DOCSLIB.ORG

Optomechanical Devices and Sensors Based on Plasmonic Metamaterial Absorbers

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Optomechanical Devices and Sensors Based on Plasmonic Metamaterial Absorbers University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2015 Optomechanical Devices and Sensors Based on Plasmonic Metamaterial Absorbers Hai Zhu University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the Mechanics of Materials Commons, and the Optics Commons Recommended Citation Zhu, Hai, "Optomechanical Devices and Sensors Based on Plasmonic Metamaterial Absorbers" (2015). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 2129. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2129 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2129 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Optomechanical Devices and Sensors Based on Plasmonic Metamaterial Absorbers Abstract Surface plasmon resonance is the resonant oscillations of the free electrons at the interface between two media with different signs in real permittivities, e.g. a metal and a dielectric, stimulated by light. Plasmonics is a promising field of study, because electron oscillations inside a subwavelength space at optical frequencies simultaneously overcome the limit of diffraction in conventional photonics and carrier mobilities in semiconductor electronics. Due to the subwavelength confinement, plasmonic esonancesr can strongly enhance local fields and, hence, magnify light-matter interactions. Optical absorbers based on plasmonic metamaterials can absorb light resonantly at the operating wavelengths with up to 100% efficiency. We have explored plasmonic absorbers at infrared wavelengths for thermal detectors, e.g. a gold nanostrip antenna absorber that can absorb 10-times light using only 2% of material consumption comparing to a uniform gold film. In an optomechanical device, the optical mode and mechanical mode are mutually influenced, through the optical forces exerted on the mechanical oscillator and the detuning of optical resonance by the mechanical oscillator, so that the mechanical oscillations are either amplified or suppressed by light. We designed an optomechanical device integrated with plasmonic metamaterial absorber on a membrane mechanical oscillator, wherein a tunable Fano-resonant absorption in the absorber arises from the coupling between the plasmonic and Fabry-Perot reonsances. The absorber traps the incident light and heat up the membrane, causing an increase in thermal stress and a normal plasmomechanical force on it. This is a light-absorption-dependent elastic force arising from the opto-thermo-mechanical interactions. Due to the finite thermal esponser time in the membrane, the elastic plasmomechanical force is delayed and, consequently, generates a viscous component modifying the damping rate of the mechanical oscillator. We have observed optomechanical amplification and cooling in the device at designed detuning conditions. In particular, on the condition that the optomechanical gain beats the intrinsic mechanical damping, the oscillation becomes coherent, i.e. phonon lasing. We successfully demonstrated phonon lasing with a threshold power of 19 μW. This device is promising as an integration- ready coherent phonon source and may set the stage for applications in fundamental studies and ultrasonic imaging modalities. Degree Type Dissertation Degree Name Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Graduate Group Materials Science & Engineering First Advisor Ertugrul Cubukcu Keywords Absorber, Metamaterial, Nanophotonics, Optomechanics, Phonon laser, Plasmonics Subject Categories Mechanics of Materials | Optics | Physics This dissertation is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/2129 OPTOMECHANICAL DEVICES AND SENSORS BASED ON PLASMONIC METAMATERIAL ABSORBERS Hai Zhu A DISSERTATION in Materials Science and Engineering Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2015 Supervisor of Dissertation __________________ Ertugrul Cubukcu Assistant Professor, Materials Science and Engineering Graduate Group Chairperson __________________ Shu Yang Professor, Professor, Materials Science and Engineering Dissertation Committee Ritesh Agarwal, Professor, Materials Science and Engineering Lee C. Bassett, Assistant Professor, Electrical and Systems Engineering Cherie R. Kagan, Stephen J. Angello Professor, Electrical and Systems Engineering OPTOMECHANICAL DEVICES AND SENSORS BASED ON PLASMONIC METAMATERIAL ABSORBERS © 2015 Hai Zhu To My Family iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT This thesis summarizes my Ph.D. work in the past half-decade at Penn MSE department. During the time, I have tasted sweetness of success as well as bitterness of failure. I would not be sitting here and writing this without the support from many awesome people, to whom I am going to express my sincere appreciation in this acknowledgment. First and foremost, I must thank my dear advisor, Prof. Ertugrul Cubukcu, for all his great support, including inspiring guidance, patient encouragement, and kind concerns, from beginning to end. I am very fortunate to have met him. He possesses immense knowledge in physics, optics, and electrical engineering. I have been introduced to the field of nanophotonics and optomechanics and kept motivated all by his mentorship. He is enthusiastic about scientific research and full of ideals, and as a result I have got opportunities to engage in multiple interesting projects and enriched my experience and skills. He asked to always consider the major factor before the minor ones. That advice deeply influenced me and will benefit me forever. I will never forget his strong support during my hard time at school and in life. He has devoted tremendous time and effort to the entire course of my Ph.D. work and made my success. I want to acknowledge my thesis committee members, Prof. Ritesh Agarwal, Prof. Lee C. Bassett, Prof. Nader Engheta, and Prof. Cherie R. Kagan, for their valuable time and effort on my research proposal, annual thesis progress reports, and dissertation defense. Their insightful comments and suggestions made this thesis better-looking. I feel lucky that Prof. Agarwal can attend my dissertation defense though he was recently burdened with his newborn angel. I am grateful to Prof. Bassett for graciously joining my committee on short notice. Prof. Engheta provided the courses of Electromagnetic and Optical Theory I & II, which benefited me profoundly. His excellent research work on metamaterials was important references for my Ph.D projects. Although he is unable to attend the dissertation defense, I want to express my appreciation towards Prof. Engheta. Prof. Kagan is my first known faculty among the committee. Her lectures on semiconductors and nanotechnologies sparked my interest towards nano research. I want to express my gratitude towards Prof. Kagan. iv I also want to thank my awesome labmates, Prof. Fei Yi, Mr. Jason Reed, Mr. Qiushi Guo, Dr. Jiechang Hou, Prof. Feng Liu, Mr. Euijae Shim, Mr. Alexander Zhu, Mr. Guanqing Hao, Ms. Stephanie Malek, and Mr. Yichen Lu, for all kinds of help. It is a precious experience for us from all over the world to meet and work together at Penn. Prof. Yi and Mr. Reed are almost everywhere in my memories associated with LRSM Rm 400. We had many productive collaborations, wherein they gave so much help and support. I want to give special thanks to Prof. Yi and Mr. Reed (Dr. Reed by the time of my thesis deposition). I also want to specially thank Mr. Guo and Dr. Hou for the pleasant collaboration experiences. I am grateful to faculties and staff that have assisted me on my work and life at Penn. I have invested a lot of time doing research at the Quattrone Nanofabrication Facility (QNF), Wolf Nanofabrication Facility (WNF), Nanoscale Characterization Facility (NCF, the formerly PRNF), and Nano/Bio Interface Center (NBIC). I must acknowledge these facilities and thank the associated staff for providing trainings and consultation. I thank Prof. Robert Carpick for granting me access to the Optical Profilometer in his lab. I thank Prof. Dawn Bonnell for sharing the precious PVD materials. I thank Prof. Christopher Murray and Dr. Xingchen Ye for helping with the FTIR tool in their lab. I thank Prof. Daniel Gianola and Prof. Christopher Murray for giving me the opportunities for teaching assistant practice in MSE/MEAM 505 and MSE 360. I thank the lovely administrative staff of the MSE department, including Ms. Vicky Lee, Ms. Pat Overend, and Ms. Irene Clements, for all the care and assistance they provided during my years spent at the LRSM Building. Last but not least, I want to express my deepest love and appreciation to my family. My grandmother Ailian Tan nurtured me since I was born and has influenced my character. My grandfather Quan Zhu is my idol and has always been motivating me to fight my way. My father Shujun Zhu and mother Chiping Huang raised me up healthy and happy with their selfless and unconditional love. They have been trusting and supporting me, so I could reach here on the scientific career path. To them, I am indebted forever. Finally, I want to express my special gratitude to the love of my life, Fei Li, for her non-stop accompany since 2011. She made my Ph.D. life not dull at all. I lost my wedding band after an experiment ran overtime, but Fei comforted me saying v “working hard should be rewarded” and encouraged me to get over the guilt. It is her constant support and encouragement that allows me to pursue what I like to do with no
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Spin Optodynamics Analogue of Cavity Optomechanics
    A spin optodynamics analogue of cavity optomechanics N. Brahms1 and D.M. Stamper-Kurn1;2¤ 1Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720, USA 2Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA (Dated: July 28, 2010) The dynamics of a large quantum spin coupled parametrically to an optical resonator is treated in analogy with the motion of a cantilever in cavity optomechanics. New spin optodynamic phenomena are predicted, such as cavity-spin bistability, optodynamic spin-precession frequency shifts, coherent ampli¯cation and damping of spin, and the spin optodynamic squeezing of light. Cavity optomechanical systems are currently being ex- Hin=out describes the coupling of the cavity ¯eld to exter- plored with the goal of measuring and controlling me- nal light modes. Under this Hamiltonian, the cantilever chanical objects at the quantum limit, using interactions positionz ^ and momentump ^ evolve as dz=dt^ =p=m ^ and 2 with light [1]. In such systems, the position of a mechan- dp=dt^ = ¡m!z z^ + fn^. ical oscillator is coupled parametrically to the frequency To construct a spin analogue of this system, we con- of cavity photons. A wealth of phenomena result, in- sider a Fabry-Perot cavity with its axis along k (Fig. 1). cluding quantum-limited measurements [2], mechanical For the collective spin, we ¯rst consider a gas of N hydro- response to photon shot noise [3], cavity cooling [4], and genlike atoms in a single hyper¯ne manifold of their elec- ponderomotive optical squeezing [5]. tronic ground state, each with dimensionless spin s and At the same time, spins and psuedospins coupled to gyromagnetic ratio ¹.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasmonic and Metamaterial Structures As Electromagnetic Absorbers
    Plasmonic and Metamaterial Structures as Electromagnetic Absorbers Yanxia Cui 1,2, Yingran He1, Yi Jin1, Fei Ding1, Liu Yang1, Yuqian Ye3, Shoumin Zhong1, Yinyue Lin2, Sailing He1,* 1 State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China 2 Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education and Shanxi Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronics, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China 3 Department of Physics, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310012, China Corresponding author: e-mail [email protected] Abstract: Electromagnetic absorbers have drawn increasing attention in many areas. A series of plasmonic and metamaterial structures can work as efficient narrow band absorbers due to the excitation of plasmonic or photonic resonances, providing a great potential for applications in designing selective thermal emitters, bio-sensing, etc. In other applications such as solar energy harvesting and photonic detection, the bandwidth of light absorbers is required to be quite broad. Under such a background, a variety of mechanisms of broadband/multiband absorption have been proposed, such as mixing multiple resonances together, exciting phase resonances, slowing down light by anisotropic metamaterials, employing high loss materials and so on. 1. Introduction physical phenomena associated with planar or localized SPPs [13,14]. Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers are devices in Metamaterials are artificial assemblies of structured which the incident radiation at the operating wavelengths elements of subwavelength size (i.e., much smaller than can be efficiently absorbed, and then transformed into the wavelength of the incident waves) [15]. They are often ohmic heat or other forms of energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Cavity Optomechanics
    © 2009 OSA/CLEO/IQEC 2009 IWE1.pdfa336_1.pdfIWE1.pdf Cavity Optomechanics Kerry Vahala California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125 [email protected] Abstract Cavity enhancement of optical fields is providing a new way to couple light and mechanical motion. Its application to mechanical cooling and amplification, example implementations, and prospects for new science and technology are reviewed. ©2009 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (140.3320) (140.4780) (230.1150) (140.3945) Cavity enhancement of optical fields is routinely used to strengthen the coupling of light with matter in nonlinear optics and cavity QED [1]. In recent years, however, cavity enhancement is also providing a way to modify the mechanical properties of the cavity itself, with important connections into many disciplines [2]. Related effects have been theoretically studied for decades in the context of the measurement of weak forces using interferometers (such as in the LIGO system). There, optical forces create quantum back- action on the mechanical motion of the interferometer mirror, helping to establish the so-called standard- quantum-limit [3]. Classically, cavity-enhanced optical forces also have a dynamical back-action effect on the mirror motion [4], which is now being studied experimentally to amplify [5] and cool [6-11] mechanical motion across a wide range of cavity designs (see figure 1). These phenomena have parallels in the world of atomic and ionic cooling [2], which, itself, has helped to enable remarkable new science and unprecedented leaps in metrology [12,13]. Moreover, the subject of cavity optomechanics is leveraging a surge in novel methods to fabricate high-optical-Q and high-mechanical-Q microstructures.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Photon Scattering Torque in Off-Axis Levitated Torsional Cavity Optomechanics
    C44 Vol. 34, No. 6 / June 2017 / Journal of the Optical Society of America B Research Article Effects of photon scattering torque in off-axis levitated torsional cavity optomechanics 1, 1 1 1 2 M. BHATTACHARYA, *B.RODENBURG, W. WETZEL, B. EK, AND A. K. JHA 1School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York 14623, USA 2Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received 23 January 2017; revised 28 April 2017; accepted 28 April 2017; posted 3 May 2017 (Doc. ID 285304); published 25 May 2017 We consider theoretically a dielectric nanoparticle levitated in an optical ring trap inside a cavity and probed by an angular lattice, with all electromagnetic fields carrying orbital angular momentum. Analyzing the torsional mo- tion of the particle about the cavity axis, we find that photon scattering from the trap beam plays an important role in the optomechanical system. First we show that the presence of the torque introduces an instability. Subsequently, we demonstrate that for bound motion near a stable equilibrium, varying the optical torque strength allows for tuning the linear optomechanical coupling. Finally, we indicate that the relative strengths of the linear and quadratic couplings can be detected directly by homodyning the cavity output. Our studies should be of interest to researchers exploring quantum mechanics using torsional optomechanics. © 2017 Optical Society of America OCIS codes: (080.4865) Optical vortices; (140.4780) Optical resonators; (260.6042) Singular optics. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.34.000C44 1. INTRODUCTION optomechanical coupling in the system.
    [Show full text]
  • Strong Mechanical Squeezing in an Electromechanical System Ling-Juan Feng, Gong-Wei Lin, Li Deng, Yue-Ping Niu & Shang-Qing Gong
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Strong mechanical squeezing in an electromechanical system Ling-Juan Feng, Gong-Wei Lin, Li Deng, Yue-Ping Niu & Shang-Qing Gong The mechanical squeezing can be used to explore quantum behavior in macroscopic system and Received: 10 November 2017 realize precision measurement. Here we present a potentially practical method for generating Accepted: 14 February 2018 strong squeezing of the mechanical oscillator in an electromechanical system. Through the Coulomb Published: xx xx xxxx interaction between a charged mechanical oscillator and two fxed charged bodies, we engineer a quadratic electromechanical Hamiltonian for the vibration mode of mechanical oscillator. We show that the strong position squeezing would be obtained on the currently available experimental technologies. Nonclassical states1,2, as a very fundamental and practical application in quantum optics and quantum infor- mation processing, have attracted extensive attention. One of the most essential quantum states is the squeezed state1,3,4, in a harmonic oscillator, which can be defned as the reduction of uncertainty in one quadrature below the standard quantum limit at the expense of the corresponding enhanced uncertainty in the other, such that the Heisenberg uncertainty relation is not violated5–8. Since then, the schemes for producing and performing squeezed states have been intensively investigated via theoretical proposals and experimental implementations9–34. Following the development of laser cooling of mechanical oscillators35–38, the preparations of mechani- cal squeezed states10 were widely used to study the applicability of quantum mechanics and the precision of quantum measurements11,12. In particular, the theoretical schemes for generation of the mechanical squeezing were proposed by amplitude-modulated driving feld16–18, quantum measurement plus feedback19,20, two-tone driving21, injection of squeezed light22, or quadratic optomechanical coupling23–30.
    [Show full text]
  • Enhancing the Resolution of Imaging Systems by Spatial Spectrum Manipulation
    Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports 2019 Enhancing the Resolution of Imaging Systems by Spatial Spectrum Manipulation Wyatt Adams Michigan Technological University, [email protected] Copyright 2019 Wyatt Adams Recommended Citation Adams, Wyatt, "Enhancing the Resolution of Imaging Systems by Spatial Spectrum Manipulation", Open Access Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 2019. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etdr/861 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etdr Part of the Electromagnetics and Photonics Commons ENHANCING THE RESOLUTION OF IMAGING SYSTEMS BY SPATIAL SPECTRUM MANIPULATION By Wyatt Adams A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Electrical Engineering MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2019 © 2019 Wyatt Adams This dissertation has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Electrical Engineering. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Durdu G¨uney Committee Member: Dr. Paul Bergstrom Committee Member: Dr. Christopher Middlebrook Committee Member: Dr. Miguel Levy Department Chair: Dr. Glen Archer Dedication To my parents for their love, guidance, and wisdom. Contents Preface ...................................... xi Acknowledgments ............................... xv Abstract ..................................... xvii 1 Introduction ................................
    [Show full text]
  • Higher-Order Interactions in Quantum Optomechanics: Revisiting Theoretical Foundations
    Higher-order interactions in quantum optomechanics: Revisiting theoretical foundations Sina Khorasani 1,2 1 School of Electrical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; [email protected] 2 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; [email protected] Abstract: The theory of quantum optomechanics is reconstructed from first principles by finding a Lagrangian from light’s equation of motion and then proceeding to the Hamiltonian. The nonlinear terms, including the quadratic and higher-order interactions, do not vanish under any possible choice of canonical parameters, and lead to coupling of momentum and field. The existence of quadratic mechanical parametric interaction is then demonstrated rigorously, which has been so far assumed phenomenologically in previous studies. Corrections to the quadratic terms are particularly significant when the mechanical frequency is of the same order or larger than the electromagnetic frequency. Further discussions on the squeezing as well as relativistic corrections are presented. Keywords: Optomechanics, Quantum Physics, Nonlinear Interactions 1. Introduction The general field of quantum optomechanics is based on the standard optomechanical Hamiltonian, which is expressed as the simple product of photon number 푛̂ and the position 푥̂ operators, having the form ℍOM = ℏ푔0푛̂푥̂ [1-4] with 푔0 being the single-photon coupling rate. This is mostly referred to a classical paper by Law [5], where the non-relativistic Hamiltonian is obtained through Lagrangian dynamics of the system. This basic interaction is behind numerous exciting theoretical and experimental studies, which demonstrate a wide range of applications. The optomechanical interaction ℍOM is inherently nonlinear by its nature, which is quite analogous to the third-order Kerr optical effect in nonlinear optics [6,7].
    [Show full text]
  • Cavity Optomechanics in the Quantum Regime by Thierry Claude Marc Botter
    Cavity Optomechanics in the Quantum Regime by Thierry Claude Marc Botter A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Physics in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Dan M. Stamper-Kurn, Chair Professor Holger M¨uller Professor Ming Wu Spring 2013 Cavity Optomechanics in the Quantum Regime Copyright 2013 by Thierry Claude Marc Botter 1 Abstract Cavity Optomechanics in the Quantum Regime by Thierry Claude Marc Botter Doctor of Philosophy in Physics University of California, Berkeley Professor Dan M. Stamper-Kurn, Chair An exciting scientific goal, common to many fields of research, is the development of ever-larger physical systems operating in the quantum regime. Relevant to this dissertation is the objective of preparing and observing a mechanical object in its motional quantum ground state. In order to sense the object's zero-point motion, the probe itself must have quantum-limited sensitivity. Cavity optomechanics, the inter- actions between light and a mechanical object inside an optical cavity, provides an elegant means to achieve the quantum regime. In this dissertation, I provide context to the successful cavity-based optical detection of the quantum-ground-state motion of atoms-based mechanical elements; mechanical elements, consisting of the collec- tive center-of-mass (CM) motion of ultracold atomic ensembles and prepared inside a high-finesse Fabry-P´erotcavity, were dispersively probed with an average intracavity photon number as small as 0.1. I first show that cavity optomechanics emerges from the theory of cavity quantum electrodynamics when one takes into account the CM motion of one or many atoms within the cavity, and provide a simple theoretical framework to model optomechanical interactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1710.04700V2 [Quant-Ph] 4 Dec 2017 Two Decades, Many Experiments Have Observed the Opti- Tor
    Radiation-Pressure-Mediated Control of an Optomechanical Cavity Jonathan Cripe,1 Nancy Aggarwal,2 Robinjeet Singh,1 Robert Lanza,2 Adam Libson,2 Min Jet Yap,3 Garrett D. Cole,4, 5 David E. McClelland,3 Nergis Mavalvala,2 and Thomas Corbitt1, ∗ 1Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808 2LIGO - Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 3Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia 4Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ), Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria 5Crystalline Mirror Solutions LLC and GmbH, Santa Barbara, CA, and Vienna, Austria (Dated: December 5, 2017) We describe and demonstrate a method to control a detuned movable-mirror Fabry-P´erotcavity using radiation pressure in the presence of a strong optical spring. At frequencies below the optical spring resonance, self-locking of the cavity is achieved intrinsically by the optomechanical (OM) interaction between the cavity field and the movable end mirror. The OM interaction results in a high rigidity and reduced susceptibility of the mirror to external forces. However, due to a finite delay time in the cavity, this enhanced rigidity is accompanied by an anti-damping force, which destabilizes the cavity. The cavity is stabilized by applying external feedback in a frequency band around the optical spring resonance. The error signal is sensed in the amplitude quadrature of the transmitted beam with a photodetector. An amplitude modulator in the input path to the cavity modulates the light intensity to provide the stabilizing radiation pressure force. I. INTRODUCTION [32, 33]. Signal-recycling and signal-extraction cavities have been used in the GEO 600 [34] and Advanced LIGO Cavity optomechanics, the interaction between electro- [35] gravitational wave detectors, and are planned to be magnetic radiation and mechanical motion, provides an used in Advanced VIRGO [36], and KAGRA [37].
    [Show full text]
  • High-Frequency Cavity Optomechanics Using Bulk Acoustic Phonons
    SCIENCE ADVANCES | RESEARCH ARTICLE APPLIED PHYSICS Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some High-frequency cavity optomechanics using bulk rights reserved; exclusive licensee acoustic phonons American Association for the Advancement 1 2 1 1 1 of Science. No claim to Prashanta Kharel *, Glen I. Harris , Eric A. Kittlaus , William H. Renninger , Nils T. Otterstrom , original U.S. Government 2 1 Jack G. E. Harris , Peter T. Rakich * Works. Distributed under a Creative To date, microscale and nanoscale optomechanical systems have enabled many proof-of-principle quantum Commons Attribution operations through access to high-frequency (gigahertz) phonon modes that are readily cooled to their thermal NonCommercial ground state. However, minuscule amounts of absorbed light produce excessive heating that can jeopardize License 4.0 (CC BY-NC). robust ground-state operation within these microstructures. In contrast, we demonstrate an alternative strategy for accessing high-frequency (13 GHz) phonons within macroscopic systems (centimeter scale) using phase- matched Brillouin interactions between two distinct optical cavity modes. Counterintuitively, we show that these macroscopic systems, with motional masses that are 1 million to 100 million times larger than those of microscale counterparts, offer a complementary path toward robust ground-state operation. We perform both optomechan- ically induced amplification/transparency measurements and demonstrate parametric instability of bulk phonon modes. This is an important step toward using these beam splitter and two-mode squeezing interactions within Downloaded from bulk acoustic systems for applications ranging from quantum memories and microwave-to-optical conversion to high-power laser oscillators. INTRODUCTION as the basis for phonon counting (17, 26), generation of nonclassical The coherent control of mechanical objects (1–4) can enable applica- mechanical states (18), and efficient transduction of information be- tions ranging from sensitive metrology (5) to quantum information tween optical and phononic domains (27).
    [Show full text]
  • Cavity Optomechanics: a Playground for Quantum Physics
    Cavity optomechanics: a playground for quantum physics David Vitali School of Science and Technology, Physics Division, University of Camerino, Italy, THE GROUP: COLLABORATION with M. Asjad, M. Abdi, M. Bawaj, Sh. Barzanjeh, C. Biancofiore, G.J. Milburn, G. Di Giuseppe, M.S. Kim, M. Karuza, G.S. Agarwal R. Natali, P. Tombesi 1 Cavity Optomechanics, Innsbruck, Nov 04 2013 Outline of the talk 1. Introduction to cavity optomechanics: the membrane- in-the-middle (MIM) setup as paradigmatic example 2. Proposal for generating nonclassical mechanical states in a quadratic MIM setup 3. Controlling the output light with cavity optomechanics: i) optomechanically induced transparency (OMIT); ii) ponderomotive squeezing 4. Proposal for a quantum optomechanical interface between microwave and optical signals 2 INTRODUCTION Micro- and nano-(opto)-electro-mechanical devices, i.e., MEMS, MOEMS and NEMS are extensively used for various technological applications : • high-sensitive sensors (accelerometers, atomic force microscopes, mass sensors….) • actuators (in printers, electronic devices…) • These devices operate in the classical regime for both the electromagnetic field and the motional degree of freedom However very recently cavity optomechanics has emerged as a new field with two elements of originality: 1. the opportunities offered by entering the quantum regime for these devices 2. The crucial role played by an optical (electromagnetic) cavity 3 Why entering the quantum regime for opto- and electro-mechanical systems ? 1. quantum-limited sensing, i.e., working at the sensitivity limits imposed by Heisenberg uncertainty principle VIRGO (Pisa) Nano-scale: Single-spin MRFM Macro-scale: gravitational wave D. Rugar group, IBM Almaden interferometers (VIRGO, LIGO) Detection of extremely weak forces and tiny displacements 4 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Two-Mode Squeezed States in Cavity Optomechanics Via Engineering of a Single Reservoir
    PHYSICAL REVIEW A 89, 063805 (2014) Two-mode squeezed states in cavity optomechanics via engineering of a single reservoir M. J. Woolley1 and A. A. Clerk2 1School of Engineering and Information Technology, UNSW Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia 2Department of Physics, McGill University, Montreal,´ QC, Canada H3A 2T8 (Received 9 April 2014; published 11 June 2014) We study theoretically a three-mode optomechanical system where two mechanical oscillators are indepen- dently coupled to a single cavity mode. By optimized two-tone or four-tone driving of the cavity, one can prepare the mechanical oscillators in an entangled two-mode squeezed state, even if they start in a thermal state. The highly pure, symmetric steady state achieved allows the optimal fidelity of standard continuous-variable teleportation protocols to be achieved. In contrast to other reservoir engineering approaches to generating mechanical entanglement, only a single reservoir is required to prepare the highly pure entangled steady state, greatly simplifying experimental implementation. The entanglement may be verified via a bound on the Duan inequality obtained from the cavity output spectrum. A similar technique may be used for the preparation of a highly pure two-mode squeezed state of two cavity modes, coupled to a common mechanical oscillator. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.89.063805 PACS number(s): 42.50.Dv, 03.67.Bg, 42.50.Lc, 85.85.+j I. INTRODUCTION of Ref. [8], the steady state is a (highly pure) two-mode squeezed state rather than an entangled mixed state. Therefore, The generation and detection of entangled states of macro- using the steady state as an Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) scopic mechanical oscillators is an outstanding task in the channel, the optimal teleportation fidelity for a given amount study of mechanical systems in the quantum regime [1].
    [Show full text]