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The Inequality of Sport: Women < The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research Volume 13 Article 5 2012 The Inequality of Sport: Women < Men Valarie Hanson St. John Fisher College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur Part of the Feminist, Gender, and Sexuality Studies Commons, and the Sports Studies Commons How has open access to Fisher Digital Publications benefited ou?y Recommended Citation Hanson, Valarie. "The Inequality of Sport: Women < Men." The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research 13 (2012): 15-22. Web. [date of access]. <https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol13/iss1/5>. This document is posted at https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/vol13/iss1/5 and is brought to you for free and open access by Fisher Digital Publications at St. John Fisher College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Inequality of Sport: Women < Men Abstract In lieu of an abstract, below is the first paragraph of the paper. It has been 30 years since Title IX legislation granted women equal playing time, but the male-dominated world of sports journalism has yet to catch up with the law. Coverage of women's sports lags far behind men's and focuses on female athletes' femininity and sexuality over their achievements on the court and field. While emalef athleticism challenges gender norms, women athletes continue to be depicted in traditional roles that reaffirm theiremininity f - as wives and mothers or sex objects. By comparison, male athletes are framed according to heroic masculine ideals that honor courage, strength, and endurance. (Playing Unfair, 2002) This article is available in The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research: https://fisherpub.sjfc.edu/ur/ vol13/iss1/5 Hanson: The Inequality of Sport The Inequality of Sport: Women < Men been ranked as the #1 player in the world on at least Val Hanson one occasion each, and they will undoubtedly go down as two of the greatest tennis players, regardless of gender, of ail time. Even with their It has been 30 years since Title IX legislation granted impressive tennis resumes, telecasts and news women equal playing time, but the male-dominated reports largely focus on the outfits the Williams' world of sports journalism has yet to catch up with choose to wear, instead of athletic aspects, while the law. Coverage of women's sports lags far pointing out provocative aspects of the clothing. behind men's and focuses on female athletes' Granted, these women make the decision to wear femininity and sexuality over their achievements the questionable outfits, but media outlets are not on the court and field. While female athleticism required to report on the fashion of the game, challenges gender norms, women athletes continue instead they are choosing to do so. This type of to be depicted in traditional roles that reaffirm their coverage is evidence of how women in sports are femininity - as wives and mothers or sex objects. By represented through the media. Although it is not comparison, male athletes are framed according to always the truth, women's athletic abilities seem to heroic masculine ideals that honor courage, strength, be considered far inferior and their competition less and endurance. (Playing Unfair, 2002) intense than any man's, apparent through the lack of media and commercialization efforts directed Although women are equal to men under toward the benefit of the female gender. Therefore, the law, they are not equal in the world of sports. the amount of media coverage and airtime given to Women can vote, be CEOs of a Fortune 500 males compared to females is a ratio heavily company, or be collegiate and professional athletes, favoring men. Women have come a long way in the just like any man. Women can do almost anything sports world, especially since Title IX was that men can do, but the way they are viewed within implemented in 1972, but their abilities and the athletics world does not match their actual accomplishments continue to be overlooked by male abilities. The light in which women are portrayed is sports reporters in particular, who see a woman's vastly dimmer than the one shining upon men in primary role as caretaker and sex symbol, thus giving professional and collegiate sports, even though women credit and exposure mainly for their sex women's sports are required to be as easily appeal, which creates an image of inferiority accessible and as equally funded as men's in compared to male athletes. The most prestigious collegiate athletics due to Title IX legislation. championship in the world of women's soccer Sex appeal, rather than recognition of provided a platform where this type of portrayal athletic accomplishments, is prevalent. A woman's could be propagated on an international scene. body is not portrayed as a strong, muscular machine capable of extraordinary athletic feats like a man's The everlasting image of the entire 1999 body is, but instead is seen more as an object Women's World Cup remains to be when female pleasurable to the eye when it is exposed outside of soccer player Brandi Chastain ripped her jersey off, the realm of sports. When men see these objectified revealing her sports bra in elation after scoring the images, they do not look at a female athlete as an World Cup-clinching penalty kick. In the real scope of athlete; instead, they see a caretaker, a keeper of the happening, it was a harmless act that was not the household, a wife, mother, and most often, a sex meant to be interpreted in a sexual way; it was just a object. The caretaker image stems from television reaction to a defining moment in her life and in the and media-generated stereotypes that have formed larger scope of women's sports, as well as the over time through the presentation of women popularity of soccer as an American sport. But this cleaning, cooking, and taking care of the household, innocent action sparked a media craze and essentially making life easier for their men and influenced an even larger movement to expose families. Female bodies are exploited through bikini female athletes in the sexual light that has become photo shoots rather than through competitive action commonplace today. Although Chastain did agree to shots in uniform as men are portrayed. Tennis stars do a photo shoot following the hype of the World such as Venus and Serena Williams provide one Cup championship, fully aware that she would not example. Their career accomplishments include be entirely clothed, she did it with the intention of numerous Grand Slam tournament wins, both having gaining popularity for her gender in the sporting 15 Published by Fisher Digital Publications, 2012 1 The Review: A Journal of Undergraduate Student Research, Vol. 13 [2012], Art. 5 world. The bigger issue is that many media outlets women are athletes because they are in no way did not want to portray her or the rest of her portrayed as such. The Swimsuit Issue and Sport by teammates after their historic win as accomplished Laurel R. Davis, presents both sides to the argument athletes in uniform who overcame adversity and addressed pertaining to the Sports Illustrated triumphed on the world's stage with determination swimsuit issue in an unbiased representation. On and athletic talent, but instead displayed them as one side of the argument, many would contend that sex objects. a majority of consumers who purchase and read the Thinking the opportunity would bring magazine are men due to their extreme passion for positive publicity to female athletes and soccer alike, sports, and thus the magazine should be directed Chastain was surprised at how contrary the results more toward the male gender, exactly the reason were to her expectations. After pondering the lasting why scantily-clad women adorn the entire magazine effects of her decision to appear in such a light, for one issue out of a subscription year. Magazine "indeed, Chastain would come to regret how her editors would argue that it is perfectly acceptable to pictures were used in Gear [Magazine]...'\ did it one represent women in this light, explaining that it is an time, for the right reason. If I had known what kind aspect that men enjoy. However, the issue remains of magazine it was, I wouldn't have done it'" that Sports Illustrated is a sports magazine, just as its (Longman 40). Even though it was a personal title indicates. According to dictionary.com, sport is decision to agree to the shoot, Chastain's femininity defined as "an athletic activity requiring skill or was exploited for sexual and commercial use. Her physical prowess and often of a competitive nature, commendable intentions to further the positive as racing, baseball, tennis, golf, bowling, wrestling, exposure for all female athletes backfired into boxing, hunting, fishing." Therefore, modeling is not negative manipulation. Donna de Varona, a 1964 a sport and the problem is that a majority of the Olympic swimming champion, feels uneasy that women depicted in the annual issue are not even women are forced to defend their athleticism by athletes. projecting their feminine side and can't simply be Some consumers claim that Sports who they are to gain credit for their numerous Illustrated is sexist because it does not treat extraordinary feats. She sums it up perfectly when [heterosexual] women consumers in the she argues, "we always have to prove that we're same manner as [heterosexual] men feminine and sexy. We can be tough and sweaty and consumers. These consumers maintain that a sex symbol; if we do that, we're acceptable. when producers picture only female models Michael Jordan didn't have to take off his clothes" in the swimsuit issue, they provide (39).
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