DOCSLIB.ORG

The Incidence of Sexual Harassment Among Female Vietnam War Era Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Incidence of Sexual Harassment Among Female Vietnam War Era Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms California State University, San Bernardino CSUSB ScholarWorks Theses Digitization Project John M. Pfau Library 1998 The incidence of sexual harassment among female Vietnam War era veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms Carolyn Bong Ai Ogden Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project Part of the Gender and Sexuality Commons Recommended Citation Ogden, Carolyn Bong Ai, "The incidence of sexual harassment among female Vietnam War era veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms" (1998). Theses Digitization Project. 1456. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1456 This Project is brought to you for free and open access by the John M. Pfau Library at CSUSB ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses Digitization Project by an authorized administrator of CSUSB ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE INCIDENCE OF SEXUiUlj HARASSMENT AMONG FEMALE VIETNAM WAR ERA VETERANS WITH POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER SYMPTOMS A Project Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Social Work by Carolyn Bong Ai Ogden June 1998 THE INCIDENCE OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT AMONG FEMALE VIETNAM WAR ERA VETERANS WITH POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER SYMPTOMS A Project Presented to the Faculty of California State University, San Bernardino by Carolyn Bong Ai Ogden June 1998 Approved by: Dr. Ma:^]orie H\int ate Project Advisor, Social Work Dr. Rosemary Mccaslin, Co-Chair, Date Research Sequence, Social Work (c) 1998 Carolyn B. Ogden. All rights reserved I don't regret going [to Vietnam]. It was awful and awesome at the same time. It has given me my greatest strengths and my greatest vulnerabilities. —a participant in this study, 1998 ABSTRACT A questionnaire of 86,questions was completed by 64 female U.S. Vietnam War era veterans. Study participants who e2{perienced sexual harassment during their military service had significantly (a = .05) different patterns of work, marriage, and divorce; rank and length of military service; correspondence with relatives during military service; degree of disappointment with their homecoming receptions; feelings about involvement in the war; and affiliation with postwar (veterans) organizations. Sexual harassment was found to be a significant predictor of a certain type of PTSD symptoms; the results suggest that, when present, sexual harassment may be responsible in this population for a degree of this type of PTSD symptomatology that is comparable in magnitude to that produced by all other wartime stressors. Written responses to open-ended questions suggest reasons for these results and provide insight into the experiences of the study population. Ill ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My thanks goes first to iny husband and three sons for their limitless encouragement and emotional support of all my scholarly endeavors, and especially for providing the essential diversions of family life that helped me maintain a balance in my life throughout the writing of this project. My deep thanks also goes to Dr. Marjorie Hunt, my project advisor, for her brilliance, dedication, and unwavering support for and belief in my project; to Kathryn for her support, encouragement, and historical guidance; and to Doug for his invaluable criticism and editing of my manuscript. Many other exceedingly helpful persons, too numerous to name, read and criticized portions of my manuscript, suggested key resources, provided wisdom and insight, and served as sounding boards for my ideas as I struggled to clarify and organize my research in a scholarly manner. I am especially indebted to several mental health clinicians committed to serving the vetera.ns of wars, who gave freely of their time, advice, esspertise, and insights, and to several members of veterans organizations coinmitted to IV increasing the visibility of women veterans, who provided me with their spontaneous assistance. Finally, my heartfelt thanks goes to all the female Vietnam War era veterans who participated in this study. Although support for American men who were on active duty during the historical Vietnam War era has been vital, recognizing the distinguished military women who served is equally important. This project could not exist without the help of these extraordinary women, who are in eveiry sense notable heroines in their own right. By sharing their poignant and intimate stories about their personal experiences as women in the military, they have turned this study into a profound literary journey that reveals how one's greatest vulnerabilities can be turned into one's greatest strengths. V To my husband and sons CONTENTS Abstract .... iii Acknowledgments iy bist of Tables ix List of Figures x Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Problem Statement . i Problem Definition .. .. .. 2 Chapter 2. Literature Review . 4 Summary 8 Chapter 3. Methods . 10 Design of the Study . ... .. 10 Research Question 10 Sampling n Data Collection and Instrument . 12 Strengths and Limitations of the Study . .... 15 VI Chapter 4. Results . .. .. ...... .. .... ...... 19 Demographics ... .... ..... 20 Feelings About the War and Militairy Service .. 21 Gender Issues. .. .. ... 22 Sexual Harassment , 24 The Wartime Environment 34 Homecoming 35 Current Syir^toms .. 38 Willingness to Serve Again 40 Chapter 5. Statistical Analysis 41 Results of t Tests . .. 41 Principal Components Analysis 43 Comparison of Factor Analysis and t Tests 45 Multivariate Analysis of Variance 47 Chapter 6. Conclusions 55 Relevance to Social Work Practice . .... 55 Future Research 60 Appendix A. Letters, Forms and Statements 61 Appendix B. Questionnaire . 66 Appendix C. Data Reduction . 81 Appendix D. t Tests 87 VIX Appendix E. Principal Components. 88 Appendix F. What They Learned . 95 References . 101 Vlll LIST OF TABLES 5.1 Biographic-Demographic Factor Stommary . ,.. 44 5.2 Symptom Factor Siammary . ....... .... .... .. 45 5.3 Significant Effects in Univariate F Tests . ... 50 5.4 Significant EffesCts in Tests . ....... : . 5l IX ^ , LIST OF FIGURES 5.1 Scatter diagram of the 64 participants in this study showing Symptom Factor 1 (Unesspressive PTSD) and the group variables sexual harassment and sexual harassment reporting^ ..... 52 5.2 Scatter diagram of the 64 participants in this study showing work during military service and the symptom factors Unexpressive PTSD and E3^ressive PTSD. .'. '. ■. 53 5.3 Scatter diagram of the 64 participants in this study showing sexual harassment reporting and the symptom factors Unexpressive PTSD and Expressive PTSD. 54 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Problem Statement The social revolution of the 1960s exposed sexuality in all its manifestations to a general population of women in the United States who were trained traditionally to be demure at any mention of sex. In the same decade, young women with varying degrees of sexual knowledge and sexual experience volunteered to participate in the war effort in Vietnam. Although an estimated 86% of the 11,000 U.S. military women who served in the Vietnam War era were nurses trained to deal with death, they were ill-prepared for the relentless horror of the war. They were also at an age when most were beginning to discover what it means to be a woman. They dressed in male issue and were thrust into the tight, restricted, and unnatural environment of men at war in a foreign land. They struggled with gender identity. Their male counterparts were mostly young draftees who in civilian life had just begun role exploration (Longres, 1995). The abrupt transfer to Vietnam imposed upon them the need to prove their manhood in battle and their personal sexual prowess among the immediate female population. Upon the military women from 1965 to 1973 fell not only the trauma of witnessing the war's cost in hxaman lives, but a more pervasive traxima of sexual harassment by men with whom they worked for a common cause. Problem Definition Women veterans of the Vietnam War era who were es^osed to war stress experienced profound readjustment problems related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms upon return to civilian life (Grossman et al., 1997). A critical review of the literature conducted by Furey (1991) strongly suggests the need for gender-specific research on these women. Sexual harassment experienced by women veterans resulted in profoxand psychological aftereffects that have been determined by diagnosticians for the Veterans Administration (VA) to be gender-specific factors in the incidence of PTSD symptoms among women veterans of the Vietnam era. According to Furey (1991), exposure to war traxima collectively impacted female veterans both psychologically and emotionally and in all likelihood resulted in the prevalence of PTSD symptoms among this distinctive population. In this Study, the term sexual harassmf?nt is a collective denotation of four types and degrees of harassment: visual (e.g., ogling, leering), verbal (e.g., whistling, catcalling, insinuating, propositioning), tactile (e.g., touching, physical abuses assault), and intr-usive (e.g., rape). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. fourth edition (American Psychiatric Associatioih, 1994) establishes sexual harassment as a traxjma that may induce symptoms of PTSD. An essential feature of PTSD symptoms is "the development of characteristic symptoms following e^qjosure to an extreme , traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves...threat to one's
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Women's Entrepreneurship Development in Vietnam I.4 General Profile of Interviewed Enterprises
    International VIETNAM CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND INDUSTRY Labour Organization in Vietnam Women’s Entrepreneurship Development in Vietnam The Vietnam Women Entrepreneurs Council (VWEC) Women’s Entrepreneurship Development in Vietnam The Vietnam Women Entrepreneurs Council (VWEC) September 2007 Copyright © International Labour Organization 2007 Table of contents Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or FOREWORDS....................................................................................................... 3 translation, application should be made to the Publications Bureau (Rights and Permissions), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland. The International Labour Office ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. 5 welcomes such applications. ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................... 7 Libraries, institutions and other users registered in the United Kingdom with the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP [Fax: (+44) (0)20 7631 5500; LIST OF TABLES & FIGURES.............................................................................. 8 email: [email protected]], in the United States with the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive,
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded from Manchesterhive.Com at 09/26/2021 11:21:08PM Via Free Access 100 the Politics of Memory
    5 The articulation of memory and desire: from Vietnam to the war in the Persian Gulf John Storey In this chapter I want to explore, within a context of culture and power, the complex relations between memory and desire.1 More specifically, I want to connect 1980s Hollywood representations of America’s war in Vietnam (what I will call ‘Hollywood’s Vietnam’) with George Bush’s campaign, in late 1990 and early 1991, to win support for US involvement in what became the Gulf War. My argu- ment is that Hollywood produced a particular ‘regime of truth’2 about America’s war in Vietnam and that this body of ‘knowledge’ was ‘articulated’3 by George Bush as an enabling ‘memory’ in the build up to the Gulf War. Vietnam revisionism and the Gulf War In the weeks leading up to the Gulf War, Newsweek featured a cover showing a photograph of a serious-looking George Bush. Above the photograph was the banner headline, ‘This will not be another Viet- nam’. The headline was taken from a speech made by Bush in which he said, ‘In our country, I know that there are fears of another Viet- nam. Let me assure you . this will not be another Vietnam.’4 In another speech, Bush again assured his American audience that, ‘This will not be another Vietnam . Our troops will have the best possi- ble support in the entire world. They will not be asked to fight with one hand tied behind their backs.’5 Bush was seeking to put to rest a spectre that had come to haunt America’s political and military self- image, what Richard Nixon and others had called the ‘Vietnam Syn- drome’.6 The debate over American foreign policy had, according to Nixon, been ‘grotesquely distorted’ by an unwillingness ‘to use power to defend national interests’.7 Fear of another Vietnam, had made America ‘ashamed of .
    [Show full text]
  • Vietnamese Women's Critical Reflections on Their Adaptation to Living in the United Sates Mai Le Ho Del Buono
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Doctoral Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects 2008 Vietnamese women's critical reflections on their adaptation to living in the United Sates Mai Le Ho Del Buono Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/diss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Del Buono, Mai Le Ho, "Vietnamese women's critical reflections on their adaptation to living in the United Sates" (2008). Doctoral Dissertations. 162. https://repository.usfca.edu/diss/162 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The University of San Francisco VIETNAMESE WOMEN‘S CRITICAL REFLECTIONS ON THEIR ADAPTATION TO LIVING IN THE UNITED STATES A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the School of Education International and Multicultural Education Department In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Education by Mai Le Ho Del Buono San Francisco, California December 2008 This dissertation, written under the direction of the candidate‘s dissertation committee and approved by the members of the committee, has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty of the School of Education in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Education. The content and research methodologies presented in this work represent the work of the candidate alone.
    [Show full text]
  • War, Women, Vietnam: the Mobilization of Female Images, 1954-1978
    War, Women, Vietnam: The Mobilization of Female Images, 1954-1978 Julie Annette Riggs Osborn A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2013 Reading Committee: William J. Rorabaugh, Chair Susan Glenn Christoph Giebel Program Authorized to Offer Degree: History ©Copyright 2013 Julie Annette Riggs Osborn University of Washington Abstract War, Women, Vietnam: The Mobilization of Female Images, 1954-1978 Julie Annette Riggs Osborn Chair of the Supervisory Committee: William J. Rorabaugh, History This dissertation proceeds with two profoundly interwoven goals in mind: mapping the experience of women in the Vietnam War and evaluating the ways that ideas about women and gender influenced the course of American involvement in Vietnam. I argue that between 1954 and 1978, ideas about women and femininity did crucial work in impelling, sustaining, and later restraining the American mission in Vietnam. This project evaluates literal images such as photographs, film and television footage as well as images evoked by texts in the form of news reports, magazine articles, and fiction, focusing specifically on images that reveal deeply gendered ways of seeing and representing the conflict for Americans. Some of the images I consider include a French nurse known as the Angel of Dien Bien Phu, refugees fleeing for southern Vietnam in 1954, the first lady of the Republic of Vietnam Madame Nhu, and female members of the National Liberation Front. Juxtaposing images of American women, I also focus on the figure of the housewife protesting American atrocities in Vietnam and the use of napalm, and images wrought by American women intellectuals that shifted focus away from the military and toward the larger social and psychological impact of the war.
    [Show full text]
  • Unequal, Unfair, Ineffective and Inefficient Gender Inequity in Health: Why It Exists and How We Can Change It Women and Gender
    Unequal, Unfair, Ineffective and Inefficient Gender Inequity in Health: Why it exists and how we can change it Final Report to the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health September 2007 Women and Gender Equity Knowledge Network Submitted by Gita Sen and Piroska Östlin Co-coordinators of the WGEKN1 Report writing team Gita Sen, Piroska Östlin, Asha George 1 We are very grateful to the members and corresponding members of the WGEKN, and the authors of background papers for their willingness to write, read, comment and send material. Special thanks are due to Linda Rydberg and Priya Patel for their cheerful and competent support at the different stages of this report. We would also like to thank Beena Varghese for her inputs to the report. Members Rebecca Cook Rosalind Petchesky Claudia Garcia Moreno Silvina Ramos Adrienne Germain Sundari Ravindran Veloshnee Govender Alex Scott-Samuel Caren Grown Gita Sen (Coordinator) Afua Hesse Hilary Standing Helen Keleher Debora Tajer Yunguo LIU Sally Theobald Piroska Östlin (Coordinator) Huda Zurayk Corresponding members Pat Armstrong Jennifer Klot Jill Astbury Gunilla Krantz Gary Barker Rally Macintyre Anjana Bhushan Peggy Maguire Mabel Bianco Mary Manandhar Mary Anne Burke Nomafrench Mbombo James Dwyer Geeta Rao Gupta Margrit Eichler Sunanda Ray Sahar El- Sheneity Marta Rondon Alessandra Fantini Hania Sholkamy Elsa Gómez Erna Surjadi Ana Cristina González Vélez Wilfreda Thurston Anne Hammarström Joanna Vogel Amparo Hernández-Bello Isabel Yordi Aguirre Nduku Kilonzo Authors of background papers
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Border Marriage Migration of Vietnamese Women to China
    CROSS-BORDER MARRIAGE MIGRATION OF VIETNAMESE WOMEN TO CHINA by LIANLING SU B.S., Harbin Normal University, 2009 A THESIS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF ARTS Department of Geography College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2013 Approved by: Major Professor Max Lu Abstract This study analyzes the cross-border marriage migration of Vietnamese women to China. It is based on sixty-four in-depth interviews with Chinese-Vietnamese couples living in Guangxi province, near the border between China and Vietnam. Most of these Vietnamese women are “invisible,” or undocumented, in China because they do not have legal resident status. The women came from rural areas in northern Vietnam and generally have relatively lower levels of education. The primary reason the Vietnamese women chose to marry Chinese men rather than Vietnamese men was to have a better life in China; the women stated that living in China was better because of its stronger economic conditions, higher standard of living, and the higher quality of housing for families. Many of the Vietnamese women stated that by marrying Chinese men, they could also support their family in Vietnam. The Chinese men who marry Vietnamese women tend to be at the lower end of the social-economic spectrum with limited education. These men often have difficulties finding Chinese wives due to their low economic status and the overall shortage of local Chinese women. Both the Vietnamese women and Chinese men use different types of informal social networks to find their potential spouses. The cultural (particularly linguistic) similarities and historical connections between the border regions of China and Vietnam facilitate cross-border marriages and migration, which are likely to continue in the future.
    [Show full text]
  • USAID/Vietnam Gender Assessment
    USAID/Vietnam Gender Analysis Sumali Ray-Ross, MPH, MIA November 2012 Table of Contents Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................... ii Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................................... iii Executive Summary ...................................................................................................................................... v Purpose and Methodology ........................................................................................................................ v Recommendations: Promoting Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment Opportunities .............. vi Mission Wide Recommendations ........................................................................................................... vii Sectoral Recommendations .................................................................................................................... viii Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose and Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 2 Situational Analysis: a brief summary of gender issues in Vietnam ............................................................ 3 Current Gender Equality Related
    [Show full text]
  • America's Women Veterans: Military Service History and VA Benefit
    America’s Women Veterans Military Service History and VA Benefit Utilization Statistics Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics 1 November 23, 2011 America’s Women Veterans: Military Service History and VA Benefit Utilization Statistics Prepared by: National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics Contributors: Maribel Aponte Syreeta Cherry George Fitzelle Kelly Ann Holder Baboyma Kagniniwa Sidra Montgomery Angus St. Hilaire Eddie Thomas Acknowledgements: The following individuals provided valuable technical assistance and insight for this report. Irene Trowell-Harris, RN, Ed.D., Director, Center for Women Veterans Betty Moseley Brown, Ed.D., Associate Director, Center for Women Veterans Patricia M. Hayes, Ph.D., Chief Consultant, Women Veterans Health Strategic Health Care Group Stacy Garrett-Ray, MD, MPH, MBA, Deputy Director, Comprehensive Women’s Health, Women Veterans Health Strategic Health Care Group, Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Uni- versity of Maryland School of Medicine Susan Frayne, MD, MPH, Center for Health Care Evaluation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System , Director, VA Wom- en’s Health Evaluation Initiative, Associate Professor of Medicine, Stanford University Sarah Friedman, MSPH, Project Manager, Women’s Health Evaluation Initiative, VA Palo Alto Health Care System Nicole Hampton, Management and Program Analyst, Veterans Health Administration Support Service Center Donna Washington, MD, MPH, Attending Physician, Greater Los Angeles Health Care System Salminio Garner, Management/Program Analyst, Education Service, Strategy and Legislative Development, Veter- ans Benefits Administration Dorothy Glasgow, Management Analyst, Reports and Information Service, National Center for Veterans Analysis and Statistics. For women Veterans everywhere.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Vietnam's Two-Child Policy on Fertility, Son Preference, And
    Effects of Vietnam’s Two-Child Policy on Fertility, Son Preference, and Female Labor Supply Anh P. Ngo1, 2 1University of Illinois at Chicago 2 University of Oklahoma, Health Sciences Center November 2018 Abstract In 1988, facing a total fertility rate of over four births per woman, the Vietnamese government introduced a new policy that required parents to have no more than 2 children. Using data from the Vietnam Population and Housing Censuses from 1989, 1999, and 2009, I apply a differences-in-differences framework to assess the effects of this policy on family size, son preference, and maternal labor supply. There are three main findings. First, the policy decreased the probability that a woman has more than two children by 15 percentage points (50%) for women aged less than 30 in 1989 and by 7 percentage points (11.5%) for women aged 30-39 in 1989. The policy reduced the average number of living children by 0.2 births per woman (10%). Low- educated women and women in rural areas were more affected by the policy. The policy had no effects on mothers’ age at first birth. Second, the policy decreased the proportion of sons in each family by 1.2 percentage points (2.4%). Third, the policy increased women’s labor force participation by 1.3 percentage points (1.5%). Acknowledgements: I thank Robert Kaestner, Ben Ost, Darren Lubotsky, Javaeria Qureshi, Neeraj Kaushal, and participants in presentations at the University of Illinois at Chicago, the Illinois Economics Association, the Midwest Economics Association annual meeting for their valuable suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • 06 Ingrid Grosse 재교2.Indd
    Asian Journal of Peacebuilding Vol. 3 No. 2 (2015): 253-272 Research Note Gender Values in Vietnam—Between Confucianism, Communism, and Modernization Ingrid Grosse It is regularly claimed that Communism and Confucianism shape gender-related norms, practices, and institutions in Vietnam. Some scholars emphasize the ongoing relevance of Confucian traditions, while others hold that Communist rule led to more gender-equal norms, practices, and institutions. By contrast, I suggest that broader socioeconomic modernization processes should be considered. I use data from the World Values Survey to investigate the question of the relative influence of Communism, Confucianism, and modernization processes on gender attitudes. The results show that modernization is a crucial factor in understanding gender attitudes, but that Communism and Confucianism likewise have an influence. Keywords gender, values, Vietnam, Confucianism, Communism, modernization Introduction Vietnam is an interesting case where questions of the relevance of culture, politics, and socioeconomic modernization to aspects of gender are concerned. Culturally, Vietnam belongs to the group of countries with a Confucian heritage. Politically, it is a country under Communist rule. In terms of socioeconomic modernization, it is one of the Asian countries that have recently undergone a process of rapid development. These various traits of Vietnam are especially interesting in relation to aspects of gender—the norms, practices, and institutions which influence the relative life changes of women in comparison to men— because they are considered to be in opposition to one another: Confucianism is said to foster and preserve gender-conservative relationships, while Communism and modernization are said to lead to more equal gender relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and the War: Men, Women and Vietnam
    Vietnam Generation Volume 1 Number 3 Gender and the War: Men, Women and Article 1 Vietnam 10-1989 Gender and the War: Men, Women and Vietnam Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/vietnamgeneration Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation (1989) "Gender and the War: Men, Women and Vietnam," Vietnam Generation: Vol. 1 : No. 3 , Article 1. Available at: http://digitalcommons.lasalle.edu/vietnamgeneration/vol1/iss3/1 This Complete Volume is brought to you for free and open access by La Salle University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Vietnam Generation by an authorized editor of La Salle University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gender and The War: Men, Women and Vietnam Vietnam Generation V oIume 1 S u m m e r -Fa II 1989 NuivibERS 5-4 G t vrfrR A \ d rh e Wa r : M en, Wo m e n a n <I Vie t n a m SpEciAl EdiTOR, JacqueUne Lawson 4 P reIace 6 iNTROduCTiON Jacqueline Lawson 12 PARAMiliTARy F a n t a s y C uLtu re ANd t Ne CosivioqoNic MyTholoqy of P r Im e v a L CH ao s ANd ORdER J. William Gibson U "I N ever R eaIIy B e c a m e a W o m a n V eteran UNTil...l S a w t Ae W a LL": A R e v Ie w o f O r a I H istories ANd P ersonal Nar r a tiv es by W o m en V eterans o f t Ne W ar Renny Christopher 4 6 Interview s wlTh T w o V ietnam V eteran s: W e Ic o m e H o m e David Berman 59 ISlAkiNq S ense o f V ietnam ANd TElliNq t He R eaL S t o r y : MIllTARy W o m en iN ThE CoivibAT Z one Cheryl A.
    [Show full text]
  • Participation of Women in Sociopolitical Development in Iran
    International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences March 2014, Vol. 4, No. 3 ISSN: 2222-6990 Participation of Women in Sociopolitical Development in Iran Maysam Musai Professor, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran E-mail: [email protected] Berad Razavi Alehashem Researcher in Sociology Seyede Marzieh Fatemi Abhari MD Pediatrician, and Assistant Professor, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran DOI: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i3/738 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v4-i3/738 Abstract: Participation of women in sociopolitical development is regarded as remarkable index in sustainable development of society. The present article has studied women participation in process of sociopolitical development during 30-year period of Islamic Revolution. Main research question is: how is participation of the women in process of sociopolitical development of Islamic Revolution? What opportunities and barriers do we face in sociopolitical participation of women in Iran? What is perspective of the women participation in Iran? The present research is combination of quantity studies (survey) and quality method based on interview which has been done in data analysis with use of secondary analysis technique. The data of citizens, authorities and statistical references of Ministry of the Interior, Iran Statistics Center , and Islamic Consultative Assembly of the city was gathered and analyzed. Research finding shows that attendance and participation of women in management ranks especially middle and micro management has been more considerable. Entrance of women in high organizational ranks faces social, political, cultural, and customary and taste barriers. Although the number of female experts in society and manpower has increased, their progress in decision making and policy making jobs has not been considerable.
    [Show full text]