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Plasmonic Metamaterials REVIEW PAPER IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.9, No.2, 34–50 Plasmonic metamaterials Takuo Tanaka1,2a) 1 RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Metamaterials Laboratory 2–1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351–0198, Japan 2 Research Institute of Electronic Science, Hokkaido University. N20W10, Kita-Ward Sapporo 001–0020 Japan a) [email protected] Abstract: Plasmonic metamaterial is an artificially designed mate- rial that consists of nano meter scale metal resonator array. By engi- neering such materials, we can create unprecedented optical materials such that they can interact directly with the magnetic component of the light. In this paper, theoretical background, fabrication techniques, and applications of plasmonic metamaterials are reviewed. Keywords: metamaterials, plasmonics, nanophotonics, metal, micro- fabrication Classification: Optoelectronics, Lasers and quantum electronics, Ultrafast optics, Silicon photonics, Planar lightwave circuits References [1] L. D. Landau, E. M. Liftshitz, and L. P. Pitaevskii, “Electrodynamics of Continuous Media,” 2nd ed. Pergamon, Ch. 79, Oxford, 1984. [2] W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, H.-K. Yuan, V. C. de Silva, A. V. Kildishev, V. P. Drachev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Metamagnetics with Rainbow Colors,” Opt. Express, vol. 15, pp. 3333–3341, 2007. [3] G. Dolling, M. Wegener, C. M. Soukoulis, and S. Linden, “Negative-Index Metamaterial at 780 nm Wavelength,” Opt. Lett., vol. 32, pp. 53–55, 2007. [4] A. Al`u and N. Engheta, “Achieving Transparency with Plasmonic and Metamaterial Coatings,” Phys. Rev., vol. E72, pp. 016623-1–016623-9, 2005. [5] D. Schurig, J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry, A. F. Starr, and D. R. Smith, “Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at Microwave Frequencies,” Science, vol. 314, pp. 977–980, 2006. [6] A. Ishikawa, T. Tanaka, and S. Kawata, “Negative Magnetic Permeabil- ity in the Visible Light Region,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 95, 237401, 2005. [7] A. Ishikawa and T. Tanaka, “Negative magnetic permeability of split ring resonators in the visible light region,” Opt. Commun., vol. 258, pp. 300– 305, 2006. [8] A. Ishikawa, T. Tanaka, and S. Kawata, “Frequency dependence of the magnetic response of split-ring resonators,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol. 24, pp. 510–515, 2007. [9] J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, “Mag- netism from Conductors and Enhanced Nonlinear Phenomena,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 47, pp. 2075–2084, 1999. c IEICE 2012 [10] K. C. Gupta, R. Garg, I. Bahl, and P. Bhartia, Microstrip Lines and DOI: 10.1587/elex.9.34 Received November 21, 2011 Slotlines, 2nd ed., Artech House, pp. 375–456, 1996. Accepted December 06, 2011 Published January 25, 2012 34 IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.9, No.2, 34–50 [11] P. B. Johnson and R. W. Christy, “Optical constants of the noble metals,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 6, pp. 4370–4379, 1972. [12] T. J. Yen, W. J. Padilla, N. Fang, D. C. Vier, D. R. Smith, J. B. Pendry, D. N. 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Lett., vol. 88, 83110, 2006. [17] G. O. Mallory and J. B. Hajdu, “Electroless plating: fundamentals and applications,” American Electroplaters and Surface Finishers Society, Orlando, FL, 1990. [18] A. A. Antipov, G. B. Sukhorukov, Y. A. Fedutik, J. Hartmann, M. Giersig, and H. Mohwald, “Fabrication of a novel type of metallized colloids and hollow capsules,” Langnuir, vol. 18, pp. 6687–6693, 2002. [19] N. Takeyasu, T. Tanaka, and S. Kawata, “Metal deposition deep into microstructure by electroless plating,” Jap. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 44, pp. 1134–1137, 2005. [20] L. J. Gerenser, “Photoemission investigation of silver/poly (ethylene terephthalate) interfacial chemistry: The effect of oxygen-plasma treat- ment,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A, vol. 8, pp. 3682–3691, 1990. [21] J. E. Gray, P. R. Norton, and K. Griffiths, “Mechanism of adhesion of electroless-deposited silver on poly (ether urethane),” Thin Solid Films, vol. 484, pp. 196–207, 2005. [22] F. Guan, M. Chen, W. Yang, J. Wang, S. Yong, and Q. Xue, “Fabrication of patterned gold microstructure by selective electroless plating,” Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 240, pp. 24–27, 2005. [23] T. Tanaka, A. Ishikawa, and S. Kawata, “Two-photon-induced reduc- tion of metal ions for fabricating three-dimensional electrically conduc- tive metallic microstructure,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 88, 81107, 2006. [24] A. Ishikawa, T. Tanaka, and S. Kawata, “Improvement in the reduction of silver ions in aqueous solution using two-photon sensitive dye,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 89, 113102, 2006. [25] Y. Cao, N. Takeyasu, T. Tanaka, X. Duan, and S. Kawata, “3D Metal- lic Nano-Structure Fabrication By Surfactant-Assisted Multi-Photon- Induced Reduction,” Small, vol. 5, pp. 1144–1148, 2009. [26] Y. Cao, X. Dong, N. Takeyasu, T. Tanaka, Z. Zhao, X. Duan, and S. Kawata, “Morphology and Size Dependences of Silver Microstructures on Fatty Salts-Assisted Multiphoton Photoreduction Microfabrication,” Appl. Phys. A, vol. 96, pp. 453–458, 2009. [27] J. Pendry, “Negative refraction makes a perfect lens,” Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 85, pp. 3966–3969, 2000. c IEICE 2012 [28] D. Smith, J. Pendry, and M. Wilshire, “Metamaterials and negative re- DOI: 10.1587/elex.9.34 fractive index,” Science, vol. 305, pp. 788–792, 2004. Received November 21, 2011 Accepted December 06, 2011 Published January 25, 2012 35 IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.9, No.2, 34–50 [29] W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, A. V. Kildishev, and V. M. Shalaev, “Opti- cal cloaking with metamaterials,” Nature photonics, vol. 1, pp. 224–227, 2007. [30] M. Born and E. Wolf, “Principles of Optics,” 6th ed. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1980. [31] T. Tanaka, A. Ishikawa, and S. Kawata, “Unattenuated light transmis- sion through the interface between two materials with different indices of refraction using magnetic metamaterials,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 73, 125423, 2006. [32] Y. Tamayama, T. Nakanishi, K. Sugiyama, and M. Kitano, “Observation of Brewster’s Effect for Transverse-Electric Electromagnetic Waves in Metamaterials: Experiment and Theory,” Phys. Rev. B, vol. 73, 193104, 2006. [33] T. M. Grzegorczyk, Z. M. Thomas, and J. A. Kong, “Inversion of Critical Angle and Brewster Angle in Anisotropic Left-Handed Metamaterials,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 86, 251909, 2005. 1 Introduction Metamaterial is an artificially designed material that consists of nano-scale metal structures (Fig. 1). The most interesting feature of the metamateri- als is that their electromagnetic properties come not only from their com- position but also from their sub-wavelength-engineered metallic structures. When we designed their structures to be much smaller than the wavelength of light, the light can not sense the each structure and metamaterials act as quasi homogeneous materials. Therefore, it is termed “metamaterials” not “metastructures”. Metamaterial technology covers wide range of spectrum from MHz to several hundreds THz including visible light region. In the high frequency region such as near infrared and visible light, the metamaterial structure becomes on the sub-micrometer or nanometer scale. When the light is illu- minated onto such a tiny metal structures, the free electrons in the metals oscillate collectively and so called “local-mode surface plasmons” are excited in the structures. Therefore, we call this kind of metamaterials “plasmonic metamaterials”. By engineering such artificial materials, we can create materials exhibiting c IEICE 2012 DOI: 10.1587/elex.9.34 Received November 21, 2011 Fig. 1. Plasmonic metamaterials. Accepted December 06, 2011 Published January 25, 2012 36 IEICE Electronics Express, Vol.9, No.2, 34–50 desired electro-magnetic properties not attainable with naturally occurring materials. The creation of the magnetically active material is one of the most important and interesting applications of the metamaterial because all materials in nature lose magnetic response and their μ in the THz frequency region is fixed at unity [1]. The magnetic metamaterial with μ = 1 produces a great number of novel materials in the optical frequency region, which enables us to manipulate light freely [2]. For example, “optical cloaking”, which renders the object invisible, was proposed [3] and experimentally investigated at microwave region [4]. The concept of the metamaterial is introducing a new paradigm in the research field from microwave to optical region. In this review paper, the theoretical background of the plasmonic meta- materials with a discussion about the appropriate materials and structures to gain the magnetism in the visible light region is described, and then some nano-fabrication techniques utilized for metamaterials are reviewed. At the end the application of the metamaterials for optical device using its unprece- dented optical properties is discussed. 2 Theoretical analysis of metamaterial in visible light region In this section, we discuss about the magnetic response of plasmonic meta- materials in the visible frequency region and clarify the suitable materials and structures for metamaterials that works as magnetic metamaterials in the visible region [6, 7, 8]. Fig. 2 shows the calculation model using split ring-resonator (SRR). SRR is proposed by Pendry et al. as a unit element of metamaterials [9].
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