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BIOLOGIA FLORAL E REPRODUTIVA DE UMA ESPÉCIE DE Psittacanthus (LORANTHACEAE) POLINIZADA POR ABELHAS

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BIOLOGIA FLORAL E REPRODUTIVA DE UMA ESPÉCIE DE Psittacanthus (LORANTHACEAE) POLINIZADA POR ABELHAS UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO OESTE DO PARÁ PRÓ-REITORIA DE PESQUISA, PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E INOVAÇÃO TECNOLÓGICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM RECURSOS NATURAIS DA AMAZÔNIA BIOLOGIA FLORAL E REPRODUTIVA DE UMA ESPÉCIE DE Psittacanthus (LORANTHACEAE) POLINIZADA POR ABELHAS SÔNIA JACOBSON CASTRO Santarém, Pará Março, 2018 ii SÔNIA JACOBSON CASTRO BIOLOGIA FLORAL E REPRODUTIVA DE UMA ESPÉCIE DE Psittacanthus (LORANTHACEAE) POLINIZADA POR ABELHAS Orientador: DR. RODRIGO FERREIRA FADINI Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará – UFOPA, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Ambientais, junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia. Área de concentração: Estudos e Manejos dos Ecossistemas Amazônicos Santarém, Pará Março, 2018 iii BIOLOGIA FLORAL E REPRODUTIVA DE UMA ESPÉCIE DE Psittacanthus (LORANTHACEAE) POLINIZADA POR ABELHAS Esta dissertação foi julgada adequada para a obtenção do Título de Mestre em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, Área de concentração: Estudos e Manejos da Biodiversidade Amazônica. Aprovada em sua forma final pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia, nível de mestrado, da Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará – UFOPA, em 26 de março de 2017. Dr. Troy Patrick Beldini - UFOPA Coordenador Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia Apresentada à Comissão Examinadora, integrada pelos Professores: Examinador 01 Examinador 02 Examinador 03 Dr. Rodrigo Ferreira Fadini Orientador - UFOPA Santarém, Março, 2018 iv Dados Internacionais de Catalogação-na-Publicação (CIP) Sistema Integrado de Bibliotecas – SIGI/UFOPA C355b Castro, Sônia Jacobson Biologia floral e reprodutiva de uma espécie de Psittacanthus (Lorantha- ceae) polinizada por abelhas./ Sônia Jacobson Castro. – Santarém, 2018. 46 fls.: il. Inclui bibliografias. Orientador: Rodrigo Ferreira Fadini Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Pró-Rei- toria de Pesquisa, Pós-Graduação e Inovação Tecnológica, Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias das Águas, Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Recur- sos Naturais da Amazônia. 1. Performance de polinização. 2. Biologia floral. 3. Amazônia. I. Fadini, Rodri- go Ferreira, orient. II. Título. CDD: 23 ed. 576.875098115 Bibliotecária - Documentalista: Renata Ferreira – CRB/2 1440 v DEDICATÓRIA Ao meu porto seguro, minha família! Meus pais Joaquim Gomes Pereira e Dalva Jacobson Pereira e meu esposo Arlison B. Castro! A meus irmãos, sobrinhos, sogros e cunhados! vi AGRADECIMENTOS A Deus, primeiramente! Pela saúde e perseverança, porque Dele veio à força que precisei para cumprimento dessa jornada; Muitas pessoas, de diferentes maneiras e distintos lugares, ajudaram-me a concluir este trabalho, muitos foram os obstáculos. Mas, igualmente numerosos foram os incentivos. Eu os agradeço! Ao professor Dr. Rodrigo Ferreira Fadini pela orientação, dedicação, conselhos, paciência e pela oportunidade de me orientar trabalhando e pela imensa amizade; A minha Família que mesmo de longe se faziam tão presentes nos momentos mais difíceis, por todo o incentivo e apoio na busca por meus objetivos e por suportar mais dois anos de visitas esporádicas e curtíssimas. Em especial a meu pai Joaquim Gomes Pereira e minha mãe Dalva Jacobson Pereira; a meus irmãos: Eloy, Dirceu, Alexssandra, Solange, Raquel e sobrinhos Alesxandre, Guilherme, Mateus, Gustavo, Jessé, Maria Luisa, Estefane Dalva e Arthur. A meu Sogro José Ribamar e sogra Elzimar Castro e a meus cunhados Anderson e Elida. Aos grandes parceiros e amigos de campo, Natalia, Anderson Castro e Nenem pela imensa ajuda em campo e dedicação durante as coletas, Agradeço aos professores: Edson Varga Lopes, Adenomar Carvalho e Taides Tavares do Santos e ao técnico de laboratório Marcos Diones Santana pelo empréstimo de equipamentos; Agradeço ao Professor Luis Reginaldo pelo empréstimo de sua casa usada como base em Alter do Chão; Agradeço, imensamente, ao meu esposo Arlison Bezerra Castro pelo carinho e companheirismo até mesmo no campo, firme e forte ao meu lado, nos momentos mais difíceis; Agradeço aos amigos Marcos Diones, Brenna Celina, Bruna Cristina, Everton, aos colegas da turma PGRNA/2016, pela amizade e momentos de descontração, pelas discussões e por ter ouvido as minhas reclamações por tanto tempo; À bolsista Natalia Araújo, por toda a cumplicidade e companheirismo; Aos membros da banca pela disponibilidade em comparecer à minha defesa; Ao Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa (CNPq) pela concessão de bolsa de mestrado; A UFOPA, pelo curso de mestrado e pelo suporte. vii E a todos que ao longo desses dois anos, direta ou indiretamente contribuíram para que essa jornada fosse eficientemente cumprida; O meu muito obrigada !!! viii EPÍGRAFE “Se as abelhas desaparecerem da face da Terra, a humanidade terá apenas mais quatro anos de existência. Sem abelhas não há polinização, não há reprodução da flora, sem flora não há animais, sem animais não haverá raça humana.” Albert Einstein ix Castro, Sônia Jacobson. BIOLOGIA FLORAL E REPRODUTIVA DE UMA ESPÉCIE DE Psittacanthus (LORANTHACEAE) POLINIZADA POR ABELHAS. 2018. 46 páginas. Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Ambientais. Área de Concentração: Estudos e Manejos de Ecossistemas Amazônicos- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia. Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará - UFOPA, Santarém, 2018. RESUMO O gênero Psittacanthus (Loranthaceae), grupo de ervas-de-passarinho de ampla distribuição na região neotropical, é conhecido por suas flores marjoritariamente ornitófilas, com cores vibrantes, sem cheiro e com tubo floral semi-definido. Psittacanthus eucalyptifolius (Kunth) G.Don, no entanto é a única do gênero, que se tem conhecimento, a ser visitada por abelhas. Nesse estudo apresentamos dados sobre a biologia floral, visitantes florais e sistema reprodutivo da espécie, para avaliar a performance da polinização efetuada por abelhas, com ênfase no mecanismo de polinização e na interação polinizador-planta. O estudo foi conduzido em uma mancha de vegetação de savana amazônica, próximo à vila de Alter-do- Chão, Santarém, Pará. (2°31’S; 59°00’W), Pará, Brasil. Após 31.15 horas de filmagens em 2016, registramos 170 visitas às flores de P. eucalyptifolius, de pelo menos 5 espécies de abelhas. Xylocopa frontalis foi a espécie de maior performance em termos de número de visitas e tempo dedicado às flores, além de tocar nas partes reprodutivas em >95% das visitas. Dentre todas as espécies deste gênero a espécie P. eucalyptifolius é a única, até o momento, não efetivamente polinizada por aves, sendo sua polinização feita exclusivamente por abelhas. Palavras chaves: Amazônia; biologia floral; performance de polinização. x Castro, Sônia Jacobson. BIOLOGIA FLORAL E REPRODUTIVA DE UMA ESPÉCIE DE Psittacanthus (LORANTHACEAE) POLINIZADA POR ABELHAS. 2018. 46 páginas. Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Ambientais. Área de Concentração: Estudos e Manejos de Ecossistemas Amazônicos- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais da Amazônia. Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará- UFOPA, Santarém, 2018. ABSTRACT The genus Psittacanthus (Loranthaceae), known by the colorful, scentless flowers, pollinated by hummingbirds, with wide distribution in the neotropical region. Psittacanthus eucalyptifolius (Kunth) is the only species of the genus pollinated by bees. Here we present data on floral biology, floral visitors and the reproductive system of the species, to evaluate performance of bee pollination, with emphasis on pollinator mechanism and pollinator-plant interaction. The study was conducted in a patch of Amazon savannah vegetation, near the village of Alter-do-Chão (2 ° 31'S, 59 ° 00'W), Pará, Brazil. After 31.15 hours of filming in 2016, we recorded 170 visits to the flowers of P. eucalyptifolius, from at least five bee species. Xylocopa frontalis was the species with highest performance in terms of number of visits and time dedicated to flowers, in addition to touching reproductive parts in > 95% of visits. Of all the species of this genus, P. eucalyptifolius is a unique, so far, not effectively pollinated by birds, and its pollination by bees exclusively. Keywords: Amazon; floral biology; pollination performance. xi SUMÁRIO DEDICATÓRIA ...................................................................................................................... iv EPÍGRAFE ............................................................................................................................ viii RESUMO .................................................................................................................................. ix ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................. x 1. INTRODUÇÃO GERAL E REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA ......................................... 1 1.2. OBJETIVOS................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.1 Objetivo geral ............................................................................................................. 6 1.2.2. Objetivos específicos................................................................................................. 6 2. REFERÊNCIAS .................................................................................................................. 7 CAPÍTULO I .........................................................................................................................
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