April 19, '1988 ·EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10081 EXTENSIONS O·F REMARKS A Fitting Channel for Teacher Action · and in the streets of our cities. The only "brotherhood" of this life, above the very road to progress is positive action on the life of his brother. part of people who wish to participate But he was unprepared for the perplexing HON. --JOHN G. TOWER constructively in this democracy. In my protests from average, ordinary, God-fearing, OF TEXAS well-meaning, run-of-Main Street citizens! opinion, striking rectuces the effective­ As he lingered in thought, the warmth of IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES ness of our teachers. They can much the fading sun, and the weariness of the long Friday, April19, 1968 elevate their causes through proper po­ day, crept up on Carlton. And a kindly slum­ litical channels. For that reason, I feel ber carried him away. Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, the week­ that an annual teachers-in-politics week­ It was, of course, only a dream, but this end of April 5-7 was designated by the end could become a most constructive is how it went: National · Education Association as and responsible force. Far away, in the land of Samaria, there Teachers in Politics weekend. I want to lived a woodworker named Naivius. The add my support to the general enthu­ source of his fame, and his hope for fortune, siasm for this program which has al­ were in the timbers he marketed from his small grove of the finest trees to be found ready been voiced by so many Members Strange Legend: Curious Riddle within several days journey. of Congress. So tall and straight were these trees, and I have been disturbed during the last so skilled was Naivius in working the lumber, year at the increasing tension evident HON. DURWARD G. HALL that it was eagerly sought by those who would among our Nattion's teachers. Their con­ OF MISSOURI build the very best. Wielding an adz of his cern that school curricula, facilities, and IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES own design, with strokes so strong and sure services be improved to meet the ever no man could match them, Naivius finished more sophisticated educational require­ Friday, April19, 1968 beams so perfect and precise they were recog­ nized and valued throughout the land. ments of a technological society is cer­ Mr. HALL. Mr. Speaker, at a time when This reputation reached the Roman au­ tainly well founded and in the best in­ many of us have cause to reflect over the thorities in Judaea, who required for their terest of our children. difficult decisions we have made, and will own use the better things to be had. Their concomitant interest that they make in the coming months, I recently So, to Naivius in Samaria a message was be paid wages commensurate with the had occasion to read a parable written dispatched, commanding him, in the name preparation required by the teaching by Joe Bartlett, for whom all ·of us who of the Roman Procurator, to prepare a ship­ profession and indicative of the high serve in this chamber have such a great ment of his finest timbers, and promising value the society should place on good that if they were promptly and skillfully affection. It occurred to me that this finished, a handsome compensation would be educators, is entirely justified. As a form­ Easter season was a most appropriate forthcoming. er teacher myself, I know that too often time to share these thoughts with my The message was received by Naivius with we have wasted our valuable teaching colleagues. Accordingly, I have Joe's per­ mixed emotions. The prospect of a ready manpower in classes too large to allow mission to share with you this parable, profit was pleasing enough, but the Romans more than keeping order, and in Pe­ entitled "Strange Legend: Curious Rid­ were a disconcerting dominion over the peo­ ripheral clerical tasks that could be at­ dle," and I therefore under unanimous ple, and he doubted that he should do busi­ tended by less skilled teacher aides. consent insert the article at this ooint in ness with them. Tales of tyranny by the Procurator, and by It is regrettably true that in too many the RECORD: the High Priest, troubled Naivius. places our teachers can hardly earn a STRANGE LEGEND: CURIOUS RIDDLE "Why send supplies that would enhance living wage; that very often men teach­ (A parable_ by Joe Bartlett) the power of the Procurator's authority in ers must moonlight to feed their families Congressman Carlton had the strangest Jerusalem?," he debated with himself. or else abandon teaching in favor of some dream. The same question he put to his family, to more lucrative job. Yet in many places Sitting on the south portico of the Capitol, his helpers, and to his neighbors. And their dramatic strides have been made re­ Rex Carlton had watched the descending rebuttal was as plausible as it was cently in the area of salaries. Between sun skewer itself on the famous obelisk that preponderant. is the Washington Monument. "Naivius," they rejoined, "your timbers are the 1966-67 and 1967-68 school years, not implements of conflict. They will not add salaries showed an average increase At least an hour had passed since four bells had signaled the adjournment of the to the arsenal of the oppressors. in my own State of Texas of 10 House of Representatives. The legislative "In truth," they persuaded, "these timbers percent, giving teachers an estimated scene was deserted for another day, except will surely be used to build shelters and ac­ average salary of $6,675 this year. We for Representative Carlton, who had lingered commodations for the poor people of Judaea. hope to continue the rapid and extensive behind to indulge himself in the luxury of "It should be gratifying to you, Naivius, to improvement in this area. some uninterrupted meditation. know the products of your labor will be serv­ ing to better the lot of the hapless multitudes Mr. President, what disturbs me in all Like most congressmen, Carlton's days with whom you sympathize. were such a maelstrom of entreaties and this is that many teachers lately, it seems "Even in the hands of tyrants, your good to me, are resorting to more unwise demands, diagnoses and decisions, that the works will be a great benevolence unto the means to gain their goals. I mean, of thing for which he felt the greatest need people. They will see your kindness and they was simply time to think. will know that Naivius is a good Samaritan. course, the strike. In 1967, 75 strikes by This day he felt a particular need to re­ teachers were recorded, as compared "And we will prosper!" examine his reasoning on a matter that His own apprehensions so thoroughly re­ with 33 in the previous year. Already seemed to him so clear; so obviously wrong. jected, Naivius and his company went to this year major work stoppages have Trading with an enemy was, to Carlton, work to fill the order. been experienced in Montgomery County, such an abominable practice, he was stunned Long and well did they labor, and soon the Md., and over the entire State of Florida, to learn there were those who professed in­ consignment was finished and on its way to just to name the most severe. genuous support of sending supplies to those Jerusalem. I oppose striking by teachers, first, be­ engaged in deadly combat with our own Time passed, but still the earnest Naivius countrymen. was plagued with a puzzlement about his cause of the illegality generally involved; This incredible point of view had been second, because it is detrimental to stu­ dealings with the Romans. impressed upon the congressman by a bar­ Finally, he would no longer be satisfied dents; and third, because it detracts from rage of vituperation that had been zeroed but that he should go to Jerusalem to see the teaching profession. It is for these in on him since recent publicity concerning what were the good works to which his tim­ reasons that I look with so much hope his efforts to legislate an embargo upon trade bers had been put. and enthusiasm at this latest effort by with North Vietnam. Journeying to the south, Nalvlus had vi­ responsible teachers to channel their For time unwatched, Carlton immersed sions of tine public buildings being supported energy and their desire for concrete edu­ himself in the most critical introspection. He by timbers of his distinctive hew: Shelters tested his reasoning and tormented his own for the huddled masses; sanctuaries for the cational reform in more constructive logic from every attack he could imagine. ways. innocent and the infirm; places of learning He could dismiss the harangues of the for the children. Every day we witness the tragic evi­ avowed communist sympathizers, though he These happy anticipations hastened his dence that the use of force or threat or despised them for their perfidy. steps and he reached Jerusalem just as dark­ withdrawal in a challenging situation is He could find a sickening pity for the pious ness and the quiet of the Sabbath settled not the answer. We see it in Vietnam Pollyanna who could somehow put the over the city. 10082 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 19, '1968 Ooming to the top of a hill, and being guished columnist and editor concludes It is our leadership in Washington that somewhat out of breath, Naivius stopped to that: fails to understand the difference. That is rest for a moment. A crossbeam lying on the where the "sickness" exists. ground provided a handy place to sit down, If the impression becomes nationwide that In times of natural disaster, such as a but hardly had he sat than his hand felt a the police are going to wait until looters or hurricane, a flood, an earthquake, military familiar pattern in the wood. Even in the arsonists commit criminal acts rwther than forces are used to maintain order. In the dimming light his eyes confirmed it to be trying to prevent these by making arrests, event of looting under these circumstances, one of his own. America may expect a larger amount of vio­ the traditional order has been, "Shoot to kill." Excitedly he explored its surface to try to lence than has already occurred. This may appear harsh, but it is always determine for what use it was intended. Too Mr. President, due to the important justified by the harshness of the circum­ dark to be sure, but above the cross1ng beam stances. And it has been successful in main­ he thought he could make out the words: subject with which these editorials are taining order, even before gunpowder in the "The King of the Jews." concerned, and the excellent discussions days of the Roxnan empire. Strange legend; Clli"ious riddle; what could they represent, I ask unanimous consent You criticized the Governor of Tennessee it mean? that these three editorials be placed in for rushing national guardsmen into the In the light of the morning, he would be the Extensions of Remarks. streets of Memphis. These guardsmen were sure. There being no objection, the editori­ there to confront the criminal elements, Mr. Around the campfires of the night, soldiers als were ordered to be printed in the Wilkins. They weren't there to oppress any­ then, as now, discussed the ways of war. And RECORD, as follOWS: one. They were there to protect the hon­ then, as now, they pondered the words of est and decent citizens of that community, Moses, and the laws he said should be ob­ [From the North Augusta (Ga.) Star, April be they white, black, green, or blue. He did served in war: 11, 1968] the right thing-YOU were wrong, Mr. Wil­ ". . . When thou comest nigh unto a city OPEN LETTER TO MB. RoY WILKINS kins. to fight against it, then proclaim peace unto Following the tragic murder of Martin It is time for the decent people of Amer­ it ... and if it will make no peace with Luther King last week, a special telecast ica to insist that their government protect thee, but will make war against thee, then carried comment by the executive secretary them from the things that have happened thou shalt besiege it." 1 of NAACP, Mr. Roy Wilkins. Among his pro­ in Washington, Chicago, Detroit and other ". . . and thou shalt build bulwarks testations of grief over the passing of Mr. cities. against the city that maketh war with thee, King, Mr. Wilkins also commented that our If we are to preserve right, we must com­ society, our nation, our America was "sick." bat wrong! It's that simple. Our national until it be subdued." 2 leadership simply fails to know one from Amen! This open letter is the way one American feels about Mr. Wilkins' remarks. the other. And the formula is simple. The right to YOU WERE ONLY PARTLY RIGHT, MR. WILKINS protest stops at the outside of a plate glass DEAR MR. WILKINS: I agree that part of window! It stops when the first protestor Three Editorials on Recent Riots our America is sick. It is not that part of raises his fists, lifts a club, throws a stone, America that used Mr. King's death as an ex­ or fires a gun. cuse to rush into the streets to burn and It must stop there if our society is to long HON. STROM THURMOND loot. That part of America, Mr. Wilkins, endure. is criminal. It should be dealt with as crim­ As bad as some things may be with our OF SOUTH CAROLINA inals. way of life, it is still better than any other IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES The part of our America that is sick, Mr. way to be found in the world since the Wilkins, is that part of our leadership which Friday, April19, 1968 beginning of time. I'm for keeping it as good fails to recognize criminality for what it is as it is and trying to improve it. And I'm Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, a and deal with it accordingly. This is the sick for fiercely combatting anyone or anything great many editorial columns of the past part of our society, Mr. Wilkins. that would harm it. When President John Kennedy met his un­ How about you, Mr. Wilkins? 2 weeeks have been devoted to the timely death from an assassin's bullet no one recent riots and destruction in our cities. rushed into the streets to burn and loot The gravity of this situation is such that as evidence of grief. This "reaction" to Mr. [From the State, Columbia, S.C., Apr. 17, this subject deserves careful analysis. King's death is simply an excuse for the crim­ 1968] .Three editorials which came to my at­ inal elements of our society to revolt with ANATOMY OF A RIOT tention recently deserve special notice. little fear of reprisal. It was the mixture of poverty, agony and The first appeared in the North Augusta Pictures of our nation's capital in flames is despair that provoked Dr. King's mourners Star on April 11, 1968, entitled "You no tribute to the apostle of non-violence. It to loot and riot, was it not? And may we not is pure evidence of the criminality of the expect these "disadvantaged" Americans to Were Only Partly Right, Mr. Wilkins." movement which he started! The editorial is in the form of an open burn down our cities, piecemeal, summer by But wait, Mr. Wilkins, am I not guilty summer, until Congress addresses itself to letter to Roy Wilkins, executive secretary of the same thi;ng I am condemning? Just the social sickness that gnaws at the vitals of the NAACP. This editorial makes the because some Negroes loot and burn is no of the ghetto? indication that all Negroes are guilty of the very timely point that much of our na­ "The only genuine, long-range solution tional leadership fails to distinguish same thing, any more than your saying White America is sick because a white man shot for what has happened," the President said between legitimate protest and acts Mr. King! Isn't that right, Mr. Wilkins? last June in explanation of last summer's of criminality. The problem which our leaders appear un­ riots, "lies in an attack-mounted at every The second editorial entitled "Anat­ able to solve is to differentiate between a level-upon the conditions that breed de­ omy of a Riot" appeared in the State legitimate protest and an act of criminality. spair and violence. All of us," he said, "know This is the sickness in our national leader­ what those conditions are: ignorance, dis­ newspaper of Columbia, S.C., Wednes­ crimination, slums, poverty, disease, not day, April 17, 1968. This editorial dis­ ship today. It's the same sickness that fails to act to enough jobs." cusses the flaws in the theory that the secure the release of the United States Ship And if any of us do not know the litany riots of the last few years are caused by Pueblo. by now, it is not for any· failure on the part poverty. It points out that the real cause Our leadership has simply failed to grasp of the nation's columnists and television of the rioting is a general trend toward the significance and utter simplicity of what pundits to drill us in it. Poverty causes riots. lawlessness, aided by a permissive atti­ one of your own heroes said xnany years ago, It is a part of the conventional wisdom of tude on the part of many influential Mr. Wilkins. our t ime, and it is a sham. persons. "It is the eternal struggle between these One needs only to consult the record­ two principles-right and wrong-through­ of Watts, of Detroit last summer, of Wash­ A third editorial column by David out the world. They are· the two principles ingt on this month-to see that the popular Lawrence entitled " 'Deadly Force' in that h ave stood face to face from the be­ explanation is a fantasy. For whatever cause Riots Sanctioned" appeared in the Eve­ ginning of time and will ever continue to the mobs assembled, it was not for lack of ning Star on April 18, 1968. Mr. Law­ struggle. The one is the common right of work. Nor does the record show that the rence's column is an excellent examina­ humanity, and the other the divine right of rioters were more discriminated against, tion of the issues involved in the differ­ kings. It is the same prin ciple in whatever more ignorant or more physically sick than ing statements of Mayor Richard Daley shape it develops itself." the overwhelming majority of Negroes who I recognize your people's r ight to pro­ did not riot. In fact, it suggests t~e opposite. of Chicago and Attorney General Ram­ test, Mr. Wilkins. That is contained in the Ninety per cent of those arrested during sey Clark concerning the use of force in same amendment to the constitution that the Washington riots were employed in jobs the suppression of riots. The distin- guarantees me the right to run my news­ p aying from $85 to $150 a week. The rioters paper. I · also recognize the "wrong" in what included an assistant librarian, a real estate 1 Deuteronomy 20-10. some of your people are d oin g in the guise agent, , college students, clerical: workers, and 2 Deuteronomy 20-20. of protest. government employes. The typical looter had April 19, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10083 completed the eleventh grade in school, and arrest, use of maximum force has long been But at least if Commandant Car­ many of the thieves-as has been true of sanctioned. michael is free to conduct his warfare nearly every riot so far--drove to the scene Atty. Gen. Ramsey Clark, speaking to the in the United States we can be happy for in late model cars, which then were loaded American Society of Newspaper Editors here down with liquor, television sets and ex­ yesterday, declared that a blanket order to the many anti-Communist Cubans who pensive clothes. shoot rioters could lead to a "very dangerous will now be able to regain their home­ Studies done in Detroit, for example, escalation" of violence in American cities. land via Castro's stooge war in the showed that unemployment was not a factor He added: United States. · where last year's riots had erupted. On the "I do not believe that the use of deadly Shame on those shortsighted bureau­ contrary, the rioting, arson and looting had force by law-enforcement officers is permis­ crats who have brought our country to taken place in the more affiuent Negro neigh­ sible except in self-defense or when it is the brink of fear, battle casualties and borhoods where average household incomes necessary to protect the lives of others." were on the order of $5,000 to $6,000 a year. Daley has since explained that his order to chaos here in the United States. Why Much the same was true of Watts. the police to use "deadly force" was directed should they hate their own people this This is not to say that rioting cannot oc­ against arsonists and those who were refus­ much-or can this be what they boast of cur in slums or that slum dwellers never ing to obey the police. He declared: as compensatory benefits? take part in riots. It does not appear, how­ "Certainly an officer should do everything I include the Evening Star report on ever, that the relationship between poverty in his power to make an aiTest--to prevent the Carmichael-Radio Cuba report fol­ and rioting is one of cause and effect. Riot­ a crime-by utilizing minimum force neces­ lowing my remarks: ing seems a part of the general trend toward sary. But I cannot believe that any citizen lawlessness, but with a distinction. would hold that policemen should permit an CUBANS QUOTE CARMICHAEL ON URBAN Society manifests a special compassion to­ arsonist to carry out his dangerous, murder­ WARFARE ward those who murder and steal as part of ous mission when minimum force necessary (By Jeremiah O'Leary) a general uprising. Someone hurls a fire­ cannot prevent or deter him. There are few Stokely Carmichael told Radio Havana the bomb into an apartment bullding, and a crimes that hold the potential of loss of life, day after Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was as­ tiny baby is burned to death in its crib. or threat to the entire cominunity as does sassinated that more people are now begin­ Society does not respond with shock, anger arson." ning to plan seriously for urban guerrilla and disgust. It assumes that the arsonist Jerome P. Cavannagh, mayor of Detroit, warfare to retaliate for the death of King needed a job, and its heart goes out--not where 43 persons were killed, in several days and to bring the United States to its knees. to the victim or the parents-but to the of rioting last year, said that policemen The interview resulted from a phone call arsonist. should use "what force is necessary-hope­ Carmichael received in Washington on Fri­ It would be quite remarkable if, in such fully, minimum force-to apprehend that day from Miguel La Guardia, a commentator a permissive atmosphere, the rioting should person." He obviously had in mind individ­ on the Communist Cuban station. The inter­ stop. uals engaged in arson or attempting to resist view was rebroadcast in English over Latin arrest. He continued: * "People caught in the act of arson are America from Havana the same day. Such implict incitements, which both felons and are apprehended (in Detroit) The monitored words of Carmichael, of shape and reflect the common attitude, do pursuant to the law. But to make a blanket which a text is now available, said: no good. And the thought occurs that riot­ statement that you are going to fire into "It is crystal clear to us that the United ing will never cease untll the nation rejects crowds of looters or crowds of arsonists, is a States of America must fall in order for hu­ the counsel of apologists. very difficult and impossible thing to say or manity to live and we are going to give our Criminals are criminals, whether acting to do, and I don't intend to say it or do it." lives for that cause. singly or in concert; and no society can en­ The subject is one that should be clarified, "BROWN JAILING CITED dure which, viewing crime, can blame only primarily because in many recent riots where itself. "A white America has H. Rap Brown in the police have acted with restraint word jail right now. And America killed Dr. Martin quickly has spread that there was no obstacle Luther King Jr. last n1ght (April 4). When (From the Washington (D.C.) Evening Star to looting and even to arson, as the police they killed Dr. King, they made a mistake Apr. 18, 1968] would not interfere. Certainly in the Wash­ because Dr. King was the one man who was "DEADLY FORCE" IN RIOTS SANCTIONED ington riots it has not been determined trying to ask black people not to burn down Do policemen have to wait until a rioter whether, when the police acted with a cer­ the cities. with a gun pulls the trigger and then try to tain "restraint," this was misinterpreted by "Now that they have killed Dr. King, there shoot at him and the other gunmen? Must some persons as a license to set fire to build­ is no black man who wlll ask black people an arsonist with a fire bomb in his hand ings and to loot stores. not to burn down cities. What it means is be allowed to throw it before the officers of If the impression becomes nationwide that that we've gone full swing into the revolu­ the law can make an effort to use force? the police are going to wait untll looters or tion." arsonists commit criminal acts, rather than These questions have been given nation­ Carmichael said there was burning, shoot­ wide attention as a result of a statement by trying to prevent these by making arrests, America may expect a larger amount of vio­ ing, and kllling over the death of King in Richard J. Daley, mayor of Chicago, who said 35 cities that Thursday night. It is clear, he in a press conference that he had issued lence than has already occUlTed. If, on the other hand, it is made clear that "deadly added, that more of this wm continue. orders to his police to "shoot to kill" arson­ "So more people are now beginning to plan ists during a riot. force" will be used when potential arsonists and looters actually defy the pol1ce, order seriously a major urban guerrilla warfare But it is evident that many of those who where we can begin to retaliate not only for have com1nented on Mayor Daley's statement may be restored more quickly and serious damage prevented both to lives and property. the death of Dr. King but where he can move do not understand law enforcement. The best seriously with this country to bring it to its explanation has come from Orlando W. Wil­ knees," Carmichael said. son, former police superintendent in Chicago, The young Negro mllitant said there wlll who retired last year and now lives in Cal1- be more urban gueiTilla warfare because open fornia. He said: Castro and Carmichael rebellion wlll not win against the police. . "The action proposed is within the frame­ work of Illinois law and certainly the law ACTIVITIES PROBED in no state authorizes killing in Ueu of ar­ HON. JOHN R. RARICK In closing, Carmichael sent his respects to rest. The objective of the police must be to OF LOUISIANA "our brothers and sisters in Cuba" and asked aiTest, and I am sure the mayor had this in IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES La Guardia to tell Prime Minister Fidel Cas­ m~~ . tro, "I said hello." "The use of deadly force is authorized by Friday, April19, 1968 Carmichael's activities in Washington the law in the event an ar~est is resisted or the night King was kllled are already under fed­ arrestee undertakes to avoid arrest by flight. Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, Castro's eral and Washington police investigation to I think this is where the difficulty lies: Maybe No.1 agent for the U.S. theater of action deterinine 1f his statements warrant prosecu­ the mayor's statement to the press did not is reconfirmed as that leading civil tion under anti-riot laws. come out quite that way." rights advocate, Stokely Carmichael. At a press conference here last Friday Mayors of many have spoken in support of But do not give Stokely and Castro all morning Carmichael told newsmen that the action of the head of Chicago's city gov­ the credit. He has some friends in high King's death "made it a lot easier for a lot ernment. But other mayors seem to think places in our Government who must that Daley's intent is to use force on every­ of Negroes-they know it's time to get guns body engaged in a riot. rejoice. Those of State and the intellec­ now. Execution of this retaliation will not Certainly there is no justification for in­ tual team, who sabotaged the Bay of Pigs be in the courts but in the streets." • life­ discrim~ate shooting into a mob or crowd battle because they feared loss of He was quoted as telling other Negroes the just to disperse it. When a criminal act has and making the Russian Bear mad­ night King was slain to "go home and get you been initiated, however, and the offender should be real proud of the sellout of a gun ·and then come back because I got me a ignores a policeman's order to halt or resist their fellow· Americans. .gun." ' 10084 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 19, 1968 Anti-Semitism-Polish Communist Style By one of history's ironies, a quarter of a Commanders marked the first time that these century after these terrible events the th~y two national veterans organizations in the handful of Jews remaining in Poland, less United States had joined in a common dec­ HON. JOSEPHS. CLARK than 30,000 of the more than three million laration. before the war, are going through a new The Polish Legion of American Veterans OF PENNSYLVANIA agony and a new persecution. The Nazis represent the more than one million Amer­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES built a physical wall to contain and isolate icans of Polish descent who have served the Friday, April19, 1968 the Jews; Poland's Communist rulers have U.S. in American wars. used a fictitious image to achieve the same The Jewish War Veterans of the United Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, the mem­ result. The charge of "Zionism" is now di­ States of America is the oldest acttve war ories of Hitlerism have not grown so rected largely at assimilated, de-Judaized, veterans organization in the country. dim that the world does not fear what and Communist persons of Jewish origin recent events in Poland portend for its who had become so Polonized that they Jewish citizens. Is the world again to re­ could and did remain in Poland, trying to ignore the ghosts of the past that haunt Ben Carpenter, Jr., Addresses Membership main silent in the face of the all too fa­ that land. miliar pattern of anti-Semitism now FUture generations in a free and more en­ Convention of Texas and Southwestern clearly discerned in high places in the lightened Poland will doubtless remember Polish Government? both the passivity of their ancestors in 1943 Cattle Raisers Association The events of the past few weeks as re­ and their verbal program of 1968 with shame, ported in the world press confirm our regret and incredulity. HON. OLIN E. TEAGUE fears that the machinery of the Polish JEWISH WAR VETERANS OF THE OF TEXAS state is grinding toward the persecution UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES of the remnants of Polish Jewry-the Washington, D.C., April 8, 1968. fewer than 30,000 remaining out of a pre­ Hon. JosEPH S. CLARK, · Friday, April19, 1968 World War II population of 3,000,000 U.S. Senate, Mr. TEAGUE of Texas. Mr. Speaker, a who lived in Poland before the Nazi holo­ Washington, D.C. very good friend of mine, Mr. Ben H. Car­ DEAR SENATOR CLARK: For your interest caust. I am enclosing a copy of our recent press re­ penter, Jr., of Dallas, Tex., president of When one looks beyond the cynical ac­ lease. the Texas and Southwestern Cattle Rais­ cusations of "Zionism'' and "cosmopoli­ The recent events in Poland and other ers Association, sent to me a copy of his tanism" it becomes clear that this cam­ Iron Curtain countries are, un!ortunaltely, most recent speech to that group. paign of persecution is being waged by bringing to stark realization our worst fears. Mr. Carpenter is one of the South­ the Polish Government in order to coun­ Once again, the nightmarish hunt for scape­ west's leading young men. He is one of ter and obscure the pressure for liberal­ goats is being centered on Polish Jews. Surely, the most civic minded and partiotic indi­ now is the time for men of good will in the ization of the Communist government Congress to raise their voices in protest viduals I have ever known. His speech to coming from students, the church, and against the attempt to revive, in any form the group of men whom he leads is most the general population. whatsoever, the mindless and soulless brutal­ appropriate in light of recent events in It is a tragic irony that today marks ity of just twenty-five years ago. our country which point up the apparent the 25th anniversary of the uprising of Respectfully, complete disregard for law and order. I the starving, martyred band of Jews of FELIX M. PuTTERMAN, include his speech in the REcoRD: National Legislative Director. the Warsaw ghetto-so movingly com­ ADDRESS BY BEN H. CARPENTER, PRESIDENT, memorated in John Hersey's book, "The POLISH AND JEWISH VETERANS ORGANIZATIONS TEXAS AND SOUTHWESTERN CATTLE RAISERS Wall"-who went to their flaming death JOINTLY CONDEMN POLISH ANTI-SEMrriSM ASSOCIATION, AT ITS ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP CONVENTION, MARCH 26, 1968 opposing the tyranny of the Nazis. WASHINGTON .-Two American veterans or­ All people of good will must make their ganizations, one Polish-American and one of Traditionally, the first item on the formal voices heard. The infamy of today's Pol­ American Jews, today joined in condemning .agenda of this association is a report from ish inquisition is an assault on the con­ the mounting wave of Polish anti-Semitism the president. Normally, the comments of sweeping that unhappy country. the president are made up of his views about science of the world. To remain silent is the state of affairs of our industry and a to participate in the infamy. Joseph L. Pudlo, Jr., National Commander of the Polish Legion of American Veterans, reaume of the administrative activities of I ask unanimous consent that an edi­ U.S.A., and Samuel Samuels, National Com­ the association during the preceding year. torial published in the New York Times mander of the Jewish War Veterans of the This morning I am going to deviate from of Apr1119, and a letter and press release the U.S.A., decried the vicious scapegoating that pattern. Later, on the program today from the Jewish War Veterans of Amer­ of the remaining Jews of Poland, the few and tomorrow you will hear from an im­ ica be printed in the RECORD. thousand left after brutal decimation by the pressive roster of speakers and panelists who Nazis, as allegedly responsible for the fer­ will discuss in depth a variety of the condi­ There being no objection, the items tions which exist in our industry. Tomorrow were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, ment in Poland today. "The common ties that bind our two vet­ the Secretary-General Manager will report as follows: erans groups, our Americanism and our serv­ to you on a number of administrative ad­ WARSAW, 25 YEARS AFTER ice in the uniform of the United States in justments which have been made during the Twenty-five years ago today the uprising time of war, emphasize our joint voice crying past year and on the activities of the asso­ in the Warsaw ghetto began, when several out against the bloodless genocide threaten­ ciation officers and staff. thousand Jews in courage and despair said ing Polish Jewry today," stated the two Na­ Therefore, I am going to use my preroga­ "no" to the Nazi keepers of the charnel tional Commanders. tive as an outgoing president and instead of house. The resistants knew from the begin­ "On the 25th anniversary of the Warsaw confining my remarks to the cattle industry, ning that it was a hopeless struggle, that Ghetto uprising, when the brutal Nazi dic­ I am going to talk with you for a few minutes Nazi superiority in numbers and arms would tatorship murdered most of Warsaw's Jewry about a much broader subject, but one prevail, and that the gas chambers--or while another brutal dictatorship, the Com­ which vitally affects each one of us. I want worse--were the certain outcome. Neverthe­ munists, stood by in acquiescence, it is a to discuss briefly with you the ~nvironment less the fighters of the ghetto fought, and doubly grievous blow to justice and harmony in which we, as citizens, find ourselves to­ fought well, for weeks and in some cases among men that people should stlll be per­ day-the environment in which we must even for months. Before Hitler achieved his secuted solely because of their faith." live, raise our families, and conduct our goal of making Warsaw Judenrein, one of Americans of all backgrounds and men of business affairs. the great heroic sagas of man had been good will everywhere were urged by the Na­ The most popular description of our en­ written in blood and tears. tional Commanders of the Polish Legion and vironment used today by speakers is that it All during the agony of the Warsaw ghetto, the Jewish War Veterans of America pub­ is a "changing" enVironment. The word the people of the city that encircled it lived licly to protest the persecution of Polish .. 'change," of course, is a most appropriate more or less normally; there was no general Jews by the Communists. one. uprising or other major effort to aid those National Commanders Pudlo and Samuels In this dynamic country of ours, w:here so desperately fighting the Nazis, virtually also warned against the possibility of the things happen so quickly, where situations with bare hands. Not all Poles were passive, deceptive trap lurking in Gomulka's "offer" are changing at an ever accelerating tempo, of course, nor were all Jews heroes. There to allow Polish Jews to emigrate at will. Too -it is extremely easy for us to lose perspec­ were numbers of non-Jewish Poles who lost often, warned the two National Command­ tive. In our fretting- about how today dif­ their lives or risked them to help the doomed ers, similar Communist "offers" have re­ fers from yesterday some of us somehow look thousands in the ghetto. There were -even ~ulted in the Jews being marked as "enemies back on yesterday as being "normal." Actu­ some Jews who betrayed their own people. of the state" whe~ they signed up for the ally there has obviously been no such thing But these were the exceptions-on both promised emigation. - as normality during the last three cen­ sides. The joint statement of the two National turies for the simple reason that there has April 19, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10085 been such steady and rapid change during off and left their souls behind. They must salute the flag, to read the United States the entire period. watt now for tlieir soUls to catch up." Constitution, and to go home to his parents This is a fact which apparently escapes Mr. Rockwell has commented that it seems when classes were over. many ·persons. Many of us are constantly to him that this could be happening to On every hand there are signs that we are looking to the past, dreaming of it, wish­ Americans today. We may be running so fast substituting materialistic values for spiritual ing for it, not realizing that if we were to that our technology is outrunning our souls. ones-the old standards of what is right, succeed in taking ourselves back to the pe­ Max Ways, senior editor of Fortune Maga­ what is wrong are being discarded and, in riod when there was little change from one zine, has given us this warning: their stead, we are establishing doubtful generation to the next we would have to "Unless we change our thinking, we won't codes of ethics that, if followed, can only return to the Middle Ages-back to the days be able to cope with the change that is taking render us impotent as a people and as a of the Black Death, of hopeless malnutrition place. Change, of course, has always been a nation. Riots, demonstrations, acts which and superstitution.• of ignorance and tyranny. part of the human condition. What's different . show disrepect for our flag, for high govern­ Let us look at just a random selection of about it now is the pace of change, and the ment officials, and for law and order have developments which change has brought us prospect that it will come faster and faster, become -a way of life for far too many Ameri­ since this association was organized under affecting every part of life, including per­ cans. the Oak Tree at Graham. These develop­ sonal values, morality, and religions, which Only a small handful of our political lead­ ments include the gasoline engine with all seem most remote from technology." ers, like Congressman Olin Teague, have ex­ its ramifications including automobiles, And this is of great concern to me. Every­ pressed real concern about these conditions. trucks and buses, farm tractors, piston where there seems to be an abandonment of Unfortunately outspoken men like him are driven airplanes, motorcycles, motor boats, the ancient values that have sustained and in a small minority, while the great majority power mowers, stationary engines, and mobile restrained the ·human race upon this earth. still seem to "go· along to get along." construction and military equipment of all The old virtues which we were brought up And-here is what also disturbs me most kinds; the diesel locomotive; turbine and to respect and copy in our daily lives, are of all-instead of being outraged by what jet powered airCTaft; oil fueled ships; rockets now derided and called-at best, old-fash­ has been going on, many of our leaders on and missiles, industrial equipment and ma­ ioned and out-of-date and, at worst, "square." the national level seem to be spending most chinery of many sorts; oil and gas fueled Not long ago there was a story in the of their time making up excuses for be­ space heating and cooking equipment; air Dallas Morning News about a friend of havior which we were brought up to con­ conditioning; the washing machine, refrig­ mine, John Plath Green, who is a member sider as obscene, illegal, perverse, irresponsi­ erator, vacuum cleaner, incandescent lamps, of the Dallas School Board. The story quoted ble, riotous, and even treasonous. the phonograph, telephone, movie machine, him as saying he was "disheartened and sick We hear a lot about freedom these days­ radio, television, radar, rotary drill, cream at his stomach" upon his return from Wash­ and we hear very little about responsibility. separator, milking machine, commercial fE-r­ ington where he had attended a small meet­ We hear a lot about the right to express tilizers, antibiotics, feed additives, vacuum ing of school board members representing one's self--and very little about the right of packing and freezing, the cash register, the metropolitan communities from all parts of other people to avoid being offended by such atomic reactor, computers and electronic in­ the country. A few, like himself, were lawyers. expression. struments, X-ray, the heart-lqng machine, There were a doctor or two and some busi- We hear a lot about the underprivileged and the iron lung. And there are, of course, ness and other professional men. · poor-but very little about the under­ thousands of other amazing developments, Green of Dallas was asked to talk about 20 privileged taxpayer who is being made the which we are quick to become r..ccustomed minutes on what he thought the primary scapegoat for the deserving and the unde­ to and take for granted. function of a school system should be. serving poor alike. There can be no progress without change. The most important function, he said, is We pussyfoot among a lot of high-sound­ Our task in life is not to resist changes but to educate its products. ing names. We call drunkards "alcoholics," to intelligently respond to changes that take Teach them to spell, to compose a sen­ we call homosexuals "deviates," we call draft place. Many of the problems of our own tence properly, to think creatively and with dodgers, "card burners," and slackers cattle industry today are a partial result of high motives, to know right from wrong. "pacifists" or "conscientious objectors," we the reluctance of many cattlemen to accept "They should know what honor is, what call dope addicts "experimenters in per­ thls fact. We must not let ourselves become civic service is, what discipline is and what sonality extension," we call criminals "vic­ so pre-occupied wih resistance to new ideas it means to serve their fellowman and their tims of society." and with dreams of past golden memories country." Some of this may be all right. Some of it that we fail to devote sufficient thoughts and When he finished, he got no applause. "A may reflect a more compassionate attitude in efforts to respond to these new changes as few of them looked at me, as though I were our society. But I think the time has come they challenge us. some kind of a nut," he said. when we should and must draw a line The most significant thing about the He was told by one school board member separating compassion from softheadedness, changes taking place in our environment from the East: "Mr. Green, the 20th ~ntury permissiveness and timidity. today is the speed with which they are oc­ has passed you by." Near the end of his great book on the curing. Dr. Thomas Stelson, head of Civil The member from Dallas, in other words, decline and f·all of the Roman Empire, Ed­ Engineering at Carnegie-Mellon University, was old-fashioned, re·actionary, ba.ckwoodsy, ward Gibbon lists the reasons for the dis­ tells us that half the knowledge an engineer and way out in right field. The very idea of a solution of the great political force which had when he graduated in 1958 is now ob­ man getting up and saying .he believed in had held the civ11ized world together for solete. At the same rate of change, today's teaching honor and duty! more than 500 years. The principal reasons graduate will find at least half his present A discussion followed, ideas were pitched included- knowledge obsolete by 1978. Or to put it back and forth, a resolution or two intro­ 1. Excessive spending by the central gov­ another way, half of the technical knowledge duced-and from it all, my friend Green got ernment. an engineer will need to know in 1978 is not a picture of what these other board members 2. Unw1111ngness of the young men to bear now ava.ilable to him. No one knows what felt that the educational system should do. arms in defense of their country. it is. One said he felt the primary function was 3. Overindulgence in luxury. 4. Widespread sexual immorality and easy Our society has traveled fast and far in to integrate, not to educate--though he used advancing our technology, our physical out­ some high-sounding terms such as "ethnic divorce, which destroyed the integrity of essentials." family life. put, and our material well-being. We have 5. The spread of effeminacy-girls looking developed the most productive form of so­ Another said that public schools, from kindergarten on, should use the child "to and acting like men, men looking and acting olety that man has ever enjoyed. We have like girls. taken long strides into the unknown and shape society." Very, very early the child should be taught the value of "public wel­ 6. Disregard for religion. have extended man's influence upon his en­ That was Rome, 1400 yeaTs ago. Does the vironment. But, has the swiftness of our fare" and of poverty programs and should be bussed from one neighborhood to another, picture seem to apply to the United States material achievement outrun our moral and today? spiritual capacity? so that he or she could be associated closely with children of other races. I have no patience with the complacent In considering this question, W. F. Rock­ The child should be educated, said another, Pollyannas who pooh-pooh the idea that our well, Jr., Chairman of the Eoard of North so he will be an adult "who exists for the moral fabric is disintegrating, and who claim American Rockwell Corporation, cites the state." that conditions are no worse today than story of the American hunter who was in Nearly all, ex~pt Green of Dallas felt that they were fifty years ago. search of big game in West Africa. He was children should be taken away from their When most of us were young, women getting close to his prey when his hard­ parents at the age of 2 and put in kinder­ didn't live in constant fear of assault, rob­ running native guides suddenly sat down to gartens. bery, and rape. Parents could send their rest. The American protested to their leader. My friend Johnny Green was shocked to children down to the corner store without He threatened, pleaded, offered bribes, but find that at that meeting he was a minority dying a thousand deaths until they returned. the natives wouldn't budge. of one who believes in the theory that the A man could walk his dog around his neigh­ "But why," he asked the leader, "why primary "function of a school is basic edu­ borhood at night without fear of being must they stop now?" cation and that a chlld should be taught mugged, or beaten up, or murdered just for The leader replied, "The men say they right from. wrong, how to read, how to spell, kicks. have hurried too fast. Their bodies have run how to write his name correctly, how to We all remember when a r.ape was a front 10086 EXTENSIONS OF. REMARKS April 19, 1968 page story. Now, in most large cities, it's a In Chicago he said-"l'm going to Wash­ for years with the rights of the accused. It run-of-the mill story tucked ·away among ington and take it over lock, stock and has all but rendered our police helpless. But the want ads and the minor traffic accidents. barrel." let us examine the situation. Do we have a If a rapist wants to make the front pages What used to be called treason is being ac­ serious problem with innocent persons being ha has to commit his crime in wholesale lots cepted today as freedom of speech. What wrongly convicted? Do we really believe that and in an especially spectacular manner. used to be called riot and insurrection not our police are seizing every opportunity to The competition is too great. so long ago is today called freedom of as­ "brutalize" suspects? Is this really the prob­ Many of you read about the revolt last sembly. And academic freedom---its a noted lem? No, of course, it isn't. The real prob­ week of the large section of the student body educator recently said- lem is the abuse of thousands of innocent at Howard University when a mob of stu­ "Has become a sort of Yalu River behind helpless people by hardened criminals. Why, dents drove the university administrators which Educators and Students alike are im­ then, cannot the Supreme Court address it­ out of their offices and forcibly occupied the - mune from attack but from which they are self to this problem, rather than destroying entire administration building of the Uni­ free to sally forth to attack everything else, the effectiveness of the police who are trying versity for a period of several" days. This, including their own school and college." to protect us? almost in the shadow of the Nation's Capitol. Whose fault is this condition? In a way, Not long ago a Judge freed a woman who For an example closer to home-would you it's everyone's fault. Too many of us have had confessed to killing her four-year-old believe it if I told you that three of the cattle been talking about freedom without really child-freed the woman because her attor­ theft rings uncovered by this association knowing what freedom is all about. ney was not present when she confessed her during the past year were composed of stu­ Educators, politicians, clergymen, busi­ crime. The woman thanked the Judge and dents at Texas A&M College? Now, this is nessmen, farm groups, and almost everyone he reprimanded her. He said "Don't thank something not to be dismissed lightly with else-have been demanding more and more me, thank the Supreme Court, You should the comment that "Boys will be Boys," when, freedom for more and more people as go' to jail for your crime." The woman went for example, you realize that the ringleader ­ groups-often at the expense of individual free. of one group, a student in the junior class freedom. But they have failed to emphasize A patrolman in Washington, D.C. an­ now serving five years in the penitentiary, the responsibilities of freedom. There has swered a fire alarm, and found a building had developed against him convicting evi­ been a lot of talk about so-called "Civil burning. When he approached the fire, two d ence on 62 separate the~t cases, including Rights" and absolutely no mention of "Civil men walked up to him and one man said, cattle, horses, trailers, and saddles. Our Responsibilities". You can't gain freedom by "This is the man that did it." The patrolman inspectors recovered stolen property disposed taking it away from somebody else. Freedom said to the other man "What do you have to of by this group as far away as Billings, is something you earn and deserve and build say for yourself?" The second man said Montana, and Fort Collins, Colorado. In and create for yourself. "Yes, I set the fire." The court threw his between this ring's major theft activities, But most of all I blame the people who confession out on the basis that the patrol­ it stripped automobiles on the campus. should have been giving this country respon­ man should not have questioned the second Since the first of the year two sophomore sible leadership and instead have given it man without a lawyer present. students, an agricultural education major meaningless phrases and political slogans. Sometime ago the Washington police ar­ and a range science major, ring leaders of For too long a time all decisions regarding rested a man•caught in the very act of rap­ another theft group operating in three coun­ the direction and destiny of our country ing a 22 year old Government employee. This ties, have been indicted with evidence de­ have been politically oriented decisions. Eco­ man had, on two other occasions, within the veloped by this association's inspectors. nomic decisions have been political rather previous six months been charged with the And Violence? Violence is too common for than economic, social decisions have been same type of crime. In the first instance the mention. One need only glance at the news­ political rather than social, military de­ paper headlines to realize that the seeds of cisions have been political rather than mili­ case was dismissed because the victim com­ revolution are being sown throughout the tary, foreign policy decisions have been mitted suicide rather than go through the country today. The assault on a single day political rather than diplomatic, public edu­ ordeal of the trial. The second case was dis­ last April of 185,000 demonstrators against cation decisions have been political rather missed by the trial court on the technical the Vietnam war with displays of hatred than practical. grounds that the police had made an illegal search because of their failure to first ob­ for our country and contempt for its laws And we find on the national scene at this and institutions is example enough. Or the tain a search warrant. He was finally tried, very moment an array of candidates eager found guilty and sentenced by the District 75,000 who descended on the nation's capitol to continue this practice which in my opinion on October 21st and created mass havoc. Court, but listen to this--<>ur very learned has created the pattern of frustration and U.S. Court of Appeals reversed his convic­ During the past two years more than 128 confusion which typifies all of the major American cities have experienced outbursts tion because the Trial Court let the jury segments of our society today. see, at their request, the official weather re­ of racial violence. If conditions were different and favorable, We can't blame the newspapers. If they port for the time of the alleged attack, which these national leaders would be the first to certified that the weather was clear, the were to cover all the violence in their com­ claim credit, so a great deal of the blame for munities in the way they used to cover it, temperature in the low 70's and the visibil­ the saddening conditions that do exist must ity eight miles. The basis for the Appellate they would have to have a special editor for be placed at the doorstep of these same na­ rape, a special edtior for armed assault, and Court decision was that the trial judge erred tional leaders who have all but incited cer­ in letting the jury see the weather report so on. tain elements of our society·to riot, and have Listen to these statistics for a moment. after the jury started deliberating, and that refused to condemn such riots until they the defense counsel had no way of attack­ In the United States today there is a forcible became a political embarrassment. rape every 26 minutes, and these are just ing it after he had contended at the trial They have led too many of our citizens to that there wasn't enough light to make a the rapes that are reported. regard freedom as meaning freedom from There is an armed robbery every five positive identification possible. minutes. un-pleasantness, freedom from work, freedom This is not fiction I This is modern day There is an aggravated assault every three from discipline, freedom from sacrifice, free­ America! This is law enforcement and jus­ minutes. dom from duty, freedom from responsibility, tice under the "Great Society"? Why must There is a car theft every minute of every freedom from concern for your neighbor. it be that way? Why cannot the Supreme day of the year. That isn't freedom at all. And those who Court turn its resources to solving the crime Violence has become a common thing in lead the uninformed, the uneducated, and problem rather than erecting legal means our daily lives. Blatant disregard for the the ignorant along that path are guilty of for the criminal to escape? Whose rights are rights and the freedom of others has become political bribery and blackmail. most important, the general public's or the a commonplace thing. Too many of our citizens demand the right habitual criminal's? Is it any wonder that Governments like ours were formed to to determine what is moral and what is not. about 80 percent of serious crime is by re­ substitute the rule of law for the rule of · They end up determining that nothing is peat offenders? force. A government can only lose the respect immoral, everything goes. They feel no obli­ Many of us who live on farms and ranches for which it is held when for political rea­ gation toward others who maintain tradi­ are partially isolated from the conditions sons its public otncials do not fully enforce tional moral standards. They feel no respon­ which I have described and don't have to its laws. sibility for the young who are not prepared face them on a day-to-day or week-to-week The freedoms our forefathers fought and for exposure to the kind of immorality that basis like some of our city cousins. But this died to obtain are now being used to weaken they desire to preach and practice. This is is our country too, and we need to become and divide our great country. Listen to these not freedom; this is irresponsibility. concerned. There are too many of us who statements which were publicly made by one When men take the law into their own show a lack in interest in anything which of the more militant civil rights leaders: hands, when men, acting as individuals, de­ does not have an immediate and direct per­ "We've got to tell Johnson that if we don't cide for themselves which laws they will sonal effect. There are too many of us who get home rule here in Washington we're go­ obey and which they will disobey, then we show a willingness to compromise one's ing to disrupt this city completely." don't have freedom, we have a direct and principles and beliefs so long as the immedi­ "In Cleveland they're building stores with aggravated assault on all freedoms. In every ate effect of doing so is not too earthshaking. no windows-all brick. I ' don't know what society of free men there must be law-givers But this step by step erosion of America's they think they'll accomplish. It just means and law-abiders, and there must be penal­ fundamental concepts of patriotism, self­ we have to move from Molotov cocktails to ties for those who will not abide. reliance, individual dignity, and fiscal re­ dynamite." The Supreme Court has preoccupied itself sponsibility has now reached the point April 19, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF .REMARKS 10087 where it threatens the continued existence children the power and glory of prayer. We History has shown us that great advances of our great country as the cornerstone and have successfully and shamefully defended in have been made in civilization where there anchor point of true freedom of opportunity court our children's right to ignore the has been an acceptance of citizenship re­ for the individual. salute of the flag. Groups are hard at work sponsiblllty by a broad group of people on Many of our national leaders have em­ trying to abolish Christmas and Easter _pro­ a grass roots basis. The ancient empires of braced a philosophy which regards the in­ grams in schools, eliminate Thanksgiving Rome and Greece, for example, achieved their dividual as being . incapable of dealing di­ Day and Presidential proclamations of prayer; initial greatness when individual citizens rectly with the complex problems each one of even working to remove Chaplains from our provided advancement in such areas as sci­ us face today. The extent to which govern­ Armed Forces. ence, medicine, judicial matters, education, ment has already assumed responsibility for I reject these contentions and all of this and economic trade. Great cities in which basic economic requirements has truly weak­ nonsense. I don't believe that we can com­ the citizens both took pride and accepted ened individual initiative. fortably take pride in the scientific and tech­ responsibillty were the foundation of these The present economic situation in which nological advances of the day amidst the im­ empires of the past. However, as the central this country finds itself today must in sub­ morality, irreverence, irresponsib111ty, and governments became more and more power­ stantial degree be charged to the so-called violence which exists in such volume in our ful, the citizenship of the cities and the "New Economics" which have drastically in­ society today. countryside abdicated their responsiblllties fluenced Government spending and "man­ What can we do about it? to provide for their own progress and wel­ aged" basic fiscal policy for the last ten years. There is no quick and easy solution. But we fare to these central governments. Arrogant It is almost impossible today to find in a top can make a start by taking our heads out of and improperly motivated, but strong central level financial advisory capacity of our Na­ the ground and recognizing the growing crisis governments resulted and contributed to the tional Government men who believe a debt is around us for what it is. We can start as eventual crumbling of once great civlliza­ a debt and that a permanent program .of individuals by abandoning the philosophy tions, leaving only the ruins of once great spending above income will bring disaster to of non-involvement in matters of public structures of marble and stone. an individual, a family, a company, or a gov­ interest, an attitude which too many of us We must not let history repeat itself, as it ernment. In our national leadership councils have embraced in recent years. We must be sometimes has a habit of doing. We must practical men of experience have been re­ willing to accept our citizenship responsi­ learn from the past and realize that pres­ placed by theoretical, academic types. They bilities. We must choose our national lead­ ervation of the integrity and dignity of each operate under a far different economic and ers with more care and caution. man as an individual is vital. The only ave­ political philosophy from that which pre­ What can we do about it? nue for the preservation of our way of life vailed as the basis for this nation becoming We can start relearning the art of self-dis­ and its improvement for our fellowmen lies the strongest country in the long history of cipline and insisting that all elements within not in more reliance upon our central gov­ the world. Their philosophy does not coun­ our society learn it, also. ernment in Washington, but in the accept­ tenance such things as balanced budgets and We must relearn and teach others that,. in ance of citizenship responsibilities at the debt retirement. These egg-head economists the common idiom, "there's no such thing grass roots level by as many people as can be rationalize that "it makes no difference about as a free lunch." motivated to do so. the size of the debt because we owe it to our­ Our American society was based on a. sys­ A responsible citizen is one who is aware selves." Nevertheless continued deficit spend­ tem of earned rewards and earned punish­ of the creative nature of man. Of all the ing by the National Government has brought ments. There is no place in our society for creatures that inhabit the earth, man is the infiation, and none of their rationalizing can either rewards or punishments that are not only one that is not content to merely exist deny the fact that the American dollar has earned. in his environment. God has given men the loot about 60% of its buying power since We must learn to call things by their right mental capacity to alter or change their 1940, and appears destined to lose more. names. Violence is Violence, no m..atter what environment. OuT Christian training and Ladies can rebel, protest, demonstrate, the cause in which it is perpetrated. Vio­ background teaches us that this t?Uperior picket, and boycott the grocery stores; con­ lence is a grievous breach of the law and ability should be directed toward improv­ gressmen can order investigations; but the must be treated as such. ing life for our fellow beings on earth. In real culprit is the "New Economics" of gov­ Treason is still treason and should be this sense each one of us has a responsibility ernment. Some of these Economists call it a treated as such. Anyone who gives aid and to be creative; that is, to make whatever con­ "Government Managed Economy" and others comfort to an enemy of the United States tribution we can as individuals toward main­ call it a "Government Controlled Economy". is filrting with the very essence of treason. taining and improving the environment of Whether managed or controlled, they have And this should be true whether that man our society as a whole. Unfortunately, too made a mess of the financial affairs of this is a presidential candidate, a negro minister, many of us have been leaving this responsi­ country from the towering federal debt of or a foreign agent. The same goes for sedition bility to others, or worse still, have been approximately $350 billion and the swiftly and for all those who preach sedition, who abdicating it to the questionable leadership rising cost of living to the deficit in our in­ teach it to their students, or who seek to of a coalition of professional politicians and ternational "Balance of Payments" and the arouse sedition in others by burning their fog-headed, theoretical economists. diminishing of the treasury of gold at Fort draft cards or defaming and disgracing the I think most ~f ·us have good intentions, Knox. American Flag. but we have let ourselves become so pre­ Barron's Financial Weekly has this to say We must stop coddling the breakers of occupied with our own personal day-to-day about the President's Council of Economic our laws, making up excuses for them, look­ problems and pleasures that we have neglect­ Advisers, to which I agree: ing complacently the other way because it is ed our individual obligation for active par­ "It is not a disinterested body of schol­ safer and easier to ignore them, or because ticipation and involvement in those affairs ars, competent or otherwise. Cloaked in aca­ it is politically expedient to do so. of society as a whole which are shaping the demic robes, it has turned into an organ ot We have tried the soft approach, and many destiny of our country. Good intentions political and economic propaganda". of us hoped it would make conditions better. and lofty desires in themselves will not solve "Far from seeking to appraise business and This has failed. Conditions have become the problems that face us today. financial trends, a difficUlt task at best, the worse, not better, and they are growing worse The philosopher and writer, R. F. Horton, in Council of Economic Advisers has been more with every passing day. discussing the Proverbs, states this: "We concerned with defending worthless guide­ We must grow tougher in our approach only begin to live in any true and satlsfac- • lines and meddling with wages and prices. and we must tighten our financial belt. tory sense when we have learned to take Like all manipUlators, they have proven We must rediscover for ourselves-and each day by itself, and use it as if it were hopelessly inept either at grasping or coping teach to others-the truth that freedom is our last, and indeed as if it were our all; with cause and effect or supply and demand." inseparable from responsib111ty. It is a tUffi­ dismissing the thought of tomorrow as mere We are at a critical point in history. On the cult thing to win-freedom-but it is even phantom which forever evades our grasp­ one hand, dramatic and fast changing ad­ more difficult t~ live with it, and still more it is well for us, then, each morning to take vances in technology and science offer mira­ difficult, we are finding, for the individual the day fresh from God's hands, and at once cUlous opportunities to improve the creative to keep it. to throw our whole soul into it, and to live level of mankind. On the other hand, the vio­ Freedom is indivisible. Any so called free­ it with a pure intensity, a sense of solemn lence, the license, the financial and moral ir­ dom that impairs and impedes the legitimate and joyful responsibility!" responsibillty which infest our land have freedom of others is tyranny, whether it l;>e The trouble with so many of us is that we caused great divisions among our people. Do in the form of an all-powerful dictator, or are always getting ready to act instead of we have the emotional stability as a people whether it be in the form of an arrogant, acting; we are getting ready to participate to reject the damaging and negative tenden­ oppressive, and bigoted power structure, or but never really participate in public affairs. cies of our society in order to properly and whether it be in the form of a violent, lazy, .Tpe psychologist, William Moulton Mar~ fully utilize the opportunities that scientific selfisn, irreverent and un-patrioti.c minority. ston, once asked three thousand persons this advancement holds before us. These solutions may sound impractical, question: "What have you to live for?" He There are those who contend that old­ even corny. Certainly they sound old­ was shocked to find out 94% were simply en­ fashioned creeds, the principies of our fore­ fashioned. But I firmly believe that the old­ during the present while they waited for the fathers, the founding philosophies of this fash:ioned creeds and homespun philosophies future. They were waiting for something to country's early days are now outmoded and that spring from _our heritage still provide happen; waiting for the children to grow up, inapplicable to this computerized age . of the best foundation for an attack on the waiting for next year. They were waiting for space and science. Our schools have been multitude of problems t~at face .us even in another time to take a long, dreamed about instructed to refrain from teaching our this fast-moving space age. trip; waiting for someone to die; waiting for 10088 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 19, 1968 tomorrow without realizing that all anyone the Chandler Times. Craig was a fearless Athens hospital after a lengthy illness. He has for certain is today! editorialist, and his influence in this was 78. The financial mess that we find our coun­ When a young :man, he owned a weekly try in today, the violence and unrest on the small; piney woods, east Texas village newspaper at Chandler. He hired a young domestic scene, the muddled foreign policy, was great. He remained with us only a printer's helper named Ralph Yarborough. the soaring crime rate, the disregard for law few years but the imprint of his influ­ Now Sen. Ralph Yarborough was en route and order; these things haven't been created ence lingered in that town on the Neches to Texas Friday night to attend the funeral o.vernight. A major trouble is that when River, 25 miles from the county seat of of his old employer. these trends started and have progressed, too Athens, for a generation. Craig and the late Ashley M. Barnes later many of us have been waiting it out, hoping Craig purchased the Athens Daily and owned the Athens Daily Review and Athens the trends would change, leaving the prob­ Weekly Review for 25 years. lem to others. Weekly Review, moved from Chandler Craig sold his inteTest in the paper to Each day offers us opportunities and one to Athens, Tex., and there, as the editor Barnes in 1941 and entered the banking and of life's most precious possessions, time it­ and publisher of the leading paper in one real estate fields. self. It is a shame to forever lose and waste of the most influential political counties He became a staunch backer and admirer these most valued elements of our lives by in east Texas, his influence was felt of Yarborough and actively helped in the procrastination, while our society moves statewide. election of James V. Allred as governor of headlong toward disaster. Resolve on every Editor R. T. Craig was a friend of my Te~as. day of your life to give fUll attention to the Craig's greatest political victory, he told moment right at hand, for life is made up family, a friend of mine, all the days friends, was "chasing the Ku Klux Klan out of moments at hand, and only in this way of my life. For more than 50 years our after World War I." can you live youT life to the fullest, and friendship endured. When I was about AfteT selling out to his partner, Craig be­ fulfill your responsibilities as a creative 12 years of age, I earned my first whole came president of the First National Bank of citizen. dollar in one day turning an old Wash­ Athens. It's so easy to follow the line of least re­ ington handpress for him in Chandler Services are scheduled in the First sistance by saying "I can't do anything about to run off the weekly edition of the Methodist Church of Athens at 2 p.m. all this," yet the fact is, you can do some­ Saturday. Burial will follow in an Athens thing, you must do something! Chandler Times. cemetery. When you get home from this convention, .R. T. Craig remained my friend and Survivors include his wife; a son, R. T. write your Congressman and let him know political adviser all my life. His counsel Craig, Jr., McKinney; a daughter, Mrs. Mastin your views on those public affairs with which was invaluable; his influence, great. Stover, Athens; a stepson, Rodney Johnson, you have concern. If you and he have differ­ The time President Lyndon Johnson Dallas. ing views, write him anyway, and let him was elected to the Senate in a very close know how you differ with him and why. The race, R. T. Craig carried Henderson . (From the Athens (Tex.) Daily Review, next time your congressman or legislator Feb. 17, 1968] comes to town, collar him, and let him know County for Lyndon Johnson by the larg­ in person how you feel. Write and talk to est majority of any county between Waco WrrH THE PASSING OF TIME your newspaper editor. Write and talk. to the in central Texas, and the Louisiana­ There was a considerable period of time in schoolteacher, college professor, or even col­ Arkansas borders in the east. He was a Athens when politics was the number one lege president who may be in youx: com­ stalwart friend of Jimmy Allred, the last topic of discussion. In Texas there were few, munity. Seek out those in your community Progressive Governor to serve Texas, and if any, more interested in the subject and who influence the views of others and let more in touch with the politicians them­ them know of your concerns and thoughts. who served in the 1930's. Craig brought selves than the man who served as editor of Conditions are not going to change be­ to the town of Chandler, 0. B. Colquitt, The Athens Review from 1918 to 1941. cause .we want them to. The only hope for the incumbent Governor and he wel­ Whether it was Big Jim Farley, Gov. Allan change is for you and me, and thousands of comed former Presidents to Athens, Tex. Shivers, Sen. Ralph Yarborough or one of a others like us, to start sounding off about Mr. President, I a.Sk unanimous con­ hundred others who held im-portant posi­ matters of public interest. There must be sent that there be printed in the Exten­ tions in the government, Rupert Craig knew another voice heard besides that of the Black them well and they sought his advice and sions of Remarks the following: counsel. Power mobsters and their intellectual com­ An panions. Nobody can do our part, as small as article entitled "R. T. Craig, Ex­ Hi!? interest in politics was intentionally it may be, but you and m.e! Editor, Banker, Dies," published in the confined pretty well to the Democratic Party In closing let me express to each one of Dallas Morning News of February 17, in which he believed wholeheartedly. He was you my grateful appreciation for permitting 1968; knowledgeable in politics to a degree that me to serve you as your president for the An article entitled "With the Passing few men are. When he supported someone, past two years. It has been a rewarding ex­ of Time," published in the Athens Daily he went all out. perience that I shall remember always. Review of February 17, 1968; There were others in Athens just as inter­ . So, Amigos, in the spirit and atmosphere An article entitled "R. T. Craig," pub­ ested in politics. One was Archie Underwood, of Old San Antonio I'll close my final report now of Lubbock. He was a close friend of to you with a simple adios. lished in the Tyler Morning Telegraph of every President from Roosevelt to L. B. J. and February 19, 1968; must have always had a hotline to the office An article entitled ;'Mr. Craig Dies of the President and every governor from the A Tribute to Editor R. T. Craig, of Texas Thursday-Former Editor of Review," early thirties to the present. He and Craig published in the Athens Weekly Review and others like them made Athens some­ of February 22, 19.f>8; thing of a bellweather and hub for politics in East T~xas and sometimes even for the entire HON. RALPH YARBOROUGH An article entitled "YARBOROUGH state. OF TEXAS Voices Condolences Upon Death of From newspaper editor, to real estate ·'IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Craig," published in the Athens Weekly agent, to bank president and then to semi­ Review of February 22, 1968; retirement back in the real estate business Friday, April19, 1968 An article entitled "Writer Recalls His marks the business life of R. T. Craig. But R. through it all his greatest joy always lay in Mr~ YARBOROUGH. Mr. President, Early Career With Late T. Craig," the political arena. He was not a player him­ in the long history of Texas journalism, written by Elton L. Miller, and published self, but he did his share and more on the the work of a few weekly editors has had in the Athens Review of February 29, sideline. an imprint like that of R. T. Craig's upon 1968; Times change. Politics take a back seat to the journalistic achievements of Texas. An article entitled "Rupert T. Craig," the war, the business at hand and commun­ R. T. Craig, who passed away in from "Letters From Readers," written by ity activities. But during an era when it was Elton L. Miller, and published in the the number one interest, Rupert Craig got February 1968, at the age of 78, came to as much kick out of it as any man and de­ Henderson County, Tex., as a young man Dallas Morning News; and veloped a host of devoted friends who re­ from Paducah, Ky., where he started his An article entitled "Senator YARBOR­ mained fast and true to him throughout his newspaper career and where he had OUGH To Attend Rites for Texas Editor." life. printed handcards for Vice President published in the Dallas Morning News. Alben Barkley in Alben Barkley's first There being no objection, the articles (From the Tylet: (Tex.) Morning Telegraph, race for public office. Craig had an abid­ were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, Feb. 19, 1968] · ing interest in politics and in govern­ as follows: R. T. CRAIG ment. (From the Dallas (Tex.) Morning News, East Texas has lost one of its most useful When I was a boy, R. T. Craig came to Feb. 17, 1968] citizens in the death of R. T. Craig of Athens. He was one of the best known apd highly my hometown ·of Chandler, Henderson R. T. CRAIG, Ex-EDITOR, BANKER, DIES respected of East Texas newspapers editors County, Tex., a small town of 500 people, ATHENS.-Rupert T. Craig, veteran editor, and in that capacity as well as in other.::, he and purchased the weekly newspaper, politician and financier, died Friday in an was an instrument for progress in this region April 19, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF· REMARKS 10089 and in the several towns where he produced Mr. Craig was married in 1911 to Miss Clara Defense Association to protect the Tidelands, newspapers over many years. Elizabeth Rhodes of Paducah at Evansville, and as a member of a three man·committee The towns included Kemp, Chandler, Kil­ Ind,, and they moved immediately to Texas. of advisors for Ralph Yarborough's campaign gore, and, finally, Athens. Le·aving the news­ They lived briefly at Eastland and Texarka~a for governor. paper field in Athens in 1941, he engaged in before moving to Chandler. He purchased the Mrs. Craig died in May of 1954, and in other business activities, including real Chandler Times and one of his first projects 1958, Mr. Craig was married to Mrs. Ann estate and banking. Beyond business, he was to institute a trades day. He est·abllshed Johnson of Kemp. remained active, until health failed, in the custom of bringing a well known per­ Survivors are his wife; one son, R . T. Craig affairs looking to the betterment of Athens sonage to Chandler for·each monthly trades Jr. of McKinney; one daughter, Mrs. Mastin and East Texas. His interest in public affairs day. The first he brought was Gov. 0. B. Col­ Stover of Athens; one stepson, Rodney John­ extended into politics generally and in par­ quitt of Texas, himself a former news editor. son, of Dallas; one sister,-Mrs. Margaret Em­ tisan roles through the years. Mr. Craig owned the Kilgore News Herald mett of Athens, and five grandchildren and One of his closest friends in Senator Ralph for a brief periOd and returned to Chandler four great-grandchildren. Yarborough, a friendship going far back to and came from there to Athens. In partner­ Pallbearers will be Frank Dorsey, Charles the time when he gave the Texas senator his ship with A. M. Barnes Sr., another young Hawn, Joe Browning, Joe Foster, Wayne Jus­ first job inking· a hand-operated press in Mr. printer, he purchased The Athens Review tice, Tom Park, A. M. Barnes Jr. and Joe Craig's Chandler newspaper plant. and the partnership lasted until 1941. H was White. The many friends of Mr. Craig share the that year that Mr. Craig sold his interest to Honorary pallbearers will be Clint Murchi­ sentiments voiced by Senator Yarborough Mr. Barnes. son, John Murchison, Eugene Spencer, J. P: who said that the "passing of editor R. T. While at Chandler, Mr. Craig gave Ralph Pickens, Winfield Stirman, Thomas Mat­ Craig takes away one of the foremost rural Yarborough (now United States Senator) thews, Jap Lucas, Fred Stone, Lester Kina­ newspaper editors in the history of Texas." his first job and paid him a silver dollar a brew Jr., Charles Hawn, E. B. LaRue Jr., and Mr. Craig merited that description, to which week for inking the old Army hand-operated Arch S. Underwood of Lubbock, W. A. Hawn is here added that he was foremost in a great press. A friendship was formed which lasted Jr. of Dallas, U.S. Sen. Ralph Yarborough of many ways for the betterment of his com­ through many years of campaigning for Yar­ Washington, D.C., E. B. Gauntt, and Ray munity and country. borough. When Yarb-orough announced for Lowe. governor in May, 1952, against the incum­ (From the Athens (Tex.) Weekly Review, bent Allan Shivers, Mr. Craig resigned his [From the Athens (Tex.) Weekly Review, Feb. 22 , 1968] position on Shivers' state democratic com­ Feb. 22, 1968] MR. CRAIG DIES THURSDAY; FORMER EDITOR OF mittee to give his full support to his old YARBOROUGH VOICES CONDOLE N CES UPON REVIEW friend. DEATH OF CRAIG Mr. Craig was involved in most of the gu­ U.S. Sen. Ralph Yarborough made this Funeral services for R. T. Craig, 78, of b-ernatorial and senatorial campaigns held in Athens, editor of The Athens Review for 25 statement from his Washington omce Friday Texas during his 25 yea.rs as editor of The morning upon learning of the death of R. T. years and for many years a distinguished Review. One of the campaigns in which he member of the American press and a church, Craig of Athens, former eQitor of The Athens played an important role was that af Lyn­ Review for 25 years: club and civic worker, will be held Saturday don Johnson when he was elected to the at 2 p.m. at the First Methodist Church. "The passing of Editor R. T. Craig takes United States Senate in 1948 by the very away one of the world's foremost newspaper Dr. Stanley Carter and the Rev. Marvin n arrow margin of 87 votes. He credited Mr. Johnson will conduct the s~rvices and burial editors in the history of Texas. More than Craig with a large share of the victory be­ a. half a century ago, he became editor of the will be in the Athens City Cemetery under cause of the fact that Henderson County was the direction of the Hassell and Foster Fu­ Chandler Times, then moved on to Athens one of three counties in this congressional to edit the Athens Review. neral Home. · district which he carried. In one of the Mr. Craig died Thursday at 7:10 p.m. in "During the last half a century he has counties, Johnson won by 60 votes. In an­ been a crusader, a writer, and a newsman an Athens hospital after a lengthy illness. other, he won by 24 votes. He carried Hen­ Mr. Craig began his career at the age of 16 with the courage of a lion and the pen of derson County by 467 votes. a Benjamin Franklin. as the youngest licensed printer in his native Mr. Craig was honored by several gover­ state of Kentucky and became well known "Editor Craig widely influenced political nors and carried on voluminous correspond­ opinions and election results in East Texas. in the profession in succeeding years ence with many in high office. throughout the nation. His newspaper work Henderson County went with his pen. He He was an avid sports enthusiast and fol­ was a stalwart in the ranks of such men as gained membership for him in Sigma Delta lowed the Athens Hornets wherever they Chi, national journalism fl'aternity. He was Gov. James E. Ferguson and Jimmy Allred went. He covered thousands of miles in the and President Lyndon Johnson. awarded a professional membership in the late 1920s and 1930s and went with the famed Southern MethOdist University chapter in Hornet basketball teams to five state cham­ "In my case he was more than a sup­ 1938. The award was made during the meet­ pionships and two national championships. porter-he was a lifelong family friend, a ing of the Southern Journalism Congress for He personally reported from Chicago the tower of strength and a wise counselor. More his outstanding contribution as a country second national high school championship than 50 years ago as a boy in Chandler, I editor of the South. turned the old Washington hand press to run which the Hornets won in 1930 against Jena, off the Chandler Times for R. T. Craig. His He also was a member of t he Texas Press La. Association for 25 years. friendship ever since has been one of the Mr. Craig was busy in the meantime in treasures of my life. East Texas has lost an Mr. Craig was born in Shiloh, Ky., Nov. church and civic affairs. He served for 15 17, 1889, and-was the son of Henry Clay Craig editorial giant and Texas has lost a free years as president of the Athens school board man." and Dana Moss CraJg. He received his edu­ and was president when Bruce Field was cation in the public schools of Louisville, built. He served as chairman of the board Ky. of stewards of the First Methodist Church of [From the Athens (Tex.) Review, Feb. 29, As a fledgling print er, he worked for a. Athens, as chairman of the Henderson 1968] brief time under Henry "Morse" Watterson, County rationing board during World War WRITER RECALLS HIS EARLY CARE ER WITH LATE a famed editor of the Louisville Courier­ II, and was a delegate from Texas to three R. T. CRAIG Journal and Irvin Cobb of the Paducah News­ national democratic conventions and to ten (By Elton L. Miller) Democrat. state conventions. He helped to nominate Mr. Craig printed the first campaign cards Franklin D. Roosevelt the first time Roose­ I had already dabbled in ink for two years for Alben Barkley while with the News­ velt ran for the Presidency. when I walked into The Review office in 1929. Democrat when Barkley ran for county at­ He was a charter member and past presi­ I was passing the time of day in casual torney of McCracken County, Ky. Barkley dent of the Athens Rotary Club. conversation, I recall quite clearly, with Miss later became vice-president of the United He served several political appointments. Myrtle Hable at the front desk when Editor States under Harry S. Truman and he and He was appointed by Gov. W. Lee O'Daniel in Craig called out to me: "Hack, come h ere. Mr. Craig were friends for many yea.rs. 1941 to the board of regents of the State I want to talk to you." After receiving his license, Mr. Craig trav­ Teachers Colleges. He was appointed by Gov. "How'd you like to be my sport s edit or eled as a young printer through 35 states Beauford Jester to the board of regents of next fall," said Mr. Craig. "You could even and worked in all of them. Among the famous Texas State College for Women (TWU), and start this summer." newspapers he worked for were the New Or­ was appointed to the State Democratic Exec­ Rupert Craig, of course, knew that · in .a leans Item, the Denver Post, Seattle Posrt­ utive Committee by Gov. Allan Shivers. Gov. few days I was to graduate from LaRue High Intelligencer, Seattle Times, Portland James Allred appointed him to the Texas School, tenth grade, and that I had ambi­ Oregonian, and the Vancouver (Canada) Centennial Commission. tion to get the senior year at AHS. He also Daily Province. For a brief time during this Mr. Craig also served on the Texas Com­ knew of my interest in sports because for three-year stint, he worked for The Athens mittee on Displaced Persons, the State Com­ some time I had been writing an occasional Review-which he purchased 10 years later­ mittee to plan oil proration for Texas, the column I called "The Sideline Spectator." and the Kemp News. The latter was the first board of directors of the Trinity River Im­ So we reached an agreement and I joined paper he owned. He bought it at the age of provement Association, the Texas Council the staff that included such great friends as 18 and remained at Kemp a year before he Retailers Association, chairman of . the Third A. M. Barnes, Joel H. Lusk, Edwin Low, Wil­ sold it. Congressional District of the Texas Property liard Bright, and Joe Glandon. I worked 10090 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 19, 1968 through the summer months and then came gest booster Athens ever had. He coined the Luther King is the primary impetus spur­ the football season. city slogan: "Athens, Noted for Peas, Peanuts, ring on the burnings, lootings and other Could it be that almost 40 years have come Pottery, Petroleum and Poultry." Texas has kinds of criminal activity. Because a murder between that day in May and today? Could lost a great man. was committed in Memphis is no excuse for it be that Mr. Craig has been away from the ELTON L. MILLER. the hoodlums of this country to be allowed typewriter for 25 years when he passed from to disrupt and jeopardize the lives of our this scene the other day? [From the Dallas (Tex.) Morning News] law-abiding citizens. I believe that the aver­ I shall never forget Rupert T. Craig, the SENATOR YARBOROUGH To ATTEND RITES FOR age citizen throughout this country is teacher. TEXAS EDITOR shocked and dismayed at the emotion-packed I shall never forget R. T. Craig, the writer news coverage, which, in my opinion, is in­ WASHINGTON.- Senator Ralph Yarborough tended to blackmail Congress into passing and editor, among the greatest in Texas said Friday he was canceling all weekend ap­ history. pointments in order to go to Athens to attend another civil rights amendment, that prior to He was my counselor, often my guide. the murder of Martin Luther King, had little, the funeral Saturday of R. T. Craig. if any, chance, of passing. I certainly hope The heart is heavy as my mind files back Yarborough eulogized Craig, former edi­ over the years. I can see him yet as he sat that Congress will not act in haste or hysteria tor of the Chandler Times and Athens Re­ on the civil rights amendment. ove::- in the northeast corner of that little view, in a statement, describing him as "one glassed-in office--an office that never closed­ I cannot believe that the majority of the of the foremost rural newspaper editors in people of this country sanction the criminal on the right as you entered the old Review the history of Texas." office. One could hear that little, old type­ activity being engaged in by the criminal writer click at a merry pace. He was doing "Editor Craig," Yarborough said, "widely element throughout this land. influenced political opinions and election re­ Make no mistake about my position. To what he wanted to do. It was his first love-­ sults in East Texas. Henderson County went newspapering. with his pen. me a thief is a thief, and a murderer a I could never adjust myself to thinking of murderer, regardless of what inspires or "He was a stalwart in the ranks of such motivates the crime. Thus far, we have been Mr. Craig as being anything but Editor, even men as Govs. James E. Ferguson and Jimmy after he had become president of Clint Mur­ fortunate in the responsible leadership in Allred and President Lyndon Johnson." this parish being able to maintain relative chison's bank. He was still Editor, despite Yarborough, a native of Henderson County, the protests that he was happier in more tranquillity, but to those few who would recalled his long association with Craig. take the law into their own hands, let me profitable pursuits. "He was a lifelong family friend, a tower R. T. Craig was the one who put out an of strength and a wise counsellor," the sena­ assure them at this time that their appre­ extra when Tom Slaughter broke out of tor said. hension and prosecution will be swift and Sher11f Blll Gentry's jail. He wrote the story certain. We will not tolerate anarchy in this and we put out an extra after the great "More than 50 years ago as a boy in Chan­ parish. dler I turned an old Washington hand press Athens High Hornets won the national to run off the Chandler Times for R. T. Our country has at this time particular schoolboy championshp in Chicago in 1930. Craig." need of level-headed leadership. We must (Mr. Barnes, Glandon, Joel Lusk and I got ream.rm our faith in democracy and work Yarborough said that "East Texas has lost to solve our problexns in an orderly and the paper out while a large downtown crowd an editorial giant and Texas has lost a free waited.) man." legal fashion. Certainly they cannot be solved But most of all, Editor was one who be­ overnight, and they cannot be solved at all lieved as strongly as my dad did that "Living by resorting to violence, bloodshed or re­ ts giving." He gave and he lived. He believed venge. He who lives by the sword dies by in the teachings of Christ and his light shone A District Attorney Speaks Out the sword. Let us strive for a solution that through his newspaper. will be of lasting value and will keep this The Review reflected the spirit, the life nation whole and in the forefront of world of R. T. Craig. He fought-and successfully­ HON. JOHN R. RARICK civilization. · the Ku Klux Klan in Henderson County. OF LOUISIANA I may be a voice in the wilderness, but When he favored a candidate, he went all IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES as long as I have a voice, I intend to say out, like he did for the Fergusons and Jimmy what I think. My sentiments are best summed Allred and Ralph Yarborough. Friday, April19, 1968 up in a quote by Edward Hale, former chap­ He first introduced me to the name of Mr. RARICK. Mr. Speaker, I want lain of the United States Senate, when he Ralph Yarborough when it was on the mail­ said: "I am only one, but I am one. I can't ing list (a singlewrap to El Paso) of The my colleagues to read the statement of do everything, but I can do something. And Dally Review. I admired Editor for staying Hon. Sargent Pitcher, Jr., district attor­ what I can do, that I ought to do; and what with his one-time employee (on the Chandler ney for the Parish of East Baton Rouge, I ought to do, by the grace of God, I shall Times) even as the "establishment" tried La., made during the recent threatened do." to brand him with lies and bad names. insurrections. At this time I call upon all of our citi­ In vain I've tried to pay tribute to my Possibly because his city did not burn zens to remain calm and not to take part first boss in the newspaper business. I've and was not looted and because he gave in any violent demonstrations or lawless­ failed. He was a great man, a man with a ness. I assure you that we in law enforce­ just understanding of life. public notice that law and order was the ment are doing all in our power to main­ I shall forever remember the dripping rule of the day and night without ex­ tain peace and tranquillity. leaves around the courthouse lawn after a ception, Mr. Pitcher's statement was not spring shower and early in the morning. A regarded as newsworthy as was King's, time when I rode the T&NO from LaRue in Brown's, and Carmichael's and those the early hours of a Monday, ready for school who cry tolerance but encourage vio­ and the stint at The Review in the after­ Puerto Rico's Future noons. lence. I think of Mr. Craig as alert to the chal­ I trust Mr. Pitcher's remarks will in­ lenges of the times, a firebrand editor who spire our dedicated law enforcement of­ HON. GAYLORD NELSON never swerved from what he thought to be ficials to speak forth and reassure the OF WISCONSIN truth and honesty. great majority of our fellow country­ IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES · I ·have lost a friend, one on whom I could men that, despite what the internation­ Friday, April19, 1968 depend. alized communications jumpers and Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, there is a [From the Dallas (Tex.) Morning News] hooters may cry and espouse, our coun­ try is not about to be turned over to the mounting concern throughout the coun­ RUPERT T. CRAIG criminal element. try about the quality of life in America DALLAS, TEx. I include Mr. Pitcher's remarks as today. We find this anxiety not only in To the DALLAS NEWs: those who deplore the growing disparity One of the outstanding editors of another follows: era has passed this scene and many are his ·Martin Luther King died in the wake of in material wealth and opportunity be­ friends who mourn the passing of Rupert T. riots, lootings, and civil disorder. I did not tween rich and poor, between suburb and Craig. agree with Martin Luther King during his ghetto, but also in those who se~ an His Athens Review of more than 25 years lifetime; and his death, while regrettable, America made ugly in the name of an ago was a journalism college for many, in­ has not changed my views in this respect. ever-expanding gross national product. c'luding newsman Walter Robinson, The I do not condone murder, nor do I condone They feel frustrated because, like many News' county editor, and Clayton Hickerson the riot and bloodshed that is sweeping the modern societies, we discover all too of the Associated Press. country today in the wake of this death. Editor Craig became a bank president and In my opinion, the national television net­ often and tragically too late .that un­ real estate broker after selling his interest works must assume responsibility for the bridled technology has squandered our in the Review, but he was always editor to havoc, riot and bloodshed running rampant natural and human resources. We find thousands. He was articulate, honest, fearless, through the country today. Their constant that more is not necessarily better, that a splendid writer and editor and was the big- emotional coverage of the murder of Martin flister 'is really slower, arid that the ulti- April~·;_ iJ ;· i iJ68 .. mate price of specialization is often stakes are higher and the rules of the de­ ment was imperative and government chose spiritual stagnation. velopmental game are changing. the only course it then believed feasible, Numbers alone are also misleading. All too spending $20 million to build and operate But many ask, "What can we do about often they obscure fundamental structural factories utillzing local products and markets. it? We have come too far and too fast changes taking place within a society. A Although the five plants created some 2,000 to change." mystical faith in numbers may be dangerous. jobs, their contribution to total employment The fact is that we are changing our If Puerto Ricans look back searching only was marginal. By 1950 the plants were sold outlook and our priorities. But it is also for flattering material comparisons they may to private interests. true that mature economies have gen­ squander the new powers conferred upon But contrary to the fears that this "experi­ erally failed to recognize the threats dur­ them by their own accomplishments. The ment in Socialism" provoked among its ing their formative periods. success of economic development is measur­ critics, the fact remains today that Govern­ able only by the quality of life the economy ment must invest in selected industrial en­ A man who has been in a unique posi­ provides for a people. terprises. When private investors repeatedly tion to understand this dilemma of mod­ The majority of the new industry now refused, the Puerto Rico Industrial Develop­ ern society at a critical moment in the being negotiated is of a character largely ment Company (Pridco) built San Juan's experience of his people is Rafael Du­ unknown to Puerto Rico prior to 1958. The first modern resort hotel. This time, instead rand, who was until March 1 the Admin­ plants are elements of integrated industries. of operating a business, government leased istrator of Puerto Rico's Economic De­ The jobs created will be of a type largely it to private interests. The Caribe Hilton Hotel velopment Administration. As the chief absent until recently from the industrial sec­ became an example of new development tor of our economy. They will demand higher philosophy and also of the multipurpose proj­ architect, for more than 6 years, of skills, offer higher pay and be geared to sys­ ect, a key feature of Puerto Rico's program Puerto Rico's Operation Bootstrap indus­ tems and technologies new to Puerto Rico. even today. · trialization effort, Mr. Durand directed a The jobs and the industry, taken together The hotel created jobs, trained workers peaceful industrial revolution that has represent a new industrial concept for Puer­ and offered visitors enjoyable surroundings. brought Puerto Rico to a turning point in to Rico. And if-as was often the case--the visitor was The phenomenon of economic change is a potential investor in new Puerto Rican in­ its history. dustry, so much the better. Puerto Rico, although not yet affluent always puzzling. There are no absolute ex­ planations as to why one country forges Government also learned through early ex­ by U.S. mainland standards, is now rapidly ahead while another, with greater perimentation that tax incentives alone were equipped with a modern industrial eco­ manpower and natural resources, stagnates. not enough to attract industry. The climate nomic system having the power to attack But one attribute of the modern indus­ must favor investment and investment must the social inequities of centuries. It is the trial economy is the capacity to move forward be promoted. type of economy the United States seeks simultaneously on a number of different eco­ The Economic Development Administra­ to foster in many underdeveloped nations nomic and social fronts. The modern indus­ tion (Fomento~ was established in 1950 to trial economy possesses a self-generating carry the advantages of investment in Puerto because it is self-generating, progressive, Rico to the U.S. investor. EDA's budget has and stable. ability. Things once deemed "impossible" for the remained fairly constant over the past few Mr. Durand recently expressed his feel­ underdeveloped economy suddenly yield to years, generally running around $6 million ings about the human purposes of eco­ new technologies. Substitutes are discovered annually, of which about $2 million a year nomic development in an article pub­ for missing natural resources and once seem­ has recently gone into the promotion of lished by the Pulitzer Prize-winning San ingly useless manpower finds new opportu­ Puerto Rican rum. The expenditure has Juan Star newspaper. In his article, he nity for productive activity. enabled Puerto Rico to capture 75 per cent challenges a new generation of Puerto It is an economy that accelerates social of the mainland market and last year pro­ change but supports, with money and meth­ duced $44 million for the Commonwealth Ricans to begin planning now on how to odology, the attack on social problems of its treasury in reverted Federal excise taxes. harness their expanding economic power own making. Freedom from federal taxes, local tax in­ for constructive social ends. Most important for Puerto Rico at this centives, stabillty of government and a will­ It is a timely and sensitive appraisal time is the fact that the modern industrial­ ingness by government to provide factory by a man who measures economic prog­ ized economy provides a latitude of "choice" buildings on reasonable lease terms, roads, ress in terms of the quality of life it pro­ unknown 15 years ago. Governments, peoples, utilities and manpower training proved at­ duces at a time when a society can re­ and economic planners in particular, are con­ tractive to U.S. investors. The early 1950's stantly confronted with alternatives. The saw a spurt of industrialization. Income from assess its values. The objectives Mr. Du­ choice for the underdeveloped economy is manufacturing surpassed that from agricul­ rand offers have meaning for both the often between varying degrees of chaos. ture for the first time in 1955. underdeveloped and' developed nations of Thanks to Munoz Marin's political leader­ But the options open to Puerto Rico were the world. ship, and their energy anci pragmatic nature, still limited. New industries arriving on the I ask unanimous consent that the ar­ Puerto Ricans have never faced this dismal island were those requiring large numbers of ticle be printed in the RECORD. situation. lower skilled workers and low capital invest­ There being no objection, the article But at no time in history were Puerto ment. These "labor intensive" factories­ Rico's choices either clear cut or easy. Nor textiles, apparel and later electronic parts­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, are they today. were valuable additions to the economy. as follows: Puerto Ricans some 25 years ago made the They provided jobs and served as schools to A LOOK AT ACHIEVEMENTS AND FOMENTO IN decision that development through indus­ upgrade job skills. Although they no longer PUERTO RICO'S FuTURE trialization was a practical alternative to represent the basic industrial structure they (By Rafael Durand) misery. Since then they have willingly under­ are valuable today. The apparel, textile and written the sacrifices and risks arising from electrical products industries supply nearly Puerto Rico, for the first time, has within their· choice. 36 percent of the island's shipments to main­ its grasp the power of an industrial revolu­ Make no mistake. Fomento promotes man­ land markets. tion with which to challenge its historic ufacturing and tourism. But Puerto Ricans Their drawbacks were equ·ally apparent, social problems. produce the circumstances essential to their however, "Labor intensive" industries are No longer is Puerto Rico the "develop­ progress. Economic development programs vulnerable to rising minimum wages, foreign mental leader for the · underdeveloped." quickly perish unless people endorse their competition, abrupt shifts in consumer Puerto Rico today has a modern industrial purpose. tastes and minor reverses in the overall U.S. economy. It has earned junior membership The average Puerto Rican industrial worker economy. in the society of 20th century societies. today has little personal acquaintance with Accommodating these industries also posed Exactly when this breakthrough occurred the lack of choice offered by the underdevel­ some difficult problems for government. is impossible to say. But it has occurred. oped economy, the Puerto Rico of 1940. This Government was interested in proving that At present, the Economic Development Ad­ probably comes as a shock to many of those industry could succeed in Puerto Rico. Man­ ministration (Fomento) is working on new who anguished over some of the original ufacturers coming to Puerto Rico for the projects involving investment of over $1.2 decisions. first time believed that San Juan, because bUlion. This amount nearly equals the total The fact is, this worker is probably too of its already established transportation, investment promoted between 1942, the start young, around 27 years old, to know much port and other facilities, provided the best of our industrialization program and 1966. about pre-World War II Puerto Rico, an is­ chance of profitable operation. Plants settled Commonwealth gross product, the amount of land stm locked in the grip of the depression in the San Juan area, attracting masses of goods and services produced by the island, of the 1930's. job seekers from the depressed countryside. exceeded $3.3 billion during the last fiscal In 1940 Puerto Rico's economy rested on a The new arrivals imposed a severe strain on year, a growth rate of 11.2 per cent, the high­ precarious base: s~ar production, needle­ San Juan's educational, health and welfare est since 1952. work and tobacco products. Unemployment systems. But such were the alternatives in These ·indicators of progress do not mean was widespread ' and population pressures this, the second phase of Puerto Rico's in­ Puerto Rico can relax itS efforts to develop. mounting~ · . dustrial development, that this negative On the contrary, what they mean is that the Puerto Ricans believed industrial develop- aspect had to be endured. 10092 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 19, 1968 Any factory was better than no factory; portation costs and forced to tie up capital ports is" not designed to protect the mar­ any job was better than no job at all. in excessive inventories. ginal local producer. Circumstances may force harsh alterna­ Tax incentives compensated somewhat for The policy of encouraging locally produced tives on a people for a time. But I do not this higher cost of doing business. But it was substitutes for imported materials is pr~d­ believe Puerto Ricans would willingly accept obvious to Fomento that the Puerto Rican icated on providing jobs, stemming the out­ them as a permanent state of affairs. economy would have to do more than com­ flow of funds, and encouraging investment Without government stimulus, Puerto pensate. Something was needed to reduce by Puerto Rican businessmen. Rico would undoubtedly have experienced the costly influence of geography on indus­ Studies in the early 1960's showed that a degree of development. Eventually, a mod­ try. petrochemicals promised such flexibility as a ern hotel would have been built and some Fomento studied the basic needs of each "natural resource" for Puerto Rico that factories founded to exploit the obvious in­ industrial sector and set out to promote the Fomento launched a determined search for sular resources of sun, sand and unemploy­ "core" concept of supply and service ac­ a U.S. company willing to establish a refinery ment. But I am equally certain that the tivity. This concept encourages decentraliza­ under operating and reinvestment guidelines social consequences of this disorderly de­ tion, integration and offers other positive acceptable to Puerto Rico's overall develop­ velopment would have been tragic. I cannot economic benefits, to an export oriented eco­ ment objectives. The result was the estab­ imagine Puerto Rico content as an island nomy, such as ours, by making possible the lishment of a $45 million refinery near of cane cutters and unskilled laborers, its processing of foreign raw material for ulti­ Guayama by the Phillips Petroleum Com­ future mortgaged to a bankrupt economic mate sale in U.S. markets. pany. Pridco is a minority investor and Phil­ establishment. A "core" facility takes its name not from lips, among other things, has guaranteed to The fact is that Puerto Rico, to attain its its size or number of employees, but from reinvest in Puerto Rico all its profits over a economic and social goals, to hold open the its industrial function. It is easiest to visual­ period of 10 years. The project was built on dr of opportunity and fulfillment for its ize as a producer of a primary product, per­ land owned by the Commonwealth govern­ people, must have an annual growth rate of haps a substitute "raw material." Massive ment. nine to 11 per cent. What if there had been amounts of capital are required to establish Many felt at the time that this search no industrial development program? I studied a "core" plant compared with the number of for a petrochemical core industry was this situation once out of personal interest jobs created after its construction. This doomed to failure and involved enormous as an economist. The picture was one of eco­ "capital intensive" character demands an political risks. The concept required a ma­ nomic, social and cultural deterioration. assured market to justify the investment. jor revision in the nation's mandatory oil These latter two effects of what might be The "core" plant, initial market is often a import control program administered by called the "industry gap" are easy to appre­ first stage "satellite", the processor of an in­ the Interior Department before any company ciate when you recall that out of every dollar termediate industrial component. Satellites could obtain authority to import the foreign budgeted by the Commonwealth government, too are expensive and need guaranteed mar­ feedstocks for its refinery. Puerto Rico fifty cents goes to education and health serv­ kets. These are ultimately supplied by in­ found in Interior Secretary Stewart Udall ices. These are basic to the well-being of any dustries producing directly for wholesale and an imaginative champion who understood society. retail consumer goods outlets. the vast possibilities of petrochemicals for The U.S. business recession of 1953-54 A highly automated "core" plant may em­ an island virtually without significant na­ coming on the heels of a Korean war settle­ ploy only a few hundred highly skilled tech­ tural resources. President Johnson, acting ment slowed the influx of new industries and nicians. Employment in a first-stage satelllte on Udall's recommendation, revised the the migration of surplus Puerto Rican labor may well be double or triple this. But the real program to permit Phillips an import to the U.S. mainland. Puerto Rico once more multiplier effect of industrial integration is "quota". This modification was the single reevaluated its industrialization program. not felt when reaching the level of consumer most important development in Puerto Rico's Fomento would have preferred from the goods production. Depending on the number efforts to restructure its economy. Subse­ beginning to have applied the present prin­ of plants, employment in the consumer ori­ quently import quotas have been approved ciples of decentralization and the promotion ented sector may run many times that of for a $150 million expansion of the Union of integrated industry. These are the gen­ the "core plant". The "core", its satellites Carbide refinery near Penuelas and a $180 uinely creative and productive features CYf a and the consumer plants also need special­ million expansion of Corco operations. · modern industrial system. ized services. This creates indirect job op­ The chemical and petrochemical industry portunities relate_d to the basic industry. in Puerto Rico today represents an invest­ The process of industrial decentralization The important thing about this integra­ is one of the most important through which tion process is that the lack of a single ele­ ment of around $400 million and employs a developing society must pass in order to ment, a single plant, in the interlocking mar­ nearly 4,000 people. But its most significant attain a truly beneficial and progressive rate contribution will come during the next of growth and efficient use of human re­ keting production chain may easily threaten the economic viability of the entire complex. decade as investment rises to an anticipated sources. Furthermore, a man should not be $1.5 billion and the direct employment po:. obliged to uproot himself and his family to Although integration was proceeding in the apparel industry as early as 1958, it tential to 60,000 jobs. travel the land in search of a decent living The multiplier effect of an integrated wage. In practice, the mass migration of remained for petrochemicals to emerge as Puerto Rico's first vertically integrated in­ petrochemical industry is already being felt many families and the fragmenting of many on employment. The Phillips plant which communities. dustry, and as a consequence, the "back­ bone" of Puerto Rico's new industrial econ­ went on stream in December, will eventu­ Decentralization is especially important to omy. ally furnish petrochemicals to a nylon 66 Puerto Rico because its industrialization A modern petrochemical refinery possesses plant jointly owned by Phillips and Rhone­ effort was launched to compensate for the staggering potential. Once considered the Poulenc of France. The refinery employs 600 fact that the island's agriculture could not waste by-product in the refining of gasoline workers, the nylon plant 1,500 with a poten­ fully utilize our human resources or provide and other everyday petroleum products, tial employment of 4,500 when in full oper­ a living wage. petrochemicals did not become a major fac­ ation. Early efforts at decentralization were cost­ tor on the industrial scene until after World Corco and The Grace Company will join ly. If the support facilities for a plant out­ War II. Many uses still await discovery. in erecting a $32 million oxo-alcohol plant. side San Juan were lacking, government had The petrochemical "core" refinery is also Corco and the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Com­ to build them. In some cases, government an example of how to "invest" resources. Its pany will develop an ethylene and exlorine constructed highly specialized facilities for raw material may be crude oil or some high­ based complex involving investment of $150 a specific plant. It also meant offering longer er order of petroleum product like naphtha. million anti nearly 1,000 new jobs. Foster term tax exemptions, speciallocational incen­ Happily, it is unnecessary for Puerto Rico to Grant Company will manufacture styrene tives and convincing investors that manu­ have oil reserves of its own. Refinery feed­ monomer and ethylbenzene in a joint $25 facturing outside the San Juan area could be stocks can be economically shipped to Puerto million plant with Corco. profitable. The policy, for all its difficulties, Rico in tankers. Basic industrial gasses such as oxygen, hy­ was a success. Today more than 60 per cent The products are themselves raw materials, drogen and nitrogen needed for petrochemi­ of all new manufacturing plants are located cals will soon be supplied by $10 million in­ in what used to be underdeveloped sections building block chemicals, that can be trans­ formed by satellite plants into such things stallation now on the drawing boards of a of the island. major U.S. firm. Lack of industrial integration was another as synthetic yarns, plastics, floor tiles, paints, fertllizers, and livestock feed. The future availab111ty of rubber, nylon characteristic of the early "labor intensive" Puerto Rico as early as 1953 saw the need and carbon black from the petrochemical plant. Again, the economic ailment was easy complexes has attracted the interest of sev­ to diagnose but difficult to cure. for petroleum refinery capacity and promoted the Caribbean-Gulf refinery in Catano. Later eral major tire manufacturers. Discussions The early new industries by and large Fomento helped establish the Common­ are under way for the establishment of imported raw or intermediate materials from wealth Oil Refining Company (Corco). Until plants involving investment of $15 million the mainland and exported finished or semi­ Corco began channeling some of its output to $25 million which would produce 10,000 finished products to mainland markets. This into petrochemical activities in 1965, neither tires a day or more and create some 800 was considered the only practical procedure of these two refineries were true petrochemi­ jobs. given Puerto Rico's lack of natural resources cal "core" industries. Perhaps the most unusual example of pe­ and basic industry. Unable to exchange goods They were initially established to satisfy troleum's ability to work economic miracles and services with each other or purchase the growing local demand for imported gaso­ is the proposed Sun Oil Company refinery to materials on the island, individual plants line and diesel fuel for electric power produc­ be located in Yabucoa. This plant will fur­ were at the mercy of rising two-way trans- tion. Substitution of local production for im- nish fuel to the Puerto Rico Water Resources April 19, ·.t968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10093 Authority (PRWRA). PRWRA will generate , Average hourly wages had increased from This concern is legitimate and · natural if law cost electric power, which will make .94 to $1.43, placing Puerto Rico among the people wish to live in harmony with their possible the establishment of a $150 million highest . wage countries in the world, sur­ powerful new technologies. primary aluminum plant and other major passed only by the U.S. mainland, Canada. Secretary Udall commented on this grow­ projects. To support these installations it and Sweden. Unemployment continued to ing desire for better balance between spir­ will be necessary to construct a $12 million :fluctuate between 11 and 13 per cent due to itual and material accomplishment in his industrial port. Approval of the Sun Oil's the disappearance of marginal jobs and the preface to a recent publication, "Man, An En­ quota. would bring on a regional economic large number of young people entering the dangered Species,": renaissance for Yabucoa undreamed of two job market. "Our Goal should be to accomplish both years ago. The total annual payroll of Fomento pro­ full production and the full life ... a na­ Metals and metal fabrication, like petro­ moted factories was up from $81.2 million in tional prosperity that will include prosperity chemicals, hold great promise for becoming 1960 to over $212 million in 1967. of the human spirit." a fully integrated industry. The industry al­ Puerto Rico's exports, 90 per cent di­ Puerto Rico today is not "rich" by United ready includes 162 plants with 14 more under rected to the mainland, had increased by States standards. construction. 92 per cent over the past six years and now Yet even junior membership in that so­ Puerto Rico is well on its way to becoming totalled $1.3 billion. They also represented ciety of industrial nations necessarily a. major world source of pharmaceutical ma­ around 50 per cent of the insular gross prod­ changes the face that Puerto Rico presents to terials, including scarce steroids. Five "blue uct. Exports of products by firms estab­ the world. An underdeveloped economy is an chip" U.S. and European firms are planning lished under the industrialization program object of sympathy and paternalistic con­ investments of more than $50 million. One had more than doubled since 1961 and now sideration. A modern industrial society is ex­ plant will sell its entire output to foreign comprised 70 percent of the shipments. Ex­ pected to stand on its own feet and assume markets. ports to foreign countries had reached a responsibility for its behavior. Another example of decentralization and level of $62.1 million an increase of 378 per If the latitude of choice in the underde­ industrial integration has come in the shoe cent over 1961. veloped economy is narrow, its tolerance of industry. Here again petrochemicals will fur­ Tourist spending was running at a level of error is generous. Puerto Rico's material nish increasing amounts of synthetic raw $161.8 million annually. progress grants it the power and authority, material. Meanwhile, government has set up Puerto Ricans will not begin to feel the but the advanced industrial society is very a training school for shoe machine mechan­ full impact of their industrial revolution unforgiving of ril.istakes. ics and supervisors near Aguadilla to assure until after all the pieces in an intricate in­ Government, in 1940 estimated Puerto that industry of a supply of skilled manpow­ dustrial mosaic fall into place. However, Rico's needB, set the priorities, and made the er. Demand for the graduates far exceeds the when the mosaic is complete, I believe, that decision to industrialize. Errors were made. supply and it appears a second ·school will be Puerto Rico's self-generating economy will But with the priorities clearly defined at­ needed. At least, seven U.S. firms have re­ achieve more developments in the next ten tainments awaited only the marshalling of cently decided to establish or expand oper­ years than we have experienced to date. the nece.ssary knowledge and resources. ations in Puerto Rico. These proj~ts will Puerto Rico's new economy will also ex­ I believe that Puerto Rico must once again contribute 2,000 jobs and turn Puerto Rico perience extraordinary change within the rethink its social and economic priorities, this into a major shoe producing center. There next decade. time in the light of new circumstances. Yes­ are already 49 plants employing almost 9,- Perhaps the most significant "industry" terday's formulas will not satisfy tomorrow's 000 workers. we will establish in the next few years will conditions. This reevaluation is an essential The social impact of economic progress is be devoted almost entirely to thinking. This. part of the Purpose of Puerto Rico formu­ easy to measure in terms of additional is the Scientific Community we have begun lated by former Gov. Luis Munoz Marin. schools, hospitals, recreational facilities and to create near the engineering and nuclear For example, if Puerto Ricans wish to con­ the services it finances. Many of the benefits sciences campus of the University of Puerto tinue their industrialization along modern are intangible, however. Rico at Mayaguez. We hope that this center lines, they must be willing to grant the land Puerto Rico is a beautiful but very small of Technological and Scientific research, de­ areas required by industry. It is generally no island. Selective regional development con­ velopment and teaching will attract out­ longer efficient to construct support facilities serve.s resources. It is neither practical nor standing scientists from all over the world.· after promoting a single factory. Regional desirable to locate a plant in every Puerto This concept was endorsed by the National development employing the "core" oom.plex Rican town. But industry can be located so Academy of Sciences. An important first step principles demands establishing a vast in­ as to assist an entire region while protecting was taken when the Associated Universities, frastructure before industry is invited to in­ the individual identity of communities. a group of science-oriented schools, recom­ vest. Only coordi~Uloted government planning A shift to heavy industry also helps cor­ mended the community as the site for aNa­ of the highe.st order will satisfy this de­ rect the unfortunate imbalance in our em­ tional Tropical Marine and Biology Labora­ mand. For if we choose unwisely, the future ployment patterns. Women comprise about tory. Already, private enterprise, such as may find us unable to bridge the gap be­ half the work force . in Puerto Rico Phillips Petroleum and other major firms tween what our society needs and what our compared with about one quarter in the have plans to establish research facilities of economy can provide. Mobillty, the freedom United States. Four out of five women em­ their own within the community. to migrate, to live and work where one ployed in manufacturing in Puerto Rico work The most important thing for Puerto Rico chooses is fundamental to democrntic so­ in the light industries such as apparel, tex­ will be the ability to recognize and swiftly ciety. But there is a difference between the tiles, leather and tobacco processing. capitalize on new opportunity when and freedom to migrate and the self-exile forced Heavy industry-metals, machinery and wherever it arises. upon a man because his homeland offers him petrochemicals--open employment oppor­ Puerto Rico needs all the jobs and invest­ no opportunity for a useful and dignified tunities for highly-skilled men. · ment its industrial economy can generate. life. A cross section of Puerto Rico's economy By the middle of the next decade, Puerto Government should continue to encourage in 1967 would reveal that dramatic struc­ Rico's population will have reached 3,280,000 local participation in industry. Puerto Ricans tural changes had taken place since the start or about 940,000 more than in 1960. A little should be encouraged to save so that they of the decade. over 60 per cent of the people will live in can purchase a share in their economic de­ The importance of light manufacturing cities compared with about 49 per cent in velopment. But if Puerto Ricans genuinely was beginning to yield to heavy industry. 1965. Here, it may be more accurate to say desire a better balance between outside in­ Chemicals, petroleum and related product that the cities will have moved out into the vestment and partnership in their industrial industries were fast becoming the main sup­ country or, as in Yabucoa's case some towns revolution, local investors must be willing to ports of the new industrial order. Expansion may have been transformed into cities. Some assume risks. This means a greater willing­ in the labor intensive industries was de­ 91 per cent of our young people, ages six to ness to forego the easy, short term profits clining. The level of investment in individ­ 18 years old will be enrolled in primary and derived from land speculation and construc­ ual projects was rising. The character of high schools as opposed to 60 per cent in tion for the longer pull of industrial invest­ long established industries--apparel and 1950. By 1975 the labor force will include ment. It means that Puerto Rican investors textiles--was changing as intermediate prod­ 1,028,000 persons as opposed to 705,000 in 1967 must learn modern marketing methods and ucts began to :flow from the chemical and and some '40,000 persons will be entering the come forward with projects broad enough in petrochemical industries. job market annually. Between now and 1975, con,cept and far reaching enough in impact More than 2,400 manufacturing plants Puerto Rico will have to furnish 7,100 addi­ on the economy to match those of the out­ em ployed more than 130,000 persons and tional classrooms and 10,000 additional hos­ side investor. h ad indirectly created an additional 240,000 pital beds. Greater effort must be made to train mid­ jobs. Employment in manufacturing in­ Not only will the demand for educational, dle level managerial and technical man­ creased by 38,000 over 1960. The same seven­ recreational and social services keep pace power. The 16 V'Ocational schools now operat­ year span had witnessed a shrinkage of 32,- with the growing population, the people wm ing were adequate to supply the demands of 000 jobs in the traditional agricultural in­ expect higher quality services. an underdeveloped economy. dustries. Ten years ago, air and water pollution But we need a larger pool of trained man­ Our principal industries today are food were subjects of interest mainly to scientists power or we risk curtailing our economic products, apparel and textiles, petroleum and conservationists. Today, environmental development during the next decade. and related products, machinery, stone and pollution is of immediate concern to the I am aware of the fact that modernization cement products, and, footwear. These em­ federal and commonwealth governments and and hard decisions produce stresses within ploy about 80 per cent of. the workers in hundreds of communities on the mainland a society. But I am also confident that Gov­ manufacturing. and in Puerto Rico. ernment has the ingenuity to find solutions CXIV-636-Part 8 10094 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 19, 1968 provided the ultimate objectives are clearly !rom Columbia. University here in Rome any of the members of its Special Committee defined. makes it d!tficult to keep up on develop­ on Peace and Law Through the United Na­ Shortly, Puerto Rico's industrial revolu­ ments that do not m·ake the headlines, so I tions chose to appear. Had the constitutional tion will be in the hands of a new generation, hope you will excuse the belated character issue been raised, or had any of these mem­ a generation that must understand the his­ of this communication. bers of the ABA Committee appeared at the torical background of Puerto Rico's problems I think you know of my long-standing per­ hearings, the matter could have been thor­ and achievements and be allowed a respon­ sonal interest in the three human rights oughly investigated and would, I believe, sible voice in fixing the goals it wishes to treaties that were sent to the Senate by have been resolved favourably to all three attain. Without the active participation of President Kennedy in July 1963. You and I Conventions. all Puerto Ricans, government will be unable discussed them on several occasions during To emphasise this point I might add that to fix realistic priorities. my service as Deputy Assistant Secretary of I came myself to the Committee prepared to Man has devised many measures of his State for International Organization Affairs argue this issue in great detail, since I knew material progress but relatively few to meas­ and you may have seen the text of my state­ that it was under discussion in the ABA. The ure the quality of the life his technology is ment in the public hearings held before the same is true of Mr. Terence Benbow, who creating. Technology fascinates him and Foreign Relations Subcommittee last spring spoke on behalf of the Conventions for the frightens him because he has come to believe in which I represented the Ad Hoc Committee New York State Bar Association and of Mr. that he is powerless to control it. Such fatal­ on Human Rights and Genocide Treaties, a John Carey who was prepared to do the same ism lacks logic and ignores reality. group comprising 51 national citizens' on behalf of the Association of the Bar of Driven only to serve material ends, eco­ organisations. the City of New York, but who arrived to nomic development can become a destructive The failure of the Foreign Relations Com­ find that the hearings had already ended, force in Puerto Rico. But when the dangers mittee to act favourably on the Forced Labor more than a dozen witnesses having been are understood, people can direct these tech­ and Political Rights of Women Conventions heard in the unexpectedly short time of one nological forces to create balance and har­ as well as the Slavery Convention is very dis­ morning. Not only were there hardly any mony in the human spirit. appointing, for at least two reasons: questions of the various witnesses, but the Puerto Ricans today are in a situation The first reason has to do with the sub­ only Senator present for most of the time was unique to our century. They are gaining the stance of the matter. As Senator Fulbright's Senator Dodd, the Chairman of the Sub­ technological prowess to work startling letter of December 13 indicates, the Com­ committee. changes in their environment and many rec­ mittee's decision appears to have been based I think you can understand the surprise ognize the dangers of unbridled technology. on the idea that there is some constitu­ that resulted in many quarters when, after Few peoples have ever had this combina­ tional impediment to the ratification of all of these events had occurred, Mr. Eber­ tion of power and awareness, this potential these otherwise desirable instruments. This hardt Deutsch was given the opportunity of for constructive action at a point in time is mos·t unfortunate, because there is no addressing the full Foreign Relations Com­ when the relationships between man and his such constitutional impediment, and there mittee, to raise the constitutional issue machines are most amenable to human wis­ is no valid constitutional basis for deciding which had not been raised in the earlier dom. Puerto Rico, if able to meet the chal­ to approve the Slavery Convention, on the hearings, and when none of the lawyers lenges of its new economic and social revo­ one hand, and for withholding approval from holding the contrary view were given an lution, will still have much to teach the the Forced Labor and Political Rights of opportunity to be heard at the same time. world. Women Conventions, on the other. As sup­ There is, I am afraid, a widespread feeling port for this statement I submit the en­ that this procedure has not afforded a fair closed memorandum, which I hope you will and equal hearing to all concerned. This is Ratification of the Conventions on Forced be good enough to circulate, together with another reason why I hope hearings on the this letter, to the other members of the two Conventions can be scheduled at an early Labor and the Political Rights of Foreign Relations Committee. opportunity. I hope you will forgive my expressing my­ Women The central argument against the treaties which appears to have influenced some mem­ self so frankly on these matters, but I believe bers of the Foreign Relations Committee is you also take the view that in these difficult HON. JOSEPHS. CLARK that advanced by the ABA Committee on times individuals have an obligation to speak Peace and Law Through the United Nations out when they feel that wrong decisions have OF PENNSYLVANIA that the treaty power cannot be used to been taken and wrong procedures followed IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES which are contrary to the traditions of our regulate the relations between a state and democratic society. its own citizens. This argument, as I have Friday, April19, 1968 With best personal regards, tried to show in the enclosed memorandum, Sincerely, has no support whatsoever in our constitu­ Mr. CLARK. Mr. President, Richard RICHARD N. GARDNER. N. Gardner, professor of law and inter­ tional doctrine or treaty practise. The key national organization at Columbia Uni­ question from a constitutional standpoint THE CASE FOR ACTION ON THE FORCED LABOR versity and former Deputy Assistant is whether the subject matter of a treaty AND POLITICAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN CON­ is of "international concern" as determined VENTIONS Secretary of State for International by reference to the effective protection of Organization Affairs, has been a long­ our country's interests in an increasingly (By Richard N. Gardner, Henry L. Moses standing advocate of U.S. ratification of interdependent world. professor of law and international organi­ the Conventions on Forced Labor and Unfortunately, the Senate's approval of zation, Columbia. University; former Depu­ the Political Rights for Women. the one treaty and failure to approve the ty Assistant Secretary of State for Inter­ I have recently had some correspond­ other two is being widely explained tn terms national Organization Affairs) ence on the subject from Professor of the ABA Committee's constitutional posi­ The United States has recently ratified the tion. This is most unfortunate. It would be Slavery Convention, but no action has yet Gardner, who is spending a sabbatical tragic if the Senate were to adopt--or were been taken on the Conventions on Forced year in Rome. He offers strong argu­ widely thought to have adopted-a restric­ Labor and the Political Rights of Women. ments in favor of early Senate ratifica­ tive interpretation of the treaty power ~o persuasive legal argument has been ad­ tion of the two conventions. I ask unan­ which would make us the only major coun­ vanced against ratification of these latter two imous consent that his letter to me and try in the world impotent to bring about conventions, which were sent to the Senate one of his recent articles on th~ subject through treaties changes in the domestic for advice and consent to ratification along be printed in the Extensions of Rell)arks. practices of other states which are favourable with the Slavery Convention by President to our national interests, whether in the field Kennedy in 1963. At the same time there are There being no objection, the material of human rights, internal taxation and powerful considerations of policy in their was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, regulation or the harmonisation and unifi­ favor. as follows: cation of corporate and business laws. This On the legal question, some members of VIA NICOLA MARTELLI, ROMA, provides another reason in addition to the the American Bar Association have argued March 28, 1968. merits of the Conventions for having them tha~ the United States cannot, under our Sena.tor JosEPHS. CLARK, reconsidered by the Senate Foreign Rela­ Constitution, enter into human rights trea­ Foreign Relations Committee, tions Committee as soon as possible. ties because they deal "entirely with domestic U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C. The second reason for my disappointment matters, i.e. with the relation between a 1 DEAR SENATOR CLARK: I have just returned with the failure of the Foreign Relations state and its own citizens." This definition from a. two-month lecture tour of Asia, on Committee to approve all three treaties has of the term "domestic" has no basis what­ which I look forward to sharing impressions to do with procedure. soever in United States law or treaty prac­ with you one day, and I have only just seen The constitutional issue which appears to tice. The relevant test laid do:wn by the Senator Fulbright's letter of December 13, have been decisive in the withholding of ap­ Supreme Court of the United States is wheth­ 1967, to the Reverend Herschel Halbert ex­ proval from the Forced Labor and Political er a treaty deals with a. matter "which is plaining the decision of the Foreign Rela­ Rights of Women Conventions was not even tions Committee to defer a.Ction on the· raised in the public hearings held before the 1 Report of the Standing Committee on Forced Labor and Pollttca.l Rights of Women Subcommittee in the spring of 1967. Indeed, Peace and Law Through the United Nations Conventions. Being on a sabbatical leave neither the American Bar Association nor (May, 1967), p. 16. April 19, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10095 properly the subject of negotiation With a Other legal objections to the conventions President and of the Sen:ate, without whose foreign country." Geojroy v. Riggs, 133 U.S. are equally without substance. The conven­ approval treaties cannot be raJtified, are proof 258, 267 (1890). Charles Evans Hughes laid tions deal With matters wholly Within the against this ominous possibility. It betrays down a similar standard when he declared federal competence, so that no federal-state scant confidence in our gQvernmental process that the treaty power can only be used to question is involved. Neither of them would to say we should not accept a desirable treaty deal with matters of "international concern." require any change in existing American law. today because we may be tempted to a-ccept It is obvious that many matters involving The provisions of the Forced Labor Conven­ an undesirable one tomorrow. the relations between a government and its tion together with its drafting history con­ Approval of the two treaties would not own citizens can be of sufficient "interna­ firm that punishment for illegal strikes or involve a decision one way or another on tional concern" to be included in treaties other illegal labor activities is not prohibited. other human rights conventions. These other between the United States and other coun­ Similarly, the provisions of the Political conventions can and should be considered tries. At the end of this paper is a list of Rights of Women Convention, together with separately on their merits if and when the treaties to which the United States is already its drafting history, make it clear that it Administration seeks Senate a-ction upon a party which regulate the relations between applies only to public office and public func­ them. a government and its own citizens. The very tions established by national law, and that To sum up, the treaty power is broad first treaty on this list, the 1926 Slavery Con­ it does not apply to military service. enough to encompass all matters of interna­ vention ratified by the Hoover Administra­ On the policy question, there are compel­ tional concern as determined by contempo­ tion, commits the parties to abolish slavery ling reasons in favor of ratification. rary fa.ct, rather than by the outmoded con­ Within their respective jurisdictions and also Only three of the original 51 U.N. members ceptions of a distant past. Let us not be to take measures to prevent forced labor have failed to ratify any U.N. conventions afraid to use it, as with the Forced Labor and Within their jurisdictions from developing embodying the basic principles included in Political Rights of Women Conventions, when into conditions analogous to slavery. Surely the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. it Will clearly serve our national interest. things which are within the treaty power 40 These three are Spain, the Union of South LIST OF TREATIES TO WHICH THE UNITED STATES years ago cannot be outside the treaty power Africa--and the United States. IS A PARTY REGULATING RELATIONS BETWEEN today. Moreover, the United Nations Charter, Our membership in the small company of A STATE AND ITS OWN CITIZENS itself a treaty obligation of the United U.N. members that have refused to ratify 1. 1926 Slavery Convention (TS 778): States, commits us to take joint and separate any human rights treaties has become an in­ States Parties undertake to prevent and sup­ action in cooperation with the Organization creasing diplomatic embarrassment. Our press the slave tra-de and to bring about the to promote human rights for people within friends cannot understand it. Our adver­ complete abolition of slavery in all its forms the United States as well as overseas. saries exploit it. It is a costly anachronism in territories under their jurisdiction. They The list also includes many conventions which should be eliminated without delay. also agree, subject to certain transitional committing the United States to regulate As Ambassador Arthur J. Goldberg stated provisions, to take all necessary measures the activities of American citizens Within in his letter to the Board of Governors of the to prevent forced or compulsory labor from this country for many purposes not relating ABA, prompt ratification of the three treaties developing into conditions analogous to to human rights-to control the production has become "very important" to his work at slavery. Forced or compulsory labor may only and international traffic of certain drugs, to the UN, particularly so since 1968 is Interna­ be exacted for "public purposes". obtain statistics on causes of death, to pre­ tional Human Rights Year. 2. Treaties of Peace With Italy (TIAS scribe rules of the road, and for conserva­ These basic rights provided for in the 1648), Rumania (TIAS 1649), Bulgaria tion and Wildlife preservation. If the United treaties have long been taken for granted (TIAS 1650) and Hungary (TIAS 1651): A States government can enter into a valid in our own country. But they are not taken provision common to all of the Pea-ce Treaties treaty commitment to restrain American for granted everywhere. Indeed, they are very requires each of the countries named above citizens within this country from shooting much at issue in many countries of the to take all necessary measures to secure to animals, it is difficult to see why the United world. For example, it has been estimated all persons under its jurisdiction, Without States government cannot enter into a that there are still several million slaves in distinction as to ra-ce, sex, language or re­ treaty commitment to restrain American the world. By adhering to these conventions, ligion, the enjoyment of human rights and citizens within this country from enslaving we help give international effect to funda­ fundamental freedoms, including freedom other Americans. There is no Constitutional mental rights we have long enjoyed at home. of expression, of press and publication, of provision which suggests or implies that Nobody, of course, believes that words on religious worship, of political opinion and animals are more important than people. paper are enough in themselves. Nobody of public meeting; each country also under­ Clearly, · slavery, forced labor, and the thinks that signing a human rights conven­ takes not to discriminate or entail any dis­ denial of basic women's rights are of "inter­ tio.n brings automatic improvement in the crimination between its nationals on grounds national concern" in the year 1968. condition of people around the world. The of ra-ce, sex, language or religion, whether in Slavery and forced labor practised abroad, positive consequences of U.S. adherence are reference to a person's property, business, in addition tci breeding political and social hard to measure precisely because they are professional or financial interests, status, tensions, can have a direct impact on the of a long-term character. Nevertheless, they political 9r ol.vil rights or any other matter. sales of American products in the United are very real: Health 1. Ratification by the United Sta-tes will States and foreign markets .. 3. 1912 Convention relating to the suppres­ The denial of basic rights to women, af­ encourage other nations to adhere to these conventions and implement their provisions sion of the abuse of opium and other drugs fecting adversely one-half the human re­ (TS 612): States parties agree, inter alia, sources of a less developed country, consti­ in their own territories. This is particularly to enact laws and regulations to control the tutes a major obstacle to progress in less true of newly independent countries that fre­ production and distribution of raw opium, developed countries receiving quantities of . quently take UN conventions as a model. and to take measures for the suppression of American aid. Ambassador Goldberg has put this point the manufa-cture, internal traffic in and the It should be emphasized that the key sharply: "Without the support of the United use of prepared opium. The Convention also question from a constitutional standpoint States, these agreements may. appear insig­ calls upon States parties to consider making is not whether the subject matter of a treaty nificant to many other countries. U we do it illegal to possess certain drugs. physically crosses borders, but whether the not consider it important to sign the con­ 4. 1931 Convention for limiting the manu­ subject matter is of "international con­ ventions, why should they? Or, more im­ facture and regulating the distribution of cern" as determined by reference to the portantly, why should they implement the narcotic drugs (TS 863): The Convention effective protection of our country's inter­ conventions?" prohibits the manufa-cture of certain drugs est in an increasingly interdependent world. 2. Ratification will put the United States in excess of prescribed quantities, prohibits Judged on the basis of this standard it is in a better legal and moral position to pro­ the trade in and manufacture for trade of obvious that the U.S. can enter into treaties test infringement of these human rights in any products obtained from certain drugs, on human rights, since our foreign policy countries that have ratified the conventions and calls for the destruction or conversion interest in how states treat their own citi­ but failed to implement them in practice. into nonnarcotic substances of certain drugs zens has been amply confirmed by history 3. Ratification Will increase United States seized by a State in illicit traffic. The Con­ and explicitly recognized in treaties to which infiuence in the continuing UN process of vention also calls for prescribed labeling of we are a party--e.g., the Peace Treaties with drafting legal norms in the field of human certain drugs. Italy, Rumania, Bulgaria and Hungary, the rights. As long as the United States fails to 5. 1953 protocol for limiting and regulating agreement establishing the Nuremberg Tri­ ratify any human rights conventions, its view the cultivation of the poppy plant, the pro­ bunal, and the United Nations Charter. It will carry less weight than they deserve. duction of, the international and wholesale would be tragic if the Senate were to adopt 4. Ratification Will di.ssdpate the embar­ trade in, and the use of opium (TIAS 5273): a restrictive conception of the treaty power rassing contra.diction between our failure to One of the expressed purposes of the Conven­ wlfich would make us the only major coun­ ratify these conventions and our traditional tion is to combat drug addiction through t ry' in the world impotent ·to bring about support of the basic human rights with collaboration between States with a view to t h rough treaties changes in the practices of which they are concerned. controlling the cultivation of the poppy ot her states which are favourable to our It is argued by some that ratification of plant and the production of opium. It pro­ n at ional interest, whether in the field of these two treaties will start us down a slip­ vides for international supervision and human rights, internal ·taxation and regu­ pery slope to profound and undeniable alter­ measures of enforcement. lation, or the .harmonization and unifica­ ations in our constitutional system. But the 6. World Health Organization Regulations tion of corporate and business laws. common .sense and. good· judgment of .the No. 1 · (TIAS 3482), as amended (TIAS 3482 10096- EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS· April 19, 1968- and 4409): States Members are to respect cently spoken out sharply about the dan­ the government and ·support the Red strug­ prescribed nomenclatures with regard to ger · of Ca.Stto-instigated guerrilla war­ gle. Terrified inhabitants of the unprotected, diseases and causes of death, are to main­ fare in their oWn countrtes. remote regions of Alto Sinu and Alto San tain certain statistics, and are to use certain Jorge are fleeing the area. forms of medical certificates. One of the best articles I have seen Older, better-known 200 to 300-man 7. International Sanitary Regulations lately on this subject was published in guerrilla bands span six other departments (WHO Regulations No. 2) (TIAS 3625), as the March issue of the New Guard. The in the Northeast and central parts of Co­ amended (TIAS 5156, 4420, 4823, 4896, 5459 article, entitled "Castro's Guerrilla lumbia. Around 20,000 troops and a fleet of and 5863) : The regulations prescribe com-· Wars," written by Richard J. Bocklet, is helicopters scour the vast regions to counter prehensive rules with respect to certain dis­ an authoritative and objective account of Red attacks on police stations, small towns eases with a view to their control and eradi­ the terroristic attacks which Castro has and settlements. Communists divide the cation, particularly in relation to interna­ country into five "socialist independent re­ initiated. publics," two large war zones, and claim t ional transport. Because I believe that many Senators Conservation sovereignty over an area even greater than would be interested in this fine article, I the Viet Cong's. Guerrilla-army clashes have 8. 1940 Convention on nature protection ask unanimous consent that it be printed about the same number of ca,sualties on and wildlife preservation in the Western in the Extensions of Remarks. both sides. Hemisphere (TS 981) : States parties are to There being no objection,· the article In the cities, leftist and Communist consider establishing in their territories na­ youths-numbering in the thousands-use tional parks, national reserves, nature monu­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, as follows: · the prestige of the university to push Red ments and strict wilderness preserves. Re­ objectives. They call for revolutions, collect sources of reserves are not to be subject to CASTRO'S GUERRILLA WARS funds and recruit for the guerrillas. Small exploitation for commercial profit, and are (By Richard J. Bocklet) action cells are charged with anti-govern­ to be protected against private hunting; (NoTE.-Richard J. Bocklet is a free lance ment and anti-U.S. demonstrations, dissemi­ States are to provide facilities for public nation of leftist literature and plastering recreation and education in national parks. writer specializing in the coverage of Com­ munist activities and international affairs. buildings and walls with political messages. Road traffic He has traveled extensively in Europe and Terrorist robberies and kidnappings upped 9. 1949 Road Traffic Convention (TIAS Asia, and recently he revisited Latin America. guerrilla coffers around $1 million. Now, 2487): Contracting States agree to the use His writings have appeared in the New streets ·or major cities are patrolled by sol­ of their own roads for international traffic Guard, Human Events, American Legion, and diers as well as heavily-armed police forces. under detailed conditions set out in the Con­ other periodicals.) Colombia's two deeply-entrenched guer­ vention, which prescribes inter alia rules of "It is a fact that a foreign country is in­ rilla forces, FARC (Colombian.Revolutionary the road. tervening in Colombia's internal affairs Armed Forces) and ELN (Army of National Labor touching off guerrilla wars . . . We know Liberation), have been raiding army patrols 10. ILO Convention No. 53 concerning the that we are living under conditions which and police stations, holding up trains and minimum· requirement of professional ca­ are only outwardly calm. The armed forces busses, and indoctrinating and terrorizing pacity for masters and officers on board mer­ are in a state of alert, but it is very difficult citizens for the last several years. The FARC, chant ships (1936) (TS 950). to guard such vast regions of the nation." aligned with the Moscow-leaning Communist 11. ILO Convention No. 55 concernin_; the Declaring martial law in November 1967, the Party, started during the 1948-1958 period of liability of shipowner in case of sickness, political warfare between conservatives and speaker, Colombian President Carlos Lleras liberals. injury or death of seamen (1936) (TS 951). Restrepo, blamed Fidel Castro for mounting 12. ILO Convention No. 58 fixing the mini­ guerrilla and terrorist activities. During that time Red "warlords" under mum age for the admission of children to Meanwhile, in neighboring Caracas, Vene­ Pedro Antonio Marin (alias "Sure Shot") employment at sea (revised 1936) (TS 952). zuela, President Raul Leoni told Congress offered "protection" against ravaging politi­ 13. ILO Convention No. 74 concerning the cal and bandit gangs in Southwest Colombia. why his country had suspended constitu­ "His men carried guns delivered from Czech­ certification of able seamen (1946) (TIAS tional guarantees. "Venezuela accuses the oslovakia by sea, while other supplies were 2949). Cuban regime of being responsible for the landed at airports in the independent social-· These conventions apply to vessels under crime wave which has broken out in this ist republics," a priest told this writer. "Few U.S. registry engaged in maritime naviga­ nation ... manifesting itself in machine­ doubted his sovereignty over vast stretches tion, and to persons on board such vessels, gunnings and assaults on the homes of im­ of mountains and jungles in the South." regardless of nationality. portant armed forces officers, in armed rob­ Now, qualified authorities estimate Sure Criminal law beries on banks, stores, private homes, farms Shot's band at about two hundred, with the 14. 1945 Agreement for the prosecution and ranches, in attacks against public offices potential for greatly increasing that figure and punishment of the major war criminals and government industrial installations, if economic conditions plunge. Although the of the European Axis ( 82 UNIS 279) and and in the murder of farmers in uninhabited Colombian Sixth Brigade and other army. Charter of the International Military Tri­ regions." forces regularly patrol the guerrilla-infested bunal for the Far East (TIAS 1589) : Each "A DOZEN VIETNAMS" vastness of Tolima and Huila departments, agreement provides for the establishment On March 13, 1967, a fiery Fidel Castro his forces continue threatening life and com­ of an international military tribunal with openly boasted the U.S. would soon be faced merce in this rugged region. jurisdiction over crimes also punishable un­ "with a dozen Vietnaxns" in its own hemi­ der national laws; this jurisdiction is not sphere, adding that "Yankee imperialism" ARMY OF NATIONAL LIBERATION affected by the nationality of the accused would have insufficient troops to suppress Initiated in late 1964, the ELN numbers or of the victims. them. Today, Communist guerrilla armies about one hundred. These young, urban-born are operating in ten nations south of the guerrillas operate in Northeastern Colombia border, with heaviest activity in Colombia and dress in tipiforms resembling those of and Venezuela; also Guatemala, Bolivia and the Cuban army. Its leader, thirty-year-old Peru. Their tactics and objectives are similar Fabio Vasquez Castano, is frequently praised Cuba to Ho Chi Minh's VietCong. It is even com­ from Havana-based shortwave broadcasts. mon to hear indigenous Red campaigns re­ The ELN launched the most spectacular ferred to as "Vietnams." Their training is of guerrilla action of 1967, robbing a troop­ HON. STROM THURMOND professional caliber; their arms the most guarded payroll train in Santander Depart­ OF SOUTH CAROLINA modern the Communist world can supply. ment on March 9. Using synchronized radio IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES On a recent tour of Colombia and Vene­ contact, rebel forces dynamited the tracks zuela, labeled by Castro "the nucleus of the and machine-gunned the engine to a halt. Friday, April19, 1968 vast Vietnam of Latin America," this writer The 25-minute battle, led by Fabio Vasquez Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, we learned that while no government officials himself, was filmed in totality by left-wing frequently hear these days from mis­ feel the guerrillas are about to seize control, Mexican writer Mario Menendez Rodriguez of a great deal of money is budgeted to eradi­ Sucesos Magazine and his assistant. Reported guided advisers who believe that the time cate them. On-the-spot interviews with local Menendez: ". . . seven soldiers were killed has come to accomplish what they call and U.S. government officials indicate why: in the attack. There were no dead and "the normalization" of our relations with Within the last several weeks, the Co­ wounded among the insurgents, who bene­ the Castro regime in Cuba. These ad­ lombian government rushed troop reinforce­ fited by six San Cristobal rifles, one Madsen visers take the position that Castro no ments to the Northwestern departments of machine gun, 16,000 pesos, five .38 caliber longer is a threat to our security and that Antioquia and Cordoba to combat new Com­ revolvers, a.mxnunition, boots and uni­ the Cuban people there have accepted his munist threats to this previously quiet re­ forms ..." Menendez boasted in his article gion. The forty-man Popular Army of Lib­ "Attack" that for the first time in the history rule. eration (EPL) raided police stations and in­ of Latin American guerrilla struggles, a mil1- This advice :flies in the face of facts. spection posts, extorted funds from local tary operation was completely filmed as it Castro is still a distinct threat to hemi­ landowners, and killed four uncooperative occurred. spheric security. Indeed, the heads of peasants at Pueblo Saiza. They distributed After spending a month with the ELN many Latin American nations have re- thousands of leaflets to residents to oppose forces, Menendez observed a strict military April !9, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10097. discipline that "has 'hardened' all members Latin America. Terrorism runs the gamut armed battle in Venezuela before power is in a way I had not. observed in any o:ther from assassination to arson, massacre of de­ achieved," activities intensified. For example, Latin American insurgent movement." Guer­ fenseless farmers to ambushes of small mtli­ on November 11, assaults on small villages rilla daily schedule includes physical educa­ tary patrols or lightly guarded army posts, .in Lara State resulted in two Army-guerrilla tion periods, classes in Spanish, history, and guerrilla raids in the mountairis to Red clashes, and two d·ays later, new battles were sociological problems, political science, main­ holdups and bombings in the cities. reported in Portugesa State. On November 28, tenance of firearms, and military strategy · Numbering several hundred, rebel forces 1966, Minister of the Interior Dr. Reinaldo based on the history of revolt in Colombia it­ here call themselves FALN, the Armed Forces Leandro Mora announced the oreation of a self. "The best subjective and objective con­ of National Liberation. Its leader, Douglas special 15,000 man anti-terrorist police unit. ditions exist for waging revolutionary war­ Bravo, another fiery disciple of Fidel Castro, "The reappearance of terrorists in this fare," added Menendez. has received guerrilla training in Cuba to~ country can be traced to Communist Cuba," Describing the ELN leader, he wrote: gether with other members of his band. Their Dr. Mora said. "We have proof that these " [Vasquez Castano] possesses a correct con­ terrorist shadow spreads over parts of six subyersive activities have their direct origin cept of political-military strategy. He is a states in two large areas to the west and in the agreements reached at the Triconti­ young man who deeply feels the problems of east of Caracas. nental Conference held in Havana." . his oppressed country, problems that do not FALN's urban counterpart, the UTC, Uni­ Terrorist raids r continued th:roughout De­ permit him to live in peace. He reminds us, dades Tacticas de Combate (tactical combat cember with the terrorists becoming more not only because of a certain physical re­ units), estimates say, numbers in the thou­ daring. On the morning of December 13, semblance, but also because of his positive sands. Composed largely of students and F ALN terrorists machinegunned to death concept of what a revolution in Latin Amer­ youths, its job is to keep the cities in the Major Francisco Astudillo Suarez. Almost ica is and should be, of Fidel Castro, the grip of Red tension. They rob banks and· simultaneously, another group ambushed insurgent, and the 26th of July' Movement, stores, and kidnap wealthy citizens for ran­ Brigadier General Alberto Morean Soto, head which has a twin in the National Liberation som to feed guerrillas' funds. Sabotaging oil of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, who luckily Army of Colotn.bia." pipelines, setting U.S. holdings aflame, bomb­ escaped with only a shoulder wound. The In March 1967, Colombian President Lleras ing newspaper offices and radio stations· are same afternoon, after a month of at least launched a major counterinsurgency drive, their stock in trade. Usual weapons include four terrorist assassinations and property declaring tp.at internal security would be machineguns and a speeding car. Army offi­ damage in the millions of dollars, President given top P!iority. A country-wide roundup cers, police stations and the U.S. Embassy Raul Leoni declared martial law. He stated: · of several hundred subversives and Reds in­ are special targets. "In view of the extremist attacks and con­ cluded Communist Party general secretary One of the UTC's most heinous campaigns trary to personal feelings, the government Gilberta Vieira and his lieutenants. was launched against policemen. Hun.ting found itself obliged to suspend constitutional Two months later the army in Santander them down on a lonely beat or on the way guarantees partially." And directing himself Department raided left-wing students, pro-, home, bullets felled more than one hundred towards the previous legal immunity of the fessors and unionists charged with aiding the in Caracas alone. Irate constabulary mem­ Red-infested campuses, he exclaimed: "An­ ELN struggle from the cities. Students some­ other state within ·the state cannot be bers placed ads in newspapers offering re~ times joined rebels on weekends or vacation wards for information on terrorists, labeling tolerated." periods; teachers and workers contributed them "Your Enemy." At dawn on December 14, while a contin- . funds to the Red cause. • Direct proof that Red Cuba was not only gent of several hundred soldiers surrounded After numerous battles in Tolima Depart­ the guerrilla training base for Venezuelan Caracas' Central University, a patrol of ment, the Armed Forces killed guerrilla leader extremists but also an important supply eight shock troops fought their way in. An Arsenio Torres, nicknamed "Faenza." Several depot was obtained on November 11, 1963. army helicopter hovering overhead was the weeks later, former university student Jose On a lonely stretch of beach on Paraguana target of submachinegun fire, while a sniper's Ruiz was felled by government troops. He peninsula, in northern Falcon State, the Na­ bullet killed one soldier. Entries and exits had been one of the ELN dootors. tional Guard found a boat and three tons were sealed during the blitzkreig round-up As the Havana-based Latin American Soli­ of arms-all traceable to Castro. of wanted students and leftists. darity Congress of late July and August drew Further links with international com­ The raid netted authorities a Colombian to a close, castro agents and Latin American munism were clearly established in OCtober, guerrilla leader-hidden on the oo.mpus for participants began filtering back into the 1964, with the kidnapping of Lieutenant nearly a year-in charge of liaison between area. According to sources close to the gov­ Colonel Michael Smolen, of the Un.fted States the National Liberation Fronts of Colombia er.nment, subversive traffic by sea, air and Military Mission. While claiming to be and Venezuela. Also found was a vast array across the 1,378-mlle Colombian-Venezuelan Venezuelan patriots, their "Operation Viet of terrorist implements, including fifty-five border has increased since last fall. Cong" showed other commitments. On re­ private stolen automobiles, a tunnel with Recent discoveries of several Colombians ceiving news that the Saigon Government machine guns, small arms, hand grenades returning from unauthorized travel to Cuba intended to try terrorist agents, FALN an­ and boxes of ammunition, two other arms made authorities feel that a scheduled top­ nounced they, too, would subject their pris­ caches in the principal auditorium and in level guerrilla meeting may have been oner to trial "by a revolutionary court." the student dormitories, a 30-caliber ma­ thwarted. On December 19, 25-year-old Leo­ Fortunately, having gained sought-after chinegun, nineteen tommy guns, and more ardo Montano Bodes was an-ested a.t El headlines, they released Smolen unharmed. supplies of hand grenades and ammunition. Dorado airport, Bogota, using a false pass­ One month later, another link in the in­ University grounds conta4ned a cemetery port. Secret police later revealed that Mon­ ternational Red subversive chain was dis­ where Red victims were buried. covered after a brutal guerrilla attack on Also among the findings were documents tano carried "compromising papers" and had citing names of Castro agents, including in­ spent the last three years in Red CUba. In the village of Anzoategui, Lara State. One of the several captured rebels turned out to structors, commanders, war ammunitions Cali, several days later, authorities captured chiefs, street control leaders, national plans Raul Gutierrez Moreno, while returning from be a Polish Communist, skilled as a tech­ of FALN, currency forging plates, guerrllla CU·ba via Panama, with a double-bottoni nician in guerrilla warfare. And several front documents, strategy for robbing the weeks later, the newspaper La Verdad re­ sUi·tcase containing four pistols. One of these Banco de Venezuela in Altagracia de Ori tuco was inscribed: "To the Colombian Guerrilla ported a Congolese Negro arrested in terror­ ist activities ·in Caracas, while other Cuban­ and in Tucacas, plans for an imminent kid­ Fighter Fabio oas.t.ano." napping, stacks CYf identity cards, passports, And while guerrilla wars are waging 1n trained Congolese guerrillas were under de­ arms-carrying licenses, stamps of various Southern and central Colombia, in mid­ tention in the El Bachiller zone of Miranda State. ministries, and 200,000 bolivars recently January, a landing of CUban and Colombian stolen from a big soft drink distributor. subversives near the coastal area of Oado de RED TERRER INCREASES In March 1967, the terrorist assassination la Vela was reported. Sources in this north­ In the fall of 1966, Red violence spiraled. of Dr. Julio Iribarren Borges drew hemis­ ern region indicate army platoons are search­ On August 2, a rebel band attacked an official phere-wide condemnation. Dr. Iribarren, a ing the territory now for the rebel band. Ad­ automobile on a Lara State road. On August well-known lawyer and former president of dressing the nation on outbreaks of violence 4, two vehicles transporting Army officers the Social ~urity Institute, ha~ no politi­ in several departments, President Lleras de­ were ambushed by guerrmas at the bound­ cal affi.liation but he was the Foreign Minis­ clared it "is such tha!t they are not acciden­ ary between Falcon and Yaracuy States. Two ter's brother. While shopping in hiS car one tal, and they respond to a plan to continue days later, Jose Antonio Rodriguez, a stu­ morning, the doctor was kidnapped by Com­ creating lllli"est and uneasiness in the coun­ dent who attended the University of Tucson, munists. On Marcih 3, his body was found at try ... aid to guerrillas and the stepping up was murdered by Castro-Communists on a Quebrado del Tazon, after having been hor­ of guerrilla warfare is openly and impudently University City street. On August 10, urban ribly tortured. FALN propaganda leaflets urged from macrophones iri Castroite radio guerrilla leade:r, Salvador Iturbe Reyes-:. were nearby. stations." known as "Commander Elias"-confessed Reaction was quick and direct. President his killing Of twenty-six policemen· and six VENEZUELA: CUBA'S PRIME TARGET Leoni said: "Activists indoctrinated, trained civilians. and financed by Fidel Castro continue to Colombia's neighbor, Venezuela has been Responding to a call by Venezuelan guer­ oblige the forces of public order to act Cuba's prime subversion target since 1961. rilla chieftain ''Commander" Elian Manuit against those who seek to subvert the legal Castro-Communist activities have betm as Catnero over Radio Havana, two months and constitutional order of the Republic." wanton and brutal here as anywhere in later, that "nothing or nobody will stop the B~fore Congress, Interior Minister Dr. Rein- 10098 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 19, 1968 aldo Leandro Mora branded the recently­ open threats to spread guerrllla fires to this our polltical health cannot be separated from held Tricontinental Conference most imme­ country by Castro, and because of its prox­ the international arena, was World Wail' n. diately responsible: "At this conference, a res­ imity to his island, the Florida State Senate Though this great nation of 200 million olution ror Latin America was adopted which unanimously passed. a resolution last May de­ people is largely self-sufficient, we are part With regard to Venezuela, proclaimed war as claring: "This state and its people, along of a world of trade, of economies, of m111tary an instrument to achieve political power, by With every other area in the country, have a alliances-and of aggression. Isolationist means of the substitution of the National right to know what the federal administra­ thinking today is even more dangerous than Armed Forces by an &.rmy formed by guerrilla tion is doing diplomatically, economically and it was 40 years ago. The world has shrunk. groups." from the military standpoint at this moment The oceans which fiank us now are rivers. In Havana, on March 5, FALN "Com­ to counteract Communist domination of Yet the four years of tariff talks resulting mander" Elias Manuit Camero bragged that Florida's neighbor ... and what plans, if any, in the Kennedy Round of International Re­ the terroists had proudly meted out "'revolu­ the national administration has to expunge ductions were no sooner agreed upon last tionary justice" to Dr. Iribarren. Several days this menace and liberate our nearest foreign year than the protectionist pattern revived. later, Castro himself labeled the atrocity "a neighbor." As much as 80 per cent of our imports could glorious act." Florida Congressman Claude Pepper intro­ be affected by demands now made for higher Newspaper editorials throughout Latin duoed a House resolution last August urging tariff walls. America joined the consternation. For exam­ the administration to meet the threat and There are those who say that because of ple, La Nacion of San Jose, Costa Rica asked: present "a positive program of action to elim­ our balance of payments deficit we must cut "Until when is murderer Fidel Castro going to inate the Castro regime in Cuba." The hemi­ imports-and that tariff ba,rriers will do it. continue enjoying impunity? Until when sphere and the Free World are in need of This ignores the fact that we can prob­ shall he be permitted, without due punish­ such a program. ably help the balance of payments more ment, the daily aggressions in which this effectively by increasing our exports, which guilty and confessed criminal takes pride in a year ago reached a record $30 billion. his speeches, encouraging violence and fight­ We export 26 per cent of our cotton, 46 ing and extension throughout the continent Neoisolationism Is Foe of U.S. Progress per cent of our rice, one-fourth of our coal of these guerrillas and bands of murderers?" and synthetic rubber production, our ma­ On May 8, 1967, a landing party of twelve chine tools, textile machinery and lubri­ recently-trained communist guerrillas was HON. JOHN E. MOSS cating oils. We export 35 per cent of our con­ discovered on the Barlovento coast, about struction and mining equipment. 130 miles east of Caracas. Four of the infil­ OF CALIFORNIA But 1f we raise barriers against imports trators were members of Castro's Armed IN THE HOUSE OF ~EPRESENTATIVES these exports wlll suffer because foreign Forces, including a first lieutenant, two sec­ Friday, April19, 1968 customers wlll stop buying. And 3 million ond lieutenants and a militiaman. Second jobs are tied to this export trade. Lieutenant Manuel Gil Castellanos admitted Mr. MOSS. Mr. Speaker, the following International relations, alliances ·and trade the party had left Santiago de Cuba aboard editorial from an April edition of the depend on interchange, not isolation. a Cuban fishing vessel and came ashore by Sacramento Union focuses upon one of The . United States cannot--must not-­ raft. The leader of the infiltrators, Lieuten­ ever consjder again retiring to its own back ant Antonio Briones, killed by army fire, the most disturbing trends now appear­ yard. That policy of timidity and fear is carried a Soviet-made automatic rifie and ing in the Congress and among groups the antithesis ·Of enterprise, endeavor and $9,700 in cash on him. of our fellow citizens who have, unfor­ courage which made this nation great. National and continental reaction was tunately, forgotten the lessons of the sharp. Consider El Espectador of Bogota, Co­ high tariff-protectional era. lombia: "We are being forced by two facts This Nation cannot isolate itself eco­ of incalculable transcendency. On the one nomically or politically from the world hand the overt call, attributed to Che Gue­ The Greatest Threat to Peace on Earth va.ra, to croote two or more Vietnams in Latin which grows smaller with each new gen­ America, and on the other, the practical ap­ eration of aircraft and each new mode of plication of that case in the shipment not communication. HON. JOHN G. TOWER only of propaganda, arms and money but of The editorial follows: OJr TEXAS men to ca.rry out this violent action a.,aainst NEOISOLATIONISM Is FOE OF U.S. PROGRESS IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES the people and governments of Latin Amer­ As though the lessons of nearly 40 yeail"s Friday, April19,1968 ica." ago are now forgotten, there are new signs of On May 18, an official Cuban Communist Mr. TOWER. Mr. President, recently Party communique admitted responsibility a tendency toward isolation. for the landing, boasting: "We will not avoid This neoisolationism takes several forms. Lt. Gen. Arthur G. Trudeau, retired, de­ combat ... Imperialism never needs excuses It is the potential draftee who, perhaps be­ livered a speech to the Texas Strute Con­ to commit its crimes. Nor does the Cuban cause of his possible commitments, says th~ ference of the Daughters of the Ameri­ revolution need to ask its permission or for United States of America should stay out can Revolution. During this period of forgiveness to fulfill its duty of solida.rl.ty of other nation's problems. crisis both at home and abroad, I think With all the revolutionaries of the world, It is the member of Congress-he might even be chairman of an important commit­ his remarks are fitting. I ask unanimous a.tnOng them the Venezuelan revolutionaries. consent that they be printed in the •.•" And vowing further Castro subversion: tee-who thinks the United States should "We are lending and will continue to lend aid keep its troops at home. He thinks to fight RECORD. to all those who fight against imperialism in for right can be wrong. There being no objection, the remarks whatever part of the world." It is the manufacturer who demands bar­ were ordered to be printed in the RECORD, To this day, the war wages in Venezuela ricades against foreign competition in the shape .of high tariffs, regardless of the as follows.: and Colombia and other Latin American re­ THE GREATEST THREAT TO PEACE ON EARTH publics. Thousands of troops are constantly consequences. on alert or scouring the countryside in search It is anyone who considers the United Thank you, Mrs. Richardson. Madam of guerrillas; planes and helicopters are ·used States can «stop the world, we want to get Regent, Mrs. Woolley, and Distinguished for bigger battles. In the cities, policemen off." Guests, Officers and Members of the Texas and other public servants are killed by ter­ This nation was living in "splendid isola­ Society and the National Society, Daughters rorist bullets, while kidn.appings, robberies tion" 40 years ago. The belief prevailed that of the American Revolution, .My fellow Ameri­ and arson are common. Millions of dollars of the United States could hold itself com­ cans: I am pleased to have the opportunity property have been destroyed, while many pletely aloof from foreign affairs, politically to join you in the state where Gulf Oil Cor­ more millions of potential investment dollars and economically. poration, with whom I am associated, got have sought safer areas. And this is just what Foreign goods where shut out by the Ford­ its start. It was on the Texas plains south the Castro-Communists want. ney-McCumber Tariff of 1922 and the Smoot­ of Beaumont that a newfangled rotary drlll­ While Latin American governments clearly Hawley Tariff of 1929. In the face of warn­ ing rig, referred to by the natives as "Spin­ recognize the threat of Red Cuba, they also ings from economists and pleas from around dletop," began gushing oil on January 10, realize they cannot match the military might the world, this nation set its face against 1901, (longer ago than any of us remember) of that island fortress, supplied with its mod­ international involvement. thereby establishing the State of Texas. as a ern war machine by the Soviet Union. The And the crash came. It was partly the re­ prinlary source for oil. only hope appears to lie in combined Orga­ sult of a world-wide retaliatory spiral of Since those early days, Gulf's close kin­ nization of American states action spear­ trade restrictions forced by our isolationist, ship with the State of Texas has deepened headed by a resolute stand by the United protectionist policies. · and the friendship has steadily fiourished. States. But to date, this positive attitude The stern lesson, that our economic health In 1907, when Texas oil production slumped, seems lacking; even minor ra.td.s against Red cannot be separated from that of the world, Gulf laid a pipeline from Oklahoma to keep Cuba are thwarted by the U.S. 0oast Guard. was the "great depressi.on of 1929." · its Port ArthUl.' refinery busy. By the mid- In response to hemisphere subversion and. The more dramatic and costly lesson, that 20's, Port Arthur had become . the world's April 19, 19 6 8 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10099 largest refinery. It produces over 287,000 bar­ measures for the fulfillment of our duties on "Wars of Liberation," and Russian mili­ rels per day at the present time. to the rest of the world, without again press­ tary personnel are involved. Yet, in the The Colonial Pipe Line, in which Gulf ing upon you the necessity of placing our­ Senate debate this week, neither side dared has a 15% interest, runs from Texas to New selves in a condition of complete defence, and to mention the real reason why peace eludes York. It takes more than 14 million barrels of exacting from them the fulfillment of their us. The key rests in Moscow-not in Hanoi. of product to fill it, a quantity larger than duties towards us. The United States ought While you may feel some concern over the daily consumption of petroleum prod­ not to endulge a persuasion, that, contrary the stability of the South Vietnamese gov­ ucts in the United States. The product alone to the order of human events, they will for ernment, you must recognize that, consider­ is valued at $70,000,000, and the pipeline is ever keep at a distance those painful appeals ing the circumstances in that underdevel­ said to be the largest privately financed con­ to arms, with which the history of every na­ oped and war-torn country, progress can­ struction job in the United States. A gallon tion abounds. There is a rank due to the not be rapid. Just recall our own experience of product can be transported the entire dis­ United States among Nations, which will be in the Philippines in the early part of this tance for less than the cost of a postage withheld, if not absolutely lost, by the repu­ century. stamp. tation of weakness. If we desire to avoid in­ One of our mistakes in Vietnam was in Petrochemicals are also playing an impor­ sult, we must be able to repel it; if we desire being misled into letting President Diem tant role in Gulf's growth, most of them to secure peace, one of the most powerful be destroyed four years ago. He may not being manufactured in Texas, at Port instruments of our. rising prosperity, it must have achieved his goal but none as wise Arthur, Cedar Bayou and Orange. be known, that we are at all times ready for or acceptable has appeared since. He was Because so many of Gulf's activities are War." a great and oourageous little man. Had his centered in Texas, Houston is now our d~­ I am sure I am disclosing no secret when system and security measures been in effect, mestic operating headquarters. At Houston, I invite attention to the fact that our stra­ it is doubtful if the events of 1968 would also, is Gulf's Technical Services· Center, tegic reserve in men and materials is about have occurred in the provincial capitals of which last year became the responsibility of depleted. We couldn't send 200,000 men in Vietnam. Gulf Research & Development Company. trained units to Vietnam before 1969 or With the military tide in Indo-China I might also mention that both Mr. E. D. perhaps 1970 if we wanted tO. Any challenge turning in our favor, you can expect and Brockett, Chairman of the Board, and Mr. elsewhere would be even worse to meet. Ever observe increasing Communist pressures to B. R. Dorsey, President of Gulf Oil Corpo­ since 1965, we have violated two of the basic again destroy the Saigon government and ration, were born in Texas. principles of war. First, we have ignored the increase the atrocities and fear in the ham­ I ·am pleased, theref~re, to speak to you use and effect of heavy shock action, and lets and cities. You may see heavy fighting tonight as a representative of Gulf and its secondly, we have failed to reconstitute our also. Let us not be so shaken, however, by thriving industrial ventures in your state, reserves after commitment of major forces. every unsatisfactory turn of the dice. Strug­ which contribute so much to our nation's Now we are living in a seething world gle is the cross of mankind and it will never power and progress. where the fires of anarchy, chaos and disorder, be resolved on the psychiatrist's couch or I am even more pleased to have the oppor­ fomented or abetted by World Communism, with LSD. We have too many jittery people. tunity to address this dedicated group of are burning through thin veneer of Western They cower where struggle is involved, par­ Americans who are proud of their heritage Civilization. Without this cancer affecting ticularly in the face of any reverse. Remem­ and their country, an organization that pro­ the whole world, our domestic problems, seri­ ber, the death throes of a beast are fre­ motes national security, better education ous as they are, would at least have an excel­ quently the most violent. And, as Marshal and patriotic endeavor. You are to be com­ lent chance of being substantially resolved. Foch said, sym.bolically, "The general who mended for your efforts in warning of the While the Soviet Union proposed a reso­ fights for the last 15 minutes wins the bat­ dangers which would transform the United lution for non-intervention in the affairs of tle." Have we forgotten the dark days when · States Government from a sovereign Repub­ other nations that was unanimously adopted Britain stood alone, expecting to be overrun lic into a completely socialistic state under by the United Nations on December 21, 1965, momentarily? Have we forgotten Pearl Har­ the United Nations Charter. it has been consistently violated by them ever bor with our fleet on the bottom of the In these days of world upheaval, all who since. Bay-or Bataan--or Corregidor? Even in Ko­ stand their ground for principle, be it moral, The resolution states, "No state may rea we stood against five-to-one odds with national, filial or political, must expect slash­ organize, assist, foment, finance, incite, or completely unready and understrength divi­ ing attacks from the proponents of chaos tolerate subversive, terrorist, or armed activi­ sions in the Pusan perimeter. and anarchy, who seek to destroy the great­ ties with an aim to the violent overthrow Even when we have the advantage, we seem est civilization and culture yet built by man. of the regime of another state, or to inter­ to temporize. If we hadn't stood in Korea, Within our churches, our homes, our gov­ fere in civil strife in another state." Admir­ Japan might be gone today. If we had car­ ernment and our schools, the dark forces of able, but completely meaningless as their ried the fight beyond the Yalu and not given godlessness and greed are embattled with performance clearly demonstrates. the Chinese forces sanctuary, we might not forces of love and tolerance and order and Here's what Rashidov, Chief of the Soviet have had to be in Southeast Asia today. the outcome is in delicate balance. delegation to the Havana Conference, said Ponder a moment when things look dark over Within our nation, minor but powerful less than three weeks later: what tenacity, fortitude and courage mean. elements seek to create disorder domestically "We express olir fraternal solidarity with And faith in the Almighty when our cause and confound our policy internationally. It the internal armed struggle now being waged is just. Our ancesters had it. Do we? is a truly remarkable country that can still by the patriots in Venezuela, Peru, Colombia, What would you think, if even without afford free speech or license to speak publicly and Guatemala against the lackeys of im­ armed conflict, 5,000 of our government offi­ even when men in high places give aid and perialism." cials, federal, state and local, together with comfort to the enemy by their public ex­ How can we put any trust in the Soviet leading businessmen, journalists, educators pressions. It even seems ironical when one word in the face of such duplicity? And yet, and even women and children, were mur­ of these men happens to have been the leader dered, beheaded and tortured every month in of elements that suppressed military men like not one of our diplomats has ever challenged our "peace-loving" enemies. America? And yet, this is analagous to what myself in 1964 who were only trying to ener­ the poor people of little Vietnam have suf­ gize the security of their country and iden­ I must remind you that Marx defined fered for years from the Communist efforts to tify elements inimical to America's interests. "peace" as a state that can only exist in overrun Southeast Asia and move on to Indo­ Your President and mine, whatever our a classless world and that all Communist nesia and Australia. party affiliation, stands harassed and even actions to achieve that goal are justified as If you'll tum your head southward, how­ insulted in executing a necessary but dis­ peace-seeking, even war and murder. Do we ever, you will note that 110 million Indone­ tasteful policy to contain, and hopefully re­ stand up for our moral principles and con­ sians are back on our side, as well as Singa­ duce, the greatest threat to peace on earth, victions, or has the cancer of Communism pore, and that Malaysia and the Philippines World Communism. Of course, this is not turned our blood to water and our courage and Australia and New Zealand can breathe unique in our country, as even Washington to abject fear? It's time the Fabian Social­ freely again. Who mentions this accomplish­ came within two votes of being courtmar­ ists, One Worlders and Caspar Milquetoasts ment? Who has told you there are more tialed and dismissed by the Continental Con­ were removed· from their appointed or elected Asians fighting for freedom in Vietnam than gress in early 1778 by the so-called Conway positions of power. there were in Korea? These are significant Cabal. Whose weapons have shot down a thou­ gains for the Free World. The routes to India The cost of liberty gets higher every day, sand American aircraft and airmen and are at least open from the east, even though but we can never retain it ourselves if we provide most of the supplies to support the the Suez is closed from the west. permit the rest of the world to become slaves. aggression in Vietnam? Soviet Russia's, of A unilateral step in stopping the bombing There is a moral as well as a practical reason course, and yet the · advocates of trade with is not justified unless Hanoi agrees concur­ for our ventures but our moral perspective the Soviet close their eyes to the fact that rently to refrain from further miH.tary build­ has been so ruptured that only a minority American-made components and parts so up and to desist from violence and terrorism. support such a view in this chaotic world traded are being used in battle against us Even then, the talks must begin promptly today. i~ Southeast Asia. As a matter of fact, the and only be continued as long as they are In his Fifth Annual Address to the Con­ strategic and logistic execution of the Com­ productive. The treacherous violations during gress in 1793, Washington said: munist effort in Hanoi is under the direc­ the holiday truces are not encouraging signs "I cannot recommend to your notice tion of General Sherbakov, a Soviet expert of Hanoi's desire for real peace and its is 10100 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 19, 1968 doubtful, even if Ohlna sincerely wants the lenged. Distances between airports and fanatics, draft dodgers or beatnik agitators, confiict stopped, that Russia would agree. problems in flying over hostile lands even fired up and funded by hostile elements to Effeotive inspection procedures must be part threaten to stop commercial , air traffic be­ substitute license for liberty in order to of any acceptable agreement. tween Europe and the Pacific. The availabil­ create· chaos and resort to violence is dis­ Remember that negotiations in Korea were ity of essential Middle East oil to the Free tressing to at least 90% of our citizens of fruitless and frustrating for two full years. World (both Europe and the Far East), all colors. We look to the Congress for action Even in the last three weeks of fighting as hangs in the balance. before it is too late. In correspondence with the armistice was about to be signed in July, Yet, despite all this, the indifference and leading Democratic members of Congress, 1953, my own division, the 7th Infantry of even hostility of Britain and the United however, they blame their own Administra­ 18,000 men, lost more in killed and more in States toward South Africa, Rhodesia and tion for not applying laws already in effect. wounded than our total forces of 475,000 the adjacent areas is such that our last I believe we are witnessing a struggle men have ever suffered in Vietnam in any route of -access around the Cape of Good today on the national scene largely .between similar period except last month, . to say Hope to the so-called "soft," but vitally im­ the proponents of principle versus expedi­ nothing of heavy Turkish, Ethiopian, Colom­ portant, underbelly of Asia lies unsupported ency. This is not to question the sincerity of bian and Korean losses in troops then under and even boycotted in part. How the Soviet some who, I believe, are badly uninformed my command. must gloat over a U.S. policy that is of di­ or misguided. 'Ib.e contest doesn't break out 'Ib.ere are reportedly continuing efforts to rect assistance to them based on our na­ clearly along either religious, racial or party entice Russia to be our pal by extending very tional misconceptions, meddling and misun­ lines; but it is here. It involves the interpre­ large long-term credits. Watch for this play. derstanding of problems peculiar to the tation of the Constitution and Bill of Rights I can only repeat the words first attributed area! How Cecil Rhodes, who attempted to in. th·e moral climate that prevails today, and to Robert Goodloe Harper, a member of Con­ found an empire in the vital area of Africa scratches the very touch-stones ot our Re­ gress from South Carolina, at a dinner hon­ south of the Tropic of Capricorn, would turn public. It involves a challenge to established oring John Marshall in 1798, referring to over in his grave U he could view the actions foreign policy by a few but powerful voices. negotiations to prevent attacks by the Bar­ and attitudes of Britain and of many Ameri­ Witness this week's open hearings before bary pirates, "Millions for defense, but not cans who have benefited by his scholar­ the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. We a cent for tribute." If we have this kind of ships! now learn that a think factory, devoted to credit to extend (which I doubt), let's help At home, the likelihood of making our selling the ideas of the ultra-liberal left, has our friends and neighbors in Latin America own deterrent power more credible and real­ completed the 32nd draft of a new constitu­ and get on with solving our own serious istic depends on actual production and de­ tion for our country. What agency is paying domestic problems, rather than have it ployment of improved defensive and offen­ for this and who needs it? We've got the soaked up in building up a vicio~s and un­ sive capabilities in the exo-atmosphere, as greatest document the world has yet seen relenting enemy who espouses a system that well as for conventional combat. Our re­ now, if we can only reorient our courts and is in con:flict with everything we hold dear. serves must be rebuilt rapidly. Newspaper our government to interpret it better. Remember, the Communist threat to bury talk is quite misleading and even the De­ I believe the challenge to law and order us and destroy our system has never once partment of Defense has finally admitted in this world by both the proponents of been denied by any responsible Communist that the changing strategic balance is in anarchy and chaos· and the advocates of and is frequently reasserted. We await with favor of the Soviet. compromise and surrender must be met hope ·and interest their first invitation to Cost-effectiveness is an interesting term, firmly and without surcease. More inflamma­ exchange real friendship and cooperation. but the true professional evaluation ot ef­ tory marches in our cities and on our cam­ And let us not be so ready to condemn, or fectiveness is even more important than the puses are scheduled for the near future and agree with those who condemn, our leaders, computation of the cost for any given prob­ they must be dealt with in a prompt and civil or military. The poorest informed and lem or system. It is doubtful if a strategy positive fashion. Calvin Coolidge reached the least motivated are usually the .first to criti­ that costs us $500,000 per VietCong casualty Presidency because he had the courage to cize. We are not going to have a Communist against a $500 cost for them to snuff out an enforce the laws and maintain order in the World, but our people are not going to be American's life is much of an example of face of violence. Our people are getting fed Pueblo-ized 1'orever, either. What a shameful valid cost-effectiveness. Our purpose has up with weak leaders at any level and his episode! Only when the enemy knows we been right. Otir strategy has been highly counterpart might yet repeat his achieve- have both superior power and the will to questionable at best. ment. · The so-called Soviet "Fractional Orbiting use it in any environment will he desist I believe the attempt to avoid the road to from his anarchistic and aggressive policies. Ballistic Missile" (FOBS) is a threat of the most serious import. While a few of us have World Communism by taking the detour Let us never lose our perspective on the pri­ through Socialism will only make the trip macy of this point if we hope to survive. pleaded for ten years for an aware1:ess of such a development and for a defense to oblivion a little longer and, must be re­ With regard to Western Europe, the threat versed. Unfortunately, the pronouncements of future confiict remains serious and un­ against it, those in power, for a variety of reasons, have refused to recognize the threat. and actions of some in very high places are resolved. 'Ib.e Russian outflanking of West­ accelerating the advance of a Socialistic wel- ern Europe in the Mediterranean along the Now there is real concern. Actually, it is fare state. · North African coast, now supplemented by a only "fractional" on that particular orbit when the Soviet decide to dump it (or I believe the restoration of individual pride growing Russian fleet in the Mediterranean by upgrading our code of morals and ethics and abetted by DeGaulle's intransigeance, them) on us and we are with-out any defense. As I have said before, we are the world's and by fostering greater freedom of enter­ has raised a threat of new and serious pro­ prise, better and more responsible state and portions. To the east, the Israeli-Arab and greatest nuclear nudist colony. As for the domestic situation, the increase looal governments and more severe punish­ Cypriot problems lend added concern. ment for crimlnal actions within just laws is Let me say this for the present Greek gov­ in crime, the moral disintegration and the lack of national pride and disregard for law essential if public safety ts going to be im­ ernment: Despite yowls of pain from the left, proved and any sense of personal responsi­ it undoubtedly saved a Communist take­ and order, threaten the very foundations of our government and our society unless saner bility for government is to persist. over. Furthermore, it is doubtful if either the I believe the restoration cxf national pride King's government or the Communists, if judgment and more effective laws can be brought to bear soon. Of course, not even by rejuvenating the Monroe Doctrine and they had been in power, would have achieved pursuing a positive foreign policy (including a peaceful settlement of the Cyprus prob­ existin-g laws are enforced by our weakened courts, as many members of Congress readily the determination to use force if necessary) lem. 'Ib.e Soviet would have loved to see to repulse the advance of World Communism Greece and Turkey at each other's throats. admit. Nine months ago I was invited to appear and world chaos is likewise essential if Amer­ Remember, Cyprus is less than 100 miles from ica is to remain the bulwark, as well as the before the Senate Internal Security Subcom­ the growing Soviet naval base of Latakia in symbol, cxf freedom and dignity of men and Syria. mittee. I :feel my comments are still perti­ nations throughout this world. As for the Middle East, the thrust of Rus­ nent this evenlng. In substance they were These things I believe. In my opinion, laws sia to take over the Arab countries remains as follows: It is quite obvious to me that the con­ should be passed to: unabated. While the rearming and reorganiz­ 1. Make it a felony for any resident of ing of the Arabs is proceeding under the tempt for our laws and law-enforcement ageactes can only result in the most serious the United States owing allegiance to this direction of more than 2,000 .Soviet officers country (and any others with passportS) to and technicians, the conquest of Yemen at consequences unless checked pro:nptly. Look at our ·cities and our campuses. If revolution give aid and oomfort to an adversary ot the the southern entrance of the Red Sea con­ United States with which our Armed Forces and violence are needed to adjust our society tinues. Therefore, access to the Gulf of are engaged in open hostilities. This should Aqaba. for the Israelis may soon be meaning­ in this most "favored segment of God's earth, less if Yemen falls to Soviet controL Somalia. then there can be little hope for the peaceful include ln.ftammat.ory statements or 9.Citions, Aden and the horn of Africa are likewise un­ progress of the rest of mankind. (Keep an inciting violence. flag-burning, interference der increasing Sovlet pressure. eye out for the last ten days of April-and with ~P movements and supply operations With the gates to the Indian Ocean be­ the summer ahead, of course) • or hindering the Armed Forces of the United ing threatened in the Red .Sea i1o the wes~ , U the majority of our people were tn­ States in the performance of their official and Singapore to the east, access to the volved, it would be more understandable; duties. Persian Gull and India is seriously ebal- but to permit a small minority of racial 2. Amend a.nd energize the Smith Act mak- April 19, 1968 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS 10101 ing it a Federal offense to urge, advise or efforts, if we are to maintain our security men reported to the Charleston institution solicit the use of force or violence to bring and advance triumphantly down the rocky and became its first Corps of Cadets. Today, about the overthrow of the United States road ahead. "Corps Day," is a part of a week-long com­ Government. During my boyhood in Vermont, the strug­ memoration billed as the "quasquicenten­ 3. Prohibit any and all persons entering gle for our great country in which your an­ nial" of the military college. the United States as members of a mission cestors participated was typified by the bat­ The fact that the 125th anniversary is or international organization from using any tles of Ticonderoga and Bennington. My ear­ being observed is itself a revealing facet oif name but their true name. Al·so, prohibit any ly motivations probably explain why my life's Citadel history, for plans for the 75th and member of the Communist secret police from greatest satisfaction rests on 42 years in the lOOth anniversaries were thwarted by World entering the United States as a member of a uniform of my country. Your presence here Wars I and II. And even today, the shadow diplomatic mission. Such a law, I believe, will at your organization meeting speaks volumes of war hangs over The Citadel and accounts hinder the Soviet terrorists and subversive for your own devotion and dedication to our for the absence of hundreds of young (and organizations. (If we had had such a law a country. So, despite some unbelievable and some not-so-young) graduates who might be few months ago, we oould have kept out or unconscionable national policies and actions, present were it not for their serving in posts arrested the Deputy Chief of the Soviet se­ or lack of same, in our government, let us of duty all over the world, especially in curity police (KCB) and his assistant, b<>lth continue our small but tenacious efforts to Vietnam. of whom were in the United States under support those basic principles on which the Thirty-one Citadel men already have given assumed names.) Republic was founded for as long as we live. their lives in Vietnam, where they served 4. Prohibit the use of the United States An election year is a good time to consider their CDuntry in the Army, the Air Force, or mail for the transmission of any mall or such matters carefully. the Marine Corps. Another 31 were k111ed in written material of a subversive nature which No more meaningful words have been ut­ the Korean fighting of the 1950's and hun­ would assist any adversary with which the tered than these by Ethan Allen after dreds more made the supreme sacrifice in the United States Armed Forces are engaged in Ticonderoga. The doves in a timid Con­ two world wars of this century. armed hostilities. tinental Congress fell to talking about giving But Citadel men have served their state Passage of laws, such as I have briefly out­ the captured cannon back to the British. and nation not only in time of war but in lined, would only be partially effective unless Whereupon, Ethan Allen wrote Congress, time of peace. Much of the emphasis in this we change our attitude on Communism and ( Gene~als could do that in those days) say­ week's celebration is placed upon the mili­ security risks and tighten the entire system ing in part what might well be our thought tary, as seems proper in light of the fact that as we know it today. The left-wing groups' for tonight: more than half of The Citadel's graduates of policy of "non-exclusion" of Communists has "I wish to God America would at this the last 10 years still are on active duty. been encouraged by successive Attorneys critical juncture exert herself ... she might Citadel men rank high in their civilian General of the United States when they make rise up on eagle wings and mount up to pursuits, whether they be in the professions, such statements as, "There is no longer any Glory, Freedom and Immortal Honor if she business, government, education, or other­ internal threat." Mr. J. Edgar Hoover seems did but know her strength." wise. They are in the United States Senate, to think otherwise, however, and you can be­ The time is late. The goal is great. We the South Carolina General Assembly, the lleve him. Last month Senator Eastland and must now awake or accept our fate. Be vigi­ Lieutenant Governor's omce, and in other 18 of his associates introduced a blll, S. 2988, lant and active in defense of all we hold posts of public service. to overcome these dangers. It deserves your dear. Today, 2,000 young men in cadet grey will support as every leftist, Communist, Social­ Thank you very much. be drawn up in review beneath the 15 United ist and do-gooder will be out to kill it. Sup­ States flags which circumscribe the parade port the omnibus security bill, as it is called. ground. Tomorrow, they will march through Nor can I accept the basic conclusion of the the streets of old Charleston in an extension President's Riot Commission that the basic of the cadet corps' "thank you" to the people problem is "white racism." A study made in The 12Sth Anniversary of The Citadel, of the city, the state, and the nation. Detroit itself contests this finding. Black Military College of South Carolina For its part, The State returns its thanks racism and its invitation to violence and to an institution which has engraved, not burning is as guilty as any other factor. If only upon a bronze plaque at the school but this nation is to remain a Republic with a HON. STROM THURMOND upon the hearts of its graduates, the im­ democratic form of government, the will of mortal words of Robert E. Lee. the majority expressed in the laws of the land OF SOUTH CAROLINA "Duty is the sublimest word in the English must prevall and lawlessness and violence IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES language." must be promptly and adequately punished. Friday, April19, 1968 While I regret all the unhappiness in this world, I refuse to be brainwashed by those Mr. THURMOND. Mr. President, last Television Builds a Unifying Common Cul­ who seek to instill in us a feeling of guilt by month the Military College of South association for every maladjusted and un­ Carolina, generally known as The Cita­ ture, Says FCC's Lee Loevinger happy person who exists or every unfortunate del, celebrated its 125th anniversary. incident that occurs. Let us build up pride by association instead-pride to be country­ On this occasion I made some com­ men of leaders like Washington and Lincoln, ments on the floor of the Senate in HON. VANCE HARTKE Tom Marshall and Oliver Wendell Holmes, recognition of The Citadel and the men OF INDIANA Teddy Roosevelt and Douglas MacArthur, who have made it great. Today I invite IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES Longfellow, :Will Durant, Victor Herbert and the attention of Congress to an excellent Friday, April19, 1968 Gershwin, Edison and Henry Ford and a editorial published in the March 22, host of others, big and little, who lived (and 1968, issue of the State newspaper of Mr. HARTKE. Mr. President, Lee a million who died) to give us the United Columbia, S.C., It extolls the great worth Loevinger has moved firmly into his post States of America we know today. of this military institution to this coun­ as a member of the Federal Communi­ As I told the committee, I have seen so cations Commission in a service to the many die to uphold the Stars and Stripes try. that only Christian charity leaves me willing The editorial, entitled "The Citadel," public which broadcasting needs. From to see anyone even live who desecrates it. points to traditions which must be re­ that post of observation, analysis, and Punish this draft card and flag burning. It's vived if the country is to survive. I ask judgment he has written an analysis of an insult to our men in Vietnam and to unanimous consent that the editorial the positive side of television under the Americans everywhere. Bear down on crime be printed in the Extensions of Remarks. title, "There Need Be No Apology, No and violence. No man, whose words and ac­ Lament." That statement was read by tions beget violence and destruction is en­ There being no objection, the editorial was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, millions earlier this month as it ap­ titled to freedom. He is a menace to any peared in the popular publication, TV society. as follows: With due "regard and regret for both our THE CrrADEL Guide, for the week of April 6. past failures and our yet incomplete vic­ Americans who need their faith restored in Mr. President, I ask unanimous con­ tories, we need apologize to no one for the the younger generation, who seek relief from sent that this article, which concludes causes we have advanced so greatly for the the unkempt, bearded peaceniks and beatniks that television is performing a great benefit of mankind. We must not lose our who litter many a college campus, and who service in helping us to achieve a com­ pride in accomplishment nor our loyalty to cling to old-fashioned concepts of patriotism mon culture, may appear in the Exten­ the ideals that made us great. The protec­ and pride should turn their attention this sions of Remarks. tion, the prosperity, and the progress of our week to the Military College of South country demand more effective laws and law Carolina. There being no objection, the article enforcement, together with our fullest dedi­ The Citadel is observing the 125th anni­ was ordered to be printed in the RECORD, cation, continuous struggle and determined versary of that week in 1843 when 20 young as follows: 10102 EXTENSIONS OF REMARKS April 19, 1968 THERE NEED BE No APOLOGY, No LAMENT; tries, especially Communist ones, which sub­ against these facts requires a more detailed IN DEFENSE OF TELEVISION ject broadcasting to strict government con­ analysis than is possible here, but such (By Lee Loevinger) trol because of its supposed social and polit­ analysis shows that each is consistent with ical influence. some, but not all of the facts. The difficulty (NOTE.-TV Guide has published numerous Recently some philosophers and scientists is that each theory has focused on one or a articles critical of television and will con­ have rejected the journalistic and social-re­ few aspects rather than the whole complex tinue to do so whenever criticism is war­ form theories in an effort to discover whazt picture. We can better understand broad­ ranted. The purpose of this current series, broadcasting actually is, rather than starting casting in modern society if we regard it as however, is to analyze the beneficial effects with their own ideas of what Lt ought to an electronic mirror that reflects a vague or television has had on our world and its citi­ be. The best-known of these is Marshall Mc­ ambiguous image. As society is complex and zens. The authors, therefore, have been Luhan, a Oanadian professor now azt Ford­ many-faceted, broadcasting reflects a variety asked expressly to limit themselves to a dis­ ham, who has become the Billy Rose, or per­ of images. These are never precisely focused cussion of these positive aspects, even haps the P. T. Barnum, of the academic world. though they may also have some negative and completely clear. McLuhan's thesis and slogan is, "The me­ Society is reflected in the media mainly as attitudes about television and its perform­ dium is the message." This means that each ance.) an organized group or groups. But the audi­ medium changes the environment or creates ence watches as individuals. Looking at a Maybe television really isn't very impor­ a new environment, and consequences of this tant--it doesn't necessarily influence people blurred or vague image, different individuals change Blre more signifioarut than the mes­ see different things. This is because every­ just because they watch it for hours on end. sages carried. McLuhan regards all m.edia as That is about the most charitable opinion one engages in some projection, a common extensions of human senses, and points to psychological process which consists of at­ expressed by six eminent intellectuals writ­ effects of such sense-extensions through ing in TV Guide in 1966. Similar derogatory tributing our own attitudes, ideas or feelings printing, radio and television. McLuhan says to perceptions we get from the environment. views appear almost daily in newspapers and mass media created "the public," and argues magazines. Psychologists use projection in the Rors­ that this fact is more important than any chach "ink-blot" test by showing a series of Meanwhile millions of people, a large part particular message. of the population, spend every evening ink blots to different persons and asking Moot recently William Stephenson, a social each to say what they mean. The different watching the tube. A recent survey disclosed scientist at the University of Missouri, has that only 14 percent of slum homes in one things people "see" in ink blots indicate suggested "the play theory of mass commu­ ideas, attitudes and feelings of the observers. large Eastern city took newspapers, but 100 nications," based on novel, technical and in­ percent had television sets. genious methods of investigating and meas­ All of us interpret observations according What's going on, and is it good or bad? A uring a;ttitudes. Stephenson says play is ac­ to our attitudes. To a child, "Alice in Won­ rational approach recognizes two separate tivity thBit is self-sumcient and pursued for derland" and "Gulliver's Travels" are stories questions here. The first: What is television the pleasure in it, while work involves effort of adventure; to an adult they are charming actually doing? The second: What should it undertaken for some ulterior purpose, such and fanciful allegories. Similarly, television be doing? as production of goods, ideas or profit. programs mean different things to different In the voluminous writing on the subject, Mass communication is engaged in for people, and mean different things to one there has been little effort to separate these pleasure, not for information or improve­ person at different times, depending upon questions. Most critics are so anxious to tell ment. For example, people look first in the attitude and mood. us what they think television should be that newspaper to read about events they have Regarding television as an ambiguous mir­ they neglect to examine what it actually is. been involved in and already know about, ror reflecting a slightly blurred image of so­ A fairly comprehensive review of what has as a football game they have seen. This ciety in which each viewer sees, by projec­ been written shows five general theories of shows they read newspapers not for informa­ tion; his own vision of society and self, ex­ broadcasting: tion but as play. The "fill," the ordinary plains the observable facts. 'lielevision is pop­ First was the hobby theory. When we were content, of mass communications is neither ular because, as a reflection of society, it is winding wire coils on old cereal boxes, mak­ debasing nor escapism, but a buffer against responsive and adapted to mass attitudes and ing condensers (capacitors) out of tinfoil anxieties and tensions of modern conditions. .tastes. It increasingly performs the journal­ and waxed paper, using "crystals" and "cat Culture and national character are formed istic function because it is immediate, per­ whiskers," and listening on earphones, the by songs, gossip, sports, dances, competition sonal and comprehensive. Television is often real joy of radio was getting the most distant and other forms of communications pleasure. better than personal observation as it can go stations. A boy in St. Paul, Minn., thrilled to The role of mass communications is to maxi­ further, faster and see more, yet conveys a hear KDKA simply because it was in Pitts­ mize communications pleasure and individ­ sense of personal presence and participation. burgh. After World War II, much of the ual freedom in a world of increasing social There is emotional reaction to television interest in television was the novelty of get­ controls. because by projection each person sees some ting a picture in your own home. In those Each of these theories has some useful and of his ego in his perception, so he reacts as days people enjoyed manipulation of the de­ accurate observations, but none is wholly though statements about television were vice as much as programs, and broadcasting adequate to explain obvious facts about tele- about himself-which they are so far as they was more a hobby than. a means of mass vision and radio. These are: _ involve his impression of television. communication. Radio is still a hobby for First, that broadcasting, especially tele­ A simple test shows how projection in­ more than a quarter-million licensed ama­ vision, is the most popular communications volves ego and emotion. Hide and watch peo­ teurs; but most of us have long sinc·e become medium in history. It is the first truly mass ple passing a mirror. Almost no one can resist more interested in programs. medium reaching all classes and groups in looking at his own image, and few fail to When broadcasting declined as a hobby, it society. show some reaction. Or 11"y taking pictures grew as a news medium. In the early 1930's Second, American-type broadcasting has and showing them to the subject. People love newspaper publishers tried to prevent broad­ universal appeal. Even such typically Amer­ to see pictures of themselves but never say casting of news. A separate radio news service ican programs as Westerns are popular they are flattered. was established, but finally publishers con­ throughout the world, as is American popu­ The intellectuals are alienated by televi­ ceded the rights of broadcasters, and news lar music. Public demand has forced even sion because they want to see images of wire services were offered to radio sta-tions. government-operated broadcasting systems themselves, as they think they are, and in­ Public reliance on broadcasting has grown to present such programming. stead they see images of the common man since then until now a Roper survey indi­ Third, broadcasting is increasingly per­ and the mass of society. But television is an cates more people look to television as a pri­ forming the journalistic function of news element of our culture because it shows mary news source than to newspapers. This reporting for a growing segment of the pub­ things of common and universal interest. has led numerous observers to the view tha.t lic, while literacy and prosperity are in- National culture is not found in museums or the journaldstic function is the principal and creasing. - formed by graduate schools or universities. proper role of broadcasting. Fourth, television arouses strong emotional It is composed of common habits and pat­ Others see the journalistic theory as em­ reactions in both critics and public. Strange­ terns of living of people in daily activities, phasizing mere news reporting too much, ly, those who say they dislike television seem and of the common interest in entertain­ while neglect.tng social influence. They point to be as regular in their watching and pas­ ment, sports, news, and even advertising. to the vast audience of broadcasting, larger sionate in their views as those who like it. The "fill" or ordinary run of · material in than any other meddum in history both in Fifth, television is largely disdained by in­ everyday broadcasting is a more important numbers and percentage of population, and tellectuals, both genuine and would-be. Some part of common culture than the occasional claim this offers a chance for grea,t social publications do not consider it respectable artistic triumph or esthetic masterpiece. influence. Since social problems are now so to write about television without disparag­ Whether or not anyone thinks this is the way urgent, this leads to the conclusion tha.t ing it. things should be, observation shows that broadcasting is, or shoUld be, an instrument Sixth, broadcasting has become more a this is the way things are. The "refiective­ of socdal refonn. This view sees television as part of ordinary life than any other means projective theory" which regards television · a means of doing quickly and easily what of communication, except possibly talking. as an ambiguous mirror in which each viewer home, school, church and stalte have been It is clearly a component of our common sees an image of both society and self is sim­ struggling to do slowly and pa4nfully for culture. ply descriptive of known facts. years. A similar view is omciaiin some couri- Testing the five theories we have described This view does suggest the· role television April 22, 1968 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- HOUSE 10103 is· best adapted to serve. One of our most enjoy daily. Disdainful talk about television a common culture to unite our country. This pressing needs today is to strengthen our seeking "the lowest common denominator" now appears to be its natural function and common culture and sense of national unity misses the important point. Culture is not highest ideal. It is enough. and purpose. The only media that reach arithmetic, and the cultural denominator enough people or touch people intimately of popular programs may be the highest, not enough to achieve this are radi.J and tele­ the lowest, that is truly common. The im­ vision. Whether television lifts us to esthetic portant point is television does achieve a The "Pueblo": How Long, Mr. President? or intellectual heights or elevates our ar­ common denominator in society. tistic standards is less important than If there were less programing it might be whether it helps us achieve a common cul­ of better quality. But the character of life HON. WILLIAM J. SCHERLE ture and sense of national unity and purpose. depends upon everyday experience more than OF IOWA It is more likely to do this by responding upon great infrequent ceremonial occasions. day after day to the wants and tastes of the Amiability at the breakfast table is more IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES million-strong masses than by straining for important to a happy marriage than design Friday, April19, 1968 approval of scornful intellectuals. There need of the wedding gown. be no apology and should be no lament for a As television lets us share daily a common Mr. SCHERLE. Mr. Speaker, this is broadcasting industry which provides the reflection of society and helps us see a similar the 88th day the U.S.S. Pueblo and her mass of people with programs they watch and vision of our relationship to society, it builds crew have been in North Korean hands.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES-Monday, April 22, 1968

The House met at 12 o'clock noon. H.R. 10477. An act to amend chapter 37 SIGNING ENROLLED JOINT The Chaplain, Rev. Edward G. Latch, of title 38 of the United States Code to lib­ RESOLUTION DD., offered the following prayer: eralize the guarantee entitlement and reason­ able value requirement for home loans, to The SPEAKER. The Chair desires to Teach me to do Thy will; tor Thou art remove certain requirements with respect announce that pursuant to the authority my God: Thy spirit is good; lead me into to the interest rate on loans subject to such granted him on Wednesday, April 10, the land of uprightness.-Psalm 143: 10. chapter, and to authorize aid on account of 1968, he did on April 11, 1968, sign the structural defects in property purchased with Almighty and eternal God, we thank assistance under such chapter. following enrolled joint resolution of the Thee for the lovely evidences of spring, House: for the beauty which surrounds us, for The message also announced that the H.J. Res. 1229. Joint resolution making a the glory which shines above us, and Senate agrees to the amendments of the supplemental appropriation for the fiscal for the love which from our birth over House to bills of the Senate of the fol­ year ending- June 30, 1968, and for other and around us lies. Lord of all, to Thee lowing titles: purposes. we raise this our prayer of grateful S. 234. An act for the relief of James W. praise. Adams and others; POSTAL REFORM MEASURE Let us not set out on any endeavor this S. 375. An act to amend the Communica­ INTRODUCED day which is not in accord with Thy will tions Act of 1934 with respect to obscene or for us, for our Nation, and for our world. harassing telephone calls in interstate or for­ Mr. NELSEN. Mr. Speaker, I ask Take us by the hand and lead us, eign commerce; unanimous consent to address the House illumine our minds and direct our think­ S. 1664. An act for the relief of the city of for 1 minute. ElDorado, Kans.; and The SPEAKER. Is there objection to ing, strengthen our spirits and give us S. 2912. An act to authorize appropriations the courage of creative convictions that the request of the gentleman from for the saline water conversion program for Minnesota? our thoughts, our words, and our actions fiscal year 1969, and for other purposes. may be worthy of Thy blessing. There was no objection. Bless our President, our Speaker, these The message also announced that the Mr. NELSEN. Mr. Speaker, I am today Representatives of our people, and all Senate had passed bills of the following introducing legislation like that previ­ who work under the dome of this beloved titles, in which the concurrence of the ously introduced by the gentleman from Capitol. God bless us everyone and help House is requested: Wisconsin [Mr. BYRNES]. It is designed u8 to continue to labor earnestly and S. 3293. An act to authorize appropriations to end the politics involved in the ap­ enthusiastically for. the welfare of our during the fiscal year 1969 for procurement pointment of postmasters and rural mail country and the well-being of mankind. of aircraft, missiles, naval vessels, and carriers. It would become effective on In the Master's name we pray. Amen. tracked combat vehicles, research, develop­ the day the new President is inaugurated ment, test, and evaluation for the Armed next year, or January 20, 1969. Forces, and to prescribe the authorized per­ I have always objected to this political sonnel strength of the Selected Reserve· of THE JOURNAL practice. It is just a throwback to the each Reserve component of the Armed old, discredited spoils system and hinders The Journal of the proceedings of Forces, and for other purposes. the progress we are trying to make to­ Thursday, April 11, 1968, was read and ward a true merit system in the public approved. service. COMMUNICATION FROM THE The measure introduced would give MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE CLERK OF THE HOUSE experienced postal workers first crack at The SPEAKER laid before the House promotions to postmastership and rural A message from the Senate by Mr. Ar­ carrier positions. Where employees are rington, one of its clerks, announced the following communication from the Clerk of the House of Representatives: unavailable for such jobs, vacancies that the Senate had passed without would be filled through competitive civil amendment a bill of the House of the OFFICE OF THE CLERK, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, service examination. following title: Criminal penalties would be authorized Washington, D.C., April11, 1968. H.R. 15398. An act to amend the National for those using political influence to gain School Lunch Act to strengthen and expand The Honorable the SPEAKER, House of Representatives. the Government jobs for political cronies. food service programs for children, and for Mr. Speaker, I would remind our col­ other purposes. DEAR SIR: Pursuant to authority granted on April 10, 1968, the Clerk received from .the leagues that Republicans played a po­ The message also announced that the Secretary of the Senate today the following litical ha.nd in picking people for such Senate had passed with amendments in message: postal plums in the 8 years of the Eisen­ which the concurrence of the House is That the Senate passed House Joint Reso­ hower administration while the Demo­ requested, bills of the House of the fol­ lution 1229, making a supplemental appro­ crats have done the same for the 8 lowing titles: priation for the fiscal year ending June 30, years of the Kennedy-Johnson admin­ H .R. 2155. An act to amend the tariff 1968, and for other purposes. istration. It would be easier to quit this schedules of the · United States with re­ · Respectfully yours, blatantly politicaJ business while ·Ne are spect to the class1fication of Chinese goose- W. PAT JENNI:NGS, even ~steven. I hope the Congr~ss will see berries; and·· · · · · · Cierk~ u . s .' ' 1Io1i~ 'e of Represent ativ es. fit to 'enact this needed measure this year.