Mistletoe Effects on Acacia Species in Western Saudi Arabia Dhafer Albakre

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Mistletoe Effects on Acacia Species in Western Saudi Arabia Dhafer Albakre Mistletoe effects on acacia species in western Saudi Arabia Dhafer Albakre Thesis submitted for the degree of a Doctor of Philosophy School of Biological Sciences The University of Adelaide South Australia April 2019 Table of Contents Declaration ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................. 4 Abstract .............................................................................................................................................................. 7 Chapter 1: General introduction ..................................................................................................................... 11 Identification of mistletoes ............................................................................................................. 13 Life history .................................................................................................................................... 13 The effects of mistletoes on their hosts ........................................................................................... 14 Physiological effects ...................................................................................................................... 17 Effects on individuals ..................................................................................................................... 20 Effects on populations and communities ......................................................................................... 21 Research motivation and context .................................................................................................... 23 Research questions ......................................................................................................................... 26 Thesis structure .............................................................................................................................. 28 References ..................................................................................................................................... 29 Statement of Authorship ................................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 2: Incidence and abundance of Mistletoes as a function of altitude and host characteristics in desert landscapes in the western Arabian Peninsula.................................................................................................. 35 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 37 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 44 Discussion...................................................................................................................................... 47 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 52 References ..................................................................................................................................... 54 Tables ............................................................................................................................................ 56 Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 60 Statement of Authorship ................................................................................................................................... 72 Chapter 3: The effect of mistletoes on the nutrient status of their hosts: investigating several patterns of infestation in the western Arabian Peninsula .................................................................................................. 73 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 73 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 75 Statistical analysis .......................................................................................................................... 80 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 82 Discussion...................................................................................................................................... 86 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 90 References ..................................................................................................................................... 91 Table .............................................................................................................................................. 93 Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 94 1 Statement of Authorship ..................................................................................................................................103 Chapter 4: Host–mistletoe interactions on a branch scale: Investigating the nutritional relationship under coexistence of three mistletoe species on a single host tree, Vachellia gerrardii, in the western Arabian Peninsula .........................................................................................................................................................104 Abstract ........................................................................................................................................104 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................105 Results ..........................................................................................................................................111 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................116 References ....................................................................................................................................117 Table .............................................................................................................................................119 Figures ..........................................................................................................................................120 Statement of Authorship ..................................................................................................................................123 Chapter 5: Effects of the mistletoe Plicosepalus curviflorus on the water status and photosynthetic performance of four host species in the western Arabian Peninsula .............................................................124 Summary ......................................................................................................................................125 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................126 Materials and Methods ..................................................................................................................128 Results ..........................................................................................................................................131 Discussion.....................................................................................................................................136 References ....................................................................................................................................140 Tables ...........................................................................................................................................143 Figures ..........................................................................................................................................148 Appendix ......................................................................................................................................154 Statement of Authorship ..................................................................................................................................155 Chapter 6: Heavy mistletoe infection increases water and light stress in Vachellia gerrardii in dryland regions of the western Arabian Peninsula ......................................................................................................156 Summary ......................................................................................................................................156 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................158 Results ..........................................................................................................................................163
Recommended publications
  • Synthesizing Ecosystem Implications of Mistletoe Infection
    Environmental Research Letters LETTER • OPEN ACCESS Related content - Networks on Networks: Water transport in Mistletoe, friend and foe: synthesizing ecosystem plants A G Hunt and S Manzoni implications of mistletoe infection - Networks on Networks: Edaphic constraints: the role of the soil in vegetation growth To cite this article: Anne Griebel et al 2017 Environ. Res. Lett. 12 115012 A G Hunt and S Manzoni - Impact of mountain pine beetle induced mortality on forest carbon and water fluxes David E Reed, Brent E Ewers and Elise Pendall View the article online for updates and enhancements. This content was downloaded from IP address 137.154.212.215 on 17/12/2017 at 21:57 Environ. Res. Lett. 12 (2017) 115012 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8fff LETTER Mistletoe, friend and foe: synthesizing ecosystem OPEN ACCESS implications of mistletoe infection RECEIVED 28 June 2017 Anne Griebel1,3 ,DavidWatson2 and Elise Pendall1 REVISED 1 Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, Australia 12 September 2017 2 Institute for Land, Water and Society, Charles Sturt University, PO box 789, Albury, NSW, Australia ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION 3 Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed. 29 September 2017 PUBLISHED E-mail: [email protected] 16 November 2017 Keywords: mistletoe, climate change, biodiversity, parasitic plants, tree mortality, forest disturbance Original content from this work may be used Abstract under the terms of the Creative Commons Biotic disturbances are affecting a wide range of tree species in all climates, and their occurrence is Attribution 3.0 licence. contributing to increasing rates of tree mortality globally.
    [Show full text]
  • Peraxilla Colensoi
    Peraxilla colensoi COMMON NAME Scarlet mistletoe, korukoru, pirita, roeroe SYNONYMS Elytranthe colensoi (Hook.f.) Engl. Loranthus colensoi Hook. f. FAMILY Loranthaceae AUTHORITY Peraxilla colensoi (Hook.f.) Tiegh. FLORA CATEGORY Vascular – Native ENDEMIC TAXON Yes ENDEMIC GENUS Yes Peraxilla colensoi, Catlins. Photographer: John Barkla ENDEMIC FAMILY No STRUCTURAL CLASS Trees & Shrubs - Dicotyledons NVS CODE PERCOL CHROMOSOME NUMBER 2n= 24 CURRENT CONSERVATION STATUS 2012 | At Risk – Declining | Qualifiers: CD PREVIOUS CONSERVATION STATUSES 2009 | At Risk – Declining | Qualifiers: CD 2004 | Gradual Decline BRIEF DESCRIPTION Fleshy shrub to 3m wide growing on outer branches of beech trees with glossy green fleshy paired leaves and masses of red tubular flowers. Leaves to 8cm long, smooth with a red edge. Flowers to 2.5cm long. Fallen petals litter forest floor under plants. Fruit yellow. Photographer: Brian Molloy DISTRIBUTION North and South Island, but common only in southern parts of the South Island. HABITAT A parasite mainly found in silver beech forest but has been recorded on 16 host species (9 exotic) in New Zealand including red beech and black beech. Tui (Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae) and bellbird (Anthonis melanura) disperse this species in the North Island. FEATURES A shrub up to 3 m across. It parasitises further out on branches of its host than Peraxilla tetrapetala. The veins on leaves are hardly evident and only the midrib is conspicuous. Leaf tips are never notched and the leaves themselves are large and never blistered. The leaves sit in pairs on opposite sides of the stem and are thick and have a leathery texture. Leaf margins are usually smooth with red slightly rough margins.
    [Show full text]
  • Alllists Simple Pictures
    141 King Road Oakford, WA, 6121 Ph : (08) 9525 1324 Fax : (08) 9525 4703 Email : [email protected] www.AustralianNativeNursery.com.au Open 7 Days 9am to 4:30pm Plant List May14 2019 <NEW> Australian Native Nursery Number Of Species #Error Plant List May14 2019 141 King Road Oakford Page 1 of 61 Botanical Name * Habit Height/Width Orgin Notes Comment Common Name * Flower Colour , Period (LGA or IBRA) * Soil type and Envirnoment Acacia acuminata • tree,shrub 6-10m h x 3-5m w Avon Wheatbelt P1, Avon Wheatbelt P2, Dandaragan Shade, Shelter, Posts, craft wood, Sandalwood Rasberry Jam Wattle • Flw:yellow ball • Dec to feb Fol:green Plateau, Eastern Goldfield, Eastern Mallee, Eastern host Murchison, Fitzgerald, Geraldton Hills, Lesueur Sandplain, Acacia acuminata has edible seeds and an • Sand,Coastal Mardabilla, Northern Jarrah Forest, Perth, Shield, Southern edible gum. Seeds, essence, add to icecream, Cross, Southern Jarrah Forest, Tallering, Western Mallee bread and cakes. Acacia aphylla • tree 0.9-3m h x 2m w Kalamunda, Mundaring, Northam, York Rare and endangered Leafless Rock Wattle • Flw:yellow • Aug to Oct • Sand,Loam,Gravel,Clay Threatened Flora (Declared Rare Flora — Extant) Acacia celastrifolia • bushy shrub or tree 1-3m h x 1-3m w Armadale, Beverley, Boddington, Boyup Brook, Brookton, Glowing Wattle • Flw:yellow • April - August Chittering, Collie, Cuballing, Gingin, Goomalling, Harvey, Kalamunda, Mundaring, Murray, Narrogin, Northam, • Gravel,Shade Pingelly, Serpentine-Jarrahdale, Swan, Toodyay, Victoria Plains, Wagin, Wandering, Waroona, West Arthur, Williams, York Acacia cyclops • dense shrub or tree (rarely) 0.8-4m h x 2-4m w Eastern Mallee, Fitzgerald, Geraldton Hills, Hampton, Good Windbreak Western Coastal Wattle • Flw:yellow • September - May Lesueur Sandplain, Mardabilla, Northern Jarrah Forest, Seeds can be ground to make flour when Perth, Recherche, Southern Jarrah Forest, Warren, Western mixed with water and cooked as a bread.
    [Show full text]
  • Geophagy: the Earth Eaters of South-Western Australia
    GEOPHAGY: THE EARTH-EATERS OF LOWER SOUTHWESTERN AUSTRALIA By Ken Macintyre and Barb Dobson May 2017 This paper was originally written in 2007 based on materials derived from our consultations with Nyungar Elders from south western Australia between 1992 -2007 and extensive archival research at the Battye Library and on-line sources. www.anthropologyfromtheshed.com 1 ABSTRACT Geophagy or the eating of an earthy substance (such as clay) was practised by the Minang Nyungar of southwestern Australia in the King George Sound region prior to and during European colonisation. Earth from termite mounds was added to the processed swollen stems of Haemodorum species (also known as ‘blood roots’ due to their bright red colour, see Plate 1) either as a food additive or a food within its own right. This paper explores, using ethno-historical and anthropological sources, possible explanations for the indigenous cultural practice of geophagy in the extreme southern region of Western Australia. The red bulbous stems of Haemodorum spicatum known locally as meerne in the King George Sound/ Albany area were described by the early Western recorders (such as Nind 1831 and Collie 1834) as the ‘staple’ food of the traditional inhabitants. However, this root vegetable formed only a part of a much broader range of dietary foods that included protein and fat-rich fish, kangaroo, emu, wallaby, possum, birds, bandicoot and bardi. Animal, bird, fish, reptile, plant and insect foods were seasonally exploited depending on their life cycle stage, depending on their enriched fat, protein or carbohydrate content or other nutritional requirements. April was considered a time of plenty when favourite resource foods included fish, frogs, turtles, bandicoot and quinine (processed Macrozamia seedcoat, known as by-yu in the Swan River region.
    [Show full text]
  • Schoenia Filifolia Subsp. Subulifolia (An Everlasting Daisy)
    Advice to the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts from the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) on Amendments to the list of Threatened Species under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) 1. Scientific name (common name) Schoenia filifolia subsp. subulifolia (an everlasting daisy) 2. Description Schoenia filifolia subsp. subulifolia is an annual herb to 0.5 m high with long, thin leaves and yellow everlasting daisy flowers (Wilson 1992). The flowering period is from September to October. Schoenia filifolia subsp. subulifolia grows in pale yellow-grey-brown clay in swampy flats and tops of breakaways (Patrick 2001; WA Herbarium, 2006). Associated species include Hakea preissii, Eucalyptus loxophleba and Acacia acuminata (WA CALM 2006). 3. National Context Schoenia filifolia subsp. subulifolia is endemic to Western Australia. Three subpopulations are currently known, all from the Mingenew area southeast of Geraldton (WA CALM 2006). Schoenia filifolia subsp. subulifolia is listed as Declared Rare Flora under the Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. The other two subpecies of Schoenia filifolia are Schoenia filifolia subsp. arenicola, which is listed as Priority One Flora in Western Australia, and Schoenia filifolia subsp. filifolia, which is considered not threatened. Both of these subspecies also are endemic to Western Australia. 4. How judged by the Committee in relation to the EPBC Act criteria The Committee judges the taxon to be eligible for listing as endangered under the EPBC Act. The justification against the criteria is as follows: Criterion 1 – It has undergone, is suspected to have undergone or is likely to undergo in the immediate future a very severe, severe or substantial reduction in numbers As all species of Schoenia are annual herbs (WA Herbarium 2006), the numbers of mature individuals in total and within each subpopulation are also subject to seasonal variation that influences the number of germinants and the number that reach maturity each year.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Mistletoe
    New Zealand Mistletoe Table of Contents Introduction 1 Alepis flavida 2 Ileostylus micranthus 3 Korthalsella clavata 4 Korthalsella lindsayi 5 Korthalsella salicornioides 6 Peraxilla colensoi 7 Peraxilla tetrapetala 8 Tupeia antarctica 9 Made on the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network website – www.nzpcn.org.nz Copyright All images used in this book remain copyright of the named photographer. Any reproduction, retransmission, republication, or other use of all or part of this book is expressly prohibited, unless prior written permission has been granted by the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network ([email protected]). All other rights reserved. © 2016 New Zealand Plant Conservation Network Introduction About the Network This book was compiled from information stored on the The Network has more than 800 members worldwide and is website of the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network New Zealand's largest non­governmental organisation solely (www.nzpcn.org.nz). devoted to the protection and restoration of New Zealand's indigenous plant life. This website was established in 2003 as a repository for information about New Zealand's threatened vascular The vision of the New Zealand Plant Conservation Network is plants. Since then it has grown into a national database of that 'no indigenous species of plant will become extinct nor be information about all plants in the New Zealand botanic placed at risk of extinction as a result of human action or region including both native and naturalised vascular indifference, and that the rich, diverse and unique plant life of plants, threatened mosses, liverworts and fungi. New Zealand will be recognised, cherished and restored'.
    [Show full text]
  • Larger Legume Plants Host a Greater Diversity of Symbiotic Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/246611; this version posted January 11, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Larger legume plants host a greater diversity of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria January 11, 2018 Russell Dinnage1,*, Anna K. Simonsen2,3, Marcel Cardillo1, Peter H. Thrall4, Luke G. Barrett4, 5 Suzanne M. Prober * Corresponding Author Affiliations 1. Macroevolution & Macroecology Group, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 116 Daley Rd, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia 2. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia 3. Fenner School of Environment and Society, Australian National University Building 141, Linnaeus way, Canberra, ACT, 2601 4. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Clunies Ross Street, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia 5. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land & Water, Private Bag 5, Wembley, WA 6913, Australia bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/246611; this version posted January 11, 2018. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Abstract A major goal in microbial ecology is to understand the factors that structure bacterial communities across space and time. For microbes that have symbiotic relationships with plants, an important factor that may influence their communities is host size or age, yet this has received little attention. Using tree diameter size as a proxy for age, we quantified the diversity of rhizobia that associate with an endemic legume, Acacia acuminata, of variable size across a climate gradient in southwest Australia.
    [Show full text]
  • Images from the Outback
    Images from the Outback Item Type Article Authors Johnson, Matthew B. Publisher University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ) Journal Desert Plants Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona. Download date 26/09/2021 00:25:31 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/555917 Outback Johnson 21 species of Acacia are found in Australia (Orchard and Images from the Outback - Wilson, 200 I ), though only a relatively small percentage of Notes on Plants of the Australian these occur in desert habitats. Acacia woodlands can be dense or open, and are sometimes mixed with grasses including Dry Zone spinifex. Spinifex grasslands, dominated by species of Plectraclme and Triodia (p. 27) are widespread on sandy plains as well as rocky slopes and sand dunes. These grasses, Matthew B. Johnson many with stiff, rolled leaves that end in a sharp point, form Desert Legume Program clumps or tussocks. Fires are frequent in some spinifex The University of Arizona communities and the woody plants that grow there are 2120 East Allen Road necessarily fire-adapted. Chenopod shrublands are low­ stature communities composed of numerous shrubs and Tucson, AZ 85719 herbaceous plants in the Chenopodiaceae. Less widespread [email protected] than acacia woodland and spinifex grassland, this type of Yegetation is found mostly in the southern parts ofAustralia's A visit to the Sydney area of Australia in 1987 tirst sparked arid zone (Van Oosterzee, 1991 ). Beyond the deserts lie my interest in seeing more of the Island Continent and in semi-arid woodlands dominated by species of Euca~vptus particular, the extensive dry regions of the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Co-Extinction of Mutualistic Species – an Analysis of Ornithophilous Angiosperms in New Zealand
    DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CO-EXTINCTION OF MUTUALISTIC SPECIES An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand Sandra Palmqvist Degree project for Master of Science (120 hec) with a major in Environmental Science ES2500 Examination Course in Environmental Science, 30 hec Second cycle Semester/year: Spring 2021 Supervisor: Søren Faurby - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Examiner: Johan Uddling - Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences “Tui. Adult feeding on flax nectar, showing pollen rubbing onto forehead. Dunedin, December 2008. Image © Craig McKenzie by Craig McKenzie.” http://nzbirdsonline.org.nz/sites/all/files/1200543Tui2.jpg Table of Contents Abstract: Co-extinction of mutualistic species – An analysis of ornithophilous angiosperms in New Zealand ..................................................................................................... 1 Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Samutrotning av mutualistiska arter – En analys av fågelpollinerade angiospermer i New Zealand ................................................................... 3 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 5 2. Material and methods ............................................................................................................... 7 2.1 List of plant species, flower colours and conservation status ....................................... 7 2.1.1 Flower Colours .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Was Established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament
    The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. Its mandate is to help identify agricultural problems in developing countries and to commission collaborative research between Australian and developing country researchers in fields where Australia has a special research competence. Where trade names are used this does not constitute endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by the Centre. ACIAR PROCEEDINGS This series of publications includes the full proceedings of research workshops or symposia organised or supported by ACIAR. Numbers in this series are distrib­ uted internationally to selected individuals and scientific institutions. Previous numbers in the series are listed on the inside back cover. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research G.P.O. Box 1571, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 Turnbull, John W. 1987. Australian acacias in developing countries: proceedings of an international workshop held at the Forestry Training Centre, Gympie, Qld., Australia, 4-7 August 1986. ACIAR Proceedings No. 16, 196 p. ISBN 0 949511 269 Typeset and laid out by Union Offset Co. Pty Ltd, Fyshwick, A.C.T. Printed by Brown Prior Anderson Pty Ltd, 5 Evans Street Burwood Victoria 3125 Australian Acacias in Developing Countries Proceedings of an international workshop held at the Forestry Training Centre, Gympie, Qld., Australia, 4-7 August 1986 Editor: John W. Turnbull Workshop Steering Committee: Douglas 1. Boland, CSIRO Division of Forest Research Alan G. Brown, CSIRO Division of Forest Research John W. Turnbull, ACIAR and NFTA Paul Ryan, Queensland Department of Forestry Cosponsors: Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association (NFTA) CSIRO Division of Forest Research Queensland Department of Forestry Contents Foreword J .
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Different Acacia Acuminata Variants As Hosts on Performance of Sandalwood (Santalum Spicatum) in the Northern and Eastern Wheatbelt, Western Australia
    Jonathan E. Brand 149 Effect of different Acacia acuminata variants as hosts on performance of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) in the northern and eastern Wheatbelt, Western Australia Jonathan E. Brand Forest Products Commission, Locked Bag 888, Perth BC, WA 6849, Australia Email: [email protected] Revised manuscript received 6 August 2009 Summary Introduction The effect of seven ‘jam variants’ (Acacia acuminata typical Western Australian sandalwood (Santalum spicatum (R.Br.) variant, A. acuminata narrow­phyllode variant, A. acuminata A.DC.) is a root hemi­parasite (Hewson and George 1984) that small­seed variant, A. acuminata/burkittii variant 1, A. acuminata/ occurs naturally with a range of vegetation types, including many burkittii variant 2, A. burkittii and A. oldfieldii) on the survival Acacia species (Loneragan 1990). Sandalwood produces valuable and growth of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) was examined aromatic oils within its heartwood and, due to its commercial in two relatively low­rainfall locations, Dowerin and Morawa, in value, silvicultural trials have been established over the past 30 y to the northern and eastern Wheatbelt of Western Australia. During determine suitable methods to grow plantations (Loneragan 1990; the course of the trial (2000–2008) the mean annual rainfall Brand et al. 2000; Fox 2002; Woodall and Robinson 2002). One of was only 326 mm at Dowerin and 259 mm at Morawa. In July the preferred host species identified from these trials is called ‘jam’ 2000, seedlings from 84 families from 18 separate populations (Acacia acuminata Benth.), which has consistently supported and representing each of the seven different jam variants were relatively fast sandalwood growth on a range of soil types (Brand planted on cleared farmland at both locations.
    [Show full text]
  • Rangelands, Western Australia
    Biodiversity Summary for NRM Regions Species List What is the summary for and where does it come from? This list has been produced by the Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (SEWPC) for the Natural Resource Management Spatial Information System. The list was produced using the AustralianAustralian Natural Natural Heritage Heritage Assessment Assessment Tool Tool (ANHAT), which analyses data from a range of plant and animal surveys and collections from across Australia to automatically generate a report for each NRM region. Data sources (Appendix 2) include national and state herbaria, museums, state governments, CSIRO, Birds Australia and a range of surveys conducted by or for DEWHA. For each family of plant and animal covered by ANHAT (Appendix 1), this document gives the number of species in the country and how many of them are found in the region. It also identifies species listed as Vulnerable, Critically Endangered, Endangered or Conservation Dependent under the EPBC Act. A biodiversity summary for this region is also available. For more information please see: www.environment.gov.au/heritage/anhat/index.html Limitations • ANHAT currently contains information on the distribution of over 30,000 Australian taxa. This includes all mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fish, 137 families of vascular plants (over 15,000 species) and a range of invertebrate groups. Groups notnot yet yet covered covered in inANHAT ANHAT are notnot included included in in the the list. list. • The data used come from authoritative sources, but they are not perfect. All species names have been confirmed as valid species names, but it is not possible to confirm all species locations.
    [Show full text]