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Massive Retaliation Charles Wilson, Neil Mcelroy, and Thomas Gates 1953-1961
Evolution of the Secretary of Defense in the Era of MassiveSEPTEMBER Retaliation 2012 Evolution of the Secretary OF Defense IN THE ERA OF Massive Retaliation Charles Wilson, Neil McElroy, and Thomas Gates 1953-1961 Special Study 3 Historical Office Office of the Secretary of Defense Cold War Foreign Policy Series • Special Study 3 Evolution of the Secretary of Defense in the Era of Massive Retaliation Evolution of the Secretary of Defense in the Era of Massive Retaliation Charles Wilson, Neil McElroy, and Thomas Gates 1953-1961 Cover Photos: Charles Wilson, Neil McElroy, Thomas Gates, Jr. Source: Official DoD Photo Library, used with permission. Cover Design: OSD Graphics, Pentagon. Cold War Foreign Policy Series • Special Study 3 Evolution of the Secretary of Defense in the Era of Massive Retaliation Evolution of the Secretary OF Defense IN THE ERA OF Massive Retaliation Charles Wilson, Neil McElroy, and Thomas Gates 1953-1961 Special Study 3 Series Editors Erin R. Mahan, Ph.D. Chief Historian, Office of the Secretary of Defense Jeffrey A. Larsen, Ph.D. President, Larsen Consulting Group Historical Office Office of the Secretary of Defense September 2012 ii iii Cold War Foreign Policy Series • Special Study 3 Evolution of the Secretary of Defense in the Era of Massive Retaliation Contents Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of Defense, the Historical Office of the Office of Foreword..........................................vii the Secretary of Defense, Larsen Consulting Group, or any other agency of the Federal Government. Executive Summary...................................ix Cleared for public release; distribution unlimited. -
Is War Necessary for Economic Growth?
Historically Speaking-Issues (merged papers) 09/26/06 IS WAR NECESSARY FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH? VERNON W. RUTTAN UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA CLEMONS LECTURE SAINT JOHNS UNIVERSITY COLLEGEVILLE, MINNESOTA OCTOBER 9, 2006 1 OUTLINE PREFACE 3 INTRODUCTION 4 SIX GENERAL PURPOSE TECHNOLOGIES 5 The Aircraft Industry 6 Nuclear Power 7 The Computer Industry 9 The Semiconductor Industry 11 The Internet 13 The Space Industries 15 TECHNOLOGICAL MATURITY 17 IS WAR NECESSARY? 20 Changes in Military Doctrine 20 Private Sector Entrepreneurship 23 Public Commercial Technology Development 24 ANTICIPATING TECHNOLOGICAL FUTURES 25 PERSPECTIVES 28 SELECTED REFERENCES 32 2 PREFACE In a book published in 2001, Technology, Growth and Development: An Induced Innovation Perspective, I discussed several examples but did not give particular attention to the role of military and defense related research, development and procurement as a source of commercial technology development. A major generalization from that work was that government had played an important role in the development of almost every general purpose technology in which the United States was internationally competitive. Preparation for several speaking engagements following the publication of the book led to a reexamination of what I had written. It became clear to me that defense and defense related institutions had played a predominant role in the development of many of the general purpose technologies that I had discussed. The role of military and defense related research, development and procurement was sitting there in plain sight. But I was unable or unwilling to recognize it! It was with considerable reluctance that I decided to undertake the preparation of the book I discuss in this paper, Is War Necessary for Economic Growth? Military Procurement and Technology Development. -
Richard G. Hewlett and Jack M. Holl. Atoms
ATOMS PEACE WAR Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission Richard G. Hewlett and lack M. Roll With a Foreword by Richard S. Kirkendall and an Essay on Sources by Roger M. Anders University of California Press Berkeley Los Angeles London Published 1989 by the University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California University of California Press, Ltd. London, England Prepared by the Atomic Energy Commission; work made for hire. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hewlett, Richard G. Atoms for peace and war, 1953-1961. (California studies in the history of science) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Nuclear energy—United States—History. 2. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission—History. 3. Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969. 4. United States—Politics and government-1953-1961. I. Holl, Jack M. II. Title. III. Series. QC792. 7. H48 1989 333.79'24'0973 88-29578 ISBN 0-520-06018-0 (alk. paper) Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 CONTENTS List of Illustrations vii List of Figures and Tables ix Foreword by Richard S. Kirkendall xi Preface xix Acknowledgements xxvii 1. A Secret Mission 1 2. The Eisenhower Imprint 17 3. The President and the Bomb 34 4. The Oppenheimer Case 73 5. The Political Arena 113 6. Nuclear Weapons: A New Reality 144 7. Nuclear Power for the Marketplace 183 8. Atoms for Peace: Building American Policy 209 9. Pursuit of the Peaceful Atom 238 10. The Seeds of Anxiety 271 11. Safeguards, EURATOM, and the International Agency 305 12. -
Understanding French Foreign and Security Policy Towards Africa: Pragmatism Or Altruism Abdurrahim Sıradağ1
Afro Eurasian Studies Journal Vol 3. Issue 1, Spring 2014 Understanding French Foreign and Security Policy towards Africa: Pragmatism or Altruism Abdurrahim Sıradağ1 Abstract France has deep economic, political and historical relations with Africa, dating back to the 17th century. Since the independence of the former colonial countries in Africa in the 1950s and 1960s, France has continued to maintain its economic and political relations with its former colonies. Importantly, France has a special strategic security partnership with the African countries. It has intervened militarily in Africa more than 50 times since 1960. France has especially continued to use its military power to strengthen its economic, political and strategic relations with Africa. For instance, it deployed its military troops in Mali in January 2013 and in the Central African Republic in December 2013. Why does France actively get involved in Africa militarily? This research will particularly uncover the main motivations behind the French foreign and security policy in Africa. Key words: Francophone Africa, France, Foreign Policy, Africa, economic interests. The Role of France in World Politics France’s international power and position has shaped its foreign and security policy towards Africa. France has been an important actor with its political and economic power in Europe and in the world. It was one of the six important founding members of the European Community after 1 International University of Sarajevo, Department of International Relations, Ilidža, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Email: [email protected] 100 the Second World War and plays a leading role in European integration. France plays a significant role in world politics through international or- ganizations. -
Preambule Aux Commentaires Sur Le Budget 1961
CERN LIBRARIES, GENEVA CERN/FC/439/Add. 21 September, 1960 Original: English CM-P00084190 ORGANISATION EUROPĒENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLĒAIRE CERN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH FINANCE COMMITTEE Thirty-fourth Meeting Geneva - 4 October, 1960 PREAMBLE TO REMARKS ON THE 1961 BUDGET (by the Director-General of CERN) 9506/e Preamble to Remarks on the 1961 Budget The Budget for 1961 and the estimates for 1962 are based on the approved programme of the CERN laboratory. The speed at which this programme is being carried out, which determines the rate of expenditure and therefore the annual budgets, was first estimated in 1959. At this time the annual contribution ceiling was fixed by the CERN Council at 65 million Swiss francs for the years 1960, 1961 and 1962. It is worth recalling that is was towards the end of November 1959, just before the meeting of the CERN Council, that the CERN Proton Synchrotron accelerated protons to full energy and it has only been during the course of 1960 that the full financial implications of the experimental programme of this machine have become apparent. In making the predictions in 1959 for the rate of expenditure of the laboratory assumptions were made of the rate at which the CPS would be brought into service as a nuclear physics tool. Certain reserves were prudently put in the budget to cover the case that the experimental programme of the CPS would be in advance of the estimated programme. Part of this reserve was removed in fixing the ceiling of the three year period, part was eaten up by the steadily rising prices, and only by strict internal economies were some items, unfore• seen at the time of making the 1960 Budget, covered in the course of this year. -
6 March 1964 TARIFFS and TRADE Limited Distribution
RESTRICTED GENERAL AGREEMENT ON W.21/6 6 March 1964 TARIFFS AND TRADE Limited Distribution CONTRACTING PARTIES Twenty-first Session ARTICLE XVIII -EXTENSION OF RELEASE FOR CEYLON At the meeting of the CONTRACTING PARTIES on 2 March 1964 it was agreed to extend the release granted to Ceylon in 1958 under Section C of Article XVIII. The Executive Secretary was requested to prepare the text of a Decision. The following text is proposed; Considering that, by Section 3 of the Decision of the CONTRACTING PARTIES of 22 November 1958, as amended by Section 3 of the Decision of 20 November 1959 and by the Decision of 23 September 1960, the.CONTRACTING PARTIES concurred in the application by the Government of Ceylon of the Industrial Products Act No. 18 of 1949, as amended, to certain specified textile products subject to the terms and conditions laid down in those Decisions; and Considering that, by the Decision of 18 December 1963, the CONTRACTING PARTIES extended until the close of the twenty-first session of the CONTRACTING PARTIES the period of validity of the Decision of 22 November 1958, as amended by the Decision of 20 November 1959 and by the Decision of 23 September 1960; and Considering further that the Government of Ceylon has notified the CONTRACTING PARTIES pursuant to Section C of Article XVIII that, in order to achieve the objectives for which the measure was originally taken, it will be necessary to maintain the regulation under the Industrial Products Act of the products specified above for a further period of time; and Noting -
How Should the United States Confront Soviet Communist Expansionism? DWIGHT D
Advise the President: DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER How Should the United States Confront Soviet Communist Expansionism? DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Advise the President: DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER Place: The Oval Office, the White House Time: May 1953 The President is in the early months of his first term and he recognizes Soviet military aggression and the How Should the subsequent spread of Communism as the greatest threat to the security of the nation. However, the current costs United States of fighting Communism are skyrocketing, presenting a Confront Soviet significant threat to the nation’s economic well-being. President Eisenhower is concerned that the costs are not Communist sustainable over the long term but he believes that the spread of Communism must be stopped. Expansionism? On May 8, 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower has called a meeting in the Solarium of the White House with Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and Treasury Secretary George M. Humphrey. The President believes that the best way to craft a national policy in a democracy is to bring people together to assess the options. In this meeting the President makes a proposal based on his personal decision-making process—one that is grounded in exhaustive fact gathering, an open airing of the full range of viewpoints, and his faith in the clarifying qualities of energetic debate. Why not, he suggests, bring together teams of “bright young fellows,” charged with the mission to fully vet all viable policy alternatives? He envisions a culminating presentation in which each team will vigorously advocate for a particular option before the National Security Council. -
RECORDS CODIFICATION MANUAL Prepared by the Office Of
RECORDS CODIFICATION MANUAL Prepared by The Office of Communications and Records Department of State (Adopted January 1, 1950—Revised January 1, 1955) I I CLASSES OF RECORDS Glass 0 Miscellaneous. I Class 1 Administration of the United States Government. Class 2 Protection of Interests (Persons and Property). I Class 3 International Conferences, Congresses, Meetings and Organizations. United Nations. Organization of American States. Multilateral Treaties. I Class 4 International Trade and Commerce. Trade Relations, Treaties, Agreements. Customs Administration. Class 5 International Informational and Educational Relations. Cultural I Affairs and Programs. Class 6 International Political Relations. Other International Relations. I Class 7 Internal Political and National Defense Affairs. Class 8 Internal Economic, Industrial and Social Affairs. 1 Class 9 Other Internal Affairs. Communications, Transportation, Science. - 0 - I Note: - Classes 0 thru 2 - Miscellaneous; Administrative. Classes 3 thru 6 - International relations; relations of one country with another, or of a group of countries with I other countries. Classes 7 thru 9 - Internal affairs; domestic problems, conditions, etc., and only rarely concerns more than one I country or area. ' \ \T^^E^ CLASS 0 MISCELLANEOUS 000 GENERAL. Unclassifiable correspondence. Crsnk letters. Begging letters. Popular comment. Public opinion polls. Matters not pertaining to business of the Department. Requests for interviews with officials of the Department. (Classify subjectively when possible). Requests for names and/or addresses of Foreign Service Officers and personnel. Requests for copies of treaties and other publications. (This number should never be used for communications from important persons, organizations, etc.). 006 Precedent Index. 010 Matters transmitted through facilities of the Department, .1 Telegrams, letters, documents. -
Analysis of WORK STOPPAGES 1960
Analysis of WORK STOPPAGES 1960 Bulletin No.1302 September 1961 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR Arthur J. Goldberg, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D.C. - Price 30 cents Preface This bulletin presents a detailed statistical anal- ysis of work stoppages in 1960, continuing an annual fea- ture of the Bureau of Labor Statistics' program in the field of industrial relations. Preliminary monthly esti- mates of the level of strike (or lockout) activity for the United States as a whole are issued about 30 days after the end of the month of reference and are available upon request. Preliminary estimates for the entire year are available at the year's end; selected final tabulations are issued in April of the following year. The methods used in preparing work stoppage statistics are described in appendix B. The Bureau wishes to acknowledge the coopera- tion of employers and employer associations, labor unions, the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, and various State agencies in furnishing information on work stoppages. This report was prepared in the Bureau's Divi- sion of Wages and Industrial Relations by Loretto R. Nolan and Julian Malnak under the direction of Joseph W. Bloch. Contents Page Summary_—____----__________-----------______ ______ -----_____—_—_--------- 1 Trends in work stoppages. ----,-----------------__________—_--_____—____ 1 Sizeof stoppages ---------------------___________--------------_—_--------- -
Downloads of Technical Information
Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2018 Nuclear Spaces: Simulations of Nuclear Warfare in Film, by the Numbers, and on the Atomic Battlefield Donald J. Kinney Follow this and additional works at the DigiNole: FSU's Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected] FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES NUCLEAR SPACES: SIMULATIONS OF NUCLEAR WARFARE IN FILM, BY THE NUMBERS, AND ON THE ATOMIC BATTLEFIELD By DONALD J KINNEY A Dissertation submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2018 Donald J. Kinney defended this dissertation on October 15, 2018. The members of the supervisory committee were: Ronald E. Doel Professor Directing Dissertation Joseph R. Hellweg University Representative Jonathan A. Grant Committee Member Kristine C. Harper Committee Member Guenter Kurt Piehler Committee Member The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members, and certifies that the dissertation has been approved in accordance with university requirements. ii For Morgan, Nala, Sebastian, Eliza, John, James, and Annette, who all took their turns on watch as I worked. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank the members of my committee, Kris Harper, Jonathan Grant, Kurt Piehler, and Joseph Hellweg. I would especially like to thank Ron Doel, without whom none of this would have been possible. It has been a very long road since that afternoon in Powell's City of Books, but Ron made certain that I did not despair. Thank you. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract..............................................................................................................................................................vii 1. -
Duck and Cover: How Print Media, the U.S. Government, and Entertainment Culture Formedamerica's Understanding of the Atom
DUCK AND COVER: HOW PRINT MEDIA, THE U.S. GOVERNMENT, AND ENTERTAINMENT CULTURE FORMEDAMERICA’S UNDERSTANDING OF THE ATOM BOMB A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By Daniel Patrick Wright B.A., University of Cincinnati, 2013 2015 Wright State University WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL May 5, 2015 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION BY Daniel Patrick Wright ENTITLED Duck and Cover: How Print Media, the U.S. Government and Entertainment Culture Formed America’s Understanding of the Atom Bomb BE ACCEPTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF Master of Arts ________________________________ Jonathan Winkler, Thesis Director ________________________________ Carol Herringer, Chair History Department Committee on College of Liberal Arts Final Examination ________________________________ Drew Swanson, Ph.D. ________________________________ Nancy Garner, Ph.D. ________________________________ Robert E. W. Fyffe, Ph.D. Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School ABSTRACT Wright, Daniel Patrick. M.A. Department of History, Wright State University, 2015. Duck and Cover: How Print Media, the U.S. Government and Entertainment Culture Formed America’s Understanding of the Atom Bomb This research project will explore an overview of the different subsections of American post-war society that contributed to the American “atomic reality” in hopes of revealing how and why the American understanding of atomic weapons did not slowly evolve over the course of a generation, but instead materialize rapidly in the years following the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. By analyzing government sources and programs, print media sources such as newspapers and magazines, and the American entertainment culture of the 1940s and 1950s, this research project will answer exactly why and how the American public arrived at its understanding of the atom bomb. -
The Merchants of Death
THE MERCHANTS OF DEATH The Military-Industrial Complex and the Influence on Democracy Name: Miriam Collaris Student number: 387332 Erasmus University Rotterdam Master thesis: Global History & International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Wubs Date: June 12th, 2016 Merchants of Death Miriam Collaris Erasmus University Rotterdam June 12, 2016 PREFACE This is a thesis about the Military-industrial Complex in the United States of America, a subject, which has been widely discussed in the 1960s, but has moved to the background lately. I got inspired by this subject through an internship I have done in Paris in 2012. Here I was working for an event agency that organized business conventions for the defense and security sector, and in particular the aerospace industry. This was the first time I got in touch with this defense industry and this was the first moment that I realized how much money is involved in this sector. Warfare turned out to be real business. At the conventions enormous stands emerged with the most advanced combat vehicles and weaponry. These events were focused on matchmaking between various players in this sector. Hence, commercial deals were made between government agencies and the industry, which was very normal and nobody questioned this. When I read about this Military-industrial Complex, years later, I started to think about these commercial deals between government and industry and the profits that were gained. The realization that war is associated with profits, interested me in such a way that I decided to write my master