Von Neumann Did Not Claim That His Entropy Corresponds to The
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6. Knowledge, Information, and Entropy the Book John Von
6. Knowledge, Information, and Entropy The book John von Neumann and the Foundations of Quantum Physics contains a fascinating and informative article written by Eckehart Kohler entitled “Why von Neumann Rejected Carnap’s Dualism of Information Concept.” The topic is precisely the core issue before us: How is knowledge connected to physics? Kohler illuminates von Neumann’s views on this subject by contrasting them to those of Carnap. Rudolph Carnap was a distinguished philosopher, and member of the Vienna Circle. He was in some sense a dualist. He had studied one of the central problems of philosophy, namely the distinction between analytic statements and synthetic statements. (The former are true or false by virtue of a specified set of rules held in our minds, whereas the latter are true or false by virtue their concordance with physical or empirical facts.) His conclusions had led him to the idea that there are two different domains of truth, one pertaining to logic and mathematics and the other to physics and the natural sciences. This led to the claim that there are “Two Concepts of Probability,” one logical the other physical. That conclusion was in line with the fact that philosophers were then divided between two main schools as to whether probability should be understood in terms of abstract idealizations or physical sequences of outcomes of measurements. Carnap’s bifurcations implied a similar division between two different concepts of information, and of entropy. In 1952 Carnap was working at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and about to publish a work on his dualistic theory of information, according to which epistemological concepts like information should be treated separately from physics. -
Are Information, Cognition and the Principle of Existence Intrinsically
Adv. Studies Theor. Phys., Vol. 7, 2013, no. 17, 797 - 818 HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/astp.2013.3318 Are Information, Cognition and the Principle of Existence Intrinsically Structured in the Quantum Model of Reality? Elio Conte(1,2) and Orlando Todarello(2) (1)School of International Advanced Studies on Applied Theoretical and non Linear Methodologies of Physics, Bari, Italy (2)Department of Neurosciences and Sense Organs University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari, Italy Copyright © 2013 Elio Conte and Orlando Todarello. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract The thesis of this paper is that Information, Cognition and a Principle of Existence are intrinsically structured in the quantum model of reality. We reach such evidence by using the Clifford algebra. We analyze quantization in some traditional cases of quantum mechanics and, in particular in quantum harmonic oscillator, orbital angular momentum and hydrogen atom. Keywords: information, quantum cognition, principle of existence, quantum mechanics, quantization, Clifford algebra. Corresponding author: [email protected] Introduction The earliest versions of quantum mechanics were formulated in the first decade of the 20th century following about the same time the basic discoveries of physics as 798 Elio Conte and Orlando Todarello the atomic theory and the corpuscular theory of light that was basically updated by Einstein. Early quantum theory was significantly reformulated in the mid- 1920s by Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and Pascual Jordan, who created matrix mechanics, Louis de Broglie and Erwin Schrodinger who introduced wave mechanics, and Wolfgang Pauli and Satyendra Nath Bose who introduced the statistics of subatomic particles. -
Seven Principles of Quantum Mechanics
Seven Principles of Quantum Mechanics Igor V. Volovich Steklov Mathematical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences Gubkin St. 8, 117966, GSP-1, Moscow, Russia e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The list of basic axioms of quantum mechanics as it was formulated by von Neu- mann includes only the mathematical formalism of the Hilbert space and its statistical interpretation. We point out that such an approach is too general to be considered as the foundation of quantum mechanics. In particular in this approach any finite- dimensional Hilbert space describes a quantum system. Though such a treatment might be a convenient approximation it can not be considered as a fundamental de- scription of a quantum system and moreover it leads to some paradoxes like Bell’s theorem. I present a list from seven basic postulates of axiomatic quantum mechan- ics. In particular the list includes the axiom describing spatial properties of quantum system. These axioms do not admit a nontrivial realization in the finite-dimensional Hilbert space. One suggests that the axiomatic quantum mechanics is consistent with local realism. arXiv:quant-ph/0212126v1 22 Dec 2002 1 INTRODUCTION Most discussions of foundations and interpretations of quantum mechanics take place around the meaning of probability, measurements, reduction of the state and entanglement. The list of basic axioms of quantum mechanics as it was formulated by von Neumann [1] includes only general mathematical formalism of the Hilbert space and its statistical interpre- tation, see also [2]-[6]. From this point of view any mathematical proposition on properties of operators in the Hilbert space can be considered as a quantum mechanical result. -
Executive Order 13978 of January 18, 2021
6809 Federal Register Presidential Documents Vol. 86, No. 13 Friday, January 22, 2021 Title 3— Executive Order 13978 of January 18, 2021 The President Building the National Garden of American Heroes By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows: Section 1. Background. In Executive Order 13934 of July 3, 2020 (Building and Rebuilding Monuments to American Heroes), I made it the policy of the United States to establish a statuary park named the National Garden of American Heroes (National Garden). To begin the process of building this new monument to our country’s greatness, I established the Interagency Task Force for Building and Rebuilding Monuments to American Heroes (Task Force) and directed its members to plan for construction of the National Garden. The Task Force has advised me it has completed the first phase of its work and is prepared to move forward. This order revises Executive Order 13934 and provides additional direction for the Task Force. Sec. 2. Purpose. The chronicles of our history show that America is a land of heroes. As I announced during my address at Mount Rushmore, the gates of a beautiful new garden will soon open to the public where the legends of America’s past will be remembered. The National Garden will be built to reflect the awesome splendor of our country’s timeless exceptionalism. It will be a place where citizens, young and old, can renew their vision of greatness and take up the challenge that I gave every American in my first address to Congress, to ‘‘[b]elieve in yourselves, believe in your future, and believe, once more, in America.’’ Across this Nation, belief in the greatness and goodness of America has come under attack in recent months and years by a dangerous anti-American extremism that seeks to dismantle our country’s history, institutions, and very identity. -
Jewish Scientists, Jewish Ethics and the Making of the Atomic Bomb
8 Jewish Scientists, Jewish Ethics and the Making of the Atomic Bomb MERON MEDZINI n his book The Jews and the Japanese: The Successful Outsiders, Ben-Ami IShillony devoted a chapter to the Jewish scientists who played a central role in the development of nuclear physics and later in the construction and testing of the fi rst atomic bomb. He correctly traced the well-known facts that among the leading nuclear physics scientists, there was an inordinately large number of Jews (Shillony 1992: 190–3). Many of them were German, Hungarian, Polish, Austrian and even Italian Jews. Due to the rise of virulent anti-Semitism in Germany, especially after the Nazi takeover of that country in 1933, most of the German-Jewish scientists found themselves unemployed, with no laboratory facilities or even citi- zenship, and had to seek refuge in other European countries. Eventually, many of them settled in the United States. A similar fate awaited Jewish scientists in other central European countries that came under German occupation, such as Austria, or German infl uence as in the case of Hungary. Within a short time, many of these scientists who found refuge in America were highly instrumental in the exceedingly elabo- rate and complex research and work that eventually culminated in the construction of the atomic bomb at various research centres and, since 1943, at the Los Alamos site. In this facility there were a large number of Jews occupying the highest positions. Of the heads of sections in charge of the Manhattan Project, at least eight were Jewish, led by the man in charge of the operation, J. -
A Classical View of the Business Cycle
NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES A CLASSICAL VIEW OF THE BUSINESS CYCLE Michael T. Belongia Peter N. Ireland Working Paper 26056 http://www.nber.org/papers/w26056 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 July 2019 We are especially grateful to David Laidler for his encouragement during the development of this paper and to John Taylor, Kenneth West, two referees, and seminar participants at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta for helpful comments on previous drafts. All errors that remain are our own. Neither of us received any external support for, or has any financial interest that relates to, the research described in this paper. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer-reviewed or been subject to the review by the NBER Board of Directors that accompanies official NBER publications. © 2019 by Michael T. Belongia and Peter N. Ireland. All rights reserved. Short sections of text, not to exceed two paragraphs, may be quoted without explicit permission provided that full credit, including © notice, is given to the source. A Classical View of the Business Cycle Michael T. Belongia and Peter N. Ireland NBER Working Paper No. 26056 July 2019 JEL No. B12,E31,E32,E41,E43,E52 ABSTRACT In the 1920s, Irving Fisher extended his previous work on the Quantity Theory to describe, through an early version of the Phillips Curve, how changes in the money stock could be associated with cyclical movements in output, employment, and inflation. -
EUGENE PAUL WIGNER November 17, 1902–January 1, 1995
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES E U G ENE PAUL WI G NER 1902—1995 A Biographical Memoir by FR E D E R I C K S E I T Z , E RICH V OG T , A N D AL V I N M. W E I NBER G Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academy of Sciences. Biographical Memoir COPYRIGHT 1998 NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS WASHINGTON D.C. Courtesy of Atoms for Peace Awards, Inc. EUGENE PAUL WIGNER November 17, 1902–January 1, 1995 BY FREDERICK SEITZ, ERICH VOGT, AND ALVIN M. WEINBERG UGENE WIGNER WAS A towering leader of modern physics Efor more than half of the twentieth century. While his greatest renown was associated with the introduction of sym- metry theory to quantum physics and chemistry, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for 1963, his scientific work encompassed an astonishing breadth of sci- ence, perhaps unparalleled during his time. In preparing this memoir, we have the impression we are attempting to record the monumental achievements of half a dozen scientists. There is the Wigner who demonstrated that symmetry principles are of great importance in quan- tum mechanics; who pioneered the application of quantum mechanics in the fields of chemical kinetics and the theory of solids; who was the first nuclear engineer; who formu- lated many of the most basic ideas in nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry; who was the prophet of quantum chaos; who served as a mathematician and philosopher of science; and the Wigner who was the supervisor and mentor of more than forty Ph.D. -
What Classical Music Is (Not the Final Text, but a Riff on What
Rebirth: The Future of Classical Music Greg Sandow Chapter 4 – What Classical Music Is (not the final text, but a riff on what this chapter will say) In this chapter, I’ll try to define classical music. But why? Don’t we know what it is? Yes and no. We’re not going to confuse classical music with other kinds of music, with rock, let’s say, or jazz. But can we say how we make these distinctions? You’d think we could. And yet when we look at definitions of classical music—either formal ones, in dictionaries, or informal ones, that we’d deduce by looking around at the classical music world—we run into trouble. As we’ll see, these definitions imply that classical music is mostly old music (and, beyond that, old music only of a certain kind). And they’re full of unstated assumptions about classical music’s value. These assumptions, working in the background of our thoughts, make it hard to understand what classical music really is. We have to fight off ideas about how much better it might be than other kinds of music, ideas which—to people not involved with classical music, the very people we need to recruit for our future audience—can make classical music seem intimidating, pompous, unconvincing. And so here’s a paradox. When we expose these assumptions, when we develop a factual, value-free definition of classical music, only then can we find classical music’s real value, and convincingly set out reasons why it should survive. [2] Let’s start with common-sense definition of classical music, the one we all use, without much thought, when we say we know what classical music is when we hear it. -
Classical Music Consumer Segmentation Study How Americans Relate to Classical Music and Their Local Orchestras Commissioned by 15 American Orchestras and the John S
Classical Music Consumer Segmentation Study How Americans Relate to Classical Music and Their Local Orchestras Commissioned by 15 American Orchestras and the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation INSIDE THE CULTURAL Consumer’s Mind Classical Music Consumer Segmentation Study Final Report FINAL REPORT Classical Music Consumer Segmentation Study How Americans Relate to Classical Music and Their Local Orchestras October 2002 Commissioned by the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation and 15 American Orchestras: Brooklyn Philharmonic Orchestra Charlotte Symphony Orchestra Colorado Symphony Association Detroit Symphony Orchestra Hall Fort Wayne Philharmonic Orchestra Kansas City Symphony Long Beach Symphony Association Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra New World Symphony Oregon Symphony Association The Philadelphia Orchestra Association Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra Symphony Society of San Antonio Wichita Symphony Society © 2002 Audience Insight LLC Page 1 Classical Music Consumer Segmentation Study Final Report ABOUT The Study Abstract Orchestras are adrift in a sea of classical music consumers who rarely, if ever, attend live orchestra concerts. With more than 25,000 interviews with potential classical consumers and orchestra ticket buyers in 15 cities, the Classical Music Consumer Segmentation Study offers a sweeping view of an art form in transition and an orchestra field increasingly detached from its potential customers. The study paints a detailed picture of how consumers fit classical music into their lives — listening to classical radio and recordings in their automobiles and homes, and attending live concerts in churches, schools and traditional concert venues. Roughly 10 percent to 15 percent of Americans have what might be termed a close or moderately close relationship with classical music, and again as many have weaker ties. -
Using Pop Soundtrack As Narrative Counterpoint Or Complement Margaret Dudasik Honors College, Pace University
Pace University DigitalCommons@Pace Honors College Theses Pforzheimer Honors College 5-1-2013 Genre as Bait: Using Pop Soundtrack as Narrative Counterpoint or Complement Margaret Dudasik Honors College, Pace University Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses Part of the Film and Media Studies Commons Recommended Citation Dudasik, Margaret, "Genre as Bait: Using Pop Soundtrack as Narrative Counterpoint or Complement" (2013). Honors College Theses. Paper 127. http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/honorscollege_theses/127 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Pforzheimer Honors College at DigitalCommons@Pace. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@Pace. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Genre as Bait: Using Pop Soundtrack as Narrative Counterpoint or Complement By: Margaret Dudasik May 15, 2013 BA Film & Screen Studies/ BFA Musical Theatre Dr. Ruth Johnston Film & Screen Studies, Dyson College of Arts and Sciences 1 Abstract There is much argument against using pre-existing music in film, Ian Garwood noting three potential problems with the pop song: obtrusiveness, cultural relevance, and distance from the narrative (103-106). It is believed that lyrics and cultural connotations can distract from the action, but it is my belief that these elements only aid narrative. By examining the cinematic functions of the soundtracks of O Brother Where Are Thou? (2000) and Marie Antoinette (2006), I will argue that using pre-existing music in film is actually more effective than a score composed specifically for a film. Film theorist Claudia Gorbman notes that film scores have “temporal, spatial, dramatic, structural, denotative, [and] connotative” abilities” (22), and it is my belief that pop music is just as economical in forming character, conveying setting, and furthering plot. -
John Von Neumann's “Impossibility Proof” in a Historical Perspective’, Physis 32 (1995), Pp
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by SAS-SPACE Published: Louis Caruana, ‘John von Neumann's “Impossibility Proof” in a Historical Perspective’, Physis 32 (1995), pp. 109-124. JOHN VON NEUMANN'S ‘IMPOSSIBILITY PROOF’ IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ABSTRACT John von Neumann's proof that quantum mechanics is logically incompatible with hidden varibales has been the object of extensive study both by physicists and by historians. The latter have concentrated mainly on the way the proof was interpreted, accepted and rejected between 1932, when it was published, and 1966, when J.S. Bell published the first explicit identification of the mistake it involved. What is proposed in this paper is an investigation into the origins of the proof rather than the aftermath. In the first section, a brief overview of the his personal life and his proof is given to set the scene. There follows a discussion on the merits of using here the historical method employed elsewhere by Andrew Warwick. It will be argued that a study of the origins of von Neumann's proof shows how there is an interaction between the following factors: the broad issues within a specific culture, the learning process of the theoretical physicist concerned, and the conceptual techniques available. In our case, the ‘conceptual technology’ employed by von Neumann is identified as the method of axiomatisation. 1. INTRODUCTION A full biography of John von Neumann is not yet available. Moreover, it seems that there is a lack of extended historical work on the origin of his contributions to quantum mechanics. -
Arxiv:Quant-Ph/0101118V1 23 Jan 2001 Aur 2 2001 12, January N Ula Hsc,Dvso Fhg Nrypyis Fteus Depa U.S
January 12, 2001 LBNL-44712 Von Neumann’s Formulation of Quantum Theory and the Role of Mind in Nature ∗ Henry P. Stapp Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory University of California Berkeley, California 94720 Abstract Orthodox Copenhagen quantum theory renounces the quest to un- derstand the reality in which we are imbedded, and settles for prac- tical rules that describe connections between our observations. Many physicist have believed that this renunciation of the attempt describe nature herself was premature, and John von Neumann, in a major work, reformulated quantum theory as theory of the evolving objec- tive universe. In the course of his work he converted to a benefit what had appeared to be a severe deficiency of the Copenhagen interpre- tation, namely its introduction into physical theory of the human ob- servers. He used this subjective element of quantum theory to achieve a significant advance on the main problem in philosophy, which is to arXiv:quant-ph/0101118v1 23 Jan 2001 understand the relationship between mind and matter. That problem had been tied closely to physical theory by the works of Newton and Descartes. The present work examines the major problems that have appeared to block the development of von Neumann’s theory into a fully satisfactory theory of Nature, and proposes solutions to these problems. ∗This work is supported in part by the Director, Office of Science, Office of High Energy and Nuclear Physics, Division of High Energy Physics, of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract DE-AC03-76SF00098 The Nonlocality Controversy “Nonlocality gets more real”. This is the provocative title of a recent report in Physics Today [1].