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Vaccines Meet Big Data: State-Of-The-Art and Future Prospects. from the Classical 3Is (“Isolate–Inactivate–Inject”) Vacc

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Vaccines Meet Big Data: State-Of-The-Art and Future Prospects. from the Classical 3Is (“Isolate–Inactivate–Inject”) Vacc View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by eprints Iran University of Medical Sciences MINI REVIEW published: 05 March 2018 doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00062 Vaccines Meet Big Data: State-of- the-Art and Future Prospects. From the Classical 3is (“isolate–inactivate– inject”) vaccinology 1.0 to Vaccinology 3.0, Vaccinomics, and Beyond: A Historical Overview Nicola Luigi Bragazzi1*, Vincenza Gianfredi2, Milena Villarini3, Roberto Rosselli4, Ahmed Nasr5, Amr Hussein6, Mariano Martini7† and Masoud Behzadifar8† 1 Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, 2 Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Public Health, School of Specialization in Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy, 3 Unit of Public Health, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy, 4 Local Health Unit (LHU) ASL3 Genovese, Genoa, Italy, 5 Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pathology University Milan Bicocca, San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy, 6 Medical Faculty, University of Parma, Parma, Italy, 7 Section of History of Medicine and Ethics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy, 8 Health Management and Edited by: Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Enrico Capobianco, University of Miami, United States Vaccines are public health interventions aimed at preventing infections-related mortal- Reviewed by: ity, morbidity, and disability. While vaccines have been successfully designed for those Pier Luigi Lopalco, University of Pisa, Italy infectious diseases preventable by preexisting neutralizing specific antibodies, for other Antonio Mora, communicable diseases, additional immunological mechanisms should be elicited to Guangzhou Medical University, China achieve a full protection. “New vaccines” are particularly urgent in the nowadays society, *Correspondence: in which economic growth, globalization, and immigration are leading to the emergence/ Nicola Luigi Bragazzi reemergence of old and new infectious agents at the animal–human interface. Conventional [email protected] vaccinology (the so-called “vaccinology 1.0”) was officially born in 1796 thanks to the con- †These authors have contributed tribution of Edward Jenner. Entering the twenty-first century, vaccinology has shifted from a equally to this work. classical discipline in which serendipity and the Pasteurian principle of the three Is (isolate, Specialty section: inactivate, and inject) played a major role to a science, characterized by a rational design This article was submitted and plan (“vaccinology 3.0”). This shift has been possible thanks to Big Data, characterized to Digital Health, a section of the journal by different dimensions, such as high volume, velocity, and variety of data. Big Data sources Frontiers in Public Health include new cutting-edge, high-throughput technologies, electronic registries, social media, Received: 17 December 2017 and social networks, among others. The current mini-review aims at exploring the potential Accepted: 16 February 2018 roles as well as pitfalls and challenges of Big Data in shaping the future vaccinology, moving Published: 05 March 2018 toward a tailored and personalized vaccine design and administration. Citation: Bragazzi NL, Gianfredi V, Villarini M, Keywords: vaccine, Big Data, omics disciplines, Web 2.0, eHealth, history of vaccinology Rosselli R, Nasr A, Hussein A, Martini M and Behzadifar M (2018) Vaccines Meet Big Data: State-of- INTRODUCTION: FROM THE CLASSICAL 3Is “ISOLATE– the-Art and Future Prospects. From INACTIVATE–INJECT” VACCINOLOGY 1.0 TO VACCINOLOGY 3.0, the Classical 3Is (“Isolate–Inactivate– Inject”) Vaccinology 1.0 to VACCINOMICS, AND BEYOND Vaccinology 3.0, Vaccinomics, and Beyond: A Historical Overview. Vaccines are public health interventions aimed at preventing infections-related mortality, morbidity, Front. Public Health 6:62. and disability. As such, they represent a milestone of hygiene and preventive medicine (1). Since doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00062 their implementation, they have managed to bring several health and economic benefits, both in Frontiers in Public Health | www.frontiersin.org 1 March 2018 | Volume 6 | Article 62 Bragazzi et al. Vaccines and Big Data developed and developing countries, significantly reducing the the three Is (isolate, inactivate, and inject) played a major role to burden generated by infectious diseases (2). They have contrib- a science, characterized by a rational design and plan (10). uted to the eradication of smallpox and to the control of others If vaccinology 1.0 mainly consisted in isolating infectious infectious agents, such as polio. According to the estimates of agents, cultivating and inactivating them (as a whole or partially), the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (Gavi), they and injecting the obtained product, vaccinology 2.0 utilizes puri- have contributed to avert up to 23.3 million projected deaths fied microbial cell components. Example of “second generation” from 2011 to 2020, especially in Africa, Southeast Asia, and in the vaccines includes vaccines against tetanus, diphtheria, anthrax, Eastern Mediterranean (3). Furthermore, they positively impact pneumonia, influenza, hepatitis B, and Lyme disease (9). The on perceived quality of life (3) and reduce inequity worldwide transition from vaccinology 1.0 to vaccinology 2.0 has been made (1, 4). possible by several technological advancements, including genetic While vaccines have been successfully designed for those and protein engineering, recombinant DNA (11), polysaccharide infectious diseases preventable by preexisting neutralizing spe- and carbohydrate chemistry, combinatorial chemistry (12), among cific antibodies, for other communicable diseases, additional others. immunological mechanisms should be elicited to achieve Vaccinology 3.0 starts from the microbial genomic sequences a full protection. These additional mechanisms include the (reverse vaccinology 1.0) or from the repertoire of protective stimulation of effector and memory T lymphocytes, besides the human antibodies (reverse vaccinology 2.0) (13, 14). This shift release of antibodies by helper T cells-induced B cells (5). A has been possible thanks to omics data, which represent one type better understanding of immune networks, their sophisticated of Big Data, characterized by different aspects, such as enormous tuning, and interactions is, as such, fundamental, in those volume, velocity, and high variety of data (15). vaccines against HIV/AIDS, malaria or tuberculosis, eluding High-throughput technologies-enabled omics disciplines [such classical vaccine development, which require new strategies as genomics and post-genomics specialties (16, 17), includ ing tran- and approaches (6). scriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, cytomics, immunomics, “New vaccines” are particularly urgent in the nowadays society, secretomics, surfomics, or interactomics], briefly overviewed in in which economic growth, globalization, and immigration are Table 1, are able to produce a wealth of data and information, at a leading to the emergence/reemergence of old and new infectious large-scale. Recently, these approaches have converged in what is agents at the animal–human interface (7, 8). termed vaccinomics, that is, to say the performance of large-scale, Conventional vaccinology (the so-called “vaccinology 1.0”) hypothesis-free, data-driven and holistic investigations. Poland was officially born in 1796 thanks to the contribution of Edward and collaborators have defined vaccino mics as the “integration of Jenner (1749–1823) and the pioneering discoveries of the New immunogenetics and immunogenomics with systems biology and England Puritan minister Cotton Mather (1663–1728), and immune profiling” (18). Lady Mary Wortley Montague (1689–1762), partially anticipated New cutting-edge technologies include next-generation by Chinese and Indians different centuries before. The vaccine sequencing (NGS) techniques [RNASeq (19) and large-scale B- typical of vaccinology 1.0 is given by the rabies vaccine, the first and T-cell receptor sequencing (20, 21)], mass cytometry (CyTOF) human vaccine manufactured in 1885 in the laboratory (9). Other (22), and peptide/protein arrays (23). Data produced by molecular “first generation” vaccines are bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG), biology and NGS as well as by bioinformatics (24) can be used to plague, pertussis, polio, and smallpox vaccines (9). perform mechanistic reductionist studies but can be also exploited Entering the twenty-first century, vaccinology has shifted from to comprehensively capture immune dynamics and interactions a discipline in which serendipity and the Pasteurian principle of (25), carrying out, for instance, network analysis or systems biology TABLE 1 | The different genomic/post-genomic specialties and their potential role in the field of vaccinology. Genomic/post-genomic specialty Definition potentially relevant in vaccinology Genomics Systematic, genome-wide investigation of genes Proteomics Systematic, proteome-wide investigation of proteins Transcriptomics Systematic, transcriptome-wide investigation of gene transcription Metabolomics Systematic, metabolome-wide investigation of metabolites Cytomics Systematic, cytome-wide investigation of biochemical/biophysical events at a single cell level Immunogenomics Systematic, immunogenome-wide investigation of immunologically relevant
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