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Monogeneans of Fish Near Gökçeada, Turkey

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Monogeneans of Fish Near Gökçeada, Turkey Turkish Journal of Zoology Turk J Zool (2013) 37: 441-448 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/zoo-1205-4 Monogeneans of fish near Gökçeada, Turkey Ahmet AKMIRZA* Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, İstanbul University, İstanbul, Turkey Received: 04.05.2012 Accepted: 04.02.2013 Published Online: 24.06.2013 Printed: 24.07.2013 Abstract: In this study, performed in April, July, September, and October 2011 and January 2012 in the northeastern Aegean Sea near Gökçeada in Turkey, 14 species of monogenean trematodes (Anthocotyle merlucci, Kuhnia scombri, Mazocraes alosae, Plectanocotyle gurnardi, Choricotyle chrysophrii, Pseudaxine trachuri, Amphibdella torpedinis, Bivagina alcedinis, Aspinatrium trachini, Microcotyle erythrini, Atrispinum acarne, Atrispinum salpae, Atrispinum seminalis, and Zeuxapta seriolae) were found in a total of 64 fish samples from 17 fish species (Merluccius merluccius, Trigla lucerna, Lichia amia, Alosa fallax, Trachurus mediterraneus, Boops boops, Diplodus annularis, Diplodus vulgaris, Pagellus acerna, Pagellus erythrinus, Salpa salpa, Spondyliosoma cantharus, Spicara flexuosa, Sphyraena sphyraena, Trachinus araneus, Scomber japonicus, and Torpedo marmorata) among a total of 721 fish samples from 49 fish species. Amphibdella torpedinis, Bivagina alcedinis, Atrispinum spp., and Zeuxapta seriolae are new records for the study area and Turkey. Key words: Monogenea, Trematoda, fish parasites, fish of Gökçeada 1. Introduction 2. Materials and methods Monogenean trematodes belong to one of the most species- The fish samples were caught using various fishing rich classes of fish parasites. They are commonly found on methods such as trawl, gillnet, longline, and vertical fish gills and skin. High abundance of monogeneans may longline near Gökçeada in the northeastern Aegean Sea lead to significant fish mortality as a consequence of tissue in Turkey in April, July, September, and October 2011 damage, respiratory distress, and secondary bacterial and and in January 2012. Fish samples were transported to fungal infections. Many of their biological and ecological the laboratory in aerated tanks and were kept alive until traits (monoxeny, rapid reproduction, hermaphroditism) dissection and parasitological investigation. Fish samples enable them to cause serious damage in both wild species were identified according to Ekingen (2004) and Daniel et and farmed stocks (Dezfuli et al., 2007; Lia et al., 2007; al. (2006). In total, 721 fish specimens were investigated Strona et al., 2010). for monogenean trematodes. Gills were removed and Monogeneans have very high host specificity and, placed in separate petri dishes containing seawater, and hence, host specificity has often been used to estimate they were examined for monogenean parasites under a monogenean species richness as a function of fish stereomicroscope. Monogeneans were removed from the biodiversity. Monogeneans are also very suitable for gills and transferred to petri dishes containing filtered mathematical modeling in ecology (Whittington, 1998). The waters off Gökçeada are characterized by high fish seawater. Live parasites were slightly compressed between species richness. While Ulutürk (1987) reported 144 fish a slide and a cover slip prior to being examined under a species from 60 families near Gökçeada, Keskin and Ünsal light microscope. Microphotographs were taken. Some (1998) detected 76 fish species. Many of these fish species parasites were immediately mounted in glycerin jelly, have commercial value and play an important role in while others were placed in 70% ethanol solution prior Turkish fisheries. Some monogeneans such as Choricotyle to being fixed on slides. Measurements were taken on chrysophrii, Pseudaxine trachuri, Aspinatrium trachini, fixed specimens using an ocular micrometer or BEL view Microcotyle erythrini, Octosoma scombri, Cyclocotyla camera programs. Identification of the parasites was made bellones, and Gastrocotyle trachuri were found in some according to the works of Dawes (1968), Pugachev et al. parasitic studies performed in this area (Akmırza, 1997, (2010), Chisholm and Whittington (1998), Radujkovic 1998, 2003, 2004). and Euzet (1989), and Yamaguti (1963). * Correspondence: [email protected] 441 AKMIRZA / Turk J Zool 3. Results mm long, 0.8–1.3 mm wide. Haptoral clamps arranged In this study, a total of 721 individual fish were investigated symmetrically in 2 diverging rows of 4 each. Terminal for monogenetic parasites, and 14 species of Monogenea haptoral lappet short, with 2 pairs of anchors. Esophagus were detected in a total of 64 fish samples from 17 fish long, caeca unbranched, extending into the haptor. Testes species. Abundance, prevalence, and mean intensity of the not numerous, postovarian. Genital pore having genital detected monogenean species on their respective hosts are hooklets in semicircular rows. reported in the Table. Microphotographs representative Mazocraes alosae Herman, 1782 (Figure 3) of the monogenean species found in the area of study are Body tapering to either end, middle region of the body shown in Figures 1–12. flattened, 4–7 mm long, 0.8–1.3 mm wide. Haptor almost Anthocotylidae Price, 1936 triangular, having 4 pairs of clamp-like suckers, 2 pairs Anthocotyle merlucci van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 of anchors on a terminal lappet. Testes numerous, filling (Figure 1) the region between the caeca in the posterior half of the Body symmetrical, tapering anteriorly, with maximum body. Ovary elongate, in front of the testes. Genital pore breadth just in front of the haptor, 4–8 mm long, 0.5–1 mm elongate, with hooklets. wide, haptor with 4 pairs of clamps; the clamps of anterior Plectanocotylidae Monticelli, 1903 pair having a very large dorsal and a ventral valve, small Plectanocotyle gurnardi (van Beneden & Hesse, 1863) clamps are like a short peduncle and a terminal lappet, (Figure 4) bearing 3 pairs of anchors. Testes numerous, confined Body tapering to anterior end, elongate, 1.5–2.5 mm between intestinal caeca in the posterior half of body. long. Haptor symmetrically bearing 3 pairs of clamps on Ovary medium, tubular, located in front of the testes. a short peduncle, terminal lappet with 3 pairs of anchors. Vitellaria extending laterally along the intestine. Ovary lopped, elongated and curved. Testes numerous, Mazocraeidae Price, 1936 postovarian. Kuhnia scombri (Sproston, 1945) (Figure 2) Diclidophoridae Cerfontaine, 1895 Body shape lanceolate, broadest near the midbody, Choricotyle chrysophrii van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 tapering towards the anterior extremity and haptor, 6–9 (Figure 5) Table. Abundance, prevalence, and mean intensity of the monogeneans found near Gökçeada. Parasite species Host NEF NIF NP P (%) MI Min–max Merluccius merluccius 9 4 13 44.44 3.25 1–6 Anthocotyle merlucci Sphyraena sphyraena 3 1 2 33.33 2 2 Kuhnia scombri Scomber japonicus 71 11 21 15.49 1.91 1–4 Mazocraes alosae Alosa fallax 6 1 2 16.67 2 2 Plectanocotyle gurnardi Trigla lucerna 7 2 3 28.57 1.5 1–2 Choricotyle chrysophrii Spondyliosoma cantharus 19 1 1 5.26 1 1 Boops boops 49 5 6 10.20 1.2 1–2 Pseudaxine trachuri Trachurus mediterraneus 26 4 8 15.38 2 1–3 Amphibdella torpedinis Torpedo marmorata 7 3 8 42.86 2.67 2–4 Spicara flexuosa 23 5 11 21.74 2.2 1–3 Bivagina alcedinis Spondyliosoma cantharus 19 1 2 5.26 2 2 Aspinatrium trachini Trachinus araneus 9 2 6 22.22 3 2–4 Pagellus erythrinus 12 2 3 16.67 1.5 1–2 Microcotyle erythrini Pagellus acerna 26 2 5 7.69 2.5 2–3 Boops boops 49 1 3 2.04 3 3 Atrispinum acarne Pagellus acerna 26 12 31 46.15 2.58 1–6 Atrispinum salpae Salpa salpa 17 2 7 11.76 3.5 2–5 Diplodus annularis 62 1 2 1.62 2 2 Atrispinum seminalis Diplodus vulgaris 29 3 5 10.34 1.67 1–2 Zeuxapta seriolae Lichia amia 3 1 2 33.33 2 2 NEF: number of examined fish; NIF: number of infested fish; NP: number of parasites; P: prevalence; MI: mean intensity; Min–max: minimum–maximum intensity. 442 AKMIRZA / Turk J Zool Figure 1. Anthocotyle merlucci: a) total view; b) anterior part; c) clamps and anchors; d) detail of anchors. Figure 2. Kuhnia scombri: a) total view; (b) framing of the genital pore; (c) structure of clamp. Figure 3. Mazocraes alosae: (a) anterior region; b) testes; c) haptor. 443 AKMIRZA / Turk J Zool Figure 4. Plectanocotyle gurnardi: a) total view; b) structure of clamp; c) anchor. Figure 5. Choricotyle chrysophrii: a) total view; b) haptor; c) structure of clamp. Body fusiform, 4–5 mm long, 1 mm breadth. Haptor Microcotylidae Price, 1936 terminal, with 4 pairs of pedunculated clamps. Testes Bivagina alcedinis (Parona & Perugia, 1889) (Figure 8) numerous (~30), postovarian. Ovary folded upon itself. Body lanceolate, 5–6 mm long, 0.9–1.2 mm wide. Gastrocotylidae Price, 1943 Haptor symmetrical with numerous pairs (40–45 pairs) Pseudaxine trachuri Parona & Perugia, 1889 (Figure 6) of similar clamps. Testes not very numerous (8–10 testes), Body 5–6 mm long, 2–2.5 mm wide. Haptor unilateral, postovarian. Vaginal pore double. with a single row of clamps on its oblique lower edge, Aspinatrium trachini Parona & Perugia, 1889 (Figure 9) terminal lappet with one pair of anchors. Cephalic Body 2–5 mm long, 0.6–0.8 mm wide. Haptor region bearing a pair of buccal suckers. Testes numerous, symmetrical with numerous pairs (7–10 pairs) of clamps. postovarian. Ovary U-shaped with unequal arms. Testes numerous (about 20), postovarian. Acanthocotylidae Price, 1936 Microcotyle erythrini van Beneden & Hesse, 1863 Amphibdella torpedinis Chatin, 1874 (Figure 7) (Figure 10) Body elongate and fusiform, 3–5 mm long, 0.6–0.8 mm Body lanceolate, 2–4 mm long, 0.3–0.6 mm wide. wide. Haptor with 2 pairs of large hooks and a single bar. Haptor symmetrical, triangular in profile, with a row of Intestine bifurcate, caeca reaching to the posterior end. numerous small clamps (45–50 clamps on each row). Testes quite elongate longitudinally, postovarian.
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