Schistosomiasis Vaccine Initiative Gaining Momentum
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Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative Report
Independent Monitoring Board of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative Report July 2011 Independent This second report follows our third meeting, held in London on 30 June and 1 July 2011. Monitoring Board of the At present the needs are: Global Polio • To concisely understand the global situation Eradication Initiative • To maintain clear and energetic focus in each country with ongoing transmission July 2011 • To see the wood for the trees in identifying and dealing with the programme’s key risks • To find innovative solutions that break through entrenched problems • To surface fundamental problems that need urgent attention We are grateful to the many partners of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative who have provided us with information, logistical support, and valuable insights. We are grateful for their help, and commend their commitment. Our role remains to speak with a clear, objective voice that is independent of any of these partners. We each sit on this board in a personal capacity. We remain resolutely independent, and will continue to present our frank view without fear or favour. Sir Liam Donaldson (Chair) Dr Mushtaque Chowdhury* Former Chief Medical Officer, England Associate Director, Rockefeller Foundation Dr Nasr El Sayed Dr Ciro de Quadros Assistant Minister of Health, Egypt Executive Vice President, Sabin Vaccine Institute Dr Jeffrey Koplan Dr Sigrun Mogedal Vice President for Global Health Special Advisor, Norweigan Knowledge Centre Director, Emory Global Health Institute for the Health Services Professor Ruth Nduati Dr Arvind Singhal Chairperson, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health Marston Endowed Professor of Communication University of Nairobi University of Texas at El Paso Professor Michael Toole Head, Centre for International Health *Dr Chowdhury was unable to participate in the meeting but Burnet Institute, Melbourne endorses this report The Independent Monitoring Board was convened at the request of the World Health Assembly to monitor and guide the progress of the Global Polio Eradication Initiative’s 2010-12 Strategic Plan. -
THE ERADICATION of POLIOMYELITIS (Fhe Albert V.• Sabin Lecture)
THE ERADICATIONOF POLIOMYELITIS (fhe Albert V.•Sabin Lecture) by Donald Henderson, M.D., M.P.H. University Distinguished Service Professor The JohnsHopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21205 Cirode Quadros, M.D., M.P.H. Regional Advisor Expanded Programme on lmmunii.ation Pan American Health Organization 525 23rd Street, N. W. Washington, D.C. 20037 Introduction The understanding and ultimate conquest of poliomyelitis was Albert Sabin's life long preoccupation, beginning with his earliest work in 1931. (Sabin and Olitsky, 1936; Sabin, 1965) The magnitude of that effort was aptly summarized by Paul in his landmark history of polio: "No man has ever contributed so much effective information - and so continuously over so many years - to so many aspects of poliomyelitis." (Paul, 1971) Thus, appropriately, this inaugural Sabin lecture deals with poliomyelitis and its eradication. Polio Vaccine Development and Its Introduction In the quest for polio control and ultimately eradication, several landmarks deserve special mention. At the outset, progress was contingent on the development of a vaccine and the production of a vaccine, in turn, necessitated the discovery of new methods to grow large quantities of virus. The breakthrough occurred in 1969 when Enders and his colleagues showed that large quantities of poliovirus could be grown in a variety of human cell tissue cultures and that the virus could be quantitatively assayed by its cytopathic effect. (Enders, Weller and Robbins, 1969) Preparation of an inactivated vaccine was, in principle, a comparatively straightforward process. In brief, large quantities of virus were grown. then purified, inactivated with formalin and bottled. Assurance that the virus had been inactivated could be demonstrated by growth in tissue. -
TESTIMONY Peter J. Hotez MD, Phd President, Sabin Vaccine Institute
TESTIMONY Peter J. Hotez MD, PhD President, Sabin Vaccine Institute “The Growing Threat of Cholera and Other Diseases in the Middle East” Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations Committee on Foreign Affairs United States House of Representatives March 2, 2016 Mr. Chairman and Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to speak with you today. I am Peter Hotez, a biomedical scientist and pediatrician. I am the dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine at Baylor College of Medicine and also the Texas Children’s Hospital Endowed Chair in Tropical Pediatrics based at the Texas Medical Center in Houston. I am also past president of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, and currently serve as President of the Sabin Vaccine Institute, a non-profit which develops vaccines for neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) through a product development partnership (PDP) model. This year I am also serving as US Science Envoy for the State Department and White House Office of Science and Technology Policy focusing on the urgency to develop vaccines for diseases that are emerging in the Middle East and North Africa due to the breakdowns in health systems in the ISIS occupied conflict zones in Syria, Iraq, Libya, and also Yemen. In my submitted written testimony I highlighted some of the successes in US global health policy, many of which can be attributed to the hard work of this Subcommittee working hand in glove with two presidential administrations since 2000. I cite evidence from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) that brings together hundreds of scientists - I am also a part of this - who are measuring the impact of large scale global health programs. -
The Search for a Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Australia’S Contribution
Review The Search for a Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Australia’s Contribution Donald P. McManus Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia; [email protected]; Tel.: +61-418-744-006 Abstract: Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, results in considerable human morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, but also parts of the Middle East, South America, and Southeast Asia. The anti-schistosome drug praziquantel is efficacious and safe against the adult parasites of all Schistosoma species infecting humans; however, it does not prevent reinfection and the development of drug resistance is a constant concern. The need to develop an effective vaccine is of great importance if the health of many in the developing world is to be improved. Indeed, vaccination, in combination with other public health measures, can provide an invaluable tool to achieve lasting control, leading to schistosomiasis elimination. Australia has played a leading role in schistosomiasis vaccine research over many years and this review presents an overview of some of the significant contributions made by Australian scientists in this important area. Keywords: Schistosoma; schistosomiasis; vaccine; vaccination; Australia; Australian researchers 1. Introduction Citation: McManus, D.P. The Search for a Schistosomiasis Vaccine: The neglected tropical parasitic disease of schistosomiasis, caused by blood flukes of Australia’s Contribution. Vaccines the genus Schistosoma, has long been a scourge of humankind. It results in considerable 2021, 9, 872. https://doi.org/ morbidity, even leading to death, in sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South America, the Middle 10.3390/vaccines9080872 East and Southeast Asia. -
Sabin in the News Recent Scientific Articles Sabin Vaccine Institute
Home About Us News & Resources Support Sabin Sabin in the News October 2011 The Sabin Report | Volume 13 Issue 2 New York Times article featuring Dr. Peter Hotez's new study on increased Sabin Vaccine Institute Establishes a Houston prevalence of NTDs in Europe. Office Drs. Ciro de Quadros and In September 2011, the Zulfiqar Bhutta highlight Sabin Vaccine Institute the dire need for a dengue established offices in vaccine in an opinion Houston, Texas in the piece for GlobalPost. heart of the city's Texas Medical Center (TMC). The In an interview on Voice of new facilities will house the America Dr. Peter Hotez Sabin Vaccine Institute & focused on NTDs in Sub- Texas Children's Hospital Saharan Africa. Center for Vaccine Development, which will be An article by Dr. Neeraj operated in partnership Mistry was featured in a with Baylor College of special supplemental Medicine Department of section of the USA today, Pediatrics. Sabin Dr. Hotez and team at Sabin's new Houston facility titled "Neglected Diseases President, Dr. Peter J. in Developing Nations". Hotez will direct the new center. In an op-ed for the Houston Chronicle, Dr. The new space includes offices and laboratories through which the Peter Hotez writes about Sabin Vaccine Institute Product Development Partnership (PDP) will the establishment of the advance and strengthen its collaborative work in the field of vaccine new School of Tropical biotechnology. The change is the result of a year-long plan to expand Medicine at Baylor College the scope and depth of the Sabin PDP's partnership and to enhance of Medicine. -
Leadership in Global Health: the Case of Ciro De Quadros, a Testament to Values, Valor, and Vision
Pan American Journal Profile of Public Health When Dr. Bill Foege wrote “When Words Fail,” he was referring to how difficult Leadership in it was for him to describe adequately, in written words, all the effort that is involved from the scientific conceptualization of a new vaccine, to eventual bench discovery global health: and development, to the training and supply chain logistics, and ultimately to the moment the needle pricks the skin to save a life of a child (1). He called it the “chain the case of Ciro of perfection”. He was “at a loss” to describe this cascade of events with due justice. I have been asked to describe the leadership attributes of Dr. Ciro de Quadros as a de Quadros, a case study in best practice and lessons to be learned. Similarly, I too am at a loss. Simply put, Ciro broke the mold. testament to I should disclose that what I am about to write is influenced by decades of either working directly for Ciro, as was the case during the polio eradication era in the Americas, to collaborating with Ciro more recently on various projects that in- values, valor, cluded measles and rubella elimination, the introduction of new vaccines, and sur- veillance of infectious diseases. The work evolved into a relationship that bridged and vision from professional mentorship, to actual friends with a deep sense of admiration, love, and mutual respect. In global health, leadership is somewhat like the “self-actualization” of public Jon Kim Andrus1 health practice. The “leader” must have all those attributes that embodies a fully realized individual, positioned in the system to make things happen, such as in Ciro’s case, to help create a world of equitable access to life-saving vaccines. -
Peter Hotez, M.D., Ph.D. Biography
Peter Hotez, MD, PhD, FASTMH, FAAP Peter J. Hotez, M.D., Ph.D., is professor of pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology at Baylor College of Medicine where he is also chief of a new Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine and founding Dean of the National School of Tropical Medicine. In addition Prof. Hotez is the Texas Children's Hospital Endowed Chair of Tropical Pediatrics, and president of the Sabin Vaccine Institute. He will lead the new Sabin vaccine development program at Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine. He moves to BCM and Texas Children's from The George Washington University, where he has served as a Distinguished Research Professor and the Walter G. Ross Professor and Chair of the Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine. Dr. Hotez is an internationally-recognized clinician and investigator in neglected tropical diseases and vaccine development. Diseases he studies include hookworm, schistosomiasis, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and malaria, among others, impacting hundreds of millions of children and adults worldwide. He obtained his undergraduate degree in molecular biophysics from Yale University in 1980, followed by a Ph.D. degree in biochemical parasitology from Rockefeller University in 1986 and a medical degree from Cornell University in 1987. He completed pediatric residency training at Massachusetts General Hospital from 1987 to 1989 and postdoctoral fellowship training in infectious diseases and molecular parasitology at Yale from 1989 to 1991. Dr. Hotez joined the Yale faculty as an assistant professor of pediatrics in 1992. He became an associate professor in 1995 before moving to the George Washington University as professor and chair in 2000. -
Recent Progress in the Development of Liver Fluke and Blood Fluke Vaccines
Review Recent Progress in the Development of Liver Fluke and Blood Fluke Vaccines Donald P. McManus Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia; [email protected]; Tel.: +61-(41)-8744006 Received: 24 August 2020; Accepted: 18 September 2020; Published: 22 September 2020 Abstract: Liver flukes (Fasciola spp., Opisthorchis spp., Clonorchis sinensis) and blood flukes (Schistosoma spp.) are parasitic helminths causing neglected tropical diseases that result in substantial morbidity afflicting millions globally. Affecting the world’s poorest people, fasciolosis, opisthorchiasis, clonorchiasis and schistosomiasis cause severe disability; hinder growth, productivity and cognitive development; and can end in death. Children are often disproportionately affected. F. hepatica and F. gigantica are also the most important trematode flukes parasitising ruminants and cause substantial economic losses annually. Mass drug administration (MDA) programs for the control of these liver and blood fluke infections are in place in a number of countries but treatment coverage is often low, re-infection rates are high and drug compliance and effectiveness can vary. Furthermore, the spectre of drug resistance is ever-present, so MDA is not effective or sustainable long term. Vaccination would provide an invaluable tool to achieve lasting control leading to elimination. This review summarises the status currently of vaccine development, identifies some of the major scientific targets for progression and briefly discusses future innovations that may provide effective protective immunity against these helminth parasites and the diseases they cause. Keywords: Fasciola; Opisthorchis; Clonorchis; Schistosoma; fasciolosis; opisthorchiasis; clonorchiasis; schistosomiasis; vaccine; vaccination 1. Introduction This article provides an overview of recent progress in the development of vaccines against digenetic trematodes which parasitise the liver (Fasciola hepatica, F. -
2010 Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal Awarded to Dr. John D. Clemens
Home About Us Press Room Support Sabin Michael Marine May 2010 Appointed CEO of The Sabin Report | Volume 12 Issue 2 Sabin Vaccine Institute 2010 Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal Awarded to Dr. John D. Clemens During a ceremony at The George Washington University City View Room, Dr. John D. Clemens, Director General of the International Vaccine Institute in Seoul, Korea, received the 2010 Albert B. Sabin Gold Medal Award for his contributions to reducing suffering and promoting peace Dr. Steven Knapp, The George Washington through the development, University President; Dr. John D. Clemens; evaluation, and distribution of and Dr. Peter Hotez, Sabin President and Michael W. Marine, former The George Washington University vaccines. Distinguished Research Professor US Ambassador to the Socialist Republic of Dr. Clemens led the first efficacy trial of an oral vaccine against Vietnam, was appointed as cholera, and conducted additional research on a measles vaccine as the new chief executive a research scientist at the International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease officer of the Sabin Research, Bangladesh during the 1980s. IVI scientists transferred Vaccine Institute on April the technology for the cholera vaccine to Shantha Biotechics of 28, announced Sabin's Hyderabad, India, and in 2009, Shanchol™ was licensed for Chairman of the Board of development. Trustees, Mort Hyman and President Dr. Peter Hotez. Through his stewardship at the International Vaccine Institute in Seoul, Korea where he has served as Director General since 1999, Marine joined Sabin's Dr. Clemens has engaged in vaccine diplomacy in many areas, leadership team in including the Democratic People's Republic of Korea Program, which December 2009 after aims to reduce the disease burden of Hib and Japanese encephalitis serving eight months on in North Korean children by providing technical assistance in the Joint Action Committee laboratory diagnosis and surveillance of these diseases and in the of the Global Network for introduction of vaccines to prevent them. -
2012 NIAID Jordan Report
THE JORDAN REPORT ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES 2012 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Images on cover, from the top: Courtesy of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; istock.com; Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine; Courtesy of MedImmune THE JORDAN REPORT ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES 2012 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases NIH Publication No. 11-7778 January 2012 www.niaid.nih.gov ADDITIONAL RESOURCES National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, www.niaid.nih.gov Vaccines.gov: your best shot at good health, www.vaccines.gov Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Immunization Schedules, www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/ Table of Contents INTRODUCTION VACCINE UPDATES Foreword by Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. ......................................... 3 Dengue M. Cristina Cassetti, Ph.D. .......................................................... 95 Tribute by Carole A. Heilman, Ph.D. ......................................... 5 HIGHLIGHT BOX Vaccine Against Chikungunya Virus in Development EXPERT ARTICLES Gary J. Nabel, M.D., Ph.D. and Ken Pekoc ......................... 97 Vaccinomics and Personalized Vaccinology Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Gregory A. Poland, M.D., Inna G. Ovsyannikova, Ph.D. and Frederick J. Cassels, Ph.D. ............................................................ 98 Robert M. Jacobson, M.D. .............................................................11 HIGHLIGHT BOX Sex Differences in Immune Responses to Vaccines Vaccine Delivery Technologies Col. Renata J. M. Engler, M.D. and Mary M. Klote, M.D. ....... 19 Martin H. Crumrine, Ph.D. ................................................. 105 Immunization and Pregnancy West Nile Virus Flor M. Munoz, M.D. .................................................................. 27 Patricia M. Repik, Ph.D. -
(GIN) Global Immunization News
Global Immunization News (GIN) Global Immunization News (GIN) May 2019 In this issue News You can click on the article 72nd World Health Assembly Special Report you are interested in and ac- Hayatee Hasan, WHO Headquarters cess it directly! This year’s World Health Assembly was held from 20 News to 28 May 2019 at the Palais des Nations in Geneva, • Immunization Agenda 2030 2 Switzerland and was attended by nearly 4000 delegates • Advancing digital health in 2 from WHO’s 194 Member States and partner organiza- Bangladesh through electron- ic immunization registration tions. The general theme of this year’s World Health • The world’s first malaria 3 Assembly (WHA) was "Universal health coverage: leav- vaccine highlighted at ing no-one behind”. #WHA72 The Assembly Hall at the Palais des Nations 3 in Geneva, Switzerland. • Malaria vaccine pilot Key highlights included: launched in Ghana • WHO announced the appointment of four new goodwill ambassadors from the fields of sports, • Over 100 000 people sick 3 with measles in 14 months: politics and community mobilization to promote healthier lives, stronger health workforces and with measles cases at an improved mental health globally. The new ambassadors are: alarming level in the Europe- 1. Alisson Becker, goalkeeper of the Brazilian national and Liverpool football teams; an Region, WHO scales up 2. Dr Natália Loewe Becker, medical doctor and health advocate from Brazil, as WHO response Goodwill Ambassadors for Health Promotion; • WHO adapts ebola vaccina- 4 tion strategy in the Demo- 3. Cynthia Germanotta, President of Born This Way Foundation, which was co-founded cratic Republic of the Congo with her daughter Lady Gaga, as WHO Goodwill Ambassador for Mental Health; and to account for insecurity and 4. -
Developing Vaccines to Combat Hookworm Infection and Intestinal Schistosomiasis
REVIEWS Developing vaccines to combat hookworm infection and intestinal schistosomiasis Peter J. Hotez*, Jeffrey M. Bethony*‡, David J. Diemert*‡, Mark Pearson§ and Alex Loukas§ Abstract | Hookworm infection and schistosomiasis rank among the most important health problems in developing countries. Both cause anaemia and malnutrition, and schistosomiasis also results in substantial intestinal, liver and genitourinary pathology. In sub-Saharan Africa and Brazil, co-infections with the hookworm, Necator americanus, and the intestinal schistosome, Schistosoma mansoni, are common. The development of vaccines for these infections could substantially reduce the global disability associated with these helminthiases. New genomic, proteomic, immunological and X-ray crystallographic data have led to the discovery of several promising candidate vaccine antigens. Here, we describe recent progress in this field and the rationale for vaccine development. In terms of their global health impact on children and that combat hookworm and schistosomiasis, with an pregnant women, as well as on adults engaged in subsist- emphasis on disease caused by Necator americanus, the ence farming, human hookworm infection (known as major hookworm of humans, and Schistosoma mansoni, ‘hookworm’) and schistosomiasis are two of the most the primary cause of intestinal schistosomiasis. common and important human infections1,2. Together, their disease burdens exceed those of all other neglected Global distribution and pathobiology tropical diseases3–6. They also trap the world’s poorest Hookworms are roundworm parasites that belong to people in poverty because of their deleterious effects the phylum Nematoda. They share phylogenetic simi- on child development and economic productivity7–9. larities with the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis Until recently, the importance of these conditions as elegans and with the parasitic nematodes Nippostrongylus global health and economic problems had been under- brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus, which are appreciated.