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Of International Journal Euro-Mediterranean Studies
Euro-Mediterranean University Kidričevo nabrežje 2 SI-6330 Piran, Slovenia International Journal www.ijems.emuni.si [email protected] 1 of Euro-Mediterranean NUMBER Studies VOLUME 1 4 2021 NUMBER 1 2021 EDITORIAL A defining moment: Can we predict the future of higher education? Abdelhamid El-Zoheiry 14 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Security sector reform by intergovernmental organisations in Libya Anna Molnár, Ivett Szászi, Lili Takács VOLUME SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Interpreting the Mediterranean archaeological landscape through stakeholders’ participation – the case of Vrsar, Croatia Kristina Afrić Rakitovac, Nataša Urošević, Nikola Vojnović REVIEW ARTICLE Olive oil tourism in the Euro-Mediterranean area José Manuel Hernández-Mogollón, Elide Di-Clemente, Ana María Campón-Cerro, José Antonio Folgado-Fernández SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE What ever happened to the EU’s ‘science diplomacy’? The long mission of effective EU-Mediterranean cooperation in science and research Jerneja Penca BOOK REVIEW Transnational Islam and regional security: Cooperation and diversity between Europe and North Africa, by Frédéric Volpi (ed.) Georgi Asatryan EVENT REVIEW Capacity building for healthy seas: Summer school on sustainable blue economy in the Euro-Mediterranean Jerneja Penca Abstracts Résumés Povzetki International Journal The International Journal of Euro- EdITOR-IN-CHIEF Advisory board of Euro-Mediterranean Studies Mediterranean Studies is published in Prof. Dr. Abdelhamid El-Zoheiry, Prof. Dr. Samia Kassab-Charfi, English with abstracts in Slovenian, ISSN 1855-3362 (printed) Euro-Mediterranean University, Slovenia University of Tunis, Tunisia French and Arabic language. The Prof. Dr. Abeer Refky, Arab Academy ISSN 2232-6022 (online) journal is free of charge. managing Editor: for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Egypt COPYRIGHT NOTICE Dr. -
Libya Conflict Insight | Feb 2018 | Vol
ABOUT THE REPORT The purpose of this report is to provide analysis and Libya Conflict recommendations to assist the African Union (AU), Regional Economic Communities (RECs), Member States and Development Partners in decision making and in the implementation of peace and security- related instruments. Insight CONTRIBUTORS Dr. Mesfin Gebremichael (Editor in Chief) Mr. Alagaw Ababu Kifle Ms. Alem Kidane Mr. Hervé Wendyam Ms. Mahlet Fitiwi Ms. Zaharau S. Shariff Situation analysis EDITING, DESIGN & LAYOUT Libya achieved independence from United Nations (UN) trusteeship in 1951 Michelle Mendi Muita (Editor) as an amalgamation of three former Ottoman provinces, Tripolitania, Mikias Yitbarek (Design & Layout) Cyrenaica and Fezzan under the rule of King Mohammed Idris. In 1969, King Idris was deposed in a coup staged by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. He promptly abolished the monarchy, revoked the constitution, and © 2018 Institute for Peace and Security Studies, established the Libya Arab Republic. By 1977, the Republic was transformed Addis Ababa University. All rights reserved. into the leftist-leaning Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. In the 1970s and 1980s, Libya pursued a “deviant foreign policy”, epitomized February 2018 | Vol. 1 by its radical belligerence towards the West and its endorsement of anti- imperialism. In the late 1990s, Libya began to re-normalize its relations with the West, a development that gradually led to its rehabilitation from the CONTENTS status of a pariah, or a “rogue state.” As part of its rapprochement with the Situation analysis 1 West, Libya abandoned its nuclear weapons programme in 2003, resulting Causes of the conflict 2 in the lifting of UN sanctions. -
A Typology of Conflict Dyads and Instruments of Power in Libya, 2014‐Present
Demystifying Gray Zone Conflict: A Typology of Conflict Dyads and Instruments of Power in Libya, 2014‐Present Report to DHS S&T Office of University Programs and DoD Strategic Multilayer Assessment Branch November 2016 National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence Led by the University of Maryland 8400 Baltimore Ave., Suite 250 • College Park, MD 20742 • 301.405.6600 www.start.umd.edu National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism A Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Center of Excellence About This Report The authors of this report are Rachel A. Gabriel, Researcher, and Mila A. Johns, Researcher, at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). Questions about this report should be directed to Barnett S. Koven at [email protected]. This report is part of START project, “Shadows of Violence: Empirical Assessments of Treats, Coercion and Gray Zones,” led by Amy Pate. This research was supported by a Centers of Excellence Supplemental award from the Department of Homeland Security’s Science and Technology Directorate’s Office of University Programs, with funding provided by the Strategic Multilayer Assessment (SMA) Branch of the Department of Defense through grand award number 2012ST061CS0001‐05 made to the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START). The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies, either expressed or implied, of the U.S. -
Economic and Social Council
ER INT NAT W IO O N C A S L O M M O CHURKIN MOSCOW N D I E K L R U U N H INTERNATIONAL C МО Н MODEL UNITED NATIONS ДЕЛЬ ОО ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL EXPERT'S REPORT PROGRAMS FOR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL REHABILITATION IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND AFRICA AFTER ARMED CONFLICTS CONTENTS VOCABULARY..................................................................1 INTRODUCTION.............................................................3 CHAPTER 1. POST-CONFLICT COUNTRIES............................5 CHAPTER 2. CHALLENGES FOR POST-CONFLICT COUNTRIES............................7 CHAPTER 3. EMBARKING ON THE PATH OF RECOVERY..............................................................10 CHAPTER 4. REHABILITATION PROGRAMS: COUNTRY-LEVEL.......................................................14 CHAPTER 5. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND BODIES................................................................................18 CONCLUSION................................................................22 LIST OF SOURCES.....................................................23 VOCABULARY Belligerent - an individual, group, country, or other entity that acts in a hostile manner, such as engaging in combat. Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) - explosive weapons that did not explode when they were employed and still pose a risk of detonation, sometimes many decades after they were used or discarded. Fatalities - deaths incurred in the state-based and non-state conflicts and one-sided violence. For state-based armed conflict and non- state conflict these are defined as battle-related deaths (i.e. the use of armed force between warring parties in a conflict dyad, be it state- based or non-state, resulting in deaths). For one-sided violence these are deaths stemming from attacks carried out by organized actors, targeting unarmed civilians. GNI per capita - the dollar value of a country's final income in a year, divided by its population. Horizontal inequality - economic, social or other inequality preventing people of similar origin, intelligence, etc. -
BACKGROUND GUIDE UNSC BBPS – Glengaze – MUN
BACKGROUND GUIDE UNSC BBPS – Glengaze – MUN Agenda – “Peace Building Measures in Post Conflict Regions with Special Emphasis on Iraq and Libya.” LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE BOARD Greetings, We welcome you to the United Nations Security Council, in the capacity of the members of the Executive Board of the said conference. Since this conference shall be a learning experience for all of you, it shall be for us as well. Our only objective shall be to make you all speak and participate in the discussion, and we pledge to give every effort for the same. How to research for the agenda and beyond? There are several things to consider. This background guide shall be different from the background guides you might have come across in other MUNs and will emphasise more on providing you the right Direction where you find matter for your research than to provide you matter itself, because we do not believe in spoon- feeding you, nor do we believe in leaving you to swim in the pond all by yourself. However, we promise that if you read the entire set of documents so provided, you shall be able to cover 70% of your research for the conference. The remaining amount of research depends on how much willing are you to put in your efforts and understand those articles and/or documents. So, in the purest of the language we can say, it is important to read anything and everything whose links are provided in the background guide. What to speak in the committee and in what manner? The basic emphasis of the committee shall not be on how much facts you read and present in the committee but how you explain them in simple and decent language to us and the fellow committee members. -
Intelligence Failures in Countering Islamic Terrorism: a Comparative Analysis on the Strategic Surprises of the 9/11 and the Pa
Department of Political Science Master’s Degree in International Relations - Global Studies Chair of Geopolitical Scenarios and Political Risk Intelligence Failures in Countering Islamic Terrorism: A Comparative Analysis on the Strategic Surprises of the 9/11 and the Paris Attacks and the Exceptionality of the Italian Case SUPERVISOR CANDIDATE Prof. Giuseppe Scognamiglio Antonella Camerino Student ID: 639472 CO-SUPERVISOR Prof. Lorenzo Castellani ACCADEMIC YEAR 2019-2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………………5 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………..6 CHAPTER 1: Intelligence: A Theoretical Framework 1.1 – The Intelligence Cycle………………………………………………………………….11 1.2 – Intelligence Failures…………………………………………………………………….19 1.3 – The Strategic Surprises and Surprises Attacks………………………………………….24 1.4 – The Black Swan Theory………………………………………………………………...30 CHAPTER 2: The Case of USA: The Attacks of the 9/11 2.1 – The US Intelligence Community……………………………………………………….35 2.2 – Analysis of a Terrorist Organization: Al-Qaeda………………………………………..43 2.3 – The 9/11 Attacks: Facts, Causes and Consequences……………………………………52 2.4 – The US Involvement in the Middle East: The War on Terror………………………….61 CHAPTER 3: The Case of France: The Paris Attacks of November 13 3.1 – The French Intelligence Community…………………………………………………...73 3.2 – Analysis of a Terrorist Organization: The Islamic State………………………………..80 3.3 – The Paris Attacks of November 13: Facts, Causes and Consequences………………...90 3.4 – The French Involvement in the Middle East: Opération Chammal…………………….98 -
Parallel Armies and Their Impact on Middle اﺳم اﻟﻣوﺿوع : East Stability
Parallel armies and their impact on Middle : ωϭοϭϣϟϡγ East stability Parallel armies and their impact on Middle : ωϭοϭϣϟϥϭϧϋ East stability 30/09/2016 : έηϧϟΦϳέΎΗ ΔϣΩϘΗϣϟΕΎγέΩϟϭΙΎΣΑϸϟϝΑϘΗγϣϟίϛέϣ : ΏΗΎϛϟϡγ : ωϭοϭϣϟ National armies are no longer the only organizations to legitimately monopolize military force in some regional states. The last six years has a growing number of armed irregulars, they have become so prevalent that they are known as parallel armies. These armies consist of the remains of, or the main clusters of, regular army, armed militias, zonal battalions, military wings, popular formations, revolutionary corps, sectarian organizations and terrorist groups. These irregular military organizations are also known as ³private sector armies´in the Middle East.These so-called parallel armies were able to take control of densely populated geographical areas in central states, and subsequently seize economic resources and armament capabilities, in order to manage external relations with states and violent non-state actors. These armies take advantage of a state¶s weaknesses in order to ensure their existence and expansion. Groups frequently exploit the collapse of state control, vacuums in power, weak governments, loose borders and the escalation of internal conflict in order to create smaller conflicts of attrition. All of this contributes to the spiral of chaos and the stumbling stability of the region.Roving armies:It is remarkable that so many states in the Middle East have witnessed the rise of, or the growing impact of, small armies and insurgent groups that arm themselves with both light and heavy weapons. These groups have various operation centers where they develop training rules and adopt defense and attack strategies. -
Parallel Armies and Their Impact on Middle East Stability Artical Subject : Parallel Armies and Their Impact on Middle East Stability Publish Date: 30/09/2016
Artical Name : Parallel armies and their impact on Middle East stability Artical Subject : Parallel armies and their impact on Middle East stability Publish Date: 30/09/2016 Auther Name: Future for Advanced Research and Studies Subject : National armies are no longer the only organizations to legitimately monopolize military force in some regional states. The last six years has a growing number of armed irregulars, they have become so prevalent that they are known as parallel armies. These armies consist of the remains of, or the main clusters of, regular army, armed militias, zonal battalions, military wings, popular formations, revolutionary corps, sectarian organizations and terrorist groups. These irregular military organizations are also known as ³private sector armies´in the Middle East.These so-called parallel armies were able to take control of densely populated geographical areas in central states, and subsequently seize economic resources and armament capabilities, in order to manage external relations with states and violent non-state actors. These armies take advantage of a state¶s weaknesses in order to ensure their existence and expansion. Groups frequently exploit the collapse of state control, vacuums in power, weak governments, loose borders and the escalation of internal conflict in order to create smaller conflicts of attrition. All of this contributes to the spiral of chaos and the stumbling stability of the region.Roving armies:It is remarkable that so many states in the Middle East have witnessed the rise of, or the growing impact of, small armies and insurgent groups that arm themselves with both light and heavy weapons. These groups have various operation centers where they develop training rules and adopt defense and attack strategies. -
“Global Terrorism Index: 2015.” Institute for Economics and Peace
MEASURING AND UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF TERRORISM Quantifying Peace and its Benefits The Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP) is an independent, non-partisan, non-profit think tank dedicated to shifting the world’s focus to peace as a positive, achievable, and tangible measure of human well-being and progress. IEP achieves its goals by developing new conceptual frameworks to define peacefulness; providing metrics for measuring peace; and uncovering the relationships between business, peace and prosperity as well as promoting a better understanding of the cultural, economic and political factors that create peace. IEP has offices in Sydney, New York and Mexico City. It works with a wide range of partners internationally and collaborates with intergovernmental organizations on measuring and communicating the economic value of peace. For more information visit www.economicsandpeace.org SPECIAL THANKS to the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) headquartered at the University of Maryland for their cooperation on this study and for providing the Institute for Economics and Peace with their Global Terrorism Database (GTD) datasets on terrorism. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 ABOUT THE GLOBAL TERRORISM INDEX 6 1 RESULTS 9 Global Terrorism Index map 10 Terrorist incidents map 12 Ten countries most impacted by terrorism 20 Terrorism compared to other forms of violence 30 2 TRENDS 33 Changes in the patterns and characteristics of terrorist activity 34 Terrorist group trends 38 Foreign fighters in Iraq -
ISIS Enters the Stage in the Libyan Drama – How the IS Caliphate Expands in Northern Africa
ISIS enters the Stage in the Libyan Drama – How the IS Caliphate expands in Northern Africa Jonathan F. Kotra Research Assistant Fall 2015 ABSTRACT Four years after the Fall of Gadhafi, Libya finds itself in a state of chaos and lawlessness. Two rivaling governments in the East and West compete for the country’s resources and seek to gain control. The highly unstable situation enabled other actors to enter Libya, among them radical Islamic elements such as ISIS. ISIS seeks to take advantage of the precarious situation in Libya and works to apply its own model of governance, while trying to expand its territorial control through force. Theoretical approaches such as the idea of limited statehood/governance or “The Network State” are used to help to understand the highly complex and volatile situation in Libya. * The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Institute for Counter-Terrorism (ICT). 2 Table of Contents Section A. - Overview .................................................................................................................................... 3 1) Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3 2) Situation in Libya ....................................................................................................................................... 4 Section B. - ISIS in Libya................................................................................................................................ -
Of Islamist Terrorist Attacks
ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS IN THE WORLD 1979-2019 NOVEMBER 2019 ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS IN THE WORLD 1979-2019 NOVEMBER 2019 ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS IN THE WORLD 1979-2019 Editor Dominique REYNIÉ, Executive Director of the Fondation pour l’innovation politique Editorial coordination Victor DELAGE, Madeleine HAMEL, Katherine HAMILTON, Mathilde TCHOUNIKINE Production Loraine AMIC, Victor DELAGE, Virginie DENISE, Anne FLAMBERT, Madeleine HAMEL, Katherine HAMILTON, Sasha MORINIÈRE, Dominique REYNIÉ, Mathilde TCHOUNIKINE Proofreading Francys GRAMET, Claude SADAJ Graphic design Julien RÉMY Printer GALAXY Printers Published November 2019 ISLAMIST TERRORIST ATTACKS IN THE WORLD Table of contents An evaluation of Islamist violence in the world (1979-2019), by Dominique Reynié .....................................................6 I. The beginnings of transnational Islamist terrorism (1979-2000) .............12 1. The Soviet-Afghan War, "matrix of contemporary Islamist terrorism” .................................. 12 2. The 1980s and the emergence of Islamist terrorism .............................................................. 13 3. The 1990s and the spread of Islamist terrorism in the Middle East and North Africa ........................................................................................... 16 4. The export of jihad ................................................................................................................. 17 II. The turning point of 9/11 (2001-2012) ......................................................21 -
Islamic State in Libya: from Force to Farce?
Islamic State in Libya: From Force to Farce? Inga Kristina Trauthig ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author would like to thank everyone who has read and commented on drafts of this paper, especially her colleague Charlie Winter at ICSR, and Amine Ghoulidi, Nick Kaderbhai, Howard Perry as well as Ahmed Shalgoum. Thanks also to Johanna Fürst and the entire ICSR team for their continual feedback and guidance. CONTACT DETAILS For questions, queries and additional copies of this report, please contact: ICSR King’s College London Strand London WC2R 2LS United Kingdom T. +44 20 7848 2098 E. [email protected] Twitter: @icsr_centre Like all other ICSR publications, this report can be downloaded free of charge from the ICSR website at www.icsr.info. © ICSR 2020 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Islamic State and Libya: A Brief History 7 Why does Islamic State have an Interest in Libya? 11 A Global Organisation Shaped by Regional and Local Circumstances 11 How Strong or Weak is Islamic State in Libya? 15 Data and Methodology 15 Data Analysis 17 Extra-regional Relevance of IS in Libya 21 Focus on Europe 21 Focus on sub-Saharan Africa 22 Conclusion and Outlook 25 1 Islamic State in Libya: From Force to Farce? 2 Islamic State in Libya: From Force to Farce? Introduction errorist activity linked to Islamic State (IS) in Libya returned to the spotlight in 2019, directing international attention to Tthe restless country. Having been driven out of its stronghold in the coastal area of Sirte in late 2016,1 IS has become a point of reference for groups within the country to discredit those they are fighting, a way of identifying the “enemy”.2 The critical questions now are: What is Islamic State doing in Libya? Is it an organisation in the process of regrouping and regaining strength, potentially even in control of territory? Or is it an uncoordinated bundle of individuals facing asymmetrical threats that will always inhibit its local success? As this paper will argue, IS in Libya is trying to portray itself in a hyperbolic way.