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Covid-19: Reflecting on Experience and Anticipating the Next Steps
Perspectives on COVID-19 13 COVID-19: REFLECTING ON EXPERIENCE AND ANTICIPATING THE NEXT STEPS A perspective from the WHO Regional Office for Europe By: Hans Henri P. Kluge, Dorit Nitzan and Natasha Azzopardi-Muscat Cite this as: Eurohealth 2020; 26(2). Hans Henri P. Kluge is Regional Director, Dorit Nitzan is Regional Emergency Director, Natasha Azzopardi Muscat is Director, Country Health Policies and Systems; World Health Organization (WHO) Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark. Nine months into the COVID-19 Health Systems Response Monitor which forced our health systems to adjust with pandemic, devastation and disruption was established at the request of the unprecedented speed. Central to these across much of the European Region WHO Regional Office for Europe in the efforts was our health workforce. We continues unabated. A sharp and sustained early days of the pandemic, has provided must first and foremost prioritise their increase in cases is forcing governments invaluable experience in a timely fashion. well-being including providing adequate to navigate complex response tactics as This has allowed policy considerations mental, physical and financial support, they seek to control disease transmission, and technical /operational guidance to be and continuous training and education. If while also seeking to avoid the negative developed in a rapid response manner. we do not care for them, we will have no consequences associated with lockdowns. health system to depend on. In our view, there are three key lessons At this juncture we are dealing both that should form the foundation of the Health care systems need to operate a with the aftermath of the initial stages evolving COVID-19 response and long- dual track service delivery. -
Vaccination with Recombinant Aspartic Hemoglobinase Reduces Parasitic Load and Blood Loss After Hookworm Infection in Dogs
Open access, freely available online PLoS MEDICINE Vaccination with Recombinant Aspartic Hemoglobinase Reduces Parasite Load and Blood Loss after Hookworm Infection in Dogs Alex Loukas1*, Jeffrey M. Bethony2, Susana Mendez2, Ricardo T. Fujiwara2, Gaddam Narsa Goud2, Najju Ranjit1, Bin Zhan2, Karen Jones2, Maria Elena Bottazzi2, Peter J. Hotez2* 1 Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia, 2 Department of Microbiology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing ABSTRACT interests exist. Background Author Contributions: AL, JMB, MEB, and PJH designed the study. Hookworms infect 730 million people in developing countries where they are a leading cause AL, RTF, GNG, NR, BZ, performed of intestinal blood loss and iron-deficiency anemia. At the site of attachment to the host, adult experiments. AL, PJH, JMB, SM, and hookworms ingest blood and lyse the erythrocytes to release hemoglobin. The parasites KJ analyzed the data. AL, PJH, JMB, and SM contributed to writing the subsequently digest hemoglobin in their intestines using a cascade of proteolysis that begins paper. with the Ancylostoma caninum aspartic protease 1, APR-1. Academic Editor: Maria Yazdanbakhsh, Leiden University Methods and Findings Medical Center, the Netherlands Citation: Loukas A, Bethony JM, We show that vaccination of dogs with recombinant Ac-APR-1 induced antibody and cellular Mendez S, Fujiwara RT, Goud GN, et responses and resulted in significantly reduced hookworm burdens (p ¼ 0.056) and fecal egg al. (2005) Vaccination with counts (p ¼ 0.018) in vaccinated dogs compared to control dogs after challenge with infective recombinant aspartic hemoglobinase reduces parasite larvae of A. -
Pichia Pastoris (Komagataella Phaffii) As a Cost-Effective Tool for Vaccine
bioengineering Review Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) as a Cost-Effective Tool for Vaccine Production for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) Salomé de Sá Magalhães and Eli Keshavarz-Moore * Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Vaccination is of paramount importance to global health. With the advent of the more recent pandemics, the urgency to expand the range has become even more evident. However, the potential limited availability and affordability of vaccines to resource low- and middle-income countries has created a need for solutions that will ensure cost-effective vaccine production methods for these countries. Pichia pastoris (P. pastoris) (also known as Komagataella phaffii) is one of the most promising candidates for expression of heterologous proteins in vaccines development. It combines the speed and ease of highly efficient prokaryotic platforms with some key capabilities of mammalian systems, potentially reducing manufacturing costs. This review will examine the latest developments in P. pastoris from cell engineering and design to industrial production systems with focus on vaccine development and with reference to specific key case studies. Keywords: vaccines; LMICs; expression platforms; P. pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) Citation: de Sá Magalhães, S.; Keshavarz-Moore, E. Pichia pastoris (Komagataella phaffii) as a Cost-Effective 1. Introduction Tool for Vaccine Production for Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). Infectious diseases have a significant global economic and societal impact. As a result, Bioengineering 2021, 8, 119. https:// during the last two centuries, we have witnessed the remarkable success of vaccination doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8090119 reducing the burden of infectious diseases [1]. -
The Search for a Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Australia’S Contribution
Review The Search for a Schistosomiasis Vaccine: Australia’s Contribution Donald P. McManus Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane 4006, Australia; [email protected]; Tel.: +61-418-744-006 Abstract: Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma, results in considerable human morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa, in particular, but also parts of the Middle East, South America, and Southeast Asia. The anti-schistosome drug praziquantel is efficacious and safe against the adult parasites of all Schistosoma species infecting humans; however, it does not prevent reinfection and the development of drug resistance is a constant concern. The need to develop an effective vaccine is of great importance if the health of many in the developing world is to be improved. Indeed, vaccination, in combination with other public health measures, can provide an invaluable tool to achieve lasting control, leading to schistosomiasis elimination. Australia has played a leading role in schistosomiasis vaccine research over many years and this review presents an overview of some of the significant contributions made by Australian scientists in this important area. Keywords: Schistosoma; schistosomiasis; vaccine; vaccination; Australia; Australian researchers 1. Introduction Citation: McManus, D.P. The Search for a Schistosomiasis Vaccine: The neglected tropical parasitic disease of schistosomiasis, caused by blood flukes of Australia’s Contribution. Vaccines the genus Schistosoma, has long been a scourge of humankind. It results in considerable 2021, 9, 872. https://doi.org/ morbidity, even leading to death, in sub-Saharan Africa, parts of South America, the Middle 10.3390/vaccines9080872 East and Southeast Asia. -
Artículos Científicos
Editor: NOEL GONZÁLEZ GOTERA Número 086 Diseño: Lic. Roberto Chávez y Liuder Machado. Semana 010613 - 070613 Foto: Lic. Belkis Romeu e Instituto Finlay La Habana, Cuba. ARTÍCULOS CIENTÍFICOS Publicaciones incluidas en PubMED durante el período comprendido entre el el 1 y el 7 de junio de 2013. Con “vaccin*” en título: 131 artículos recuperados. Vacunas Neumococo (Streptococcus pneumoniae) 98. Is there an authentic increased risk of pneumococcal pneumonia among young mothers whose children were fully vaccinated with PCV7? The role of methodological shortcomings. Castiglia P, Piana A, Sotgiu G. Vaccine. 2013 May 29. doi:pii: S0264-410X(13)00655-5. 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.055. [Epub ahead of print] No abstract available. PMID: 23727001 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations Select item 23726847 121. Clonal Expansion within Pneumococcal Serotype 6C after Use of Seven-Valent Vaccine. Loman NJ, Gladstone RA, Constantinidou C, Tocheva AS, Jefferies JM, Faust SN, O'Connor L, Chan J, Pallen MJ, Clarke SC. PLoS One. 2013 May 28;8(5):e64731. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064731. Print 2013. PMID: 23724086 [PubMed - in process] Free Article Related citations Select item 23724021 1 Vacuna Tosferina (Bordetella pertussis) 108. [Pertussis in fully vaccinated infants and children. Are new vaccination strategies required?] Moraga-Llop FA, Mendoza-Palomar N, Muntaner-Alonso A, Codina-Grau G, Fàbregas-Martori A, Campins-Martí M. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2013 May 29. doi:pii: S0213-005X(13)00124-9. 10.1016/j.eimc.2013.04.007. [Epub ahead of print] Spanish. PMID: 23725786 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Related citations Select item 23725785 125. -
Behavioural Insights Research to Support the Response to COVID-19: a Survey of Implementation in the EU/EEA
// TECHNICAL REPORT Behavioural Insights research to support the response to COVID-19: a survey of implementation in the EU/EEA 17 February 2021 Key messages • Behavioural Insights (BI) research is an important tool for understanding behavioural choices, barriers and drivers within a population. It can therefore contribute to addressing ‘pandemic fatigue’1 through informed decision-making and optimised implementation of public health interventions. • A wide range of topics have been covered in COVID-19-related BI research in the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA). Ten countries participating in an ECDC survey on this issue reported that the most commonly studied areas included assessments of the populations’ acceptance of or compliance with the measures put in place to control the spread of COVID-19. • Most of the BI research conducted to date in participating countries has been quantitative, with use of nationally representative samples of the general population. Qualitative BI research has not been as widely used in these countries during the COVID-19 pandemic, largely due to limited capacities, time, resources and staff. • The potential value of the BI research gained during the pandemic has not been realised fully in the responding countries to date, although there are indications that BI research is a growing area. One reason suggested for this limited application of the learning from BI research is the under- representation of social and behavioural sciences in relation to biomedical expertise within national COVID-19 management teams. Since BI has not been extensively integrated in many countries, there is also relatively limited awareness about its potential added value. -
November 2020
November 2020 Social Effects of COVID-19 - Spruce Grove Report Purpose The intention of this report is to update the City of Spruce Grove on information related to the social effects of COVID-19 and is a continuation of the reports from April and June 2020. This report will: Highlight new information that has emerged since the previous reports. Analyse social policies and new data that have emerged between July – November 2020. Forecast future social effects into 2021. Provide recommendations to support social wellbeing, recovery, and community resiliency at the local level. This report will specifically focus on the current economic and social landscape, and indicators such as rates of opioid-related deaths and suicide in Alberta, increasing COVID-19 active case numbers in Alberta and the Edmonton zone, and evolving COVID-19 research. Social policies implemented as a direct result of COVID-19 will be highlighted, and the report will conclude with a social analysis and recommendations. Methods and Limitations Data was gathered by reviewing recent publications offered by organizations (e.g., government bodies, World Health Organization (WHO), Centre for Disease Control (CDC) and the Conference Board of Canada) and peer-reviewed articles. National news outlets were utilized to provide contextual examples of the data. Online information gathering used key words from primarily Canadian sources and was sorted by date to view the most recently published articles. Local data includes results of the COVID-19 Recovery Survey conducted by the City of Spruce Grove1. 1 Data from population survey is utilized for this report. This survey was conducted with 400 residents via landline telephone sampling. -
Pandemic Fatigue
Pandemic Fatigue Item Type Article Authors Murphy, J.F.A. Citation Ir Med J; Vol 113; No. 6; P90 Publisher Irish Medical Journal Journal Irish Medical Journal Download date 01/10/2021 21:19:12 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10147/627889 Find this and similar works at - http://www.lenus.ie/hse Issue: Ir Med J; Vol 113; No. 6; P90 Pandemic Fatigue J.F.A. Murphy - Editor of the Irish Medical Journal We are now entering the zone of pandemic fatigue1. It’s the stage when the initial enthusiasm and eagerness to tackle the crisis is replaced by feelings of exhaustion. In physiology terms, it is the point at which we have moved from acute to chronic stress. The adrenaline is running out. Both those on the front line and those behind the scenes are affected. We had thought that there would be a peak followed by a quick return to normal. Instead the pandemic has become a marathon rather than a sprint. Covid-19 has been a triple crisis, with medical, economic, and psychological consequences. Currently one third of the world’s population, 2.6 billion is in some form of lockdown. The World Economic Forum has called it the greatest psychological experiment ever conducted2. Previous studies have reported that those who are quarantined suffer from a wide spectrum of symptoms. The pandemic has drained us both mentally and physically. Many have reported difficulty in sleeping. The uncertainty of the infection, the concern for others and ourselves, and the lack of control is the perfect storm for insomnia. -
Patterns of Virus Exposure and Presumed Household Transmission Among Persons with Coronavirus Disease, United States, January–April 2020 Rachel M
Patterns of Virus Exposure and Presumed Household Transmission among Persons with Coronavirus Disease, United States, January–April 2020 Rachel M. Burke, Laura Calderwood, Marie E. Killerby, Candace E. Ashworth, Abby L. Berns, Skyler Brennan, Jonathan M. Bressler, Laurel Harduar Morano, Nathaniel M. Lewis, Tiff anie M. Markus, Suzanne M. Newton, Jennifer S. Read, Tamara Rissman, Joanne Taylor, Jacqueline E. Tate, Claire M. Midgley, for the COVID-19 Case Investigation Form Working Group We characterized common exposures reported by a oronavirus disease (COVID-19) was fi rst identi- convenience sample of 202 US patients with corona- Cfi ed in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 (1). The virus disease during January–April 2020 and identifi ed fi rst reported case in the United States was identifi ed factors associated with presumed household transmis- in January 2020 (2); by mid-March, cases had been re- sion. The most commonly reported settings of known ported in all 50 states (3). On March 16, 2020, the White exposure were households and healthcare facilities; House Coronavirus Task Force published guidance for among case-patients who had known contact with curbing community spread of COVID-19 (4); soon af- a confi rmed case-patient compared with those who ter, states began to enact stay-at-home orders (5). By did not, healthcare occupations were more common. late May 2020, all 50 states had begun easing restric- Among case-patients without known contact, use of tions; reported cases reached new peaks in the summer public transportation was more common. Within the household, presumed transmission was highest from and then winter months of 2020 (6,7). -
The GAVI Alliance
GLOBAL PROGRAM REVIEW The GAVI Alliance Global Program Review The World Bank’s Partnership with the GAVI Alliance Main Report and Annexes Contents ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................. V ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................ XI PROGRAM AT A GLANCE: THE GAVI ALLIANCE ............................................................................ XII KEY BANK STAFF RESPONSIBLE DURING PERIOD UNDER REVIEW ........................................ XIV GLOSSARY ......................................................................................................................................... XV OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................ XVII GAVI ALLIANCE MANAGEMENT RESPONSE .............................................................................. XXV WORLD BANK GROUP MANAGEMENT RESPONSE ................................................................... XXIX CHAIRPERSON’S SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... XXXI 1. THE WORLD BANK-GAVI PARTNERSHIP AND THE PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW ...................... 1 Evolution of GAVI ..................................................................................................................................................... -
Vaccines for the Twenty-First Century Society
PERSPECTIVES expectancy is above 80 years and, bearing SCIENCE AND SOCIETY in mind that predictions of a ceiling to life expectancy have been repeatedly wrong, Vaccines for the twenty-first century we can extrapolate that it could reach 100 years in six decades2. A major reason society for the steady increase of life expectancy is greater control of infectious diseases — this has led to decreased early mortality Rino Rappuoli, Christian W. Mandl, Steven Black and Ennio De Gregorio (only one in four children used to reach the Abstract | Vaccines have been one of the major revolutions in the history of age of 20) and has also provided a longer lifespan in adults by decreasing their expo- mankind and, during the twentieth century, they eliminated most of the childhood sure to acute and chronic inflammatory diseases that used to cause millions of deaths. In the twenty-first century, vaccines processes1. will also play a major part in safeguarding people’s health. Supported by the Vaccination served extremely well the innovations derived from new technologies, vaccines will address the new needs needs of our twentieth-century society, of a twenty-first century society characterized by increased life expectancy, members of which had a life expectancy of approximately 55–65 years. By eliminating emerging infections and poverty in low-income countries. many infectious diseases that used to cause millions of deaths, vaccination contributed Health is probably the most important value average lifespan was 35 years in 1750 to the increase in our lifespan (FIG. 1). of our society, which enjoys an unprecedented (REF. -
Pandemic Fatigue: Measurement, Correlates, and Consequences
Pandemic Fatigue: Measurement, Correlates, and Consequences Lau Lilleholt1, Ingo Zettler1, Cornelia Betsch2,3, and Robert Böhm1,4,5 1Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 2A, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark; 2Media and Communication Science, University of Erfurt, Norhäuser Str. 63, 99089 Erfurt, Germany; 3Center for Empirical Research in Economics and Behavioural Sciences (CEREB), University of Erfurt, Norhäuser Str. 63, 99089 Erfurt, Germany; 4Department of Economics, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark; 5Copenhagen Center for Social Data Science (SODAS), University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353, Copenhagen, Denmark *Correspondence to: [email protected] 1 Abstract With no effective treatment or vaccine widely available, most national COVID-19 response strategies have relied on people’s willingness to comply with health-protective behaviours and behavioural restrictions. Despite generally high levels of public compliance, several countries have reported a recent upsurge in the number of people who no longer sufficiently adhere to restrictions or keep themselves informed about COVID-19. This developing trend has been attributed to Pandemic Fatigue. Using quota-representative survey data from Denmark and Germany (overall n = 12,191), we introduce a psychometrically sound measure of Pandemic Fatigue, show who experiences it, identify related emotions and perceptions, and shed light on the relation between Pandemic Fatigue and four COVID-19-related health-protective behaviours. Further, based on a preregistered online experiment with US participants (n = 1,584), we establish a causal link between Pandemic Fatigue and people’s intention to comply with recommended heath-protective behaviours. 2 Introduction In an attempt to curb the spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), governments and health authorities across the globe have both recommended and mandated various health-protective measures, such as mask wearing, physical distancing, and self-isolation.