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Venkateshwara International Relations Open University [1871-1939] International Relations International Relations [1871-1939]

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Venkateshwara International Relations Open University [1871-1939] International Relations International Relations [1871-1939] 7 MM VENKATESHWARA INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OPEN UNIVERSITY [1871-1939] www.vou.ac.in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS RELATIONS INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS [1871-1939] [M.A. HISTORY] [ 1871 - 1939 ] VENKATESHWARA OPEN UNIVERSITYwww.vou.ac.in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (1871-1939) MA [History] BOARD OF STUDIES Prof Lalit Kumar Sagar Vice Chancellor Dr. S. Raman Iyer Director Directorate of Distance Education SUBJECT EXPERT Dr. Pratyusha Dasgupta Assistant Professor Dr. Meenu Sharma Assistant Professor Sameer Assistant Professor CO-ORDINATOR Mr. Tauha Khan Registrar Author: Dr. Naveen Vashishta, Assistant Professor, Department of History, Government College, Israna (Panipat) Copyright © Author, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication which is material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or transmitted or utilized or stored in any form or by any means now known or hereinafter invented, electronic, digital or mechanical, including photocopying, scanning, recording or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the Publisher. Information contained in this book has been published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. and has been obtained by its Authors from sources believed to be reliable and are correct to the best of their knowledge. However, the Publisher and its Authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular use. Vikas® is the registered trademark of Vikas® Publishing House Pvt. Ltd. VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTD E-28, Sector-8, Noida - 201301 (UP) Phone: 0120-4078900 Fax: 0120-4078999 Regd. Office: A-27, 2nd Floor, Mohan Co-operative Industrial Estate, New Delhi 1100 44 Website: www.vikaspublishing.com Email: [email protected] SYLLABI-BOOK MAPPING TABLE International Relations (1871-1939) UNIT – I: Rival System of Alliance in Europe, Colonial and Naval Unit 1: European Alliances Rivalries of the European Power. and Rivalries (1871-1914) (Pages 3-31) UNIT – II Conflict of Nationalities: The Balkans, Austral-Russian and Unit 2: Conflict of Austro-Serbian Rivalries. Nationalities (1871-1914) (Pages 33-50) UNIT – III The First World War, The Paris Peace Settlement and its Unit 3: The First World War, Aftermath. The Paris Peace Settlement and its Aftermath (Pages 51-81) UNIT – IV The League of Nations and Collective Security; Breakdown of Unit 4: The League of Nations and Collective Security-Case Study: Manchurian Crisis and Ethiopian Collective Security Crisis. (Pages 83-109) UNIT – V Nazi Preparation for War; Violation of Versailles and Locarno; Unit 5: The Second World War and Dismemberment of Czechoslovakia; Russo-German Non- (Pages 111-142) aggression Pact, German Invasion of Poland, Outbreak of the Second World War. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 UNIT 1 EUROPEAN ALLIANCES AND RIVALRIES (1871-1914) 3-31 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Rival System of Alliance in Europe 1.2.1 Driekaiserbund or Three Emperors League (1872) 1.2.2 Dual Alliance (1879) 1.2.3 Three Emperors’ Alliance (1881) 1.2.4 Triple Alliance (1882) 1.2.5 Reinsurance Treaty (1887) 1.2.6 Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) 1.2.7 Anglo-Japanese Convention (1902) 1.2.8 Anglo-French Entente or Entente Cordiale (1904) 1.2.9 Triple Entente (1907) 1.3 Colonial and Naval Rivalries of the European Powers 1.3.1 Rivalry between European Powers over Africa 1.3.2 Rivalry between European Powers over China 1.3.3 Rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Russia in the Balkans 1.3.4 Rivalry between England and Russia 1.3.5 Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1.3.6 Theories of Imperialism 1.4 Summing Up 1.5 Key Terms 1.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.7 Questions and Exercises 1.8 References and Suggested Readings UNIT 2 CONFLICT OF NATIONALITIES (1871-1914) 33-50 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Objectives 2.2 European Interests in the Balkans (1871-1914) 2.2.1 Russian Interest 2.2.2 Austrian Interest 2.2.3 British Interests 2.2.4 French Interests 2.3 Rise of Nationalism in the Balkans (1871-1914) 2.3.1 Treaty of San Stefano March 1878 2.3.2 Congress of Berlin 2.3.3 Developments after the Treaty of Berlin 2.3.4 Young Turk Movement 2.3.5 Balkan Wars 2.4 Austro-Russian Rivalry 2.5 Austro-Serbian Rivalry 2.6 Summing Up 2.7 Key Terms 2.8 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 2.9 Questions and Exercises 2.10 References and Suggested Readings UNIT 3 THE FIRST WORLD WAR, THE PARIS PEACE SETTLEMENT AND ITS AFTERMATH 51-81 3.0 Introduction 3.1 Objectives 3.2 The First World War 3.2.1 Causes of the First World War 3.2.2 Course of the First World War 3.2.3 Consequences of the First World War 3.3 Paris Peace Settlement and its Aftermath 3.3.1 Founders of the Settlement 3.3.2 Treaty Signed with Germany: Treaty of Versailles (28 June 1919) 3.3.3 Treaty Signed with Austria: Treaty of Saint Germain (10 September 1919) 3.3.4 Treaty Signed with Bulgaria: Treaty of Neuilly (27 November 1919) 3.3.5 Treaty Signed with Hungary: Treaty of Trianon (4 June 1920) 3.3.6 Treaty Signed with Constantinople Government: Treaty of Serves (10 August 1920) 3.3.7 Treaty signed with Kemalist Government: Treaty of Lausanne (24 July 1923) 3.3.8 Criticism of the Treaty of Versailles 3.4 Summing Up 3.5 Key Terms 3.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 3.7 Questions and Exercises 3.8 References and Suggested Readings UNIT 4 THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS AND COLLECTIVE SECURITY 83-109 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Objectives 4.2 The League of Nations and the Mandate System 4.2.1 Structure of League of Nations 4.2.2 Functions of the League 4.2.3 Mandate System 4.2.4 Achievement of the League 4.2.5 Failure of the League of Nations 4.2.6 Demise and Legacy of the League of Nations 4.3 System of Collective Security under the League 4.3.1 Efforts Made to Strengthen the System of Collective Security 4.4 Breakdown of Collective Security 4.4.1 Causes of the Failure of the System of Collective Security 4.5 Summing Up 4.6 Key Terms 4.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 4.8 Questions and Exercises 4.9 References and Suggested Readings UNIT 5 THE SECOND WORLD WAR 111-142 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Objectives 5.2 Causes of the Second World War 5.2.1 Violation of Versailles and Locarno Treaties 5.2.2 Nazi Preparation for War 5.2.3 Stresa Front 5.2.4 Rome-Berlin Axis 5.2.5 The Spanish Civil War 5.2.6 Annexation of Austria 5.2.7 Dismemberment of Czechoslovakia 5.2.8 Russo-German Non-Aggression Pact 5.2.9 German Invasion of Poland: Outbreak of the Second World War 5.3 Course and Consequences of the Second World War 5.4 Historical Debate on the Second World War 5.5 Summing Up 5.6 Key Terms 5.7 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 5.8 Questions and Exercises 5.9 References and Suggested Readings INTRODUCTION Introduction The ideas of the enlightenment period pervaded throughout Europe in the 19th century. NOTES These culminated in the collapse of autocratic monarchies throughout the European continent as well as the formation of new nations in Western Europe. Along with these ideas of enlightenment, the concept of nationalism, as well as the logic of the industrial revolution, resulted in a great thirst among the European powers to gain more and more colonies to achieve Great Power status. It was this endeavour that governed international relations among the European powers in the 19th and the first half of the 20th century. Such a framework of international relations resulted in the European continent witnessing many tragedies. The logic of the Industrial Revolution, as well as the expansionist policies of imperialist countries in the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century, culminated into the two most horrifying events in the history of humanity—the two world wars. How could such horrors have been allowed to occur? What part did Nationalism and Imperialism play in the perversion of enlightenment ideas? This book entitled ‘ International Relations, 1871 – 1939 ’ will try to answer such questions. The learning material in this book, International Relations (1871–1939) , has been presented in the self-learning format, wherein each unit begins with an Introduction to the topic followed by an outline of the Objectives . The detailed content is then presented in a simple, structured and easy-to-grasp style interspersed with ‘ Check Your Progress ’ questions to test the student’s understanding. At the end of each unit, a Summing Up and a list of Key Terms have been provided for recapitulation. Self Learning Material 1 European Alliances and UNIT 1 EUROPEAN ALLIANCES AND Rivalries (1871-1914) RIVALRIES (1871-1914) NOTES STRUCTURE 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Objectives 1.2 Rival System of Alliance in Europe 1.2.1 Driekaiserbund or Three Emperors League (1872) 1.2.2 Dual Alliance (1879) 1.2.3 Three Emperors’ Alliance (1881) 1.2.4 Triple Alliance (1882) 1.2.5 Reinsurance Treaty (1887) 1.2.6 Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) 1.2.7 Anglo-Japanese Convention (1902) 1.2.8 Anglo-French Entente or Entente Cordiale (1904) 1.2.9 Triple Entente (1907) 1.3 Colonial and Naval Rivalries of the European Powers 1.3.1 Rivalry between European Powers over Africa 1.3.2 Rivalry between European Powers over China 1.3.3 Rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Russia in the Balkans 1.3.4 Rivalry between England and Russia 1.3.5 Anglo-German Naval Rivalry 1.3.6 Theories of Imperialism 1.4 Summing Up 1.5 Key Terms 1.6 Answers to ‘Check Your Progress’ 1.7 Questions and Exercises 1.8 References and Suggested Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION The period from 1871 to 1914 is characterized by historians as one of the most significant periods in modern European history.
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