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starter kit the whys and hows of a healthier

the new four groups guidelines

useful tips for beginning a vegetarian diet

delicious low-, no-cholesterol recipes

PCRM 1 vegetarian Powerful Tools for Health

vegetarian menu is a powerful and pleasurable way to achieve good health. The vegetarian eating pattern is based on a wide variety of foods that are Asatisfying, delicious, and healthful. Vegetarians avoid , fish, and poultry. Those who include dairy products and eggs in their diets are called lacto-ovo vegetarians. Vegans (pure vegetarians) eat no Inside this Kit meat, fish, poultry, eggs, or dairy products. While there is a considerable advantage the whys and hows to a lacto-ovo vegetarian pattern, vegan diets are the healthiest of all, reducing risk of a broad range of health concerns. Vegetarian Foods ...... 2 The Myth ...... 4 a healthy heart Calcium in Vegetarians have much lower cholesterol levels than meat-eaters, and heart disease -Based Diets ...... 6 is less common in vegetarians. The reasons are not hard to find. Vegetarian meals are typically low in saturated fat and usually contain little or no cholesterol. Since What about ? ...... 7 cholesterol is found only in animal products such as meat, dairy, and eggs, vegans Achieving and consume a cholesterol-free diet. Maintaining The type of protein in a vegetarian diet may be another important advantage. Many a Healthy Weight ...... 10 studies show that replacing animal protein with plant protein lowers blood cholesterol Vegetarian Diets levels—even if the amount and type of fat in the diet stays the same. Those studies for ...... 11 show that a low-fat, vegetarian diet has a clear advantage over other diets. Vegetarian Diets lower blood pressure for Children ...... 12 An impressive number of studies, dating back to the early 1920s, show that veg- new four food groups etarians have lower blood pressure than non-vegetarians. In fact, some studies have shown that adding meat to a vegetarian diet raises blood pressure levels rapidly and Guidelines ...... 8 significantly. The effects of a vegetarian diet occur in addition to the benefits of reduc- ing the sodium content of the diet. When patients with high blood pressure begin a tips for vegetarian diets vegetarian diet, many are able to eliminate the need for medication. The 3-Step Way to controlling diabetes Go Vegetarian ...... 3 The latest studies on diabetes show that a vegetarian diet high in complex carbo- Tips for Making hydrates and fiber (which are found only in plant foods) and low in fat is the best the Switch ...... 4 dietary prescription for controlling diabetes. A diet based on , , Cooking without Eggs ...... 5 , and whole , which is also low in fat and , can lower blood sugar levels and often reduce or even eliminate the need for medication. Since individuals with ...... Dairy-Free Dining 7 diabetes are at high risk for heart disease, avoiding fat and cholesterol is important, The Veganizer ...... 10 and a vegetarian diet is the best way to do that. Meal Planning prevention for Children ...... 13 A vegetarian diet helps prevent cancer. Studies of vegetarians show that death low-fat recipes rates from cancer are only about one-half to three-quarters of those of the general population. Recipes for Health ...... 14 Breast cancer rates are dramatically lower in countries where diets are typically

2 VEGETARIAN STARTER KIT plant-based. When people from those white blood cells, called “natural killer and . Green leafy vegetables, , countries adopt a Western, meat-based cells,” which are able to seek out and de- lentils, , and nuts are excellent sources diet, their rates of breast cancer soar. Veg- stroy cancer cells. of calcium, as are enriched soymilk and etarians also have significantly lower rates fortified . of colon cancer than meat-eaters. Colon the calcium connection D is normally made in the cancer is more closely associated with Vegetarians are less likely to form either body when sun shines on the skin. People meat consumption than any other dietary kidney stones or gallstones. In addition, who are dark-skinned or live at northern factor. vegetarians may also be at lower risk for latitudes have some difficulty producing Why do vegetarian diets help protect osteoporosis because they eat little or no vitamin D year-round. Vitamin D can against cancer? First, they are lower in animal protein. A high intake of animal easily be obtained from fortified foods. fat and higher in fiber than meat-based protein encourages the loss of calcium Some sources are commercial diets. But other factors are important, from the bones. Replacing animal prod- , soymilk, other supplemental too. contain other cancer-fighting ucts with plant foods reduces the amount products, and multivitamins. substances called phytochemicals. For ex- of calcium lost. This may help to explain Regular intake of vitamin B12 is impor- ample, vegetarians usually consume more tant. Good sources include all common of the plant pigments - and why people who live in countries where multiple (including vegetarian . This might help to explain why the diet is typically plant-based have little vitamins), fortified cereals, some brands they have less lung and prostate cancer. osteoporosis, even when calcium intake of nutritional , and fortified soymilk. Also, some studies have suggested that di- is lower than that in dairy-consuming ets that avoid dairy products may reduce countries. It is especially important for pregnant the risk of prostate and ovarian cancer. women and breast-feeding mothers to get Some of the anti-cancer aspects of a planning vegetarian diets enough vitamin B12. When reading food vegetarian diet cannot yet be explained. It’s easy to plan vegetarian diets that labels, look for the word cyanocobalamin For example, researchers are not quite meet all your nutrient needs. Grains, in the ingredient list. This is the form of sure why vegetarians have more of certain beans, and vegetables are rich in protein vitamin B12 that is best absorbed. The Three-Step Way to Go Vegetarian

First, think of three vegetarian meals that you al- Third, check out some veg- If you are making the switch ready enjoy. Common ones are tofu and etarian cookbooks from the to a vegetarian diet for its health stir-fry, vegetable , or primavera. library and experiment with benefits, you’ll be pleased to find the recipes for a week or that there is a wonderful addition- Second, think of three reci- so until you find three new al benefit to vegetarian eating: it’s pes that you prepare regularly recipes that are delicious and a delicious and fun way to explore that can easily be adapted to easy to make. Just like that, new foods. A vegetarian meal can a vegetarian menu. For exam- with minimal changes to your be as familiar as with ple, a favorite chili recipe can menus, you will have nine marinara sauce, as comforting as be made with all of the same vegetarian dinners. a bowl of rich, , or ingredients; just replace the as exotic as Grilled Polenta with meat with beans or textur- Portabella Mushrooms (see recipe ized vegetable protein. Enjoy After that, coming up on page 15). burritos (using canned The switch to a vegetarian diet with vegetarian options vegetarian refried beans) in- for breakfast and lunch is easier than you might think. stead of beef burritos, veggie Most people, whether vegetar- is easy. Try muffins with burgers instead of hamburg- , cholesterol- ians or meat-eaters, typically use ers, and grilled and a limited variety of recipes; the free French , or roasted red peppers instead of for . average family eats only eight or grilled chicken in sandwiches. nine different dinners repeatedly. with spreads like hummus Many , , and cas- or white bean pâté with You can use a simple, three-step seroles also can be made into method to come up with nine and , pasta vegetarian dishes with a few , or dinner leftovers vegetarian dinner menus that you simple changes. enjoy and can prepare easily. make great lunches.

PCRM 3 The Protein Mythpoof! n the past, some people believed one could never get too much protein. In the early 1900s, Americans were told to eat well over 100 grams of protein a day. And as recently Ias the 1950s, health-conscious people were encouraged to boost their protein intake. Today, some diet books encourage high protein intake for weight loss, although Americans tend to take in twice the amount of protein they need already. And while in- dividuals following such a diet have sometimes had short-term success in losing weight, they are often unaware of the health risks associated with a high-protein diet. Excess protein has been linked with osteoporosis, kidney disease, calcium stones in the urinary tract, and some . the building blocks of life People build muscle and other body from amino acids, which come from the proteins they eat. A varied diet of beans, lentils, grains, and vegetables contains all of the essential amino acids. It was once thought that various plant foods had the protein you consume, it is important to eat enough calories to be eaten together to get their full protein value, but current to meet your energy needs. research suggests this is not the case. Many authori- ties, including the American Dietetic Association, believe pro- the trouble with too much protein tein needs can easily be met by consuming a variety of plant The average American diet contains meat and dairy products. protein sources over an entire day. To get the best benefit from As a result, it is often too high in protein. This can lead to a Tips for making the switch to a vegetarian diet

• Convenience foods cut cooking time. and natural • International restaurants are the best bets for finding vegetarian foods stores stock a huge array of instant soups and main-dish food when dining out. Italian, Chinese, Mexican, Thai, Japanese, and vegetarian convenience items. Many canned soups, such as min- Indian restaurants all offer a wide variety of vegetarian dishes. estrone, black bean, or vegetable, are vegetarian. Flavored or • Texturized vegetable protein (TVP) is fat-free, has a texture like other mixes, like curried rice or tabouli , can be stretched ground beef, and is wonderful in , chili, and sloppy joes. Look into an entrée with a can of beans. Visit the section for it in the bulk food section of the . for internationally inspired vegetarian frozen entrées such as corn • Summer barbecues are healthy and fun with meatless hot dogs and and bean , lentil , or vegetarian pad thai. Or try burgers. Or, for a real change of pace, grill thick slices of marinated vegetarian baked beans, refried beans, sloppy joe sauce, and meat- vegetables like eggplant, , or tomatoes. less spaghetti sauce from the canned goods isle. • Check out ethnic groceries for special vegetarian foods. Middle-East- • Ask for it! Even restaurants that don’t offer vegetarian entrées ern delis offer stuffed leaves, falafel, and eggplant spreads. can usually whip up a meatless pasta or vegetable plate if you ask. Italian markets are a wonderful place to find hearty homemade If attending a catered affair, catch the waiter before you are served , sun-dried tomatoes, and fresh pasta. Indian and Asian and ask him or her to remove the chicken breast from your plate markets offer many vegetarian delicacies, also. and slip on an extra baked potato. Most airlines offer vegetarian • The simplest dishes are often the most satisfying. Brown rice, meals if you ask in advance; or you can always bring a meal on gently seasoned with and lemon and sprinkled with chopped board with you. nuts or sunflower , is a perfect dish. • Order your next without cheese but with a mountain of • When traveling, pack plenty of vegetarian like instant soups, vegetable toppings. fresh fruit, raw vegetables, trail mix, granola bars, and homemade • Find vegetarian cookbooks at your local library or bookstore and oatmeal cookies. Fill a cooler with sandwiches and individual con- have fun experimenting with new foods and recipes. tainers of and soymilk.

4 VEGETARIAN STARTER KIT whew! number of serious health problems: mal through their kidneys and increase • Kidney Disease: When people eat too the risk of osteoporosis. Countries with Cooking much protein, they take in more nitrogen lower-protein diets have lower rates of than they need. This places a strain on the osteoporosis and hip fractures. without kidneys, which must expel the extra ni- Increased calcium excretion increases Eggs trogen through urine. People with kidney risk for kidney stones. Researchers in disease are encouraged to eat low-protein England found that when people added Many people choose not to use eggs diets. Such a diet reduces the excess levels about 5 ounces of fish (about 34 grams in their diet. About 70 percent of the of nitrogen and can also help prevent of protein) to a normal diet, the risk of kidney disease. calories in eggs are from fat, and a big forming urinary tract stones increased portion of that fat is saturated. They • Cancer: Although fat is the dietary by as much as 250 percent. are also loaded with cholesterol—about substance most often singled out for in- For a long time it was thought that 213 milligrams for an average-sized egg. creasing cancer risk, protein also plays a athletes needed much more protein than Because egg shells are fragile and po- role. Populations who eat meat regularly other people. The truth is that athletes, rous and conditions on egg farms are are at increased risk for colon cancer, and even those who strength-train, need only crowded, eggs are the perfect host for researchers believe that the fat, protein, slightly more protein, which is easily salmonella—the that is the natural , and absence of fiber obtained in the larger servings athletes leading cause of food poisoning in this in meat all play roles. The 1997 report of require for their higher caloric intake. country. the World Cancer Research Fund and Vegetarian diets are great for athletes. Eggs are often used in baked prod- American Institute for Cancer Research, To consume a diet that contains enough, ucts because of their binding and leav- Food, Nutrition, and the Prevention of but not too much, protein, simply replace ening properties. But smart cooks have Cancer, noted that meaty, high-protein animal products with grains, vegetables, found good substitutes for eggs. Try diets were linked with some types of legumes (, beans, and lentils), and one of the following the next time you cancer. fruits. As long as one is eating a vari- prepare a recipe that calls for eggs: • Osteoporosis and Kidney Stones: Di- ety of plant foods in sufficient quantity • If a recipe calls for just one or two ets that are rich in animal protein cause to maintain one’s weight, the body gets eggs, you can often skip them. Add a people to excrete more calcium than nor- plenty of protein. couple of extra tablespoons of for each egg eliminated to balance out the moisture content of the product. sample menus • Eggless egg replacers are available in many natural food stores. These are different from reduced-cholesterol egg Breakfast Breakfast products, which do contain eggs. Egg 3 oatmeal with 1 cup oatmeal with cinnamon and replacers are egg-free and are usually in applesauce topping, calcium- , ½ cup fortified soymilk, a powdered form. Replace eggs in bak- fortified juice, fresh fruit 1 slice toast with 1 tablespoon ing with a mixture of the powdered egg almond , ½ grapefruit replacer and water according to package Lunch directions. Bean burritos: black beans in corn Lunch • Use 1 heaping tablespoon of soy flour , topped with chopped let- Whole stuffed or cornstarch plus 2 tablespoons of tuce, tomatoes, and salsa, with hummus (see recipe on water to replace each egg in a baked salad with tahini-lemon dressing page 14), sliced tomatoes, product. and , sticks Dinner • Use 1 ounce of mashed tofu in place of an egg. Chinese stir-fry over brown rice: Dinner tofu chunks, , pods, 1 cup baked beans , baked • In and cookies, half of a water , and Chinese cab- , 1 cup steamed mashed can be used instead bage (), cantaloupe chunks greens drizzled with of an egg, although it will change the drizzled with fresh juice lemon juice, baked apple flavor of the recipe somewhat. • For vegetarian and burgers, Snack use any of the following to bind ingre- Dried figs Banana soymilk shake dients together: paste, mashed potato, moistened crumbs, or rolled .

PCRM 5 Calcium in Plant-Based Diets reducing calcium loss any people avoid milk be- cause it contains saturated A number of factors affect calcium loss fat, cholesterol, allergenic from the body: Calcium in Foods Mproteins, lactose sugar, and frequent trac- • Diets that are high in protein cause food calcium (mg) es of contamination, or simply because more calcium to be lost through the they don’t feel well after consuming dairy urine. Protein from animal products is Vegetables products. Milk is also linked to type 1 much more likely to cause calcium loss Broccoli, 1 cup, boiled ...... 62 (juvenile-onset) diabetes and other seri- than protein from plant foods. This may Brussels sprouts, 1 cup, boiled ...... 56 ous conditions. Happily, there are many be one reason that vegetarians tend to Butternut squash, 1 cup, baked . . . . . 84 other good sources of calcium. have stronger bones than meat-eaters. , 2 medium, raw ...... 40 Keeping your bones strong depends • Diets high in sodium increase calcium Cauliflower, 1 cup, boiled ...... 20 more on preventing the loss of calcium losses in the urine. Collards, 1 cup, boiled ...... 266 from your body than on boosting your • Caffeine increases the rate at which , 1 cup, boiled ...... 94 calcium intake. calcium is lost through urine. Sweet potato, 1 cup, baked ...... 76 Some consume few or no dairy • Smoking increases the loss of calcium products and typically ingest fewer than from the body. Legumes 500 milligrams of calcium per day. How- A number of factors increase bone build- Black turtle beans, 1 cup, boiled . . . . 102 ever, these people generally have low rates ing in the body: Chickpeas, 1 cup, boiled ...... 80 of osteoporosis. Many scientists believe • Exercise is one of the most important Great Northern beans, 1 cup, boiled . 120 that exercise and other factors have more factors in maintaining bone health. Kidney beans, 1 cup, boiled ...... 62 to do with osteoporosis than calcium • Exposure to sunlight allows the body Lentils, 1 cup, boiled ...... 38 intake does. to make the bone-building hormone vi- Navy beans, 1 cup, boiled ...... 126 tamin D. Pinto beans, 1 cup, boiled ...... 79 calcium in the body • Eating a plentiful amount of fruits , 1 cup, boiled ...... 175 Almost all of the calcium in the body and vegetables helps to keep calcium in Soymilk, 1 cup, calcium-fortified . . . . 368 is in the bones. There is a tiny amount in bone. Tofu, raw, firm, 1⁄2 cup ...... 253 the bloodstream, which is responsible for • Consuming calcium from plant-based Vegetarian baked beans, 1 cup ...... 86 important functions such as muscle con- sources, especially green vegetables and White beans, 1 cup, boiled ...... 161 traction, maintenance of the heartbeat, beans, provides one of the building blocks and transmission of nerve impulses. for bone building. Grains We regularly lose calcium from our Corn ...... 19 bloodstream through urine, sweat, and sources of calcium , 1 cup, enriched ...... 300* feces. It is renewed with calcium from Exercise and a diet moderate in protein Wheat bread, 1 slice ...... 26 bone or from the diet. will help to protect your bones. People Whole wheat flour, 1 cup ...... 41 Bones are constantly broken down and who eat plant-based diets and are active Fruits made anew. Up until the age of 30 or so, probably have lower calcium needs. How- we build more bone than we lose. Later, ever, it is still important to eat calcium- Dried figs, 10 figs ...... 140 the bones tend to break down more than rich foods every day. Navel orange, 1 medium ...... 60 build up. The loss of too much bone cal- The “Calcium in Foods” chart on the Orange juice, 1 cup calcium-fortified . 300* cium can lead to fragile bones or osteo- left side of this page gives the amount of Raisins, 2/3 cup ...... 48 porosis. calcium found in some excellent plant * package information How rapidly calcium is lost depends, in sources. A quick glance shows how easy part, on the kind and amount of protein Source: U.S. Department of , it is to meet calcium needs. The sample Agricultural Research Service. 2004. USDA you eat, as well as other diet and lifestyle menus on page 5 each provide approxi- National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 17. Nutrient Data Laboratory choices. mately 1,000 milligrams of calcium. Web site, http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp

6 VEGETARIAN STARTER KIT What about Milk? • Calcium: Green leafy vegetables, such as kale, are better than milk as calcium sources. • Fat Content*: Dairy products—other than skim varieties—are high in fat, as a percentage of total calories. • Iron-Deficiency: Milk is very low in iron. To get the U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowance of 11 milligrams of iron, an infant would have to Ideas for Delicious drink more than 22 quarts of milk each day. Milk also causes blood loss from the intestinal tract, depleting the body’s iron. Dairy-Free Dining • Diabetes: In a study of 142 children with diabetes, 100 percent had high If you are curious whether dairy foods levels of an antibody to a cow’s milk protein. It is believed that these are contributing to your allergies, skin antibodies may destroy the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. problems, asthma, stomach upset, gas, • Contaminants: Milk is frequently contaminated with antibiotics and diarrhea, or constipation, or you’d like excess vitamin D. In one study of 42 milk samples tested, only 12 to see how your body feels when it is percent were within the expected range of vitamin D content. Of ten dairy-free, just give it a try for three samples of infant formula, seven had more than twice the vitamin D weeks. It takes about three weeks to content reported on the label, and one had more than four times the break or create a habit. And in that label amount. short time, many people experience • Lactose: Three out of four people from around the world, including an major benefits, such as a drop in blood estimated 25 percent of individuals in the United States, are unable to cholesterol levels, weight loss, relief digest the milk sugar lactose, which then causes diarrhea and gas. The from allergies, asthma, indigestion, or lactose sugar, when it is digested, releases galactose, a simple sugar that chronic stomach problems. Here are is linked to ovarian cancer and cataracts. some simple ideas to get you started: • Allergies: Milk is one of the most common causes of food allergy. Often Top your oats or cold cereal with forti- the symptoms are subtle and may not be attributed to milk for some fied rice or almond milk. time. Make smoothies with enriched vanilla • Colic: Milk proteins can cause colic, a digestive upset that bothers one soymilk or drink an ice cold glass of in five infants. Milk-drinking mothers can also pass cow’s milk proteins your favorite soymilk with your meal to their breast-feeding infants. or snack. “Leave off the cheese, please.” Order your entrée or salad with no cheese. Many dishes can be easily made cheese- *Fat content of dairy products free. Ask for guacamole, rice, or extra based on percentage of calories from fat salsa in your burrito or on your instead of the cheese. Put more veg- etables on a dinner salad or add some Butter: 100% fat beans, nuts, or baked tofu chunks in- stead of cheese. Cheddar cheese: 74% fat Most recipes calling for milk can be made with soymilk instead. If it’s a soup or other savory dish, be sure to purchase plain soymilk for cooking. Whole milk: 49% fat Make creamy dips and desserts using silken tofu in place of sour cream or “2%” milk: 35% fat . (It is 2% fat only by weight.) Sprinkle on popcorn or pasta for a cheesy flavor instead of parmesan.

PCRM 7 The New Four Food Groups Be sure to include a good source of vitamin B12, such as fortified cereals or vitamin supplements. Fruit Legumes 3 or more servings a day 2 or more servings a day Fruits are rich in fiber, , and beta- Legumes, which is another name for beans, carotene. Be sure to include at least one serving peas, and lentils, are all good sources of fiber, each day of fruits that are high in vitamin protein, iron, calcium, zinc, and B vitamins. C—citrus fruits, melons, and strawberries are This group also includes chickpeas, baked and all good choices. Choose whole fruit over fruit refried beans, soymilk, , and texturized juices, which do not contain very much fiber. vegetable protein. Serving size: 1 medium piece of fruit • ½ cup Serving size: ½ cup cooked beans • 4 ounces cooked fruit • 4 ounces juice tofu or tempeh • 8 ounces soymilk

any of us grew up with the USDA’s old Basic Four food excellent sources of the nutrients once only associated with meat Mgroups, first introduced in 1956. The passage of time has and dairy products—namely, protein and calcium. seen an increase in our knowledge about the importance of fiber, The USDA revised its recommendations with the Food Guide the health risks of cholesterol and , and the disease-preven- Pyramid, a plan that reduced the prominence of animal products tive power of many nutrients found exclusively in plant-based and vegetable fats. But because regular consumption of such foods. We also have discovered that the plant kingdom provides foods—even in lower quantities—poses serious health risks,

8 VEGETARIAN STARTER KIT Whole Grains Vegetables 5 or more servings a day 4 or more servings a day This group includes bread, rice, pasta, hot Vegetables are packed with nutrients; they or cold cereal, corn, , , , provide vitamin C, beta-carotene, riboflavin, groats, and tortillas. Build each iron, calcium, fiber, and other nutrients. Dark of your meals around a hearty grain dish— green leafy vegetables such as broccoli, collards, grains are rich in fiber and other complex kale, mustard and greens, chicory, or , as well as protein, B vitamins, bok choy are especially good sources of these and zinc. important nutrients. Dark yellow and orange vegetables such as carrots, winter squash, Serving size: ½ cup hot cereal • 1 ounce dry sweet potatoes, and provide extra cereal • 1 slice bread beta-carotene. Include generous portions of a variety of vegetables in your diet. Serving size: 1 cup raw vegetables • ½ cup cooked vegetables

PCRM developed the New Four Food Groups in 1991. This consuming primarily plant-based diets. Weight problems—a no-cholesterol, low-fat plan supplies all of an average adult’s contributor to a host of health problems—can also be brought daily nutritional requirements, including substantial amounts under control by following the New Four recom- of fiber. mendations. The major killers of Americans—heart disease, cancer, and Try the New Four Food Groups and discover a healthier way stroke—have a dramatically lower incidence among people to live!

PCRM 9 Achieving and Maintaining a Healthy Weight

f the many ways to lose weight, The old myth was that pasta, bread, po- have almost the same number of calo- one stands out as by far the most tatoes, and rice are fattening. Not true. In ries per gram, foods that are high in pro- healthful. When you build your fact, -rich foods are perfect tein—particularly animal products—are Omeals from a generous array of vegetables, for permanent weight control. Carbohy- also usually high in fat. Even “lean” cuts fruits, whole grains, and beans—that is, drates contain fewer than half the calories of meat have much more fat than a healthy healthy vegetarian choices—weight loss is of fat, which means that replacing fatty body needs. And animal products always remarkably easy. And along with it come foods with complex carbohydrates auto- lack fiber. Fiber helps make foods more major improvements in cholesterol, blood matically cuts calories. But calories are satisfying without adding many calories, pressure, blood sugar, and many other only part of the story. and it is only found in foods from plants. aspects of health. The message is simple: The body treats carbohydrates different- Exercise helps, too. Aerobic exercise Cut out the foods that are high in fat and ly than fat calories. The difference comes speeds up the breakdown of fat and makes devoid of fiber, and increase the foods from how the body stores the energy of sure that muscle is not lost. Toning exer- that are low in fat and full of fiber. This different food types. It is very inefficient cises and weight-lifting help firm muscles low-fat, vegan diet approach is safe and for the body to store the energy of carbo- and increase muscle mass. The trick is to easy—once you get the hang of it. hydrates as body fat. When your body tries find activities that you enjoy and that fit Changing eating habits is the corner- to turn carbohydrate into fat, it wastes 23 your lifestyle. Walking is a good way to stone of achieving and maintaining a percent of the calories of the carbohydrate. start. You can do it anywhere at just about healthy weight permanently. There is no But fat is easily converted into body fat. any time. way to “lose 20 pounds in two short weeks” Only 3 percent of the calories in fat are The best weight control program is and make it last. Very-low-calorie diets or burned in the process of conversion and a high-complex carbohydrate, low-fat, low-carbohydrate, high-protein diets may storage. It is the type of food that affects vegetarian diet complemented by regu- cause major health problems and are very body fat the most. lar exercise. This is the best choice for a difficult to maintain for the long term. Although protein and carbohydrates healthier, longer, happier life. If your regular meal is: Try this meal instead: * Donut, with cream, banana Cinnamon toast with jam; coffee with non-fat, non-dairy creamer; banana The Veganizer blammo ! See how to change your regular Cereal with milk, orange juice, strawberries Cereal with non-fat soy- or rice milk, orange juice, strawberries meals into low-fat vegan meals. , home fries, Scrambled low-fat tofu, -roasted potatoes, English

breakfast breakfast English muffin, , hot muffin, Gimme Lean™ fat-free sausage, hot tea

Seasoned tofu and sweet potato burrito with lettuce, tomato, Chicken burrito, rice, refried beans and (hold the cheese); rice; vegetarian black beans

Turkey with lettuce, tomato, Sandwich with hummus or black bean spread, lettuce, and and mayo; ; potato chips tomato; applesauce; fat-free chips or crackers lunch Chicken soup, bread, green Vegetable soup or , bread, green salad salad with Russian dressing with fat-free dressing or

Chicken , rice, refried beans, piña colada Vegetable fajita (no oil), rice, vegetarian black beans, margarita

Vegetarian tofu soup, stir-fried Chinese vegetables (hold Hot and sour soup, beef and broccoli, rice the oil), broccoli with , lots of rice dinner Broiled salmon, boiled new potatoes Broiled portabella mushrooms, boiled new potatoes with *Note: veganizer not included. with parmesan cheese, with hollandaise basil and black pepper, asparagus with orange sauce

10 VEGETARIAN STARTER KIT Vegetarian Diets for Pregnancy

uring pregnancy your need the second and third trimesters. to 30 minutes of direct sunlight on your for nutrients increases. For ex- • See your healthcare provider regularly. hands and face two to three times weekly. ample, you will require more If you do not get regular sunlight, vita- Dcalcium, more protein, and more folic • Limit empty calories found in highly min D is also available in multiple vita- acid, although your calorie needs increase processed foods and sweets. Make your mins and in fortified foods. Many brands only modestly. It is important to eat foods calories count! of ready-to-eat cereals and soy and rice that are rich in nutrients, but not high in nutrients are fortified with vitamin D. fat or sugar or excessive in calories. Vitamin B12: Vitamin B12 is not found Vegetarian diets, based on nutritious To make certain that you are getting adequate nutrition, pay particular atten- in most plant foods. To get enough of whole foods, are healthful choices for this important nutrient, be certain to in- pregnant women. tion to these nutrients: clude vitamin B12-fortified foods in your guidelines for Calcium: All of the new four food groups daily routine. These foods include many good health during include foods that are rich in calcium. Be breakfast cereals, some meat substitute pregnancy certain to include plenty of calcium-rich products, some brands of soymilk, and foods in your diet. These include tofu, Vegetarian Support Formula nutritional • Begin a healthful diet before you be- dark green leafy vegetables, bok choy, yeast. Be certain to check the ingredi- come pregnant. Your body’s store of nu- broccoli, beans, figs, sunflower seeds, ent label for cyanocobalamin, the most trients supports the early growth and tahini, almond butter, calcium-fortified absorbable form of vitamin B12. Seaweed development of your baby. soymilk (try Silk or Vitasoy brands or and products like tempeh are generally • Maintain a steady rate of weight gain. others that use whole organic soybeans), not reliable sources of vitamin B12. Vita- Aim for about three to four pounds total and calcium-fortified cereals and juices. min B12 is also in all standard multivita- during the first trimester and then about Vitamin D: The normal source of vitamin mins and in vegetarian supplements. three to four pounds each month during D is sunlight. You’ll want to get at least 20 Iron: Iron is abundant in plant-based diets. Beans, dark green vegetables, If your regular meal is: Try this meal instead: dried fruits, blackstrap molasses, nuts Donut, coffee with cream, banana Cinnamon raisin toast with jam; coffee with non-fat, non-dairy creamer; banana and seeds, and or fortified breads and cereals all contain plenty of Cereal with milk, orange juice, strawberries Cereal with non-fat soy- or rice milk, orange juice, strawberries iron. However, women in the second half Scrambled eggs, home fries, Scrambled low-fat tofu, oven-roasted potatoes, English of pregnancy sometimes need to take a breakfast breakfast English muffin, sausage, hot tea muffin, Gimme Lean™ fat-free sausage, hot tea supplement regardless of the type of diet they follow. Your healthcare provider will Seasoned tofu and sweet potato burrito with lettuce, tomato, discuss iron supplements with you. Chicken burrito, rice, refried beans and onion (hold the cheese); rice; vegetarian black beans A word about protein... Protein needs Turkey sandwich with lettuce, tomato, Sandwich with hummus or black bean spread, lettuce, and increase by about 30 percent during preg- and mayo; yogurt; potato chips tomato; applesauce; fat-free chips or crackers nancy. While there may be concern over lunch whether protein intake is adequate at Chicken noodle soup, bread, green Vegetable soup or minestrone, bread, green salad such an important time, most vegetarian salad with Russian dressing with fat-free dressing or vinegar women eat more than enough protein to meet their needs during pregnancy. With ample consumption of protein-rich foods such as legumes, nuts, seeds, vegetables, and whole grains, protein needs can easily be met during pregnancy. Chicken fajita, rice, refried beans, piña colada Vegetable fajita (no oil), rice, vegetarian black beans, margarita breastfeeding Vegetarian tofu soup, stir-fried Chinese vegetables (hold Hot and sour soup, beef and broccoli, rice The guidelines for breastfeeding moth- the oil), broccoli with garlic sauce, lots of rice ers are similar to those for pregnant dinner Broiled salmon, boiled new potatoes Broiled portabella mushrooms, boiled new potatoes with women. Milk production requires more with parmesan cheese, asparagus with hollandaise basil and black pepper, asparagus with orange sauce calories, so you will need to boost your food intake a little bit.

PCRM 11 sample menus Ages 1 to 4 years Vegetarian Diets Breakfast: Oatmeal with applesauce, calcium-fortified orange juice Lunch: Hummus (see recipe) on crack- for Children ers, banana, soymilk, carrot sticks Dinner: Corn, mashed sweet potatoes, steamed kale, soymilk Right from the Start Snacks: , Cheerios, soymilk

Ages 5 to 6 years ating habits are set in early childhood. Vegetar- Breakfast: Whole grain cereal with ian diets give your child the chance to learn to banana and soymilk, orange wedges Eenjoy a variety of wonderful, nutritious foods. They Lunch: Missing Egg Sandwich (see provide excellent nutrition for all stages of childhood, recipe), apple juice, carrot sticks, - from birth through adolescence. meal cookie infants Dinner: Baked beans with soy “hot dog” pieces, baked potato, spinach, The best food for newborns is breast-milk, and soymilk, the longer your baby is breast-fed, the better. If your baby is not being breast-fed, soy formulas are a good Snacks: Trail mix, graham crackers, alternative and are widely available. Do not use com- soymilk mercial soymilk for infants. Babies have special needs and require a soy formula that is developed especially Ages 7 to 12 years for those needs. Infants do not need any nourishment other than Strawberry-banana smooth- Breakfast: breast milk or soy formula for the first half year of ie, toast with almond butter, calcium- life, and they should continue to receive breast milk fortified orange juice or formula at least throughout their first 12 months. Lunch: Hearty Chili Mac (see recipe), Breast-fed infants also need about two hours a week green salad, bread of sun exposure to make vitamin D—a great motiva- Dinner: Steamed broccoli with nutri- tor for Mom to get back into a walking routine. Some tional yeast, steamed carrots, oven fries, infants, especially those who are dark-skinned or Berry Cobbler (see recipe), soymilk who live in cloudy climates, may not make adequate amounts of vitamin D. In these cases, vitamin D Snacks: Popcorn, figs, soy “ice supplements may be necessary. cream” Vegetarian women who are breast-feeding should also be certain to include good sources of vitamin Ages 13 to 19 years B12 in their diets, as intake can affect levels in breast Breakfast: with apple butter, milk. Foods fortified with cyanocobalamin, the active banana, calcium-fortified orange juice form of vitamin B12, can provide adequate amounts of this nutrient. A multivitamin may also be taken Lunch: Bean burrito with lettuce, to- as directed by your doctor. Breast milk or infant mato, and guacamole, rice, baked tor- formula should be used for at least the first year of tilla chips, and salsa your baby’s life. Dinner: Braised broccoli, carrots, yel- At about 5 to 6 months of age, or when baby’s low squash, and mushrooms, spaghetti weight has doubled, other foods can be added to the with marinara sauce, salad, diet. Pediatricians often recommend starting with an soymilk iron-fortified cereal because, at about 4 to 6 months, Snacks: Hummus (see recipe) and baby infants’ iron stores, which are naturally high at birth, carrots, fruit smoothie, Luna or Clif begin to decrease. Add one simple new food at a time, Bar at one- to two-week intervals. The following guidelines provide a flexible plan for

12 VEGETARIAN STARTER KIT adding foods to your baby’s diet. ing teens to make lower-fat selections Legumes, Nuts, Seeds, 5 to 6 Months when eating out will help to steer them and Non-Dairy Milks away from dining pitfalls that often cause • Legumes include any cooked bean such • Introduce iron-fortified infant cereal. weight gain and health problems for ado- as pinto, kidney, lentils, split peas, navy Try rice cereal first, mixed with a little lescents. beans, and chickpeas, as well as soy prod- breast milk or soy formula, since it is the Caloric needs vary from child to child. least likely to cause allergies. Then, offer ucts such as tofu, veggie burgers, soy “hot The following guidelines are general dogs” or sandwich slices, and tempeh. oat or barley cereals. Most pediatricians ones. recommend holding off on introducing • One serving of legumes equals 1/2 cup wheat until the child is at least 8 months of beans, tofu, or other item (unless an old, as it tends to be more allergenic. amount is specified). 6 to 8 Months • Non-dairy milks include breast milk and soy formula for infants and toddlers, • Introduce vegetables. They should be food groups and rice-, soy-, and other vegetable-based thoroughly cooked and mashed. Potatoes, Whole Grains milks for children at least 1 year of age. green beans, carrots, and peas are all good Choose fortified soymilk, such as West- choices. • Whole grains include breads, hot and soy Plus, Enriched VitaSoy, or Edensoy, • Introduce fruits. Try mashed , cold cereals, pasta, cooked grains such as whenever possible, or use other fortified , strained , or apple- rice and barley, and crackers. vegetable-based milks. sauce. • One serving equals 1/2 cup of pasta, • One serving of non-dairy milk equals • Introduce breads. By 8 months of age, grains, or cooked cereal, 3/4 to 1 cup of 1 cup. most babies can eat crackers, bread, and ready-to-eat cereal, 1/2 or bagel, or 1 • Nuts include whole or chopped nuts, dry cereal. slice of bread. , whole seeds, and butters. • Introduce protein-rich foods. Also, by Vegetables • One to two servings of nuts may be about 8 months, infants can begin to eat included in a , but they are • “Dark green vegetables” include broc- higher protein foods like tofu or beans optional. One serving of nuts or nut but- coli, kale, spinach, collards, turnip, mus- that have been cooked well and mashed. ters equals 1 tablespoon. tard and beet greens, bok choy, and Swiss children and teens . Fruits Children have a high calorie and nu- • “Other vegetables” refers to all oth- • Fruits include all fruits, fresh or frozen, trient need but their stomachs are small. er vegetables, fresh or frozen, raw or raw or cooked, and fruit juices. Offer your child frequent snacks. cooked. • One serving equals 1/2 cup cooked Teenagers often have high-energy needs • One serving of vegetables equals 1/2 cup fruit, 1/2 cup fruit juice, 1/4 cup dried and busy schedules. Keeping delicious, cooked or 1 cup raw (unless an amount is fruit, or 1 piece of fruit (unless an amount healthy snack choices on hand and guid- specified). is specified). Daily Meal Planning for Children and Teens 1- to 4-Year-Olds 5- to 6-Year-Olds 7- to 12-Year-Olds 13- to 19-Year-Olds

Whole Grains, 4 servings 6 servings 7 servings 10 servings Breads, Cereals

2 to 4 tbsp dark green 1/4 cup dark green 1 serving dark green 1-2 servings dark green vegetables vegetables Dark Green and vegetables vegetables Other Vegetables 1/4 to 1/2 cup other 1/4 to 1/2 cup other 3 servings other vegetables 3 servings other vegetables vegetables vegetables

Legumes, Nuts, 1/4 to 1/2 cup legumes 1/2 to 1 cup legumes 2 servings legumes 3 servings legumes Seeds, and 3 servings breastmilk, 3 servings soymilk or other 3 servings soymilk or other 2 to 3 servings soymilk or Non-Dairy Milks formula, or non-dairy milk non-dairy milk non-dairy milk other non-dairy milk

Fruits 3/4 to 1 and 1/2 cups 1 to 2 cups 3 servings 4 servings

be sure to include a source of vitamin b12, such as any typical children’s multivitamin or vitamin-fortified cereals or soymilk.

PCRM 13 Recipes for Health

2 green , finely chopped cups of cleaned spinach leaves to the pot 1 tablespoon reduced-fat soy mayonnaise right before serving.

2 tablespoons pickle NUTRITION INFORMATION PER SERVING: 78 CALORIES, 4 G PROTEIN, 16 G CARBOHYDRATE, 0 1 teaspoon stone ground mustard G FAT, 150 MG SODIUM, 0 MG CHOLESTEROL ¼ teaspoon cumin ¼ teaspoon turmeric ¼ teaspoon garlic powder or granules Spinach Salad 8 slices with Fruit Flavors Buckwheat Corncakes 4 lettuce leaves Serves 6 Makes 16 3-inch pancakes 4 tomato slices A favorite from PCRM’s cooking classes, The mellow flavor of buckwheat com- Combine the mashed tofu with green on- this recipe is chock full of cancer-fighting bines with the to make a light, ions, mayonnaise, pickle relish, mustard, phytochemicals. delicious . Serve these satisfying cumin, turmeric, and garlic powder or 10 ounces chopped spinach, washed granules. Mix thoroughly. Spread on whole pancakes with , applesauce, 1 cup berries, , or 10 wheat bread and with lettuce and or maple syrup. strawberries, chopped tomato slices. ½ cup buckwheat flour 1 10-ounce can mandarin or NUTRITION INFORMATION PER SANDWICH: 197 ½ cup cornmeal CALORIES, 10 G PROTEIN, 29 G CARBOHYDRATE, 4 clementine oranges, or grapefruit ½ teaspoon powder G FAT, 271 MG SODIUM, 0 MG CHOLESTEROL sections, drained and rinsed ¼ teaspoon baking soda ¼ cup sunflower seeds ½ ripe banana Lentil Barley Soup ¼ cup chopped Brazil nuts 1 ½ tablespoons maple syrup Serves 6 to 8 ¼ cup fat-free vinaigrette 1 tablespoon vinegar This hearty soup is easy to prepare and Toss ingredients together and serve. 1-1 ¼ cups soy- or rice milk cooks in a single pot. NUTRITION INFORMATION (1/6 OF RECIPE): 111 Fresh fruit, fruit preserves, CALORIES, 3.9 GM PROTEIN, 10.5 GM CARBOHYDRATE, syrup for serving 1 cup lentils, rinsed 7 GM FAT, 60 MG SODIUM, 0 MG CHOLESTEROL ½ cup hulled or pearled barley Stir the buckwheat flour, cornmeal, baking 6 cups water or vegetable stock powder, and baking soda together in a mix- Hummus 1 onion, chopped ing bowl. In a separate bowl mash the ba- Makes about 2 cups 2 garlic cloves, minced or crushed nana and mix it with the maple syrup, vin- A very versatile food: use hummus as a 2 carrots, sliced egar, and 1 cup of milk. Combine the liquid sandwich filling, a dip, or spread on a 2 stalks , sliced and dry ingredients and stir just enough to tortilla and top with lettuce and salsa remove any lumps. The should be ½ teaspoon oregano and roll up. pourable; if it seems too thick, add the re- ½ teaspoon ground cumin maining milk. Preheat a non-stick skillet or ¼ teaspoon black pepper 1 can garbanzo beans, drain and griddle and mist it lightly with a vegetable ¼ teaspoon red pepper flakes reserve liquid, rinse beans oil spray. Pour small amounts of the batter ½-1 teaspoon 2 tablespoons tahini (sesame butter) onto the heated surface and cook until ¼ cup lemon juice Place all ingredients except salt into a large the tops bubble. Turn with a spatula and 3 , chopped pot and bring to a simmer. Cover and cook, cook the second side until golden brown. 1 tablespoon garlic, chopped stirring occasionally, until the lentils are (Stir the batter each time before pouring.) tender, about 1 hour. Add salt to taste. (about 3 cloves) Serve immediately. 1 teaspoon cumin Note: For an added nutrient boost add 3 NUTRITION INFORMATION PER PANCAKE: 43 ½ teaspoon black pepper CALORIES, 1 G PROTEIN, 9 G CARBOHYDRATE, 0.2 G FAT, 32 MG SODIUM, 0 MG CHOLESTEROL Optional: ½ cup roasted red peppers Put all ingredients in food processor and Missing Egg Sandwich process until smooth. Add reserved bean Makes about 4 sandwiches liquid for a smoother consistency. Spread on whole-wheat pita bread, or serve as a Delicious, lower fat, and cholesterol-free dip for vegetables. alternative to traditional egg salad. NUTRITION INFORMATION PER 2 TABLESPOON SERVING: 44 CALORIES, 2 GM PROTEIN, 6 GM CARBOHYDRATE, ½ pound firm tofu, mashed 1.5 GM FAT, 29 MG SODIUM, 0 MG CHOLESTEROL

14 VEGETARIAN STARTER KIT x 9-inch baking dish and chill completely a spicier dish is desired. Easy (at least 2 hours). To grill, cut into wedges, Serves 10 Note: Textured vegetable protein is made brush or spray lightly with oil, and from soybeans and is low in fat and high in So simple and delicious, you won’t cook over medium-hot coals until nicely protein. Look for it in natural food stores believe it. browned. Clean the mushrooms and cut and the bulk section of supermarkets. off the stems. Prepare the marinade by 1 15-ounce can kidney beans NUTRITION INFORMATION PER SERVING: 275 stirring the remaining ingredients together CALORIES, 14 G PROTEIN, 52 G CARBOHYDRATE, 1 1 15-ounce can pinto beans in a large bowl. Place mushrooms top side G FAT, 549 MG SODIUM, 0 MG CHOLESTEROL 1 15-ounce can black-eyed peas down in the marinade and let stand 10 to 1 10-ounce frozen package 15 minutes. Grill bottom side down over Fordhook lima beans medium hot coals about 5 minutes. Turn 1 cup frozen corn and pour some of the marinade into each 1 large red , diced of the cavities. Grill until mushrooms can ½ medium onion, diced be pierced with a skewer, about 5 minutes 1 teaspoon salt longer. Serve with grilled polenta. Garnish 1 teaspoon pepper with roasted red pepper strips, if desired. ½ cup low-fat Italian salad dressing Note: The polenta may be broiled in the Toss all ingredients together. Serve cold oven instead of grilled. Berry Cobbler or at room temperature. May be covered NUTRITION INFORMATION PER SERVING: 141 Serves 9 and stored in the refrigerator for several CALORIES, 4 G PROTEIN, 20 G CARBOHYDRATE, 3 G FAT, 308 MG SODIUM, 0 MG CHOLESTEROL Easier to make and much lower in fat days. than fruit . For a real treat, top the NUTRITION INFORMATION PER SERVING: 176 CALORIES, hot cobbler with a spoonful of non-dairy 9.7 GM PROTEIN, 31 GM CARBOHYDRATE, 2.2 GM Chili Mac FAT, 508 MG SODIUM, 0 MG CHOLESTEROL Serves 6 frozen dessert. Kids of all ages love this simple meal. 5-6 cups fresh or frozen berries (boysenberries, blackberries, 8 ounces pasta spirals or macaroni , or a mixture of these) 1 onion, chopped 3 tablespoons wholewheat flour 2-3 cloves of garlic, minced ¼ cup sugar or other sweetener 1 small bell pepper, diced 1 cup wholewheat pastry flour ¾ cup textured vegetable protein 2 tablespoons sugar or other sweetener 1 15-ounce can crushed tomatoes 1 ½ teaspoons baking soda 1 15-ounce can kidney ¼ teaspoon salt Grilled Polenta with beans, including liquid 2 tablespoons vegetable oil Portabella Mushrooms 1 15-ounce can corn, including liquid ½ cup non-fat soymilk or rice milk Serves 4 1 tablespoon chili powder 1 teaspoon cumin Preheat oven to 400°F. Spread the berries Grilling or oven- vegetables is so in a 9 x 9-inch baking dish and mix them easy and brings out their best flavors. Cook the pasta in boiling water until it is with 3 tablespoons of flour and ¼ cup of tender. Drain and rinse it under hot water, sugar. In a separate bowl, mix 1 cup of ½ cup polenta (coarsely then set it aside. Heat ½ cup of water in a flour and 2 tablespoons of sugar with the ground cornmeal) large pot, then add the chopped onion and and salt. Add the oil and 1 15-ounce can vegetable broth garlic. Cook until the onion is soft, about mix it with a fork or your fingers until the or 2 cups vegetable stock 3 minutes. Add the bell pepper, textured mixture resembles coarse corn meal. Add ½ cup water vegetable protein, crushed tomatoes, kid- the soymilk or rice milk and stir to mix. 4 large portabella mushrooms ney beans, corn, , and an additional Spread the mixture over the berries (don’t 1 tablespoon ½ cup water. Stir to mix, then simmer over worry if they’re not completely covered), 2 tablespoons soy sauce medium heat, stirring occasionally, for 20 then bake until golden brown, about 25 2 tablespoons balsamic vinegar minutes. Add the cooked pasta and check minutes. the . Add more chili powder if 2 tablespoons red or water NUTRITION INFORMATION PER SERVING: 166 CALORIES, 3 G PROTEIN, 32 G CARBOHYDRATE, 3 2 garlic cloves, crushed G FAT, 67 MG SODIUM, 0 MG CHOLESTEROL 1 roasted red pepper, cut into thin strips for garnish (optional) Combine the polenta, vegetable broth, and More Recipes ½ cup of water in a saucepan. Bring to a For more delicious recipes simmer and cook, stirring frequently, until please visit PCRM’s Web site at very thick, 15 to 20 minutes. Pour into a 9 www.pcrm.org

PCRM 15 THE VEGETARIAN STARTER KIT is published by the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 5100 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Suite 400, Washington, DC 20016, (202) 686- 2210. PCRM consists of approximately 5,000 physicians and 100,000 lay members. PCRM promotes nutrition, preventive medicine, ethical research practices, and compassionate medical policy. THE VEGETARIAN STARTER KIT is not intended as individual medical advice. Persons with medical conditions or who are taking medications should discuss any diet and lifestyle changes with their health professional. Readers are welcome to reproduce articles from this publication for personal or educational use without additional permission. Material should not be reproduced for resale without prior arrangement with PCRM. © PCRM, 2005. Visit PCRM’s Web site at www.pcrm.org.

Note to the Reader: This booklet does not take the place of individualized medical care or advice. If you are overweight, have any health problems, or are on medication, you should consult with your doctor before making any changes in your diet or exercise routines. A diet change can alter your need for medication. For example, individuals with diabetes, high blood pressure, or high cholesterol levels often need less medication when they improve their diets. With any dietary change, it is important to ensure complete nutrition. Be sure to include a source of vitamin B12 in your routine, which could include any common multivitamin, fortified soymilk or cereals, or a vitamin B12 supplement containing five micrograms of B12 or more per day.

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