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State of the Art of New Vaccine Research and Development WHO/IVB/06.01 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH State of the art of new vaccine Iresearch and development VImmunization,B Vaccines and Biologicals WHO/IVB/06.01 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH State of the art of new vaccine Iresearch and development VImmunization,B Vaccines and Biologicals The Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals thanks the donors whose unspecified financial support has made the production of this document possible. This document was produced by the Initiative for Vaccine Research of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals Ordering code: WHO/IVB/06.01 Printed: January 2006 This publication is available on the Internet at: www.who.int/vaccines-documents/ Copies may be requested from: World Health Organization Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland • Fax: + 41 22 791 4227 • Email: [email protected] • © World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected]). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: [email protected]). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. Printed by the WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland ii Contents Abbreviations and acronyms .......................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................... ix Preface .............................................................................................................................. xi 1. Diarrhoeal diseases ................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Caliciviruses ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2.Campylobacter................................................................................................... 2 1.3.Cholera................................................................................................................ 3 1.4.Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC)....................................................... 5 1.5.Rotavirus............................................................................................................. 7 1.6.Shigellosis ......................................................................................................... 10 1.7.Typhoid fever ................................................................................................... 12 2. Respiratory infections .......................................................................................... 15 2.1.Influenza ........................................................................................................... 16 2.2.Parainfluenza viruses ...................................................................................... 20 2.3.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)................................................................. 21 2.4.Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) ................................................ 25 2.5.Streptococcus pneumoniae ............................................................................. 26 2.6.Tuberculosis...................................................................................................... 29 3. Bacterial infections ............................................................................................... 34 3.1.Helicobacter pylori .......................................................................................... 34 3.2.Neisseria meningitidis ...................................................................................... 35 3.3.Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli ulcer)......................................................... 39 3.4.Staphylococcus aureus ..................................................................................... 40 3.5.Group A Streptococcus ................................................................................... 41 3.6.Group B Streptococcus .................................................................................... 42 4. Parasitic diseases.................................................................................................... 44 4.1.Amoebiasis........................................................................................................ 44 4.2.Hookworm disease .......................................................................................... 45 4.3.Leishmaniasis ................................................................................................... 46 4.4.Malaria .............................................................................................................. 48 4.5.Schistosomiasis................................................................................................. 56 5. Sexually transmitted diseases ............................................................................. 59 5.1.Chlamydia trachomatis................................................................................... 59 5.2.Gonorrhoea ...................................................................................................... 61 5.3.Herpes simplex type 2 .................................................................................... 62 5.4.HIV/AIDS........................................................................................................ 65 iii 6. Vector-borne viral infections .............................................................................. 72 6.1.Dengue fever .................................................................................................... 72 6.2.Japanese encephalitis ....................................................................................... 75 6.3.Tick-borne encephalitis ................................................................................... 78 6.4.West Nile virus ................................................................................................ 79 7. Zoonotic infections ................................................................................................ 82 7.1.Anthrax ............................................................................................................. 82 7.2.Hepatitis E ........................................................................................................ 84 7.3.Leptospirosis .................................................................................................... 86 7.4.Plague ................................................................................................................ 86 7.5.Rabies ................................................................................................................ 88 8. Viral cancers........................................................................................................... 91 8.1.Epstein-Barr virus ........................................................................................... 91 8.2.Hepatitis C ....................................................................................................... 93 8.3.Human papillomavirus .................................................................................... 96 iv Abbreviations and acronyms AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ANRS French National AIDS Research Agency ARI acute respiratory infection BCG Bacille Calmette–Guérin (vaccine) BL Burkitt’s lymphoma bp base pair (ribo- or deoxyribo-nucleotide) BV Buruli ulcer cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (USA) CFA colonization factor antigen (E. coli) CFR case fatality rate CRM cross-reactive material (diphteria toxin) CS E. coli surface (antigen) CSP circumsporozoite protein CT cholera toxin CTB cholera toxin (subunit) B CTL cytotoxic T lymphocyte CVD Center for Vaccine Development (University of Maryland) DHF dengue haemorrhagic fever DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DOTS directly observed treatment, short course DSS
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