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Street As Playground a Thesis Submitted to The STREET AS PLAYGROUND A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ASLI CEREN MAVİKURT IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN URBAN DESIGN IN CITY AND REGION PLANNING MAY 2019 Approval of the thesis: STREET AS PLAYGROUND submitted by ASLI CEREN MAVİKURT in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Urban Design in City and Region Planning Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Halil Kalıpçılar Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Çağatay Keskinok Head of Department, City and Regional Planning Prof. Dr. Ela Babalık Supervisor, City and Regional Planning, METU Examining Committee Members: Prof. Dr. Adnan Barlas City and Regional Planning, METU Prof. Dr. Ela Babalık City and Regional Planning, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Olgu Çalışkan City and Regional Planning, METU Assoc. Prof. Dr. Burcu H. Özüduru City and Regional Planning, Gazi University Assist. Prof. Dr. Burak Büyükcivelek City and Regional Planning, METU Date: 09.05.2019 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Surname: Aslı Ceren Mavikurt Signature: iv ABSTRACT STREET AS PLAYGROUND Mavikurt, Aslı Ceren Master of Science, Urban Design in City and Region Planning Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ela Babalık May 2019, 213 pages In today’s car-dominated cities, children (as well as other members of the public) have limited freedom to use streets, unless they are driving their cars through them. Urbanization has resulted in higher density housing, increased transportation, industry, associated pollution and changes in technology. These were accompanied by a reduction in children's independent mobility, associated contact with nature especially in cities (Wang et al., 2017) and freedom of using streets. Today, unavailability of the streets –as outdoor places and spaces- for most of the pedestrian oriented functions, limits children’s everyday activities and experiences, necessary for their healthy development. This is mainly because streets are increasingly being taken over by motorized traffic; they have become dangerous, which also had an effect on playability. Along with these reasons, technology’s affect in everyday life resulted in a change in children’s mobility patterns and play preferences. Streets are public spaces, but now vehicles dominate the use of these public places and eliminate most other functions that streets used to have historically. The quality and use of streets are continuously decreasing particularly in cities due to increasing car traffic problem, and due to the design characteristics, that aim at accommodating this traffic, either flowing or parked. This has led to a drastic decrease in children’s v presence in public urban space, and children’s play dynamics have shifted from outdoors to indoors. However, children’s independent mobility and outdoor play is important for children’s development and well-being; and especially home street has a significant value for children with its diverse possibilities via its location. Children learn, develop and interact by playing, and they need peer interactions to develop socially. 1. How can streets become playgrounds for children to run freely and play games even in today’s car-dominated urban areas? 2. Can the two functions of streets, i.e. accommodating motorized traffic and providing outdoor play areas for children, co-exist? 3. What is design’s role in helping these two functions co-exist? Child-friendly environments fall into the realm of urban design and children’s needs also change along with the changing environment that surrounds them. This study focuses on “loss of play spaces for children as a spatial and social problem” and aims at answering the following questions: In order to answer these questions, the study presents a comprehensive literature review on the subject, together with some good practice examples from around the world. These examples and the literature reveal various criteria and indicators that can help design streets to include children’s needs, as well as analyse playability of streets. These criteria and indicators are incorporated into a planning and design framework, which can be used as a design guideline. This framework and its indicators are then applied to analyse the project of playground streets in Ankara, implemented by the Çankaya Municipality. Keywords: Environmental Child Friendliness, Child-Friendly, Street Design, Woonerf, Playground Streets vi ÖZ OYUN ALANI OLARAK SOKAK Mavikurt, Aslı Ceren Yüksek Lisans, Kentsel Tasarım Tez Danışmanı: Prof. Dr. Ela Babalık Mayıs 2019, 213 sayfa Motorlu taşıtların egemen olduğu günümüz şehirlerinde çocukların (ve aslında tüm yayaların) sokakları kullanım özgürlükleri oldukça kısıtlıdır. Kentleşme sonucunda ortaya çıkan yüksek yoğunluklu konut alanları, artan trafik, kirlilik ve teknolojik değişimler, özellikle şehirlerde çocukların bağımsız hareket etme yetilerinin, doğal alanlar ile temaslarının (Wang et al., 2017) ve sokakları kullanma özgürlüklerinin azalmasına neden olmuştur. Bugünün şehirlerinde sokaklar, bir çok yaya odaklı işlev için olduğu gibi çocukların sağlıklı gelişimleri için gerekli aktiviteleri yerine getirebileceği uygun bir ortam sağlamamakta olup, bu durum temelde sokaklardaki yoğun taşıt trafiğine dayanmaktadır. Yalnızca trafik nedeniyle olmamakla birlikte; sokaklar bugün tehlikeli, ve oyun oynamak için pek de uygun olmayan alanlar haline gelmiştir. Tüm bu nedenlerle beraber gelişen teknolojinin de etkisiyle çocukların hareket örüntüsü ve oyun tercihlerinde değişimler meydana gelmiştir. Kamusal alanlar olmasına rağmen, araç egemen kullanım sokakların tarih boyunca sahip olduğu diğer çoğu işlevi kaybetmesine neden olmuştur. Kent mekanlarında, park ya da seyir halinde, gittikçe artan motorlu taşıt yoğunluğunu barındırabilmeye yönelik alınan tasarım kararları da sokakların kalitesinin ve yayalar tarafından kullanımının azalmasına etken olmuştur. Bu çocukların kamusal alanlardaki varlığının azalmasına, oyun alışkanlıklarının açık mekanlardan kapalı mekanlara kaymasına neden olmuştur. vii Ancak yaşadıkları çevrede özgürce hareket edebilmeleri ve açık mekanda oynanan oyunlar çocukların gelişimi ve sağlığı için oldukça önemlidir. Özellikle evlerinin olduğu sokak, barındırdığı özgürlükler ve olanaklarla çocuklar için ayrı bir önem taşır. Burada oynarlar, oynayarak etkileşim kurar ve öğrenirler, akranları ile bir araya gelirler ve bu sayede gelişirler. Çocuk-dostu çevreler yaratmak kentsel tasarım alanına girmekte ve çocukların ihtiyaçları kendilerini çevreleyen ortam ile birlikte değişmektedir. Bu çalışma “çocuk oyun alanlarının gittikçe yok olmasını bir mekansal ve sosyal problem” olarak ele alarak şu sorulara yanıt bulmayı amaçlar: 1. Baskın taşıt kullanımına rağmen, sokaklar nasıl çocukların özgürce hareket edip oyun oynayabilecekleri alanlar haline gelebilir? 2. Sokak, çocuklara açık oyun alanı olma ve taşıtları barındırma işlevlerini bir arada sunacak şekilde yeniden tasarlanabilir mi? 3. Bu iki farklı işlevin bir arada var olabilmesi için tasarımın rolü nedir? Bu çalışmada, bahsi geçen sorulara yanıt aramak üzere konu ile ilgili kapsamlı bir literatür taraması dünyadan iyi uygulama örnekleri ile bir arada sunulmaktadır. Bu örnekler ve literatür bağlamında çeşitli kriter ve göstergelerin, sokakların çocuk dostu -çocuk kullanıcıların ihtiyaçlarını içerecek şekilde- tasarlanmasında veya sokakların oynanabilirliğinin analiz edilmesinde yardımcı olabileceği ortaya konmuştur. Bu kriter ve göstergeler tasarım sürecine rehberlik edebilecek bir planlama ve tasarım çerçevesinde bir araya getirilmiş ve çalışma kapsamında Ankara’da Çankaya Belediyesi tarafından uygulanmış olan oyun sokaklarının analiz edilmesinde kullanılmıştır . Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocuk Dostu Çevre, Sokak Tasarımı, Woonerf, Oyun Sokakları viii To children. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to express my deepest gratitude to many people who have provided their support to me in my long process of dissertation. First and foremost, I would like to thank and express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Ela BABALIK for her continuous support, advice and encouragement throughout this study. Without her patience and goodwill, it would not be possible to complete this thesis. I also would like to thank my examining committee members for their valuable comments. I would like to offer my special thanks to Prof. Dr. Adnan BARLAS, maybe not for this study but everything he enriched me with during my master studies. I would like to express my special thanks to my friend Özge BALKIZ for her continuous moral support, encouragement and valuable comments. Lastly, I want to thank my beloved family for their endless support and understanding. x TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. v ÖZ .......................................................................................................................... vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... x TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... xi LIST OF
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