. Stangeria: An Evolutionary clock. evolution in there all plant parts; they have the good Journal of Conservation Biology. Photon 115, 155-157 reservoirs of the metabolites and the other conserved sequences of the evolutionary values. These groups have All Rights Reserved with Photon. the very fantascting ecosystems in the Mesozoic era. The Photon Ignitor: ISJN84232468D874118092017 appropriate reconstruction of the Mesozoic era gives the 1. Introduction Stangeria is the one of the surviving gymnosperm community utilises the plants for the various of the order Cycadles, although the plant was purposes. The upper portions of the branches of the reported till 18th century , but appropriate plants is modified in to the branches .The leaves nomenclature was possible only after the 20th have the typical fern appearances, they are century. The plant has the fern like appearances, so coloured at the early ontogeny of the plants later on previously it was assumed to be the fern or the the leaves convert in to the green colour .the leaves pteridophyta, later on after findings of the cones on have the typical circinate vernation at the time of the plants it was regarded as the gymnosperms. It the early ontogeny .later on they opened like the was identified as the fern and it was named as the coil turned (Donaldson, 2003). The stem has the Lomaeria coriacea. It was described by the many growing points, on each growing point there German botanist otto kunzae as a new species of is one cones. The plant produces the cones the fern. It was Lomaria coriopus. In 1829 it was throughout the year, the number of the cones are identified as the cycades, when the pant started 100 -250 on the stem (Donaldson, 2003). The plant producing the cones. These observations was made is dioeciously, and the male and female cones are by the Dr Stanger in chelsa, physic garden in on the separate plants. The male cones are London, it was described By the T. moore, cylindrical and they have long male however the exact nature of the cones and there microsporophyll on the arranging in the spiral gymnoserpos Nature was identified by the Ballion fashion. The tip of the microsporophyll is also the (Donaldson, 2003). taxonomic values, on them the micorsporangia are arranged in the form of the groups and the sterile Stangeria is the slow growing plant, it is the hairs can be founds. (Typical cycadales nature.). perennial in nature, the body of the plant consist of the large tuberous roots, they are carrot shaped, The female cones are egg shaped. They have the containing the reserve food material in the form of long megasporophylls of taxonomic values, they the starch and the other carbohydrates. This is the have the arrangement of the eggs or the ovules on main part of the Cyclades due to which the tribal the adaxial sides of the megasprophylls . Ph ton 155 Figure 1: Stangeria cones ( sources IUCN RED LIST Figure 2: Stangeria in wild (sources cycades pages) The structures of the gymnosperm are typical constructions .so in the near future the genus is cycadles types. supposed to be the threatened (Tuckley, R. (1999).). Distribution: Stangeria grows in to the open and In 1998 IUCN reported the genus as the vulnerable, the dry soil the vegetation is the grassland types, in later on the 2003 it was considered as the near to light soils, under threat. The plant is well threatened (iucn red data list 2010). distributed near the South Africa and the mozambae of the South Africa. This is the place The data of the IUCN shows that during them any where endemism of the Stangeria has been decades the Stangeria is disappearing form then reported. natural vegetations (Tuckley, R. (1999).). The main reasons of the disappearances of the vegetation is Conservation: although Stangeria has the long the habitat destructions and the construction work, evolutionary history and it was widely distributed in the Durban the heavy constructions leads to the in the 200 years ago, in the different part of the disappeared in the Durban the heavy constructions world. But now around 150 years ago the leads ot the disappeared of the may habitat f the aboriginal peoples are utilising the plant for there Stangeria, the vegetation of the Stangeria is own beneficiations. So now around 54 percent of utilised for the formation of the grasslands of the the habitat is destroying, now the species grow sugarcanes and the other green plantations. Due to there are also disappearing, IUCN red data, list these reasons in South Africa very little vegetation declared the Stangeria as the threaded species exists. (iucn red data list description 2010). (Donaldson (2003)). These are the few threats due to which the During the two decades ago under the IUCN Stangeria is the edge of the disappearances. version A2 and A4 Stangeria has been regarded as the vulnerable genus (.Tuckley, R. (1999).) The future road constrictions of the coastal highway through the Eastern Cape have threatened Well in the south African and in the America the the many populations in the area. forest ecosystem of the Stangeria are degrading with the great speed due to the various reasons for In addition the increasing urban pressure in the the various purposes , one of them is the cape area will also lead the disappearance of the constructions of the buildings and the other Ph ton 156 Stangeria from the place or the habitat (Tuckley, R. Douwes, E., Gillmer M., Mattson, M., Dalzell C., 2004. (1999).) "Vegetative propagation of Stangeria eriopus from leaf material". Encephalartos. 80: 28–30. In that area around 34 places are which are the The Cycad Pages: Stangeria eriopus clump of the Stangeria, some of the threats of Cycad Society of South Africa: Stangeria eriopus these clumps are enlisted as. Crouch, N.R., Donaldson, J., Smith, G.F., Symmonds, 1)14 clumps are at the edge of the degradation, R., Dalzell, C.G.M. & Scott-Shaw, C.R. 2000. Ex situ these are the populations of the Stangeria , which conservation of Stangeria eriopus (Stangeriaceae ) at the are near to disintegration due to the heavy road Durban Botanic Gardens, South Africa. Encephalartos constructions . 63: 16-24. The Cycad Society of South Africa. 2) 14 other populations’ f the Stangeria are near to Douwes, E., Gillmer M., Mattson M. & Dalzell, C. 2004. Vegetative propagation of Stangeria eriopus from leaf threat due to the agriculture of the different other material. Encephalartos 80:28-30. The Cycad Society of crops of the human values.( IUCN RED DATA South Africa. LIST 2010). Giddy, C. 1984. Cycads of South Africa. Struik, Cape In addition to that there are many other reason for Town. the disintegration of the Stangeria populations from the places. (iucn red data list 2010). Uses of the Stangeria: The plant has the several medicinal uses, due to which any tribes of the south Africa utilizes the plant for various purposes. After the second world war many of the scientist transport the plants for there botanical garden investigation, they transport the plants heavily. This was the main reason for the disappearances of the plants from the habitat. The tribes of the Xhosa and the Zulu peoples utilises the plants for their own beneficiations. They utilises the plant for the headaches and the other purposes.’However one of the significant uses of the Stangeria is that they are ornamental. This is the remarkable plant of the cycaldes and it needs the proper conservation. References Donaldson., 2003. "Stangeria eriopus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2006. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 11 May 2006. Whitelock, Loran M. (2002). The Cycads. Portland OR: Timber press. ISBN 0-88192-522-5. Tuckley, R., 1999. "A new significance for Stangeria?". The Cycad Newsletter. 22 (4): 11–14. Osborne R., Grove A., Oh P., Mabry T.J., Ng J.C., Seawright AA (July 1994). "The magical and medicinal usage of Stangeria eriopus in South Africa". J Ethnopharmacol. 43 (2): 67–72. PMID 7967657. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(94)90005-1. Vorster P., Vorster E., March 1985. "Stangeria eriopus". Encephalartos. 2: 1–11. For publications/ Enquiries/ Copyrights: Email: [email protected] Ph ton 157 .
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