DOCSLIB.ORG

Patterns and Impact of Herbivory by a Biological Control Insect on Its Target Weed and a Native Nontarget Plant

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Patterns and Impact of Herbivory by a Biological Control Insect on Its Target Weed and a Native Nontarget Plant PATTERNS AND IMPACT OF HERBIVORY BY A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL INSECT ON ITS TARGET WEED AND A NATIVE NONTARGET PLANT by HALEY AUTUMN CATTON Bachelor of Science, University of Manitoba, 2001 Master of Science, University of Manitoba, 2005 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in THE COLLEGE OF GRADUATE STUDIES (Biology) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Okanagan) April 2014 © Haley Autumn Catton, 2014 ABSTRACT Classical biological control (biocontrol) of weeds involves importing foreign, host- specific insects with the intent of reducing the fitness of invasive plants in their introduced range. When anticipated risks to nontarget species are low, insects capable of feeding and developing on some native nontarget plants have been given regulatory approval for release. In this thesis, I study patterns and impacts of herbivory by the root- feeding weevil Mogulones crucifer on its target weed Cynoglossum officinale and a native nontarget plant Hackelia micrantha. I released large numbers of M. crucifer into naturally-occurring patches of H. micrantha growing with or without C. officinale to simulate a ‘worst case’ scenario of high insect density and low target plant density, and subsequently recorded herbivory patterns and plant demographic parameters for two years on release and non-release sites. Additionally, I collected oviposition data from non-experimental sites 0-4 years after M. crucifer release. Compared to the target weed, H. micrantha use by M. crucifer was temporary, rare, mild, and limited to immediately around release points, suggesting that the nontarget plant is buffered from population- level effects by spatial, temporal and probabilistic refuges from biocontrol herbivory. M. crucifer did not persist 2 years after release in the absence of C. officinale, indicating that the insect is limited to ‘spillover’ nontarget use. A separate mark-release-recapture experiment indicated that M. crucifer has reduced host-finding behaviours for its novel host compared to its evolutionary host. Plant demographic data indicated that outbreak densities of M. crucifer appeared to impact C. officinale populations by increasing rosette mortality. While there was some evidence of impact to individual H. micrantha plants immediately adjacent to release points (i.e., plant death or dieback of flowering shoots), these effects did not translate to the population level. I synthesize this information to suggest why M. crucifer has been an effective biocontrol agent against C. officinale in Canada, and why H. micrantha is unlikely to incur population-level effects from the weevil. This study is a clear example of how nontarget use of individual plants can be noticeable yet not have population-level implications, and demonstrates the importance of post-release research in weed biocontrol. ii PREFACE The research in this dissertation was designed, performed, analyzed and written by me, Haley Catton, in collaboration with my supervisory committee Drs. Robert Lalonde, Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate, Karen Hodges, Jason Pither, and Rebecca Tyson. Data were collected with the help of field research assistants Jordan Bannerman, William Van Der Weide, Shelby McLeod and Karma Tiberg. Statistical analysis of the demographic data in Chapter 4 was supervised by Prof. Yvonne Buckley (formerly of the University of Queensland and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Australia, and currently of Trinity College Dublin, Ireland). iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………...…………ii PREFACE…………………………………………………………………...………..…iii TABLE OF CONTENTS….…………………………………………………………….iv LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………vi LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………..vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS………...……………………………………………………..ix DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………..xi CHAPTER 1: Introduction: benefits, risks and challenges regarding classical biological control of weeds………………………………………………………1 1.1. Invasive plants and biological control……………………………………....1 1.2. Nontarget use…………………………………………………….......……...2 1.3. Challenges in studying impact of biocontrol agents………………………..4 1.4. Study system………………………………………………………………...6 1.5. Thesis overview………………………………………………………….......8 CHAPTER 2: Intensity and temporal patterns of M. crucifer herbivory on target and nontarget plants……………………………………………………………..10 2.1. Literature review and objectives…………………………………………..10 2.2. Methods……………………………………………………………………15 2.2.1. Study system……………………………………………………..15 2.2.2. Rangeland experiment (visual use assessments and destructive sampling)……………………………………………………......15 2.2.3. Non-experimental release sites…………………………………..17 2.2.4. Data analysis……………………………………………………..18 2.3. Results……………………………………………………………………..19 2.3.1. Visual indications of use……………………………………..….19 2.3.2. Destructive sampling and dissections……………………………20 2.4. Discussion……………………………………………………………….....22 CHAPTER 3: Differential within-patch target and nontarget use following M. crucifer releases: spatial patterns and underlying mechanisms…...………...33 3.1. Literature review and objectives……………………………………….….33 3.2. Methods……………………………………………………………………37 3.2.1. Study system…………………………………………………......37 3.2.2. Rangeland experiment…………………………………………...38 3.2.3. Mark-release-recapture experiment……………………………...39 3.2.4. Data analysis…………………………………………………......41 iv 3.3. Results……………………………………………………………………..43 3.3.1. Rangeland Experiment…………………………………………..43 3.3.2. Mark-release-recapture experiment……………………………...44 3.4. Discussion………………………………………………………………....47 CHAPTER 4: Individual and population-level impacts to target and nontarget plants following M. crucifer release…………………………………………………...56 4.1. Literature review and objectives…………………………………………..56 4.2. Methods……………………………………………………………………60 4.2.1. Study system……………………………………………………..60 4.2.2. Rangeland release experiment…………………………………...62 4.2.3. Seedling emergence experiment…………………………………65 4.2.4. Analysis of weevil impact to vital rates......……………………..66 4.2.5. Transition matrix construction, parameterization, and analysis…67 4.3. Results……………………………………………………………………..69 4.3.1. C. officinale dynamics…………………………………………...70 4.3.2. H. micrantha dynamics………………………………………….71 4.3.3. Effect of distance from release points…………………………...72 4.3.4. Use scars as indicators of demographic impact………………….73 4.4. Discussion………………………………………………………………....74 4.4.1. Impact of M. crucifer on C. officinale…………………………...75 4.4.2. Impact of M. crucifer on H. micrantha………………………….78 4.4.3. Implications for impact monitoring……………………………...81 CHAPTER 5: Conclusions: implications of M. crucifer herbivory patterns and demographic effects………………..………………………………………….108 5.1. Why M. crucifer has been an effective biocontrol agent against C. officinale in Canada…………………………………………………...111 5.2. Reasons for lack of effect of M. crucifer on H. micrantha populations….112 5.3. Management recommendations………………………………………..…113 5.4. Future work……………………………………………………………....115 5.4.1. Refining and expanding population models………………...….115 5.4.2. Further exploration of M. crucifer herbivory effects on individual plants……………………….……………………....117 5.4.3. Investigating potential changes in M. crucifer host preference and performance……….……………………………………....119 5.5. Final thoughts…………………………………………………………….120 REFERENCES CITED………………………………………………………………..122 APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………138 APPENDIX A: Plant fecundity calculations………………………………….138 APPENDIX B: Calculating upper and lower parameter boundaries from the seedling emergence experiment………………………...140 APPENDIX C: Individual site demographic parameters…...………………...145 v LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Numbers of M. crucifer eggs and larvae found in C. officinale and H. micrantha plants.…………………………………………………………..28 Table 4.1. Symbols and definitions for annual probability and fecundity parameters used in matrix models.………………………………...…………………..84 Table 4.2. Annual transition values for C. officinale on sites grouped by M. crucifer releases…………………………………………………………...85 Table 4.3. Annual transition values for H. micrantha on sites grouped by M. crucifer releases and abundance of C. officinale (“target common” and “target rare”)………….…………………………………………………...86 Table A.1. Sources of the values of the number of tetrads per bolting stems used for calculating plant fecundity values……..…………………………………139 Table B.1. Parameter values for C. officinale and H. micrantha seed and seedling dynamics………..…………………………………………………….…..143 Table C.1. Overall C. officinale rosette and bolting transitions for each site-year combination...…………………………………………………………….146 Table C.2. Overall H. micrantha rosette and bolting transitions for each site-year combination...…………………………………………………………….149 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. Probabilities of C. officinale and H. micrantha plants exhibiting M. crucifer use scars 0, 1, and 2 years after weevil release in the rangeland experiment……………………………………...……………...29 Figure 2.2. Frequency and intensity of M. crucifer colonization with varying plant size in C. officinale and H. micrantha …………….……………………...30 Figure 2.3. Frequency and intensity of M. crucifer colonization in H. micrantha in relation to site-level colonization in C. officinale ………...……………...31 Figure 2.4. Probabilities of C. officinale and H. micrantha being colonized by at least one M. crucifer egg or larva when displaying above-ground use scars…………………………………………………………..…………...32 Figure 3.1. Schematic diagram of mark-release-recapture experiment....………….....52 Figure 3.2. Within-patch
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chrysanthemoides Monilifera Ssp
    MANAGEMENT OF BONESEED (CHRYSANTHEMOIDES MONILIFERA SSP. MONILIFERA) (L.) T. NORL. USING FIRE, HERBICIDES AND OTHER TECHNIQUES IN AUSTRALIAN WOODLANDS Rachel L. Melland Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Agriculture, Food and Wine University of Adelaide August 2007 Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................... II ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ VI DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ VIII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. IX CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 AIMS OF THIS THESIS .......................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 5 2.1 PROCESSES OF NATIVE ECOSYSTEM DEGRADATION ............................................................ 5 2.2 GLOBAL PLANT INVASIONS – ECOSYSTEM DEGRADING PROCESSES .................................... 6 2.3 THE ENVIRONMENTAL WEED PROBLEM IN AUSTRALIA ..................................................... 10 2.4 CAUSES AND PROCESSES OF INVASIVENESS .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2004Jointannualmeetingwi
    We sincerely thank our sponsors and exhibitors for their support here in Pensacola Beach and added thanks for all of their ongoing help back home: Sponsors ExhibitorsNendors Dow AgroSciences Aquatic Vegetation Control, Inc. NPS, SE Exotic Plant Mgmt. Team Arbor Tree and Land Syngenta BASF Pro Source One Brewer International BASF Callahan's Kudzu Management LLC DuPont Cerexagri, Inc. Brewer International Cbemical Containers, Inc. Cerexagri, Inc. Dow AgroSciences Callahan's Kudzu Management LLC Habitat Restoration Resources, Inc. UAP Timberland LLC Helena Chemical Co. U. S. Forest Service Monsanto SAMAB (Southern Appalachian Man Natural Resource Planning Svcs., Inc. and Biosphere) NaturCbem, Inc. SAK Specialty Sales LLC SePro Corporation Syngenta UAP Timberland LLC TAME (The Area Wide Mgmt. and Evaluation of Melaleuca) University of Florida IFAS Bookstore Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council 6th Annual Symposium and Florida Exotic Pest Plant Council 19th Annual Symposium "West of Eden: Where Research, Policy and Practice Meet" April 28-30, 2004 Clarion Suites and Convention Center Pensacola Beach, Florida Agenda Wednesday, April 28th 2004 Moderator: Mike Bodle 0900 - 0910 Welcome Mike Bodle, Brian Bowen 0910 - 0945 Keynote Speaker Phyllis Windle Nine hundred experts and groups call for action! 0945 - 1005 National invasive species issues Randall Stocker 1005 -1020 Break Moderator: Brian Bowen 1020 - 1100 Exotic plant management teams: meeting the National Park Service natural resources challenge Nancy Fraley 1100 - 1120 South Florida and Caribbean parks exotic plant management plan and EIS Sandy Hamilton 1120 - 1140 Industry influence on exotic plant pest policies Barbara Lucas 1140 -1200 IFAS Assessment Alison Fox 1200 - 1300 Lunch (On your own) Moderator: Alison Fox 1300 - 1320 Fla.
    [Show full text]
  • BSES Limited
    BSES Limited FINAL REPORT – SRDC PROJECT BSS280 OVERSEAS SUGARCANE QUARANTINE AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING by MN SALLAM SD05017 Contact: Dr Mohamed Sallam Research Officer BSES Limited PO Box 122 Gordonvale Q 4865 Telephone: 07 4056 1255 Facsimile: 07 4056 2405 Email: [email protected] BSES is not a partner, joint venturer, employee or agent of SRDC and has no authority to legally bind SRDC, in any publication of substantive details or results of this Project. BSES Limited Publication SRDC Final report SD05017 November 2005 Copyright © 2005 by BSES Limited All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of BSES Limited. Warning: Our tests, inspections and recommendations should not be relied on without further, independent inquiries. They may not be accurate, complete or applicable for your particular needs for many reasons, including (for example) BSES Limited being unaware of other matters relevant to individual crops, the analysis of unrepresentative samples or the influence of environmental, managerial or other factors on production. Disclaimer: Except as required by law and only to the extent so required, none of BSES Limited, its directors, officers or agents makes any representation or warranty, express or implied, as to, or shall in any way be liable (including liability in negligence) directly or indirectly for any loss, damages, costs, expenses or reliance arising out of or in connection with, the accuracy, currency, completeness or balance of (or otherwise), or any errors in or omissions from, any test results, recommendations statements or other information provided to you.
    [Show full text]
  • Okanogan County Plant List by Scientific Name
    The NatureMapping Program Washington Plant List Revised: 9/15/2011 Okanogan County by Scientific Name (1) Non- native, (2) ID Scientific Name Common Name Plant Family Invasive √ 763 Acer glabrum Douglas maple Aceraceae 3 Acer macrophyllum Big-leaf maple Aceraceae 800 Alisma graminium Narrowleaf waterplantain Alismataceae 19 Alisma plantago-aquatica American waterplantain Alismataceae 1155 Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate pigweed Amaranthaceae 1087 Rhus glabra Sumac Anacardiaceae 650 Rhus radicans Poison ivy Anacardiaceae 1230 Berula erecta Cutleaf water-parsnip Apiaceae 774 Cicuta douglasii Water-hemlock Apiaceae 915 Cymopteris terebinthinus Turpentine spring-parsley Apiaceae 167 Heracleum lanatum Cow parsnip Apiaceae 1471 Ligusticum canbyi Canby's lovage Apiaceae 991 Ligusticum grayi Gray's lovage Apiaceae 709 Lomatium ambiguum Swale desert-parsley Apiaceae 1475 Lomatium brandegei Brandegee's lomatium Apiaceae 573 Lomatium dissectum Fern-leaf biscuit-root Apiaceae Coeur d'Alene desert- Lomatium farinosum Apiaceae 548 parsley 582 Lomatium geyeri Geyer's desert-parsley Apiaceae 586 Lomatium gormanii Gorman's desert-parsley Apiaceae 998 Lomatium grayi Gray's desert-parsley Apiaceae 999 Lomatium hambleniae Hamblen's desert-parsley Apiaceae 609 Lomatium macrocarpum Large-fruited lomatium Apiaceae 1476 Lomatium martindalei Few-flowered lomatium Apiaceae 1000 Lomatium nudicaule Pestle parsnip Apiaceae 1477 Lomatium piperi Piper's bisciut-root Apiaceae 634 Lomatium triternatum Nine-leaf lomatium Apiaceae 1528 Osmorhiza berteroi Berter's sweet-cicely
    [Show full text]
  • Hemiptera: Membracidae Rafinesque, 1815) Del Sendero Principal De La Quebrada La Vieja (Colombia: Bogotá D.C.)
    Algunas anotaciones sobre la biología de las espinitas (Hemiptera: Membracidae Rafinesque, 1815) del sendero principal de la Quebrada La Vieja (Colombia: Bogotá D.C.) Mario Arias Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología Licenciatura en Biología Bogotá D.C., Colombia 2018 Algunas anotaciones sobre la biología de las espinitas (Hemiptera: Membracidae Rafinesque, 1815) del sendero principal de la Quebrada La Vieja (Colombia: Bogotá D.C.) Mario Arias Trabajo de grado presentado como requisito parcial para optar al título de: Licenciado en Biología Director: Martha Jeaneth García Sarmiento MSc Línea de investigación: Faunística y conservación con énfasis en los artrópodos Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología Licenciatura en Biología Bogotá D.C., Colombia 2018 Agradecimientos Agradezco particularmente a la profesora Martha García por guiar este trabajo de grado y por sus valiosos aportes para la construcción del mismo, sus correcciones, sugerencias, paciencia y confianza fueron valiosas para cumplir esta meta. Al estudiante de maestría de la Universidad CES Camilo Flórez Valencia por la bibliografía y corroboración a nivel especifico de los membrácidos. Al estudiante de maestría del Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE) Nicolás Quijano por su invaluable ayuda en la obtención de libros en Costa Rica. Al licenciado en Biología Santiago Rodríguez por sus reiterados ánimos para llevar a cabo este trabajo. Al estudiante Andrés David Murcia por el préstamo de la cámara digital. Al M.Sc Ricardo Martínez por el préstamo de los instrumentos de laboratorio. Agradezco especialmente a mi familia, la confianza y creencia que depositaron en mí, ha sido el bastón con el cual he logrado sobreponerme a malos momentos, por eso este pequeño paso es una dedicación a Edilma Arias y Ángela Mireya Arias, indudablemente son personas trascendentales e irrepetibles en mi vida.
    [Show full text]
  • Habitat Restoration and Management Plan Buck Island Ranch Reserve Program Highlands County, Florida
    Habitat Restoration and Management Plan Buck Island Ranch Reserve Program Highlands County, Florida LG2ES Project Number 2016-049 Prepared for: United States Army Corps of Engineers Jacksonville District Prepared by: LG2 Environmental Solutions, Inc. 10475 Fortune Parkway, Suite 201 Jacksonville, Florida 32258 (904) 363-1686 www.lg2es.com December 15, 2017 Habitat Restoration and Management Plan Buck Island Ranch Reserve Program December 15, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 CONSERVATION PLANNING .................................................................................................. 1 2.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 2 2.1 General Location .............................................................................................................. 2 2.2 Site Description ................................................................................................................ 2 2.3 Restoration Goals and Objectives ....................................................................................... 3 2.4 Historical and Proposed Ecological Communities ................................................................. 4 2.5 Current Site Conditions ..................................................................................................... 4 2.6 Regional Conservation Perspective ..................................................................................... 5 3.0 Soils ..................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Host Range and Impact of Dichrorampha Aeratana, the First Potential Biological Control Agent for Leucanthemum Vulgare in North America and Australia
    insects Article Host Range and Impact of Dichrorampha aeratana, the First Potential Biological Control Agent for Leucanthemum vulgare in North America and Australia Sonja Stutz 1,* , Rosemarie De Clerck-Floate 2 , Hariet L. Hinz 1, Alec McClay 3 , Andrew J. McConnachie 4 and Urs Schaffner 1 1 CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800 Delémont, Switzerland; [email protected] (H.L.H.); [email protected] (U.S.) 2 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, 5403—1 Ave. S., Lethbridge, AB T1J 4B1, Canada; rosemarie.declerck-fl[email protected] 3 12 Roseglen Private, Ottawa, ON K1H 1B6, Canada; [email protected] 4 Weed Research Unit, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Biosecurity and Food Safety, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Oxeye daisy, a Eurasian member of the daisy family, has become invasive in several parts of the world, including North America and Australia. We investigated whether a root-feeding moth found closely associated with oxeye daisy in Europe could be used as a biological control agent for the plant when weedy. We found that the moth could develop on 11 out of 74 plant species that we tested in laboratory conditions when it was given no choice of plants. When the Citation: Stutz, S.; De Clerck-Floate, moths were given a choice of food plants outdoors, we found its larvae only on the ornamentals R.; Hinz, H.L.; McClay, A.; Shasta daisy and creeping daisy. Larval feeding had no impact on the weight and number of flowers McConnachie, A.J.; Schaffner, U.
    [Show full text]
  • Viewed and Supported the Et Al
    Fourteenth Australian Weeds Conference What happens when a biocontrol agent attacks exotic but desired ornamentals? Philip E. Maher1, Brett J. Davis1, Michael D. Day2, A. Peter Mackey2, William A. Palmer2 and Elizabeth L. Snow2 1 Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy, GPO 2454, Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia 2 Alan Fletcher Research Station, Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy, PO Box 36, Sherwood, Queensland 4075, Australia Summary Signifi cant damage to non-target plant unpublished estimate of the total cost indicates it ex- species by a biological control agent could be in- ceeds $20 million annually (Department of Natural imical to the future of biocontrol, particularly if it Resources, Mines and Energy 2004). is associated with widespread community concern. Aconophora compressa (Walker) (Homoptera: When an agent attacks exotic non-target species that Membracidae) was the 27th insect species released are valued by some members of the community, then in Australia as a biocontrol agent for lantana. It is a the issues become clouded and diffi cult to address. sap-sucking bug imported from Mexico and was fi rst Aconophora compressa (Walker) was approved for released for the Queensland Department of Natural release as an agent for biocontrol of Lantana camara Resources, Mines and Energy (NRM and E) in 1995 L. in 1995, after 21 state and federal environmental by the Alan Fletcher Research Station (AFRS) (Palmer and agricultural agencies reviewed and supported the et al. 1996). The last release in Queensland was in submission. November 2001 at Helidon. Aconophora compressa established in the fi eld All quarantine protocols for the import, testing and since 1999, when A.
    [Show full text]
  • Host Specificity of Ischnodemus Variegatus, an Herbivore of West
    BioControl DOI 10.1007/s10526-008-9188-3 Host specificity of Ischnodemus variegatus, an herbivore of West Indian marsh grass (Hymenachne amplexicaulis) Rodrigo Diaz Æ William A. Overholt Æ James P. Cuda Æ Paul D. Pratt Æ Alison Fox Received: 31 January 2008 / Accepted: 17 July 2008 Ó International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) 2008 Abstract West Indian marsh grass, Hymenachne to suboptimal hosts occurred in an area where amplexicaulis Rudge (Nees) (Poaceae), is an emer- H. amplexicaulis was growing in poor conditions gent wetland plant that is native to South and Central and there was a high density of I. variegatus. Thus, America as well as portions of the Caribbean, but is laboratory and field studies demonstrate that considered invasive in Florida USA. The neotropical I. variegatus had higher performance on H. amplexi- bug, Ischnodemus variegatus (Signoret) (Hemiptera: caulis compared to any other host, and that suboptimal Lygaeoidea: Blissidae) was observed feeding on hosts could be colonized temporarily. H. amplexicaulis in Florida in 2000. To assess whether this insect could be considered as a specialist Keywords Blissidae Á Hemiptera Á Herbivore biological control agent or potential threat to native performance Á Host quality Á Poaceae and cultivated grasses, the host specificity of I. variegatus was studied under laboratory and field conditions. Developmental host range was examined Introduction on 57 plant species across seven plant families. Complete development was obtained on H. amplexi- West Indian marsh grass, Hymenachne amplexicaulis caulis (23.4% survivorship), Paspalum repens (0.4%), Rudge (Nees) (Poaceae), is a perennial emergent Panicum anceps (2.2%) and Thalia geniculata weed in wetlands of Florida USA and northeastern (0.3%).
    [Show full text]
  • Changes of Cuticular Structures of Ischnodemus Caspius (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Blissidae) from the Fifth Instar to the Adult
    © Entomologica Fennica. 5 December 2007 Changes of cuticular structures of Ischnodemus caspius (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Blissidae) from the fifth instar to the adult Huai-jun Xue and Wen-jun Bu Xue, H. & Bu, W. 2007: Changes of cuticular structures of Ischnodemus caspius (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Blissidae) from the fifth instar to the adult. — Ento- mol. Fennica 18: 218–225. The fine cuticular structures of adult and 5th instar nymph of Ischnodemus caspius Jakovlev 1871 (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Blissidae) are described, com- pared and illustrated using 32 SEM photos. The cuticular structures of I. caspius go through great changes during the metamorphosis from the 5th-instar nymph to the adult. The cuticular morphology of the nymph is much more complicated than that of the adult, especially the abdomen, but the long hairs on body of nymph are much more sparse and simple than those of the adult. This study will stimulate further investigations on the development and systematics of Blissidae. Huai-jun Xue, Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai Univer- sity, Tianjin 300071, China; Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; E-mail: [email protected] Wen-jun Bu (corresponding author), Institute of Entomology, College of Life Sci- ences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; E-mail: wenjunbu @nankai.edu.cn Received 28 July 2006, accepted 16 March 2007 1. Introduction or otherwise treated the nymphs of Blissidae. However, most taxonomic work focuses on The family Blissidae is an economically impor- adults; Slater & Harrington (1970) illustrated the tant group, collectively called chinch bugs. It has fine pruinose area on pronotum of adult Ischno- been previously treated as a subfamily of Ly- demus ocbripes (Stål) and discussed its possible gaeidae (sensu lato), with about 50 genera and function.
    [Show full text]
  • EXAMINING the SOIL LEGACY EFFECTS of SPOTTED KNAPWEED (Centaurea Stoebe)
    EXAMINING THE SOIL LEGACY EFFECTS OF SPOTTED KNAPWEED (Centaurea stoebe) by MATTHEW GUNN COGHILL B. Sc., Thompson Rivers University, 2015 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of: MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Thesis examining committee: Lauchlan Fraser (PhD), Professor and Thesis Supervisor, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University Lyn Baldwin (PhD), Associate Professor and Committee Member, Faculty of Science, Thompson Rivers University Wendy Gardner (PhD), Associate Professor and Committee Member, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Thompson Rivers University Winter 2021 Thompson Rivers University © Matthew Gunn Coghill, 2021 ii Abstract Spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) is the most aggressive invasive forb in North American grasslands. Since its arrival, it has spread from the west coast of North America and reached far east. It has been able to accomplish this via the production of many small seeds per plant, and by altering soil conditions making it difficult for native plants to grow in. Control efforts have been extensive. Broadcast chemical controls have been applied, as well as biological and physical controls; however, despite these interventions, spotted knapweed continues to have negative effects on ecosystems and their functions. Spotted knapweed may have a negative legacy effect in the soils they inhabit, which perpetuates even after removal of this plant. To test for potential soil legacy effects, a greenhouse experiment was devised in which C. stoebe and rough fescue (Festuca campestris) were grown in different soil types. Activated carbon and pulp mill fly ash were used as soil amendments in each soil type in an attempt to return soils to a pristine state, and we found that F.
    [Show full text]
  • Washington Flora Checklist a Checklist of the Vascular Plants of Washington State Hosted by the University of Washington Herbarium
    Washington Flora Checklist A checklist of the Vascular Plants of Washington State Hosted by the University of Washington Herbarium The Washington Flora Checklist aims to be a complete list of the native and naturalized vascular plants of Washington State, with current classifications, nomenclature and synonymy. The checklist currently contains 3,929 terminal taxa (species, subspecies, and varieties). Taxa included in the checklist: * Native taxa whether extant, extirpated, or extinct. * Exotic taxa that are naturalized, escaped from cultivation, or persisting wild. * Waifs (e.g., ballast plants, escaped crop plants) and other scarcely collected exotics. * Interspecific hybrids that are frequent or self-maintaining. * Some unnamed taxa in the process of being described. Family classifications follow APG IV for angiosperms, PPG I (J. Syst. Evol. 54:563?603. 2016.) for pteridophytes, and Christenhusz et al. (Phytotaxa 19:55?70. 2011.) for gymnosperms, with a few exceptions. Nomenclature and synonymy at the rank of genus and below follows the 2nd Edition of the Flora of the Pacific Northwest except where superceded by new information. Accepted names are indicated with blue font; synonyms with black font. Native species and infraspecies are marked with boldface font. Please note: This is a working checklist, continuously updated. Use it at your discretion. Created from the Washington Flora Checklist Database on September 17th, 2018 at 9:47pm PST. Available online at http://biology.burke.washington.edu/waflora/checklist.php Comments and questions should be addressed to the checklist administrators: David Giblin ([email protected]) Peter Zika ([email protected]) Suggested citation: Weinmann, F., P.F. Zika, D.E. Giblin, B.
    [Show full text]