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Effect of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement On testinal & in D o i tr g s e a s t G i v f Journal of Gastrointestinal & Digestive e Patel et al., J Gastroint Dig Syst 2012, 2:3 o S l y a s n r ISSN: 2161-069Xt e DOI: 10.4172/2161-069X.1000109 u m o J System Review Article Open Access Effect of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement on the Outcome of the Fecal Occult Blood Test Pragnesh Patel1*, Robert Yeh2, Rasna Gupta2, Colette Renaud Maher2, Jamil Akhras2 and Martin Tobi3 1Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA 2Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, John D. Dingell Veterans Administration Medical Center and Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA 3Section of Gastroenterology, VA Medical Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA Abstract Background: Patients undergoing percutaneous, endoscopic gastrostomy tube placement represent a population of patients with a background of serious disease, many at risk from gastrointestinal hemorrhage. It is common practice to monitor stool for GI blood loss using the FOBT. It is unknown whether the presence of a gastrostomy tube will render the FOBT positive. We evaluated a population for the effect of tube placement on FOBT outcome. Methods: 67 consecutive patients undergoing tube placement were selected on basis of a FOBT having been performed before and/or after the procedure and divided in to two groups. In group one, 31 patients had a test before and 10 patients had test after tube placement with 7.3% having positive FOBT before or after placement. In group two, 26 patients were tested both before and after the procedure with 12% having positive FOBT after tube placement. Indications for tube placement were for neurological disease, dysphasia and nutritional support. Indications for performing the FOBT after tube placement were suspicion or confirmation of GI bleeding in 13 patients. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications were taken by 47% of patients. The mean time of pre-procedure FOBT was 9.3 ± 10 months and of post-procedure testing was 4.4 ± 6.0 months. Results: 7.3% patients of group1 were FOBT positive before or after tube placement, as opposed 12% of group 2 were FOBT positive after placement (p>0.05). In group two, 3% remained positive before and after the test, 7.5% reverted to negative after having positive FOBT prior to tube placement, and 16.4% were negative before and after tube placement. Survival in months tended to be less in subgroup of patients who had positive FOBT after tube placement (8.87 ± 8.59 months) compared to patients who had positive FOBT prior to tube placement and negative FOBT respectively (24.00 ± 24.00 months and 18.67 ± 25.78 months; p = 0.15 and p = 0.09 respectively). Conclusion: The tube placement does not appear to affect the outcome of FOBT positive status whether measured cross-sectionally by overall prevalence or longitudinally by status change after tube placement. Although survival in months was not statistically significant between the two groups, there was a strong trend towards reduced survival rate in the group with positive FOBT after tube placement. Thus, presence of a tube is an unlikely explanation for a positive F0BT and other causes may need to be considered. Future larger prospective studies are needed to assess the implication of positive FOBT with regard to survival in patients with a gastrostomy tube. Keywords: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube; Fecal Methods occult blood test (FOBT); Bleeding Clinical and management data for cases of PEG tube placement Introduction were reviewed at the John D. Dingell VA Medical Center (VAMC) from period between July 1996 and May 2006. Enteral tube feeding by percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG) is being used in patients with advanced dementia, dysphagia Sixty seven consecutive patients undergoing PEG placement were secondary to neuromuscular diseases, cachexia from cancer, and any selected on basis of a FOBT having been performed before and/or after patient who is unable to eat for prolonged period [1-6]. Thus most the procedure. In all cases the PEG tube was endoscopically placed by of the patients undergoing PEG have background severe disease, a gastroenterologist. Patients were divided in to two groups. Group with many at risk for gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage. PEG tube one had FOBT done before or after PEG tube placement, and group 2 placement is associated with major and minor complications defined had FOBT both before and after PEG tube placement. The mean time by established criteria with rates ranging from 4% to 23.8% of cases of pre-procedure FOBT was 9.3 ± 10 months and of post procedure [6-13]. Most common are minor complications such as ileus, cellulitis, testing was 4.4 ± 6 months. In group one, 31 patients had a test stomal leakage, buried bumper syndrome, gastric ulcer, fistulous tracts or inadvertent removal but about 4% have major complications such as aspiration, hemorrhage, peritonitis, necrotizing fasciitis, tumor *Corresponding author: Dr. Pragnesh Patel, 5C UHC, 4201 St Antonie implantation and death [2,3,6-13]. During PEG placement acute Rd, Detroit, MI 48201, USA, Tel: 313-577-5030; Fax: 313-745-4710; E-mail: bleeding occurs in approximately 1% of cases in patients who are [email protected] on anticoagulation or have anatomic variations [6,10]. It is common Received March 12, 2012; Accepted April 13, 2012; Published April 15, 2012 practice to monitor stool for GI blood loss by the fecal occult blood Citation: Patel P, Yeh R, Gupta R, Maher CR, Akhras J, et al. (2012) Effect of test (FOBT) whether in a screening setting for colorectal cancer or in Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement on the Outcome of the clinical workup of anemia Whether the placement of PEG tube can the Fecal Occult Blood Test. J Gastroint Dig Syst 2:109. doi:10.4172/2161- 069X.1000109 acutely or chronically result in a positive hemoccult test resulting in endoscopy to establish a GI source of bleeding, is unknown. With this Copyright: © 2012 Patel P, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted in mind, we retrospectively evaluated effect of PEG tube placement on use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and FOBT result. source are credited. J Gastroint Dig Syst Volume 2 • Issue 3 • 1000109 ISSN: 2161-069X JGDS, an open access journal Citation: Patel P, Yeh R, Gupta R, Maher CR, Akhras J, et al. (2012) Effect of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Tube Placement on the Outcome of the Fecal Occult Blood Test. J Gastroint Dig Syst 2:109. doi:10.4172/2161-069X.1000109 Page 2 of 4 GROUP 1 NO. OF PATIENTS % PATTIENTS gastritis in 13 (29%), non-bleeding gastric ulcer in 2 (4%), esophagitis NEG PRE / NO POST 28 68.3 in 2 (4%), non-bleeding duodenal ulcer in 2 (4%), duodenitis in 2 (4%) POSITIVE PRE / NO POST 3 7.3 and esophageal stricture in 1 (2%). NO PRE / NEG POST 7 17.1 Thirteen patients total from groups 1 and 2 had a positive FOBT NO PRE / POSITIVE POST 3 7.3 after PEG tube placement and had a diagnostic workup to identify GROUP 2 the source of GI bleeding (Table 2). Eight out of thirteen patients had NEG PRE / POSTIVE POST 8 12.0 POSITIVE PRE / NEG POST 5 7.5 an EGD revealing a lesion that plausibly explained of the source of POSTIVE PRE / POSITIVE POST 2 3.0 bleeding done prior to PEG tube placement; four out of 5 patients had NEG PRE / NEG POST 11 16.4 similar lesions with EGD performed after PEG tube and likewise 3 out of 4 patients on colonoscopy performed after PEG tube placement. The NEG = Negative, PRE = Prior to PEG, POST = After PEG results of endoscopic work-up prior to the PEG placement compared Table 1: Results of FOBT. to those after PEG tube were not numerically statistically significant before and 10 patients had a test after PEG with 7.3% having positive (p>0.05) for any possible cause of bleeding in patients with positive FOBT before or after PEG placement. In group two, 26 patients were FOBT. tested both before and after the procedure with 12% having positive Out of 67 patients, 16 had iron deficiency anemia. Eight of 16 FOBT after PEG placement. Indications for PEG placement were for patients with iron deficiency anemia had colonoscopy and this neurological disease, dysphagia, and nutritional support. Indications represents 8 out of 19 patients who underwent colonoscopy. Eleven for performing the FOBT after PEG placement were suspicion or patients had colonoscopy 12.5 ± 7.7 months prior to PEG placement confirmation of GI bleeding in 13 patients. A positive test was defined and 5 patients 8.6 ± 10.7 months after PEG placement. Of remaining as a blue color developing in any single window regardless of the 4 patients, the date of colonoscopy was not clearly documented. The number of cards returned, as is the standard at our center where the results of colonoscopy are summarized in (Table 3). centralized pathology laboratory performs and documents the results of all FOBT, using Hemoccult IITM, InstaccultTM or StarlineTM guaic- impregnated FOBT cards. Statistical analysis was by Fisher’s Exact test Patient Antacid/PPI* Pre EGD# Post EGD## Colonoscopy and two-tailed student’s t-test with a probability value of p<0.05 was 1 ranitidine Gastritis Normal ND** considered significant. 2 None Esophagitis, Esophageal Incomplete gastritis,healed stricture Results duodenal ulcer 3 sucralfate Normal Antral ulcer Normal The most common indication for PEG placement was dysphagia non-bleeding in 26 patients followed by “malnutrition” in 8 patients, and 5 patients 4 famotidine Non erosive gas- ND Sigmoid each with stroke/dementia and weight loss.
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