A STUDY OF THE MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING OF LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL AND TRANSGENDER PEOPLE
The Research was commissioned by the Gay and Lesbian Equality Network (GLEN) and BeLonG To Youth Service, and is funded by the Health Service Executive's National Office for Suicide Prevention (NOSP). SUPPORTING LGBT LIVES: 8JKL;PF=K?<D PAULA MAYOCK, AUDREY BRYAN, NICOLA CARR, KARL KITCHING :fgpi`^_kGXlcXDXpfZb#8l[i\p9ipXe#E`ZfcX:Xii#BXicB`kZ_`e^#)''0% GlYc`j_\[Ypk_\>XpXe[C\jY`Xe P@J9E10./$'$0,-(')*$)$+ 8cci`^_kji\j\im\[%EfgXikf]k_`jglYc`ZXk`fedXpY\i\gif[lZ\[fikiXejd`kk\[`eXep]fidfiYpXep d\Xej#`eZcl[`e^g_fkfZfgp`e^Xe[i\Zfi[`e^#n`k_flkni`kk\eg\id`jj`fef]k_\Xlk_fij% K_`ji\j\XiZ_gifa\ZknXjZfdd`jj`fe\[Ypk_\>XpXe[C\jY`Xe ACKNOWLEDGMENTS =`ijkXe[]fi\dfjk#n\nXekkfk_XebXccn_fgXik`Z`gXk\[`ek_`jjkl[p%Fm\i(#(''g\fgc\gXik`Z`gXk\[ `ek_\fe$c`e\jlim\p[`d\ej`fef]k_`ji\j\XiZ_Xe[n\Xi\^iXk\]lc]fik_\k`d\k_\pkffbkfZfdgc\k\ k_\hl\jk`feeX`i\Xe[j_Xi\k_\`i\og\i`\eZ\j%N\Xi\Xcjf`e[\Yk\[kfk_\+'g\fgc\n_fgXik`Z`gXk\[ `ek_\jkl[pËj`e$[\gk_`e[`m`[lXc`ek\im`\njXe[n_fj_Xi\[k_\`ic`]\\og\i`\eZ\jn`k_lj% N\nXekkfXZbefnc\[^\k_\Zfeki`Ylk`fef]gif]\jj`feXcj]ifdYfk_jkXklkfipXe[efe$jkXklkfip j\Zkfijn_fgXik`Z`gXk\[`ek_\:fddle`kp8jj\jjd\ekg_Xj\f]k_\i\j\XiZ_%K_Xebjkfk_\j\im`Z\j Xe[`e[`m`[lXcjn_f_\cg\[kfgifdfk\k_\fe$c`e\jlim\p%N\XcjfnXekkf\ok\e[flik_Xebjkfk_fj\ gif]\jj`feXcjn_fXjj`jk\[n`k_k_\i\Zil`kd\ekf]`ek\im`\ni\jgfe[\ekj% K_`ji\j\XiZ_nXjjlggfik\[YpXI\j\XiZ_8[m`jfip>iflgZfdgi`j`e^j\m\ek\\e`e[`m`[lXcj]ifdX iXe^\f]mfclekXipYf[`\j#jkXk\X^\eZ`\jXe[XZX[\d`Z`ejk`klk`fejn_f_Xm\\og\ik`j\feC>9K`jjl\j# \og\i`\eZ\f]i\j\XiZ_`e^C>9KgfglcXk`fejXe[&fi\og\i`\eZ\f]nfib`e^n`k_k_\C>9KZfddle`kp% K_\>iflgËjd\dY\ij_`gnXjXj]fccfnj1 F[_i}e8cc\e :_X`ig\ijfe #;`i\Zkfif]D\ekXc?\Xck_JkiXk\^p#>Xp C\jY`Xe Jg\Z`Xck_XebjkfA\Xe\kk\I\_ejkifdn_fZfe[lZk\[jfd\f]k_\jkl[pËj`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\njXe[kf J`fY_}eDXZ?Xc\]fiXjj`jk`e^n`k_k_\XeXcpj`jf]`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\n[XkX%N\XcjfnXekkfk_Xeb N\nflc[c`b\kfk_XebfliZfcc\X^l\j`ek_\JZ_ffcf]JfZ`XcNfibXe[JfZ`XcGfc`Zp#Xe[k_\:_`c[i\eËj I\j\XiZ_:\eki\#Ki`e`kp:fcc\^\;lYc`e#Xe[k_\JZ_ffcf]<[lZXk`fe#Le`m\ij`kp:fcc\^\;lYc`e%N\nflc[ Xcjfc`b\kf\ok\e[jg\Z`Xck_XebjkfDXipCfl`j\:fii#A\ee`]\i:ifecp#DXip>iXp#CfiiX`e\?\]]\ieXe# Cfl`j\?`cc#8`[fC\n`j#Jc\Dlig_p#8XifeGXccXj#;\idfkI\`ccp#A\ee`]\iJZ_fckq#:_i`jk`Xe\J_Xi\#JXiX_ JkiXljj#BXk\NXk\i_flj\Xe[G}[iX`ZN_pk\#n_fgifm`[\[`emXclXYc\jlggfikXkmXi`fljjkX^\jf] k_\i\j\XiZ_gifZ\jj%=`eXccp#n\nXekkf\ogi\jjflik_Xebjkf:`Xi}eNXccXZ\]fi_`jgiff]i\X[`e^Xe[ \[`kfi`XcXjj`jkXeZ\% G8><489FLKK?<8LK?FIJ ABOUT THE AUTHORS Dr Paula Mayock`jXc\Zkli\i`epflk_i\j\XiZ_Xkk_\JZ_ffcf]JfZ`XcNfibXe[JfZ`XcGfc`ZpXe[ :_`c[i\eËjI\j\XiZ_:\eki\#Ki`e`kp:fcc\^\;lYc`e%?\ii\j\XiZ_]fZlj\jgi`dXi`cpfek_\c`m\jXe[ \og\i`\eZ\jf]dXi^`eXc`j\[pflk_#Zfm\i`e^Xi\Xj`eZcl[`e^pflk__fd\c\jje\jj#[il^lj\Xe[[il^ gifYc\dj#j\olXc`kp#i`jbY\_Xm`fliXe[d\ekXc_\Xck_%GXlcX_Xji\Z\ekcple[\ikXb\egfjk$[fZkfiXc i\j\XiZ_]le[\[Ypk_\E@;8 EXk`feXc@ejk`klk\fe;il^8Ylj\ @EM Dr. Audrey Bryan`jXc\Zkli\i`ek_\JZ_ffcf]<[lZXk`fe#Le`m\ij`kp:fcc\^\;lYc`e%Gi\m`fljcp#j_\ nfib\[XjXi\j\XiZ_\iXkKi`e`kp:fcc\^\;lYc`eXe[:fcldY`XLe`m\ij`kp#E\nPfib%?\iYXZb^ifle[`j`e JfZ`fcf^p#Xe[j_\\Xie\[_\iG_;`e:fdgXiXk`m\Xe[@ek\ieXk`feXc<[lZXk`fe]ifd:fcldY`XLe`m\ij`kp% J_\_XjXgXik`ZlcXi`ek\i\jk`ek_\jZ_ffc$YXj\[\og\i`\eZ\jf]iXZ`Xc`j\[Xe[j\olXcd`efi`kppflk_% J_\_Xjgi\m`fljcpglYc`j_\[fe`ek\iZlckliXcXe[Xek`$iXZ`jdgfc`Z`\jXe[giXZk`Z\j`e@i`j_jZ_ffcjXe[ jfZ`\kp%?\iZlii\ek`ek\i\jkj`eZcl[\i\gi\j\ekXk`fejXe[le[\ijkXe[`e^jf][`m\ij`kpXe[[\m\cfgd\ek `ek_\j\Zfe[$c\m\cZlii`Zlcld`eXe@i`j_Zfek\ok% Nicola Carr`jXI\j\XiZ_=\ccfn`ek_\:_`c[i\eËjI\j\XiZ_:\eki\#Ki`e`kp:fcc\^\;lYc`e%J_\_Xjnfib\[ feXeldY\if]i\j\XiZ_gifa\Zkj#`eZcl[`e^Xjkl[pf]pflk__fd\c\jje\jj#k_\ZXi\jpjk\dXe[Z_`c[ gifk\Zk`fej\im`Z\j%J_\k\XZ_\jfek_\Gfjk^iX[lXk\;`gcfdX`e:_`c[Gifk\Zk`feXe[N\c]Xi\`eKi`e`kp :fcc\^\;lYc`e%J_\`jgif]\jj`feXccphlXc`Ô\[XjXGifYXk`feF]ÔZ\iXe[`jZlii\ekcple[\ikXb`e^_\iG_; i\j\XiZ_Xkk_\JZ_ffcf]JfZ`XcNfibXe[JfZ`XcGfc`Zp#Ki`e`kp:fcc\^\;lYc`e%K_\]fZljf]k_`jnfib`j fe@i`j_KiXm\cc\ijXe[k_\pflk_aljk`Z\jpjk\d%K_`ji\j\XiZ_`j]le[\[Yp@i`j_I\j\XiZ_:fleZ`c]fik_\ ?ldXe`k`\jXe[JfZ`XcJZ`\eZ\j @I:?JJ % Karl Kitching`jXc\Zkli\i`e\[lZXk`fe`ek_\;\gXikd\ekf]<[lZXk`fe#Le`m\ij`kp:fcc\^\:fib%Gi`fikf k_Xk_\nfib\[XjX]lcc$k`d\i\j\XiZ_\i`eJk%GXki`ZbËj:fcc\^\#;ildZfe[iX#Xe[XcjfXjXgi`dXipjZ_ffc k\XZ_\i`e;lYc`e(,%?\`jZlii\ekcpni`k`e^lg_`j[fZkfiXci\j\XiZ_n`k_k_\@ejk`klk\f]<[lZXk`fe# Le`m\ij`kpf]Cfe[fe%K_`jjkl[p\oXd`e\jiXZ\#\k_e`Z`kpXe[jlZZ\jj`e@i`j_gfjk$gi`dXipjZ_ffc`e^% ?\_XjZfccXYfiXk`m\cpi\j\XiZ_\[Xe[glYc`j_\[`ek_\Xi\Xjf]i\cXk`fej_`gjXe[j\olXc`kp\[lZXk`fe# _ldXei`^_kj\[lZXk`fe#\dfk`fej`e\[lZXk`feXe[X[[`k`feXccXe^lX^\c`k\iXZp%?`jZlii\eki\j\XiZ_ `ek\i\jkj`eZcl[\Zi`k`ZXcXeXcpj\jf]iXZ\#ZcXjj#^\e[\iXe[j\olXc`kp#Xjn\ccXjdlck`c`e^lXc`jd#pflk_ Zlckli\jXe[d\[`X`e&flkj`[\jZ_ffcj% G8><5 =FI FOREWORD K_`ji\j\XiZ_i\gfik]lcÔcjXe`dgfikXeki\Zfdd\e[Xk`fef]I\XZ_FlkÆK_\EXk`feXcJkiXk\^p]fi 8Zk`fefeJl`Z`[\Gi\m\ek`fe%@k`jk_\dfjkj`^e`ÔZXekjkl[pZXii`\[flkkf[Xk\`e@i\cXe[fek_\c`m\j f]c\jY`Xe#^Xp#Y`j\olXcXe[kiXej^\e[\i C>9K g\fgc\%K_\ZfeZ\gkf]d`efi`kpjki\jj[\m\cfg\[`ek_\ i\gfikX[[jkfflile[\ijkXe[`e^f]k_\e\^Xk`m\`dgXZkk_Xkfli\em`ifed\ekXe[jfZ`\kpZXe_Xm\fe `e[`m`[lXcjYpjk`^dXk`j`e^#\oZcl[`e^fi[`jZi`d`eXk`e^X^X`ejkk_\d% K_\Ôe[`e^jf]k_\i\gfikZc\Xicp[\dfejkiXk\k_\c`ebY\kn\\ejfZ`\kpËje\^Xk`m\ki\Xkd\ekf]C>9K g\fgc\Xe[k_\`eZi\Xj\[i`jbf]gffid\ekXc_\Xck_#j\c]_XidXe[jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj%J`^e`ÔZXekc\m\cjf] j\c]_XidXe[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\i\gfik\[Ypk_\C>9KZfddle`kp_`^_c`^_kk_\e\\[kf[\m\cfgjg\Z`ÔZ XZk`fejXe[XggifXZ_\j]fiC>9Kg\fgc\n_`cjkXkk_\jXd\k`d\j\\b`e^kfZ_Xe^\k_\e\^Xk`m\jfZ`\kXc XggifXZ_\j% @Xd^iXk\]lckfk_\Xlk_fij]fiZfe[lZk`e^k_`ji\j\XiZ_`eXk_fifl^_cpgif]\jj`feXcXe[j\ej`k`m\ dXee\i2kfZfcc\X^l\j`e>C K_\i\gfikji\Zfdd\e[Xk`fejZ_XikXZflij\n_`Z__`^_c`^_kjk_\e\\[]fiZifjjj\ZkfiXcXggifXZ_kf C>9Kd\ekXc_\Xck_gifdfk`feXjn\ccXjk_\e\\[kfkXi^\kjfZ`XcXe[jkilZkliXcZ_Xe^\`e@i`j_C`]\% Director, National Office for Suicide Prevention. G8><6GI<=8:< PREFACE K_`ji\j\XiZ_`jk_\dfjkj`^e`ÔZXekjkl[pf]c\jY`Xe#^Xp#Y`j\olXcXe[kiXej^\e[\i C>9K d\ekXc_\Xck_ Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^`e@i\cXe[kf[Xk\%@k`jk_\i\jlckf]ZfccXYfiXk`feY\kn\\e>C K_\X`df]k_\i\j\XiZ_nXjkf`[\ek`]pXe[gifm`[\i\jgfej\jkfk_\`jjl\f]jl`Z`[\Xdfe^k_\c\jY`Xe# ^Xp#Y`j\olXcXe[kiXej^\e[\igfglcXk`fe`e@i\cXe[#n`k_jg\Z`Xc\dg_Xj`jfepfle^g\fgc\%K_\ i\j\XiZ_XcjfX`d\[kf`[\ek`]pd\ekXc_\Xck_i`jbXe[i\j`c`\eZ\]XZkfijXdfe^k_\@i`j_C>9KgfglcXk`fe% K_\i\jlck`jXi\gfikn_`Z_Zc\Xicp_`^_c`^_kjk_\e\^Xk`m\\]]\Zkjf]jk`^dXk`jXk`fe#dXi^`eXc`jXk`feXe[ [`jZi`d`eXk`fefek_\d\ekXc_\Xck_f]C>9Kg\fgc\% C>9Kg\fgc\#k_\`i]Xd`c`\jXe[k_\`i]i`\e[jXjn\ccXjk_fj\nfib`e^n`k_`ek_\C>9Kj\ZkfiXi\]Xd`c`Xi n`k_k_\`dgXZkf]e\^Xk`m\jfZ`\kXci\XZk`fejkfd`efi`kpj\olXcfi^\e[\i`[\ek`k`\j%Lj`e^k_\ZfeZ\gk f]d`efi`kpjki\jj#k_`ji\j\XiZ_Zc\Xicp[\dfejkiXk\jk_Xk`k`jjfZ`XcXe[jkilZkliXc]XZkfijk_XkXZZflek ]fi\c\mXk\[d\ekXc_\Xck_i`jbjXdfe^k_\@i`j_C>9KgfglcXk`fe%K_\Ôe[`e^jj_fnk_Xk\og\i`\eZ\j jlZ_Xj_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^Xe[m`fc\eZ\#`em`j`Y`c`kpXe[Xc`\eXk`fe]ifd]Xd`cpXe[]i`\e[j#Xi\Xcc c`eb\[kf`eZi\Xj\[d\ekXc_\Xck_i`jbXe[jl`Z`[Xc`kpXdfe^@i`j_C>9Kg\fgc\% N_`c\k_\dXafi`kpf]gXik`Z`gXekj[\dfejkiXk\[d\ekXc_\Xck_i\j`c`\eZ\[\jg`k\k_\`i\og\i`\eZ\f] _fjk`c\jfZ`Xc\em`ifed\ekj#Xj`^e`ÔZXekg\iZ\ekX^\i\gfik\[Xnfiip`e^c\m\cf]gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc[`jki\jj Xe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp%8g`Zkli\\d\i^\[f]k_\dfjkmlce\iXYc\gXik`Z`gXekjÆfeXm\iX^\k_\pi\Xc`j\[k_\p n\i\C>9KXk(+p\Xijf]X^\#k_\pZfdd\eZ\[j\c]$_Xid`e^Y\_Xm`fliXkX^\(,%,#k_\pXkk\dgk\[ jl`Z`[\]fik_\Ôijkk`d\XkX^\(.Xe[[`[efkZfd\flkkffk_\ijlek`cX^\)(%=fik_\j\gXik`Z`gXekjk_\ .p\Xijf]ZfeZ\Xc`e^k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefi^\e[\i`[\ek`kpZf`eZ`[\[n`k_gXik`ZlcXid\ekXc_\Xck_ mlce\iXY`c`kpXe[gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc[`jki\jj%K_`jg\i`f[f]mlce\iXY`c`kpXcjfZf`eZ`[\[n`k_gXik`Z`gXekjË jZ_ffc$^f`e^p\XijXe[k_\`ie\^fk`Xk`fef]\XicpX[lck_ff[$Xk`d\f]Zi`k`ZXcjfZ`XcXe[\dfk`fe [\m\cfgd\ek% N_`c\k_\Ôe[`e^j`ek_`ji\gfikXi\Xkk`d\j_Xiifn`e^n\kXb\_fg\`ek_\i\j`c`\eZ\\m`[\ek`ek_\c`m\j f]dfjki\jgfe[\ekj%K_\jkl[pj_fnjk_Xkk_`ji\j`c`\eZ\nXjfe^f`e^Xe[\d\i^`e^iXk_\ik_Xej`dgcp Y\`e^XkiX`kgfjj\jj\[Ypjfd\C>9K`e[`m`[lXcj%:i`k`ZXckfk_\[\m\cfgd\ekf]k_`ji\j`c`\eZ\nXjk_\ gi\j\eZ\f]jfZ`Xcjlggfik`ek_\c`m\jf]C>9Kg\fgc\Xe[k_\[\m\cfgd\ekf]Xgfj`k`m\C>9K`[\ek`kp% K_\gif^i\jj]fiC>9Kg\fgc\k_Xk_XjY\\eXZ_`\m\[`ei\Z\ekp\Xij#Zi\Xk\jXjkife^YXj`j]fi gif^i\jj`e^k_\i\gfikËji\Zfdd\e[Xk`fej%K_\j\i\Zfdd\e[Xk`fej`[\ek`]pk_\e\\[]fiXZifjj$ j\ZkfiXcXggifXZ_kfX[[i\jj`e^k_\ZXlj\jXe[Zfej\hl\eZ\jf]C>9Kd`efi`kpjki\jj%Gifdfk`e^C>9K d\ekXc_\Xck_i\j`c`\eZ\Xe[kXZbc`e^k_\gifYc\df]C>9Kj\c]$_XidXe[jl`Z`[Xc`kpXi\b\pXZk`fej i\hl`i\[%DX`ejki\Xd_\Xck_Xe[jfZ`Xcj\im`Z\jj_flc[gifm`[\XZZ\jj`Yc\Xe[Xggifgi`Xk\j\im`Z\jkf C>9Kg\fgc\%@eX[[`k`fe#gfc`Z`\jXe[giXZk`Z\XZifjjXcci\c\mXekj\Zkfijj_flc[gifdfk\\hlXc`kp]fiXe[ k_\`eZclj`fef]C>9Kg\fgc\`e@i`j_jfZ`\kp%>`m\ek_\gXik`ZlcXiÔe[`e^jfek_\mlce\iXY`c`kpf]pfle^ g\fgc\[li`e^k_\jZ_ffc`e^p\Xij#`k`jm`kXccp`dgfikXekk_XkXZk`fe`jkXb\ekfjlggfikXe[gifk\ZkC>9K pfle^g\fgc\`eflijZ_ffcjXe[Zfddle`k`\j%@dgifm`e^k_\m`j`Y`c`kpXe[jkXkljf]C>9Kg\fgc\`e @i\cXe[dljkle[\ig`eXcc\]]fikjkfjlggfikk_\d\ekXc_\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^f]@i`j_C>9Kg\fgc\% 9fk_>C =lik_\igif^i\jj`je\\[\[Xe[`jgfjj`Yc\`e@i\cXe[kf\c`d`eXk\k_\ZXlj\jf]C>9Kd`efi`kpjki\jj Xe[`kjXjjfZ`Xk\[i`jbj]fijl`Z`[\%=Xd`c`\j#jZ_ffcj#_\Xck_j\im`Z\jXe[Zfddle`kpX^\eZ`\jXcc_Xm\ XZilZ`Xcifc\kfgcXp`egifk\Zk`e^C>9Kg\fgc\]ifd_XidXe[jlggfik`e^k_\`id\ekXc_\Xck_Xe[ n\cc$Y\`e^%K_\]fccfn`e^Zfdd\ekdX[\YpDXipDZ8c\\j\#Gi\j`[\ekf]@i\cXe[#Xkk_\@ek\ieXk`feXc 8jjfZ`Xk`fef]Jl`Z`[\Gi\m\ek`feOO@M9`\ee`Xc:fe]\i\eZ\`e)''.#\cfhl\ekcp\ogi\jj\jk_`jgf`ek1 “Although Ireland is making considerable progress in developing a culture of genuine equality, recognition and acceptance of gay men and women, there is still an undercurrent of both bias and hostility which young gay people must find deeply hurtful and inhibiting. For them, homosexuality is a discovery, not a decision and for many it is a discovery which is made against a backdrop where, within their immediate circle of family and friends as well as the wider society, they have long encountered anti-gay attitudes which will do little to help them deal openly and healthily with their own sexuality… There are things we need to do and to be vigilant about as a community that cares about its citizens and especially its vulnerable young. Among the things we could do as individuals, as families and as community that would impact significantly on our suicide statistics and indeed our overall mental health are… we could and should decommission attitudes that encourage bullying of all sorts and in particular attitudes that are deeply hurtful to those who are homosexual” >C F[_i}e8cc\e D`Z_X\c9Xiife ;`i\Zkfif]D\ekXc?\Xck_JkiXk\^p ;`i\Zkfi >C TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1$C>9KD :?8GKP *0 I\j\XiZ_`e^C>9KD\ekXc?\Xck_Xe[Jl`Z`[\I`jb +' I\j\XiZ_JkiXk\^p +( 8efepdfljFe$c`e\Jlim\p +( :fddle`kp8jj\jjd\ekGifZ\jj +) HlXc`kXk`m\@e$[\gk_@ek\im`\nj +) K_\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\n +* CfZXk`e^k_\jXdgc\ +* JXdgc`e^jkiXk\^p +* ;XkX8eXcpj`j ++ HlXek`kXk`m\[XkXXeXcpj`j ++ HlXc`kXk`m\[XkXXeXcpj`j ++ :?8GK\e[\i`[\ek`kp ,' G8><9K89C<F=:FEK J\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe ,( J\olXcXkkiXZk`fe ,) J\olXc\og\i`\eZ\ ,) C>9KXnXi\e\jjXe[[`jZcfjli\ ,) :fd]fikn`k_j\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe&kiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp ,) C`m`e^XiiXe^\d\ekj ,* I\cXk`fej_`gjkXklj ,* <[lZXk`feXcXkkX`ed\ek ,* Gi`eZ`gXcjkXklj ,+ :feZclj`fe ,, :?8GK9K;`jZi`d`eXk`feXe[M`Zk`d`jXk`fe -( JZ_ffcXe[Nfib :?8GK9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`feXe[[\gi\jj`fe .0 8cZf_fcLj\ /' GifYc\d[i`eb`e^ /) J\c]$?Xid /+ Gi\mXc\eZ\f]j\c]$_Xid /, Kpg\jf]j\c]$`eali`fljY\_Xm`fli /, >\e[\i /- 8^\ /- J\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe /- J\c]$_XidXdfe^kiXej^\e[\igXik`Z`gXekj /. G8><10K89C<F=:FEK ?\cg$j\\b`e^ /. HlXc`kXk`m\=`e[`e^jfeJ\c]$?Xid /. =\\c`e^Xcfe\Xe[[`]]\i\ek /0 =\\c`e^XkkXZb\[#j`c\eZ\[Xe[Xe^ip 0' =\\c`e^jf]j\c]$cfXk_`e^ 0' =\\c`e^i\c`\] 0( =\\c`e^i\^i\k 0( Le[\ijkXe[`e^j\c]$_Xid 0) Jl`Z`[Xc`kp 0* Gi\mXc\eZ\f]jl`Z`[Xc`kp 0* 8^\ 0+ >\e[\i 0+ J\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe 0, Jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkjXdfe^kiXej^\e[\igXik`Z`gXekj 0, I\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\e\og\i`\eZ\jf]m`Zk`d`jkX`feXe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp 0, I\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\ej\c]$\jk\\d#c`]\jXk`j]XZ`feXe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp 0, HlXc`kXk`m\=`e[`e^jfeJl`Z`[Xc`kp 0- Jl`Z`[Xc`kpjZ\eXi`fj 0- GXjj`m\n`j_kf[`\ 0- Jl`Z`[Xc`[\Xk`fe 0. J`^e`ÔZXekfk_\ijXjX[\k\ii\ek 0/ Jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgk\ij 0/ Le[\ijkXe[`e^jl`Z`[Xc`kpXdfe^jkC>9Kg\fgc\ 00 K_\i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`feXe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp 00 :feZclj`fe ('* :?8GK9KG :?8GK<11K89C<F=:FEK C>9KZfddle`kpXjXjfliZ\f]i\j`c`\eZ\ (), JZ_ffcXe[nfibgcXZ\Xjjlggfik`m\\em`ifed\ekj ()/ Ê9\Zfd`e^ËI\j`c`\ek ()0 I\]iXd`e^k_\Êj\c]Ë ()0 J\c]$\]ÔZXZpXe[j\c]$\jk\\d (*( Klie`e^gf`ekj (*( :fg`e^jkiXk\^`\j (*) :feZclj`fe (*+ :?8GK9KG\fgc\ (*. C>9KJ\im`Z\8ZZ\jjXe[Lk`c`jXk`fe (*/ D`efi`kpJki\jj (*0 :?8GK9K?\Xck_Xe[D\ekXc?\Xck_ (+) ?\Xck_&d\ekXc_\Xck_gfc`Zp (+) ?\Xck_gif]\jj`feXcj (+* Gif^iXdd\&j\im`Z\[\m\cfgd\ekXe[[\c`m\ip (+* C>9KPfle^G\fgc\ (++ C>9Kpfle^g\fgc\Xe[\[lZXk`fe (++ C>9Kpfle^g\fgc\`ek_\Zfddle`kp (+, GXi\ekjf]C>9Kpfle^g\fgc\ (+, C>9KG\fgc\`ek_\NfibgcXZ\ (+, =lkli\I\j\XiZ_ (+- 9@9C@F>I8G?P (+. 8GG 8GG C@JKF=K89C C@JKF==@>LI EXECUTIVE SUMMARY THE STUDY K_\i\`jX[\Xik_f]i\j\XiZ_fec\jY`Xe#^Xp#Y`j\olXcXe[kiXej^\e[\i C>9K g\fgc\`e@i\cXe[%JkXib ^Xgj\o`jk`ek_\befnc\[^\Xe[le[\ijkXe[`e^f]k_\`jjl\jXe[\m\ip[Xpc`]\\og\i`\eZ\j`dgXZk`e^ fek_\d\ekXc_\Xck_Xe[gjpZ_fcf^`ZXcn\cc$Y\`e^f]g\fgc\n_f`[\ek`]pXjC>9K%K_`ji\j\XiZ_j\kflk kf\oXd`e\d\ekXc_\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^#`eZcl[`e^Xe`em\jk`^Xk`fef]jl`Z`[\mlce\iXY`c`kp i`jb Xe[ i\j`c`\eZ\#Xdfe^C>9Kg\fgc\`e@i\cXe[%( RESEARCH METHODOLOGY K_\i\j\XiZ_X[fgk\[Xe\ogcfiXkfipdlck`$df[XcXggifXZ_kfk_\jkl[pf]d\ekXc_\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^ Xdfe^C>9KX[lckjXe[pfle^g\fgc\%8ZfdY`eXk`fef]hlXek`kXk`m\Xe[hlXc`kXk`m\i\j\XiZ_k\Z_e`hl\j nXjlj\[%K_`j`emfcm\[k_\X[d`e`jkiXk`fef]Xgi`dXi`cphlXek`kXk`m\fe$c`e\jlim\p#k_\Zfe[lZkf]X :fddle`kp8jj\jjd\ekGifZ\jj#Xe[k_\Zfe[lZkf]`e$[\gk_`e[`m`[lXc`ek\im`\njn`k_+'`e[`m`[lXcj n_f`[\ek`]pXjc\jY`Xe#^Xp#Y`j\olXcfikiXej^\e[\i% 8EFEPDFLJFE$C@E<JLIM 9Kg\fgc\c`m`e^`e@i\cXe[`eXmXi`\kpf]j\kk`e^jXe[Zfek\okj%K_\ jlim\pnXjYl`ckn`k_k_\lj\f]XgfglcXife$c`e\jlim\p[\j`^ekffc#k_\c`ebkfn_`Z_nXj_fjk\[fe Xn\YgX^\n`k_k_\[fdX`eeXd\www.lgbtlives.ie%K_`j`ejkild\ek`eZcl[\[[\df^iXg_`ZmXi`XYc\j# jZ_ffc`e^\og\i`\eZ\j#g\iZ\gk`fejf]Y\cfe^`e^#m`Zk`d`jXk`feXe[_XiXjjd\ek#nfibgcXZ\\og\i`\eZ\j# Xe[gXkk\iejf]XcZf_fclj\%@e[`ZXkfijf]d\ekXc_\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^n\i\XcjfXjZ\ikX`e\[#`eZcl[`e^ _`jkfipf]j\c]$`eali`fljY\_Xm`fliXe[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\% :FDDLE@KP8JJ HL8C@K8K@M<@E$; (J\\8gg\e[`o@]fiX^cfjjXipf]k\idjlj\[`ek_`ji\gfik% G8><15 RESPONDENT PROFILES FE$C@E<JLIM Demographics (#(('Zfdgc\k\[jlim\pjn\i\`eZcl[\[`ek_\ÔeXc[XkXj\k#i\gi\j\ek`e^XZfdgc\k`feiXk\f]/' # Xe[\eXYc`e^Xe\ogXej`m\m`\nf]k_\c`m\jf]C>9Kg\fgc\`eXe@i`j_Zfek\ok% Jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekjiXe^\[`eX^\]ifd(+kf.*p\Xij#n`k_Xd\Xe Xm\iX^\ X^\f]*'%,p\Xij%K_`ikp Ôm\g\iZ\ekf]k_\jXdgc\n\i\),p\Xijf]X^\file[\i#jl^^\jk`e^k_Xkpfle^g\fgc\`e^\e\iXc n\i\n\cci\gi\j\ek\[`ek_\jlim\p%K_fj\`ek_\`iÔ]k`\j#Xe[\jg\Z`Xccpk_fj\fm\i-'p\Xijf]X^\# n\i\le[\ii\gi\j\ek\[% J`okp$]flig\iZ\ekf]k_\jXdgc\`[\ek`Ô\[XjdXc\Xe[X]lik_\i*+ `[\ek`Ô\[Xj]\dXc\%K_\ i\dX`e`e^knfg\iZ\ek`[\ek`Ô\[XjÊjfd\k_`e^\cj\Ë#gi`dXi`cpXjKiXej^\e[\ifi>\e[\iHl\\i% Fm\i0' f]i\jgfe[\ekjn\i\i\j`[\ek`ek_\I\glYc`Zf]@i\cXe[Xkk_\k`d\f]Zfdgc\k`e^k_\ jlim\p2+ n\i\c`m`e^`eEfik_\ie@i\cXe[% Fm\i_Xc]f]k_\i\jgfe[\ekjc`m\[`e;lYc`e%C>9Kg\fgc\]ifdXccZflek`\j#n`k_k_\\oZ\gk`fef] DfeX^_Xe#n\i\i\gi\j\ek\[% Aljkle[\i)' c`m\[`eXiliXcXi\X% K_\mXjkdXafi`kp /- `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\`igi`dXipeXk`feXc`kpnXj@i`j_% Knf$k_`i[jf]gXik`Z`gXekjn\i\\dgcfp\[#k_\Ylcbf]n_fdn\i\\dgcfp\[`eX]lcc$k`d\ZXgXZ`kp% 8cdfjkfe\hlXik\in\i\\eifcc\[`eZfcc\^\file`m\ij`kpXe[X]lik_\i( n\i\\eifcc\[`e]lik_\i \[lZXk`fe% =\n\ik_Xe, f]k_\jXdgc\n\i\\eifcc\[`ejZ_ffc#i\Õ\Zk`e^Xele[\i$i\gi\j\ekXk`fef](+$(/ p\Xifc[j`ek_\jXdgc\%Aljkle[\i( n\i\i\k`i\[#i\Õ\Zk`e^Xele[\i$i\gi\j\ekXk`fef]fm\i-,j`e k_\jXdgc\% LGBT Identification Aljkfm\i]fli$Ô]k_jf]k_\jXdgc\`[\ek`Ô\[Xj^Xpfic\jY`XeXe[aljkfm\ife\$k\ek_`e[`ZXk\[k_Xk k_\pn\i\Y`j\olXc%K_i\\g\iZ\ekf]i\jgfe[\ekj`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\hl\jk`fe`e^filejli\f] k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fen_`c\c\jjk_Xe( f]k_\jXdgc\`[\ek`Ô\[Xj_\k\ifj\olXc%K_\i\dX`e`e^ + lj\[XiXe^\f]k\idjkf[\jZi`Y\k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe#`eZcl[`e^ÊgXej\olXcË#Êgfcpj\olXcË# Ê[pb\Ë#Êhl\\iË#Êj\olXcËXe[ÊY`j\olXckiXejm\jk`k\Ë#n_`c\XeldY\i`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pgi\]\ii\[efkkf lj\fiY\`[\ek`Ô\[n`k_cXY\cjf]k_`jeXkli\% =flig\iZ\ekf]k_\fm\iXccjXdgc\`[\ek`Ô\[XjkiXej^\e[\i#XdXafi`kpf]n_fd[\jZi`Y\[ k_\dj\cm\jXjÊdXc\$kf$]\dXc\ËkiXej^\e[\i% Aljkfm\ife\$Ô]k_f]k_fj\n_f`[\ek`Ô\[XjkiXej^\e[\ii\gfik\[X^Xpfic\jY`Xej\olXc `[\ek`ÔZXk`fe% =fli$Ô]k_jf]jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\ÊZfd]fikXYc\ËfiÊm\ipZfd]fikXYc\Ë n`k_k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe#n`k_c\jjk_Xe. \ogi\jj`e^[`jZfd]fikfek_`jgf`ek% 8Yflk-' f]kiXej^\e[\ii\jgfe[\ekjn\i\Zfd]fikXYc\n`k_k_\`ikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp#YlkX j`q\XYc\d`efi`kp (. i\gfik\[]\\c`e^leZfd]fikXYc\% G8><16 LGBT awareness and disclosure K_\fm\in_\cd`e^dXafi`kpf]i\jgfe[\ekj 0- n\i\ÊflkËkfXkc\Xjkfe\g\ijfe`ek_\`ic`m\j% K_\Xm\iX^\X^\Xkn_`Z_gXik`Z`gXekjÔijkY\ZXd\XnXi\f]k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe&kiXej^\e[\i `[\ek`kpnXj(+p\Xij#n`k_dfjk`e[`ZXk`e^k_Xkk_\pn\i\()n_\ek_\pÔijkY\ZXd\XnXi\f]k_\`i C>9KjkXklj% K_\Xm\iX^\X^\Xkn_`Z_i\jgfe[\ekjÔijk[`jZcfj\[k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fenXj)(p\Xij#n`k_ dfjki\jgfe[\ekjZfd`e^flkXkk_\X^\f](.% @E$; MINORITY STRESS “I’m sure people knew I was gay you know, I did walk up through [rural village] and people would be calling faggot and stuff like that. It did kill me a lot hearing you know the words and stuff and I was afraid as well, I felt very alone inside …” (Gay, Male, 24). K_\d`efi`kpjki\jjdf[\c#n_`Z_`jXZfeZ\gklXc]iXd\nfib]file[\ijkXe[`e^k_\e\^Xk`m\`dgXZkfe _\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^ZXlj\[YpXjk`^dXk`j`e^jfZ`XcZfek\ok 9iffbj#(0/(2D\p\i#(00,#)''* #_Xj gifm`[\[Xlj\]lcc\ejk_ifl^_n_`Z_kfY\kk\ile[\ijkXe[C>9Kg\fgc\Ëjc`m\j%K_\Ôe[`e^j`e[`ZXk\k_Xk k_\gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc[`jki\jj\og\i`\eZ\[YpC>9Kg\fgc\nXjjkife^cpXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_\ok\ieXcjki\jjfij jlZ_Xjgi\jld\[_\k\ifj\olXc`kp#_fdfg_fY`X#gi\al[`Z\Xe[m`Zk`d`jXk`fe%@ek\ieXcjki\jjfijn\i\ jkife^cpi\cXk\[kfk_\Xeo`\kpf]Zfd`e^flk%E\^Xk`m\Zfd`e^flki\XZk`fej]ifdfk_\ijXcjf]\Xkli\[#Xj [`[k_\jki\jjf]j\c]$ZfeZ\Xcd\ek`eXiXe^\f]Zfek\okjXe[j\kk`e^j`eZcl[`e^jZ_ffcXe[k_\nfibgcXZ\% :FD@E>FLK “[Telling] one of my close friends … even though it was stressful doing it, it was still brilliant like. Nearly getting the words out were nearly, do you know what I mean, it was just a relief and because that worked well for me, that’s when I would have discussed it then with other close friends” (Lesbian, Female, 32). “… I think I was 18, and I told my best friend I was gay and I was coming out of the pub and I was walking up the street and he tripped me up and I fell on my back and I saw him, you know, standing G8><17 up and I suppose really, it happened very quickly but it was very frightening. He started kicking me, you know, on the ground and he broke my nose and my jaw and I got my skull fractured and I was kind of crying out for help and ‘please stop’. And I ended up in hospital and this kind of happened at the stage when, you know, when you’re keeping something inside and all the anger builds up. And I told someone I was gay, my best friend at the time, and just the way he reacted I thought you know, like I have to go away so I went to London” (Gay, Male, 24). Fm\iknf$k_`i[jf]fe$c`e\jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekjn\i\flkkfXcc`dd\[`Xk\]Xd`cpd\dY\ij `%\%gXi\ekj Xe[j`Yc`e^j Xe[]i`\e[j%C\jjk_Xe_Xc]f]Xcci\jgfe[\ekjn\i\flkkfXcck_fj\`efk_\ijfZ`Xc Zfek\okj#jlZ_Xjk_\nfibgcXZ\#XkjZ_ffcfiZfcc\^\#`epflk_^iflgfifk_\ifi^Xe`jXk`feXcj\kk`e^j% K_\g\i`f[Y\kn\\ek_\i\Xc`jXk`fef]#Xe[Zfd`e^kfk\idjn`k_#fe\Ëjfnej\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefi kiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kpXe[Zfd`e^flknXj\og\i`\eZ\[Xj[`]ÔZlck#[Xlek`e^#Xe[kiXldXk`ZYpX dXafi`kpf]gXik`Z`gXekj%=fidXep#Zfd`e^flknXjXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_XgifZ\jjf]j\c]$XZZ\gkXeZ\# n_`Z_nXjf]k\eZflgc\[n`k_XeXnXi\e\jjf]k_\jk`^dXXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Xjjld`e^XeÊXck\ieXk`m\ c`]\jZi`gkË`ejfZ`XcZfek\okjn_\i\_\k\ifj\olXc`kpXe[^\e[\iZfe]fid`kpXi\gi\jld\[Xe[n_\i\ _\k\ifj\o`jd#_fdfg_fY`X#Xe[kiXejg_fY`X\o`jk% K_\e\\[]figXi\ekXcXZZ\gkXeZ\#X]ÔidXk`feXe[mXc`[Xk`fen\i\Z\ekiXc]\Xkli\jf]k_\`e$[\gk_ `ek\im`\neXiiXk`m\jfeZfd`e^flk%I\gfikjiXe^\[]ifdflki`^_ki\a\Zk`feXe[&fi[\e`Xc#kfYXi\ XZZ\gkXeZ\fid\i\kfc\iXeZ\#kfXn_fc\_\Xik\[\dYiXZ\f]k_\`iZ_`c[ËjC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe% “So I told them both I was gay and my father straight away stood up and went over to me, pulled me off my seat, gave me hug and said, do you know what, that doesn’t matter one bit, and he was great, and my mother was like, em, they still love me, d’you know, it doesn’t matter” (Lesbian, Female, 31). “Basically what they said was that they wouldn’t be happy but they wouldn’t kick me out of the house type thing over it. But that doesn’t seem to me very accepting of it. Oh we’ll tolerate you but we don’t really like you, as if it was some kind of personal choice” (Gay, Male, 20). C>9KM@:K@D@J8K@FE <`^_kpg\iZ\ekf]fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj_X[\og\i`\eZ\[m\iYXcXYlj\#Xe[XhlXik\if] Xcci\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[_Xm`e^\og\i`\eZ\[g_pj`ZXcm`fc\eZ\#XjXZfej\hl\eZ\f]k_\`iC>9K `[\ek`ÔZXk`fe% Knf$Ô]k_jf]jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekj_X[Y\\ek_i\Xk\e\[n`k_g_pj`ZXcm`fc\eZ\Y\ZXlj\k_\pn\i\#fi n\i\k_fl^_kkfY\C>9K#n`k_XhlXik\if]i\jgfe[\ekji\gfik`e^_Xm`e^Y\\egleZ_\[#b`Zb\[fi Y\Xk\eXjXi\jlckf]k_\`iC>9KjkXklj% 8cdfjk/ i\gfik\[Y\`e^XkkXZb\[n`k_Xn\Xgfefi`dgc\d\ek jlZ_XjXbe`]\#^le#Yfkkc\#fijk`Zb feXkc\Xjkfe\fZZXj`fe% E`e\g\iZ\eki\gfik\[k_Xkk_\p_X[Y\\eXkkXZb\[j\olXccpfeXkc\Xjkfe\fZZXj`feXjX Zfej\hl\eZ\f]Y\`e^C>9K% NFIBGC8:< “There was a sense of tolerance of my sexual orientation in [my] job, but no sense that my relationship with my partner of eleven years deserved parity of esteem with my two bosses’ heterosexual marriages. My partner was referred to repeatedly as my “friend”, despite my repeated correction of the term. This was not bullying per se, but it was blatant inequality. I don’t know precisely how it can be addressed” (Female, Lesbian, 35, Survey Participant). Aljkfm\iXhlXik\if]k_fj\n_f_X[\m\iY\\e\dgcfp\[i\gfik\[_Xm`e^Y\\eZXcc\[XYlj`m\eXd\j i\cXk\[kfk_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kpYpnfibZfcc\X^l\j% =`]k\\eg\iZ\ekf]k_fj\n_f_X[\m\iY\\e\dgcfp\[i\gfik\[k_Xkk_\p_X[\og\i`\eZ\[m\iYXc k_i\XkjY\ZXlj\k_\pn\i\#fin\i\Y\c`\m\[kfY\#C>9K% 8cdfjk. i\gfik\[_Xm`e^Y\\eg_pj`ZXccpk_i\Xk\e\[YpXnfibZfcc\X^l\#n_`c\Xcdfjk(' X[d`kk\[kf_Xm`e^d`jj\[nfibY\ZXlj\k_\pn\i\X]iX`[f]Y\`e^_likfi]\ckk_i\Xk\e\[Y\ZXlj\f] k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`kp% MENTAL HEALTH RISKS K_\Ôe[`e^jfed\ekXc_\Xck_`e[`ZXkfijjl^^\jkk_Xkk_\jk`^dXXe[[`jZi`d`eXk`fe\eZflek\i\[Yp c\jY`Xe#^Xp#Y`j\olXcfikiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\ZXei\jlck`eXe\oki\d\cpe\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\f]Y\`e^ C>9K%K_`jZXlj\[dXepkf\og\i`\eZ\[\gi\jj`fe#Xe[Xj`^e`ÔZXekd`efi`kpkf\e^X^\`ej\c]$`eali`flj Y\_Xm`fliXe[kf\og\i`\eZ\#Xe[`ejfd\ZXj\jXZklgfe#jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj% ; “It’s[depression] an issue for lots of people. People I work with that aren’t gay are suffering from depression but I think it’s made even more difficult if you’re gay because I think your sexuality is part of your make-up. To struggle with that is like struggling without a kidney. I think your sexuality is a very important part of your life and if you’re not comfortable with it you can struggle with it all your life” (Gay, Male, 46). Prevalence K_\mXjkdXafi`kpf]fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj /- #Xe[0' f]`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekj# i\gfik\[_Xm`e^\og\i`\eZ\[]\\c`e^jf][\gi\jj`feXkjfd\gf`ek`ek_\`ic`m\j% Knf$k_`i[jf]i\jgfe[\ekjkfk_\fe$c`e\jlim\pi\gfik\[_Xm`e^]\ck[fnefi[\gi\jj\[`ek_\gXjk() dfek_j#Xe[fm\iknfÔ]k_ji\gfik\[_Xm`e^]\ck[\gi\jj\[`ek_\gi\m`flj*'[Xpj% 8cdfjk), f]k_\jXdgc\_X[kXb\ed\[`ZXk`fegi\jZi`Y\[YpX[fZkfi]fik_\ki\Xkd\ekf]Xeo`\kp fi[\gi\jj`feXkjfd\jkX^\#Xe[/ f]k_\jXdgc\n\i\Zlii\ekcpkXb`e^jlZ_d\[`ZXk`fej% Relationship between depression and LGBT identification Fm\i-' f]`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekjXkki`Ylk\[k_\\og\i`\eZ\f][\gi\jj`fe[`i\Zkcpkf jfZ`XcXe[&fig\ijfeXcZ_Xcc\e^\jZfee\Zk\[n`k_k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`kp%K_\p`[\ek`Ô\[XiXe^\f] gjpZ_fcf^`ZXcXe[\ok\ieXcjki\jjfijn_`Z_Zfeki`Ylk\[kfk_\`igjpZ_fcf^`ZXc[`jki\jj#`eZcl[`e^ k_\jk`^dXk_XkC>9Kg\fgc\\og\i`\eZ\#k_\`icXZbf]`ek\^iXk`fen`k_k_\Zfddle`kp#k_\`ijfZ`Xc `jfcXk`feXe[gifYc\djf]j\c]$XZZ\gkXeZ\Xe[cfnc\m\cjf]#fic`d`k\[XZZ\jjkf#]fidXcfi`e]fidXc d\Z_Xe`jdjf]jfZ`Xc&gjpZ_fcf^`ZXcjlggfik% GXik`Z`gXekjn_f\og\i`\eZ\[_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^fifk_\i]fidjf]m`Zk`d`jXk`fen\i\gXik`ZlcXicp jljZ\gk`Yc\kf[\gi\jj`fe% G8><19 8C:F?FCLJ< Prevalence E`e\kp$knfg\iZ\ekf]k_\jlim\pjXdgc\n\i\Zlii\ek[i`eb\ij#XYflk_Xc]f]n_fdZfejld\[ XcZf_fcfeXn\\bcpYXj`j% K_\mXjkdXafi`kpf]jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekjn_f[iXeb /+ Xcjfi\gfik\[k_Xkk_\p\e^X^\[`e_\Xmp \g`jf[`ZfiÊY`e^\Ë[i`eb`e^\`k_\i`ek\id`kk\ekcpfii\^lcXicp#XÔ]k_f]n_fd[`[jfXkc\Xjkkn`Z\Xn\\b% Problem drinking Fm\i+' f]jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[k_Xkk_\`iXcZf_fcZfejldgk`fedX[\k_\dÊ]\\cYX[fi ^l`ckpËXe[Xcdfjk-' ]\ckk_\pj_flc[i\[lZ\k_\`i`ekXb\f]XcZf_fc% I\jgfej\jkfjkXe[Xi[`j\[d\Xjli\jf]XcZf_fclj\ :8><Xe[8L;@K$: jl^^\jkk_Xkk_\XcZf_fc Zfejldgk`fegXkk\iejf]Xj`^e`ÔZXekd`efi`kpf]fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjZflc[Y\Z_XiXZk\i`j\[ XjgifYc\dXk`Z#Xjk_\p\oZ\\[\[k_\k_i\j_fc[]fi_XqXi[flj[i`eb`e^figifYXYc\XcZf_fcd`jlj\% HlXc`kXk`m\Ôe[`e^jjl^^\jkk_Xki\^lcXifi_\XmpXcZf_fcZfejldgk`fenXjjkife^cpXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_ X]\cke\\[kfÊdXjbË[`jki\jj`e^\dfk`feXcjkXk\jXe[k_Xkjfd\lj\[XcZf_fcXjXZfg`e^d\Z_Xe`jd fiX]fidf]j\c]$d\[`ZXk`fe% “There was a lot going on and I was confused and in a lot of turmoil. You’ve all the hormonal urges a lot of teenagers have with no way of articulating them or expressing them. That’s very destructive. And you know the distress carried on into my early twenties. And to be honest, for a couple of years, about 23, 24, a lot of it was just being masked by alcohol abuse. So a lot of people though it was just student high jinx whereas I was blotting out how I actually felt. That was not a pleasant time, you know” (Gay Male, 40). J Prevalence Kn\ekp$j\m\eg\iZ\ekf]fe$c`e\jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekjXe[Xj`d`cXigifgfik`fef]`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\n gXik`Z`gXekj`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\p_X[j\c]$_Xid\[Xkc\XjkfeZ\`ek_\`ic`]\%?fn\m\i#k_\gifgfik`fe f]k_\fm\iXccjlim\pjXdgc\k_Xk_X[_Xid\[k_\dj\cm\j`ek\ek`feXccp`ek_\i\Z\ekgXjknXj i\cXk`m\cpcfn% J`og\iZ\eki\gfik\[k_Xkk_\p_X[_Xid\[k_\dj\cm\j`ek\ek`feXccpn`k_`ek_\gi\m`flj()dfek_j# n_`c\* _X[j\c]$_Xid\[n`k_`ek_\cXjkk_`ikp[Xpj% K_\Xm\iX^\c\e^k_f]k`d\k_Xkjlim\pi\jgfe[\ekj_X[j\c]$_Xid\[]finXjaljkfm\i]fliXe[_Xc] p\Xij%8eldY\if]`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekjXcjfi\gfik\[dlck`gc\\g`jf[\jf]j\c]$_Xidfm\i Xg\i`f[f]knffidfi\p\Xij% =fikp$j`og\iZ\ekf]k_fj\n_f_X[j\c]$_Xid\[Xcjfi\gfik\[_Xm`e^Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\feXkc\Xjk fe\fZZXj`fe% Age K_\Xm\iX^\i\gfik\[X^\f]fej\kf]j\c]$_Xid]fife$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjnXj(,%/.p\Xij% J`d`cXicp#]fi`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekj#k_\fej\kf]k_\Y\_Xm`flinXjXcdfjkXcnXpj[li`e^ k_\d`[$k\\eX^\p\Xij%@kk\e[\[kfZf`eZ`[\n`k_Xg\i`f[f]gXik`ZlcXi[`]ÔZlckp[li`e^X[fc\jZ\eZ\# f]k\ec`eb\[kfk_\g\ijfeXcjkil^^c\f]Zfd`e^kfk\idjn`k_fe\Ëjj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe% Gender =\dXc\i\jgfe[\ekjn\i\Xcdfjkkn`Z\Xjc`b\cpkf_Xm\j\c]$_Xid\[XjdXc\j#n`k_Xcdfjk+' i\gfik`e^k_Xkk_\p_X[j\c]$_Xid\[Xkjfd\gf`ek#ZfdgXi\[n`k_)( f]dXc\j% G8><20 LGBT Identification 8hlXik\if]Xcci\jgfe[\ekjn_f`[\ek`Ô\[Xj^Xpfic\jY`Xe_X[j\c]$_Xid\[[li`e^k_\`ic`]\k`d\% 8^i\Xk\igifgfik`fef]Y`j\olXci\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[j\c]$_Xid#n`k_fm\iknfÔ]k_j_Xm`e^j\c]$ _Xid\[Xkjfd\gf`ek%Fm\iXk_`i[f]k_fj\n_fn\i\Êhl\jk`fe`e^ËfiÊefkjli\ËXYflkk_\`ij\olXc fi`\ekXk`fe_X[j\c]$_Xid\[#n_\i\Xjknf$Ô]k_jf]k_fj\n_f[`[efk`[\ek`]pn`k_k_\j\Zfddfecp XjZi`Y\[ZXk\^fi`\jf]j\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe_X[j\c]$_Xid\[% =fikp$]flig\iZ\ekf]kiXej^\e[\igXik`Z`gXekj_X[j\c]$_Xid\[Xkjfd\gf`ek`ek_\`ic`m\j#(( f] n_fd_X[j\c]$_Xid\[`ek_\gi\m`fljkn\cm\dfek_j% Relationship between self-harm and LGBT identification @e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekjc`eb\[k_\`ij\c]$_XidY\_Xm`flikfXiXe^\f]\dfk`fejXe[ gjpZ_fcf^`ZXcjkXk\j#`eZcl[`e^]\\c`e^Xcfe\Xe[[`]]\i\ek#]\\c`e^XkkXZb\[#]\\c`e^j`c\eZ\[Xe[ Xe^ip#Xe[kf]\\c`e^jf]Xeo`\kpi\cXk\[kfg\iZ\`m\[i\a\Zk`fefek_\gXikf]gXi\ekj#g\\ijXe[ fk_\ij%=fidXepf]k_fj\n_fj\c]$_Xid\[#k_\fej\kf]j\c]$`eali`fljY\_Xm`fliZf`eZ`[\[n`k_X gXik`ZlcXicp[`]ÔZlckfigX`e]lcg\i`f[c`eb\[kfk_\g\ijfeXcjkil^^c\f]Zfd`e^kfk\idjn`k_k_\`i j\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefi^\e[\i`[\ek`kp%K_\j\Ôe[`e^jjkife^cpjl^^\jkk_Xkj\c]$_XidnXjXZfg`e^ i\jgfej\kfjfZ`XcZfek\okjZ_XiXZk\i`j\[Yp`emXc`[Xk`fe#Xe[k_\\og\i`\eZ\f]Y\`e^i\^Xi[\[Xj [`]]\i\ekfi`ejfd\nXpleXZZ\gkXYc\% “I know personally that it [self-harm] was to do with my sexuality because there were times when, you know when I came out, I’d been out maybe a year and I still had a problem with it even though no one else had a problem with it. So I hurt myself through myself. Then there was the whole problem of internalised homophobia. I’d beat myself up over issues” (Gay, Male, 21). JL@:@;8C@KP Prevalence 8cdfjkXÔ]k_f]fe$c`e\jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekj (.%. #Xe[Xcdfjkfe\k_`i[f]`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\n gXik`Z`gXekj_X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\Xkc\XjkfeZ\`ek_\`ic`]\k`d\% Aljkle[\iknf$k_`i[jf]jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj#Xe[fm\iX_Xc]f]`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekjn_f _X[\m\iXkk\dgk\[kfkXb\k_\`ic`m\j#[`[jffedfi\k_Xefe\fZZXj`fe% =flik\\eg\iZ\ekf]k_\fm\iXccjlim\pjXdgc\_X[jfd\k`d\jfif]k\e^`m\ej\i`fljZfej`[\iXk`fekf k_\`[\Xf]\e[`e^k_\`ifnec`]\n`k_`ek_\gi\m`fljp\Xi% Age K_\Xm\iX^\X^\XkÔijkXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\Xdfe^jkfe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjnXj(.%+-p\Xij n`k_ XeX^\iXe^\f]/kf+)p\Xij % Fm\i_Xc]f]k_fj\X^\[),fipfle^\iXkk_\k`d\f]Zfdgc\k`e^k_\jlim\pX[d`kk\[kf\m\i_Xm`e^ ^`m\ej\i`fljZfej`[\iXk`fekf\e[`e^k_\`ifnec`m\jn_`c\aljkle[\i)' i\gfik\[_Xm`e^Xkk\dgk\[ jl`Z`[\% F]k_fj\X^\[),file[\i#fm\iXk_`i[_X[k_fl^_kj\i`fljcpXYflk\e[`e^k_\`ic`m\j`ek_\gXjkp\Xi# n_`c\aljkle[\i, _X[XZklXccpXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\n`k_`ek_\gi\m`flj()dfek_j% Gender 8hlXik\if]Xcc]\dXc\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj e4/0 #ZfdgXi\[n`k_(, f]dXc\gXik`Z`gXekj e4(', _X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\Xkc\XjkfeZ\`ek_\`ic`]\k`d\% G8><21 LGBT identification J\m\ek\\eg\iZ\ekf]k_fj\n_f`[\ek`Ô\[Xj^Xpfic\jY`Xei\gfik\[\m\i_Xm`e^Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\% 8_`^_\igifgfik`fef]k_fj\`[\ek`]p`e^XjY`j\olXc ), _X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\k_Xek_fj\n_f `[\ek`Ô\[Xj^Xpfic\jY`Xe% Fm\iXhlXik\i e4() f]k_fj\n_f`[\ek`Ô\[XjkiXej^\e[\i e4+- `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\p_X[ Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\Xkc\XjkfeZ\#dfjkf]n_fd e4(' _X[ki`\[kfkXb\k_\`ic`m\jfedfi\k_Xefe\ fZZXj`fe% Relationship between suicidality and LGBT identification K_\dXafi`kpf]jkl[pgXik`Z`gXekj_X[e\m\iZfek\dgcXk\[#gcXee\[fiXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\#jl^^\jk`e^ k_XkC>9Kg\fgc\Xi\efkX_fdf^\efljÊXki`jbË^iflg]fijl`Z`[Xc`kp#Ylkk_XkXj`^e`ÔZXekd`efi`kp f]k_fj\n_f`[\ek`]pXjC>9KXi\`e[\\[Xki`jb]fijl`Z`[Xc`kp% JkXk`jk`ZXccpj`^e`ÔZXekXjjfZ`Xk`fejn\i\]fle[Y\kn\\ec`]\k`d\jl`Z`[Xc`[\Xk`fe _Xm`e^\m\i j\i`fljcpk_fl^_kf]\e[`e^fe\Ëjc`]\ Xe[_Xm`e^Y\\em\iYXccp`ejlck\[2g_pj`ZXccpk_i\Xk\e\[2 g_pj`ZXccpXkkXZb\[ `%\%#gleZ_\[b`Zb\[fiY\Xk\e 2fij\olXccpXjjXlck\[#jlZ_k_Xkk_\dfi\ ]i\hl\ekcpfe\_X[\og\i`\eZ\[k_\j\]fidjf]m`Zk`d`jXk`fe#k_\dfi\c`b\cpk_\pn\i\kf_Xm\\m\i k_fl^_kXYflk\e[`e^k_\`ifnec`]\% 8cdfjk_Xc]f]fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjn_f_X[\m\iXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\m`\n\[k_\`iÔijkjl`Z`[\ Xkk\dgkXj\`k_\iÊm\ipi\cXk\[ËfiÊm\ipdlZ_i\cXk\[Ëkfk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe% DXepf]k_fj\n_f_X[Zfek\dgcXk\[#gcXee\[#Xe[&fiXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\i\cXk\[k_\`ijl`Z`[Xc`kp [`i\Zkcp Xck_fl^_kpg`ZXccpefk\oZclj`m\cp kfk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe#Xe[XiXe^\f]\og\i`\eZ\j fi]\\c`e^jXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_k_`j`[\ek`kp%Jl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jjXdfe^jkjfd\n_f`[\ek`]pXjC>9KZXe Y\le[\ijkff[XjX[`i\Zki\jgfej\Ypjfd\C>9Kg\fgc\kf`ejk`klk`feXc`j\[[`jZi`d`eXkfipXe[ _fdfg_fY`ZY\c`\]jXe[giXZk`Z\jn_`Z_k_\p\eZflek\i\[`eXeldY\if]jfZ`Xc`ejk`klk`fejXe[ j\kk`e^jjlZ_Xj]Xd`cp#jZ_ffc#Xe[k_\nfibgcXZ\% “I said … that my self-harming and suicide attempt were very strongly related to being gay and this was true when I was 21. But it was not being gay that made me do this to myself and that made me feel suicidal. It was all the bullying, the name-calling, the negative ideas about being gay that I was full of from growing up in a homophobic society, and the fact that I had never heard one person say in all my childhood and adolescence that being gay was okay or even good. Without any basic level of nurturance, encouragement or support around being a gay kid how else could I have turned out?” (Gay, Male, 35, Survey Participant). LGBT PEOPLE AND SERVICES “She [counsellor] put my nineteen years into one sentence. Oh my god, this stranger, this woman is able to look at my life … it makes you look at bits of yourself that you didn’t want to. She said to me, which I didn’t believe at the time, that I was strong. It made me look at things and face up to things” (Lesbian, Female, 51). ?<8CK?:8I<8:: X^\eZp jZ_ffcg\ijfee\c#C>9Kpflk_^iflg n`k_Xm`\nkf[`jZljj`e^k_\`i_\Xck_e\\[j%8Zifjjk_\ `e$[\gk_`ek\im`\njXdgc\#Zflej\cc`e^figjpZ_fcf^`ZXcj\im`Z\jn\i\k_\j\im`Z\jdfjkZfddfecp XZZ\jj\[#]fccfn\[Yp>\e\iXcGiXZk`k`fe\ij >Gj %J`o_X[Xkk\e[\[XgjpZ_`Xki`Zj\im`Z\Xe[#`efk_\i `ejkXeZ\j#i\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[j\\b`e^_\cgfiX[m`Z\XkjZ_ffc#C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZpflk_j\im`Z\j#C>9K _\cgc`e\j#_fjg`kXcjXe[JK@Zc`e`Zj% 8cdfjkXÔ]k_f]fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj_X[Xkk\e[\[XeC>9Kpflk_fi^Xe`jXk`fefi^iflgXk jfd\k`d\Xe[k_`ik\\ef]k_fj\n_fn\i\`ek\im`\n\[`e$[\gk__X[XZZ\jj\[C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZpflk_ j\im`Z\j% ?<8CK?:8I< “The last doctor, well my current doctor, didn’t really understand what I was trying to say and I was trying to be discrete about it, not because I felt ashamed … And in the end I had to, you know, just say it very clearly, ‘Look my partner is female, you don’t seem to be picking up on that. I’m you know, sexually active with another female’. And so, you know, he was a bit shocked …” (Lesbian, Female, 29). N_`c\knf$k_`i[jf]jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjn`k_gi`fi\og\i`\eZ\f]_\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcj]\ckk_Xk k_\_\Xck_X[m`Z\k_\pi\Z\`m\[nXj^\e\iXccplj\]lcXe[Xggifgi`Xk\#fm\ik_i\\hlXik\ijn\i\f]k_\ fg`e`fek_Xk_\Xck_ZXi\gifm`[\ije\\[\[kf_Xm\dfi\befnc\[^\f]#Xe[j\ej`k`m`kpkf#C>9K`jjl\j% >Gjn\i\XnXi\f]jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjËC>9K`[\ek`kp`efecp++ f]ZXj\j% 8cdfjkXhlXik\if]k_fj\n_f_X[gi`fi\og\i`\eZ\n`k__\Xck_gif]\jj`feXcji\gfik\[k_Xkk_\p_X[ ZfeZ\Xc\[k_\]XZkk_Xkk_\pn\i\C>9Kn_\e[\Xc`e^n`k__\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcjY\ZXlj\f]_fn k_\pd`^_ki\XZk% K_\\og\i`\eZ\f]Xkk\e[`e^>GjnXj[\g`Zk\[XjXe\^Xk`m\fe\YpdXep`ek\im`\ni\jgfe[\ekj#n`k_ k_\n\`^_kf]e\^Xk`m\Xkk\ek`fe]Xcc`e^fek_\ZcX`dk_Xkk_\`i>G[`[efkle[\ijkXe[C>9K`jjl\j% 8Ô]k_f]jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjXZk`m\cpjfl^_kflkC>9K$]i`\e[cpgif]\jj`feXcjY\ZXlj\f]e\^Xk`m\ \og\i`\eZ\jk_\p_X[_X[`ek_\gXjk#n_`c\Xj`d`cXigifgfik`fe[`[efk]\\ci\jg\Zk\[XjXeC>9K g\ijfeYp_\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcj% Jg\Z`ÔZYXii`\ijkf_\Xck_ZXi\XZZ\jj`eZcl[\Xgi\jldgk`fef]_\k\ifj\olXc`kpXe[XcXZbf]ZlckliXc Zfdg\k\eZ\fek_\gXikf]_\Xck_ZXi\gifm`[\ij%J\m\iXc`ek\im`\ni\jgfe[\ekj\og\i`\eZ\[ _fdfg_fY`Xn`k_`e_\Xck_ZXi\j\kk`e^j% 8ZZflekjf]XZZ\jj`e^C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZpflk_j\im`Z\jn\i\fm\in_\cd`e^cpgfj`k`m\#Xe[jkife^cpjl^^\jk k_Xkk_\j\j\im`Z\jXi\`dgfikXek`ek\idjf]Zflek\iXZk`e^\og\i`\eZ\jf]_fdfg_fY`XXe[gifdfk`e^ gfj`k`m\d\ekXc_\Xck_% KiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\i\gfik\[jg\Z`ÔZYXii`\ijkf_\Xck_ZXi\#`eZcl[`e^[`]ÔZlckp`efYkX`e`e^k_\ `e]fidXk`fek_\pe\\[\[kfXZZ\jjXggifgi`Xk\j\im`Z\j#mXi`\[i\jgfej\j]ifd>Gj#Xe[]\XijXYflk ZfeÔ[\ek`Xc`kp%K_\ÔeXeZ`XcZfjkjXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_kiXm\cc`e^XYifX[kfXZZ\jjXggifgi`Xk\j\im`Z\j Xcjf\d\i^\[XjXj`^e`ÔZXekjfliZ\f]jki\jj% K_\C>9KgfglcXk`fe`e@i\cXe[`j[`m\ij\`ek\idjf]g\fgc\Ëj`e[`m`[lXce\\[j%Jg\Z`ÔZXi\Xji\hl`i`e^ dfi\[\m\cfg\[j\im`Z\i\jgfej\j`eZcl[\j\im`Z\j]fiC>9Kpfle^g\fgc\#jlggfikjXe[j\im`Z\j kXi^\k`e^C>9Kg\fgc\c`m`e^`eiliXc&`jfcXk\[cfZXk`fej#kiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\Xe[c\jY`Xej% “… what I did first was I went to the GP and I asked him, I told him the way I was and what I was feeling and all that, and he said ‘Right well I will try and make appointments for you to see people’. He wrote to I think a guy in [psychiatric hospital] and he said, ‘No I can’t take anymore patients, I am fully booked’. And he was the only one in the country, so like I was screwed there straight off. There was nobody to go to so I went off to the UK” (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 37). G8><23 RESILIENCE 8ck_fl^_dXepf]k_\jkl[pËjÔe[`e^jjkife^cpjl^^\jkk_XkC>9Kg\fgc\Ëjc`m\jXi\e\^fk`Xk\[le[\i mXip`e^[\^i\\jf]X[m\ij`kp#`knflc[Y\d`jkXb\ekf`ek\igi\kk_\j\X[m\ij`k`\jXjk_\fecp#fi`e[\\[ k_\[\Ôe`e^#Z_XiXZk\i`jk`Zjf]k_\c`m\jf]XccC>9Kg\fgc\%@e]XZk#hlXek`kXk`m\Ôe[`e^j]ifdk_\fe$c`e\ jlim\pYXj\[fed\Xjli\jf]jlYa\Zk`m\n\cc$Y\`e^jl^^\jkk_XkC>9Kg\fgc\`e@i\cXe[kf[XpXi\#fek_\ n_fc\#dfi\_Xggpk_Xek_\pXi\le_Xggpn`k_k_\`ic`m\j% “I am happy to conclude by saying that I am now a very content, confident, well-adjusted gay man, fully out and very happy to be gay. I have grown and thrived with the love and support of my friends and two of my sisters … being gay was never my problem but how people reacted to me being gay was certainly part of what made life very hard in the past” (Gay, Male, 35, Survey Participant). JF:@8CJFLI: Friends as a source of resilience “The more we got talking, the more it just made me feel good. It was just so much better to speak and interact with somebody who basically had the exact same experience as me. I mean they came out, they felt really bad, then they met lots of open gay people and they were, ‘You know something, it’s not so bad’. It doesn’t have to be dreadful; it can be a perfectly happy, rewarding life. And it was through, you know, speaking to her and other people in the GLB [student society] it just made me happier about myself like, it was nice to have similar-minded friends” (Lesbian, Female, 25). Jlggfik]ifd]i`\e[jnXjk_\jkife^\jk]fidf]jfZ`XcjlggfikXdfe^jkk_\jlim\pjXdgc\% =i`\e[jn\i\Xcjfk_\dfjk]i\hl\ekcpZ`k\[jfliZ\f]gfj`k`m\n\cc$Y\`e^Xdfe^`ek\im`\ni\jgfe[\ekj# gifm`[`e^X[m`Z\Xe[jlggfikXe[XZk`e^XjZfeÔ[Xekj[li`e^k`d\jf]gXik`ZlcXijki\jjfie\\[% =i`\e[j\d\i^\[Xjb\pÔ^li\j[li`e^k`d\jf]kiXej`k`fefiZ_Xe^\#gXik`ZlcXicp[li`e^k_\Zfd`e^ flkgifZ\jj% N_`c\dfjki\jgfe[\ekj_X[ÊjkiX`^_kË _\k\ifj\olXc ]i`\e[j#C>9Kg\fgc\n\i\g\iZ\`m\[kfY\dfi\ \dgXk_\k`Z#gXik`ZlcXicp`ei\cXk`fekfC>9K$jg\Z`ÔZ`jjl\j% Fm\iXcc#]i`\e[j_`gj\d\i^\[Xjb\pjfliZ\jf]i\j`c`\eZ\#_\cg`e^i\jgfe[\ekjkfZfg\n`k_ \og\i`\eZ\jk_Xk\mfb\[jX[e\jj#]\Xifi[`jki\jj% Family as a supportive environment “My Dad goes, ‘Oh he’s my son’. And at that point I realised that Dad did not have a problem like, he could say it to other people that he had no problem with that aspect of it. It meant quite a lot to me like, that he didn’t care. He said it straight away, he didn’t have to think about it or anything” (Gay, Male, 17). 8ck_fl^_dXep`ek_`jjkl[pi\gfik\[k_Xkk_\p\og\i`\eZ\[[`]ÔZlck`\j[l\kfcXZbf]]Xd`cpjlggfik# XZfej`[\iXYc\eldY\if]`ek\im`\ni\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[gfj`k`m\]Xd`cpi\cXk`fej_`gj%Fk_\ij efk\[k_Xk]Xd`cpd\dY\ij_X[Y\Zfd\dfi\XZZ\gk`e^fm\ik`d\Xe[k_\pkpg`ZXccp_`^_c`^_k\[k_\ `dgfikXeZ\f]Xjlggfik`m\]Xd`cp\em`ifed\ek% K_fj\n_f]\ckjlggfik\[Yp]Xd`cpd\dY\ijY\e\Ôk\[`enXpjk_XkXgg\Xi\[kf`dgXZkgfj`k`m\cpfe k_\`ij\ej\f]j\Zli`kpXe[n\cc$Y\`e^% =Xd`cpi\cXk`fej_`gjZ_XiXZk\i`j\[YpXZZ\gkXeZ\]fjk\i\[j\c]$ZfeÔ[\eZ\`e`e[`m`[lXcj#Xe[k_\ XY`c`kpkfY\kk\idXeX^\e\^Xk`m\\dfk`fejXe[\em`ifed\ekj% G8><24 LGBT community as a source of resilience “I went to [LGBT support group] and I did actually meet a couple of women who were married. One woman that is married, still married and identifies as gay and another woman had left her husband and she was gay. So they were in similar situations. So I figured, ‘Thank God I’m not the only one’” (Lesbian, Female, 51). K_\k_\d\jf]Zfee\Zk\[e\jj#jX]\kpXe[jfc`[Xi`kp]\Xkli\[Z\ekiXccpn`k_`ei\jgfe[\ekjËXZZflekjf] k_\Y\e\Ôkjf]gXik`Z`gXk`fe`ek_\C>9KZfddle`kp% Pfle^g\fgc\gXik`ZlcXicp\dg_Xj`j\[k_\ZfeÔ[\eZ\Xe[j\ej\f]ÊY\cfe^`e^Ëk_\p\og\i`\eZ\[ k_ifl^_k_\`igXik`Z`gXk`fe`eC>9Kpflk_^iflgj% :fekXZkn`k_fk_\iC>9Kg\fgc\Xccfn\[`e[`m`[lXcjkfj_Xi\jg\Z`ÔZXe[jfd\k`d\jZ_Xcc\e^`e^c`]\ \og\i`\eZ\j% C>9KZfddle`kpm\el\jn\i\g\iZ\`m\[XjÊjX]\jgXZ\jËk_XkXccfn\[g\fgc\kfd\\kXe[`ek\iXZk n`k_flk]\\c`e^]\Xi]lcfi`ek`d`[Xk\[% School and the work place as supportive environments 8jdXcceldY\if]pfle^g\fgc\d\ek`fe\[Xe`e[`m`[lXck\XZ_\in_fnXjgXik`ZlcXicp\dgXk_\k`Z Xe[jlggfik`m\#gifm`[`e^\m`[\eZ\f]k_\gfj`k`m\\]]\Zkjf]jZ_ffc$YXj\[X]ÔidXk`fe% Gfj`k`m\nfib\em`ifed\ekjn\i\gcXZ\jn_\i\g\fgc\]\ckmXcl\[Xe[n_\i\k_\p[`[efk\og\i`\eZ\ jki\jji\cXk\[kf_fdfg_fY`X#gi\al[`Z\fi[`jZi`d`eXk`fe% ‘BECOMING’ RESILIENT “It was really a stage of my life in my early twenties and I came through the other side. I am so glad I didn’t do anything foolish. It was totally 100% to do with me not accepting my sexuality and thinking I was some sort of freak. I think meeting other LGB people my age really helped me and I think for that to happen people need to be able to be open about themselves. I think a lot has changed even since I started college and it is increasingly better for young LGB people to come out earlier and start to develop relationships, sexual and otherwise” (Gay, Male, 28, Survey Participant). K_\i\nXjjkife^\m`[\eZ\kfjl^^\jkk_Xki\j`c`\eZ\nXjfe^f`e^Xe[\d\i^`e^iXk_\ik_Xej`dgcpX kiX`kgfjj\jj\[Ypjfd\C>9K`e[`m`[lXcjXe[efkYpfk_\ij% DXepXZZflekjn\i\jl^^\jk`m\f]XÊi\]iXd`e^Ëf]\og\i`\eZ\fm\ik`d\%@efk_\infi[j#k_\i\nXj \m`[\eZ\k_Xkjfd\i\jgfe[\ekj[\m\cfg\[e\nd\Xe`e^jXe[`ek\igi\kXk`fejn_`Z_c\[k_\d `eZi\d\ekXccpkfnXi[jXdfi\gfj`k`m\le[\ijkXe[`e^f]k_\dj\cm\jXe[f]Xjg\Zkjf]jfZ`Xc\og\i`\eZ\% J\m\iXc[i\nXkk\ek`fekfk_\`ig\ijfeXc[\m\cfgd\ekfm\ik`d\Xe[#`egXik`ZlcXi#kf\e_XeZ\[j\c]$ \jk\\dXe[]\\c`e^jf]j\c]$nfik_% 8Zfej`[\iXYc\eldY\ii\Zflek\[Êklie`e^gf`ekË\og\i`\eZ\jXe[\m\ekjk_XkXgg\Xi\[kfYfcjk\i k_\dXkjg\Z`ÔZ#Xe[jfd\k`d\jZilZ`Xc#aleZkli\j% RECOMMENDATIONS K_\Ôe[`e^jf]k_`ji\j\XiZ__`^_c`^_kk_\j`^e`ÔZXekifc\gcXp\[YpjfZ`XcXe[jkilZkliXc]XZkfij`e [\k\id`e`e^k_\d\ekXc_\Xck_f]C>9Kg\fgc\%K_\i\Zfdd\e[Xk`fejXi\k_\i\]fi\[`i\Zk\[gi`dXi`cpXk XZ_`\m`e^jfZ`XcXe[`ejk`klk`feXcZ_Xe^\XjXd\Xejf]kXZbc`e^C>9Kd`efi`kpjki\jj%N_`c\i\Zf^e`j`e^ k_\e\\[]fikiXej]fidXk`fef]k_fj\gfc`k`ZXc#jfZ`Xc#Xe[ZlckliXcjkilZkli\jXe[`[\fcf^`\jk_Xk le[\ic`\C>9Kd`efi`kpjki\jj#n\Xcjf`[\ek`]pXeldY\if]Xi\XjfijgXZ\jk_Xkf]]\ijZfg\]figfj`k`m\ `ek\im\ek`fefiZ_Xe^\#Xkk_\g\ijfeXcXe[`ek\ig\ijfeXcc\m\cj% G8><25 C>9K?<8CK?8E;D Health/Mental health policy C>9Kd\ekXc_\Xck_i\cXk\[gfc`Z`\jXe[gif^iXdd\jj_flc[Xmf`[i\gi\j\ek`e^C>9Kg\fgc\#XjX n_fc\#XjY\`e^Xki`jb]figffid\ekXc_\Xck_fijl`Z`[Xc`kp%8kk_\jXd\k`d\#k_\pj_flc[i\Zf^e`j\ k_XkXj`^e`ÔZXekgifgfik`fef]k_\C>9KgfglcXk`fe#gXik`ZlcXicppfle^C>9Kg\fgc\#Xi\mlce\iXYc\kf gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc[`jki\jj#jl`Z`[XcY\_Xm`fliXe[j\c]$_Xidi\cXk\[kfk_\`i\og\i`\eZ\f]d`efi`kpjki\jj% K_\;\gXikd\ekf]?\Xck_Xe[:_`c[i\eXe[k_\?\Xck_J\im`Z\ Health professionals K_\?J<j_flc[jg\Z`ÔZXccpkXi^\k_\Xck_gif]\jj`feXcj \%^%>Gj#8 <[fZkfijXe[elij\j#Xe[_fjg`kXc c`X`jfegjpZ_`Xki`jkj kf`eZi\Xj\k_\`ile[\ijkXe[`e^f]C>9K`[\ek`kpXjXgfk\ek`Xci`jb]XZkfi]fij\c]$ _Xid#jl`Z`[XcY\_Xm`fliXe[[\gi\jj`fe% :lckliXcZfdg\k\eZpkiX`e`e^jg\Z`ÔZkfC>9KgfglcXk`fejj_flc[Y\XjkXe[Xi[Zfdgfe\ekf]Xcc _\Xck_gif]\jj`feXckiX`e`e^Zlii`ZlcXXe[Y\dX[\XmX`cXYc\kfk_\_\Xck_ZXi\nfib]fiZ\k_ifl^_ Zfek`el`e^\[lZXk`fe`ejk`klk\j&`e`k`Xk`m\jfifk_\iXggifgi`Xk\d\Z_Xe`jdj%K_\?J<j_flc[Xcjf \ejli\k_Xkj`d`cXikiX`e`e^`jgifm`[\[kf`kjjkX]]%K_`jkiX`e`e^j_flc[gXpgXik`ZlcXiXkk\ek`fekf1 ■ K_\jg\Z`ÔZ_\Xck_e\\[jf]C>9Kg\fgc\% ■ K_\Xjjldgk`fek_XkXccZc`\ekjXi\_\k\ifj\olXc _\k\ifefidXk`m`kp % ■ I\jgfe[`e^kf`e[`m`[lXcjn_f[`jZcfj\C>9K`[\ek`kp% G8><26 ■ K_\Zfd`e^flkgifZ\jjXe[`kjgfk\ek`Xc`dgXZkfe_\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^% ■ K_\`dgXZkf]jk`^dXXe[[`jZi`d`eXk`fefek_\c`m\jXe[d\ekXc_\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^ f]C>9Kg\fgc\% ■ :feZ\iejk_XkC>9Kg\fgc\dXp_Xm\`ei\cXk`fekfZfeÔ[\ek`Xc`kp% ■ >l`[\c`e\j]fiC>9K$`eZclj`m\giXZk`Z\% Gif]\jj`feXcYf[`\jXe[kiX`e`e^`ejk`klk`fejj_flc[gifm`[\Xggifgi`Xk\kiX`e`e^fek_\jkXe[Xi[jf] ZXi\i\hl`i\[#Xe[fe`jjl\jZfeZ\ie`e^XZZ\jjkf_\Xck_j\im`Z\j#]fikiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\% Programme/Service development and delivery I\c\mXekgXike\ij#`eZcl[`e^k_\?J<Xe[EFJG#j_flc[]lik_\ii\jfliZ\C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZ^iflgjXe[ fi^Xe`jXk`fejeXk`feXccpkf\e^X^\`ed\ekXc_\Xck_gifdfk`feXe[jl`Z`[\gi\m\ek`fenfib% K_\?J<j_flc[jlggfik]ifek$c`e\i\jgfej\j#`egXik`ZlcXik_\mfclekXipC>9K_\cgc`e\jk_ifl^_flk k_\Zflekip#kfY\]lccpi\jfliZ\[kfZXiipflkd\ekXc_\Xck_gifdfk`feXe[jl`Z`[\gi\m\ek`fenfib% C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZj\im`Z\j#gXik`ZlcXicpk_fj\kXi^\k`e^pfle^C>9Kg\fgc\#e\\[kfY\i\jfliZ\[kfgifm`[\ gif^iXdd\jX`d\[XkkiXej]fid`e^`ek\ieXc`j\[_fdfg_fY`XXe[Yl`c[`e^`e[`m`[lXcjki\e^k_j% K_\?J<j_flc[i\jfliZ\C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZj\im`Z\jkf[\m\cfggif^iXdd\jk_XkXi\Xggifgi`Xk\kfk_\ e\\[jf]fc[\iC>9Kg\fgc\% K_\?J<j_flc[i\jfliZ\C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZj\im`Z\jkf[\m\cfggif^iXdd\jk_XkXi\Xggifgi`Xk\kfk_\ e\\[jf]C>9Kg\fgc\c`m`e^`eiliXcXi\Xj% C>9KPFLE>G LGBT young people and education K_\;\gXikd\ekf]<[lZXk`feXe[JZ`\eZ\j_flc[gifm`[\X[\[`ZXk\[jlggfikj\im`Z\kfjZ_ffcjXe[ k_\\[lZXk`fegXike\ij \%^%@ejk`klk\f]>l`[XeZ\:flej\ccfij fe`jjl\ji\cXk\[kfj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe 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Identifying sample populations: >`m\ek_\cfn\igi\mXc\eZ\f]jXd\$j\ofi`\ekXk`feXe[kiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp`ek_\^\e\iXcgfglcXk`fe# m\ipcXi^\jXdgc\jXi\i\hl`i\[]figfglcXk`fe$YXj\[jkl[`\jkfp`\c[k_\eldY\ijf]j\olXcd`efi`kp g\fgc\jl`kXYc\]fiXeXcpj`jf]gi\[`Zk`m\i`jb]XZkfij]fijl`Z`[\%(K`d\Xe[Yl[^\kXipZfejkiX`ekj[`[ efkg\id`kk_\^\e\iXk`fef]XcXi^\$jZXc\i\gi\j\ekXk`m\jXdgc\f]C>9Kg\fgc\`ek_\Zfek\okf]k_\ Zlii\ekjkl[p% 2. Measuring/assessing suicide risk: K_\d\Xjli\d\ekfiXjj\jjd\ekf]jl`Z`[\i`jb`jefkfi`fljcp]iXl^_kXe[`jZfeZ\gklXc`j\[[`]]\i\ekcp XZifjj\o`jk`e^jkl[`\j%DfjkXmX`cXYc\jkl[`\jXi\YXj\[fedlck`gc\j\c]$i\gfik\[`e[`ZXkfijf] jl`Z`[Xc`kp#`eZcl[`e^jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj#`ek\ekXe[gcXej#Xjn\ccXjk_\eldY\iXe[j\m\i`kpf]XZklXc jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkj Iljj\cc#)''* % 3. LGBT and suicide research in Ireland: Kfflibefnc\[^\#efglYc`j_\[i\j\XiZ__Xjjg\Z`ÔZXccp`em\jk`^Xk\[jl`Z`[\i`jbXdfe^C>9Kg\fgc\ `ek_\I\glYc`Zf]@i\cXe[%K_`jcfnYXj\f]gi\m`fljbefnc\[^\jl^^\jk\[k_XkXe\ogcfiXkfipXggifXZ_ nflc[Y\Y\jkjl`k\[kf\jkXYc`j_`e^Xi\c`XYc\YXj\c`e\g`Zkli\%Fg\iXk`e^n`k_`en_Xkk_\p[\jZi`Y\[ XjXÊm`iklXci\j\XiZ_mXZlldË#?lYYXi[ Ifjj`e^kfe (00,1)' j`d`cXicpX[fgk\[Xd`o\[$d\k_f[ \ogcfiXkfipXggifXZ_n_\ei\j\XiZ_`e^k_\_flj`e^Xe[jlggfike\\[jf]c\jY`XejXe[^Xpd\e`ek_\LB% 4. 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i\j\XiZ__Xj[\dfejkiXk\[k_XkjlZ_`ek\im`\njZXeY\XZXk_Xik`Zfigj\l[f$k_\iXg\lk`Z\og\i`\eZ\]figXik`Z`gXekj Cfn\j >`cc#)''-2 Dfi\Zif]k\kXc%#)''+ %8jCfn\j >`cc )''-1,0+ glk`k1Ê@knflc[Xgg\Xik_Xkgifm`[`e^Xefe$al[^\d\ekXcXe[ZfeÔ[\ek`Xc\em`ifed\ek# n_\i\gXik`Z`gXekjZXekXcbXYflkk_\`i\og\i`\eZ\j`eXefg\eXe[le_lii`\[dXee\in`k_jfd\fe\n_f`j^\el`e\cp`ek\i\jk\[`en_Xk k_\p_Xm\kfjXp#ZXeY\f]dlklXcY\e\Ôkkfi\j\XiZ_\ijXe[gXik`Z`gXekjË% G8><46 CHAPTER 3 RESPONDENT PROFILES G8><48:?8GK RESPONDENT PROFILES K_`jZ_Xgk\igifm`[\jXefm\im`\nf]Yfk_k_\hlXek`kXk`m\Xe[hlXc`kXk`m\jXdgc\jfen_`Z_k_`j i\j\XiZ_i\gfik`jYXj\[%;\df^iXg_`Z[\kX`cjf]k_fj\n_fgXik`Z`gXk\[`e`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\njXi\ gifm`[\[Ôijk#]fccfn\[YpXefm\im`\nf]k_\i\jgfe[\ekgifÔc\f]fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj#YXj\[fe [XkX^Xk_\i\[[li`e^Xk_i\\dfek_g\i`f[jgXee`e^Efm\dY\i)''.k_ifl^_AXelXipf])''/% @E$; ?Xc]f]k_\hlXc`kXk`m\jXdgc\n\i\dXc\ e4)' #Xccf]n_fd`[\ek`Ô\[Xj^Xp%Aljkfm\iknf$Ô]k_j f]k_\`ek\im`\n\\j e4(- `[\ek`Ô\[Xj]\dXc\#k_\mXjkdXafi`kpf]n_fd e4(+ j\c]$`[\ek`Ô\[Xj c\jY`Xe#Xe[knff]n_fd`[\ek`Ô\[XjY`j\olXc%KiXej^\e[\igXik`Z`gXekjZfejk`klk\[(' f]k_\jXdgc\ e4+ #fe\f]n_fd`[\ek`Ô\[XjÊ]\dXc\$kf$dXc\ËXe[k_i\\XjÊdXc\$kf$]\dXc\ËkiXej^\e[\i%Knf kiXej^\e[\igXik`Z`gXekj`[\ek`Ô\[Xj_\k\ifj\olXc#fe\Xjc\jY`Xe#Xe[fe\[`[efk`[\ek`]pn`k_Xepf] k_\j\ZfddfecpXjZi`Y\[ZXk\^fi`\jf]j\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe% LiYXegXik`Z`gXekjdX[\lgk_i\\hlXik\ijf]k_\fm\iXcchlXc`kXk`m\jXdgc\ e4*' #n_`c\k_\i\dX`e[\i n\i\c`m`e^`eiliXc e40 fij\d`$iliXcj\kk`e^j e4( %8_`^_\igifgfik`fef]k_\jXdgc\#_fn\m\i +' #_X[^ifnelg`eXiliXcj\kk`e^% FE$C@E<JLIM 9Kg\fgc\c`m`e^`e@i\cXe[#fin_f_X[gi\m`fljcp[fe\jf%8kfkXcf](#(('Zfdgc\k\[jlim\pjn\i\ `eZcl[\[`ek_\ÔeXc[XkXj\k#i\gi\j\ek`e^XZfdgc\k`feiXk\f]fm\i/'g\iZ\ek%(N_`c\`k`jefkgfjj`Yc\ kf[\k\id`e\Xi\jgfej\iXk\#`ec`^_kf]k_\eXkli\f]k_\fe$c`e\i\Zil`kd\ekjkiXk\^p#`kZXeY\jX`[ k_Xkk_`jZfejk`klk\jXm\ipcXi^\jXdgc\f]C>9Kg\fgc\#\eXYc`e^Xe\ogXej`m\m`\nf]k_\c`m\jf]C>9K g\fgc\`e@i\cXe[%E\m\ik_\c\jj#`k`jefkgfjj`Yc\kf[\k\id`e\k_\i\gi\j\ekXk`m\e\jjfifk_\in`j\f]k_\ jXdgc\#^`m\ek_\cXZbf]Z\ejlj[XkXfek_\C>9KgfglcXk`fe`e@i\cXe[%K_\]XZkk_XkgXik`Z`gXk`fe`ek_\ jlim\pnXjc`d`k\[kfk_fj\n`k_`ek\ie\kXZZ\jj#Xe[k_XkgXik`Z`gXekjn\i\i\Zil`k\[gi`dXi`cpk_ifl^_ C>9Km\el\j#n\Y$j`k\jXe[^iflgj#d\Xejk_Xkk_\g\ijg\Zk`m\jf]k_fj\n_f\og\i`\eZ\jXd\$j\o XkkiXZk`feYlkn_f[feËk`[\ek`]pXjC>9K]fi\oXdgc\#fik_fj\n_f[fefk_Xm\`ek\ie\kXZZ\jj#fi[f efkXkk\e[C>9Km\el\jXi\#`eXccc`b\c`_ff[#le[\ii\gi\j\ek\[%K_\j\c`d`kXk`fejXi\X[[i\jj\[dfi\ ]lccp`ek_\ZfeZclj`fekfk_`jZ_Xgk\iXe[`e:_Xgk\i/% Age Fe$c`e\jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekjiXe^\[`eX^\]ifd(+kf.*p\Xijn`k_Xd\Xe Xm\iX^\ X^\f]*'%,p\Xij Xe[XjkXe[Xi[[\m`Xk`fe _\i\X]k\ij%[% f]0%0*% (Jlim\pjn\i\[\\d\[`emXc`[Xe[\oZcl[\[]ifdk_\ÔeXc[XkXj\k`]k_\pn\i\`eZfdgc\k\#i\gc`ZXk\[#fi`]k_\i\jgfe[\ek`e[`ZXk\[k_Xk k_\p_X[e\m\ic`m\[`e@i\cXe[% G8><49:?8GK Table 3.1: Respondents’ age: survey sample Age n% Le[\i)'p\Xij ()+ (( )'Æ)0pij +.. +* *'Æ*0pij *'' ). +'Æ+0pij (,) (+ ,'Æ,0pij ++ + -'pijXe[XYfm\ (* ( KfkXc (((' ('' Residence Fm\i0' f]jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekj e4('(( n\i\i\j`[\ek`ek_\I\glYc`Zf]@i\cXe[Xkk_\k`d\f] Zfdgc\k`e^k_\jlim\p%8]XijdXcc\igifgfik`fe + #e4,' n\i\c`m`e^`eEfik_\ie@i\cXe[#Xe[X j`d`cXicpjdXccg\iZ\ekX^\ Xccf]n_fd_X[gi\m`fljcpc`m\[`e@i\cXe[ n\i\c`m`e^XYifX[Xkk_\k`d\f] Zfdgc\k`e^k_\jlim\p%)Fm\i_Xc]f]k_\jXdgc\ e4,0, c`m\[`e;lYc`e#n_`c\Xj`^e`ÔZXekgifgfik`fe c`m\[`ejfd\f]k_\fk_\idfi\[\ej\cpgfglcXk\[Zflek`\jf]:fib 0 #e4('( #>XcnXp - #e4-+ # C`d\i`Zb *%) #e4*, #B`c[Xi\ )%. #e4*' Xe[N`Zbcfn ) #e4)* %C>9Kg\fgc\]ifdXccZflek`\jfe k_\`jcXe[f]@i\cXe[#n`k_k_\\oZ\gk`fef]DfeX^_Xe#n\i\i\gi\j\ek\[`ek_\jkl[p#XcY\`kkfmXip`e^ [\^i\\j%K_fj\c`m`e^`eiliXcXi\XjdX[\lgaljkle[\iXÔ]k_f]k_\fm\iXccjXdgc\ e4(0- %8cdfjk k_i\\hlXik\ijf]Xcci\jgfe[\ekjn\i\c`m`e^`eliYXefijlYliYXej\kk`e^j#n`k_aljkfm\i_Xc]f]Xcc i\jgfe[\ekj e4,./ `e[`ZXk`e^k_Xkk_\pc`m\[`ecXi^\Z`k`\j%8cdfjk(* e4(+) c`m\[`ekfnejn`k_ ,'''g\fgc\fidfi\#n_`c\X]lik_\i(( c`m\[`ejdXcckfnej e4+) fim`ccX^\j e4/' % )K_\le[\i$i\gi\j\ekXk`fef]gXik`Z`gXekj]ifdEfik_\ie@i\cXe[`jdfjkc`b\cp[l\kfk_\]XZkk_Xkgifdfk`feXc\]]fikjn\i\ZfeÔe\[kf k_\I\glYc`Zf]@i\cXe[#Xjk_`jnXjk_\]fZljXe[i\d`kf]k_\jkl[p% G8><50:?8GK Nationality K_\mXjkdXafi`kpf]i\jgfe[\ekj /- #e40,/ `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\`igi`dXipeXk`feXc`kpnXj@i`j_%8 ]lik_\i, e4-' jkXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\9i`k`j_%KXYc\*%)gifm`[\jXdfi\Zfdgc\k\Yi\Xb[fnef]k_\ jXdgc\Ypgi`dXipeXk`feXc`kp% Table 3.2: Respondents’ primary nationality: survey sample EXk`feXc`kp e @i\cXe[ 0,/ /-%* 9i`kX`e&Le`k\[B`e^[fd -' ,%+ Efik_\ie@i\cXe[ 0 '%/ =iXeZ\ 0 '%/ Le`k\[JkXk\j&8d\i`ZX / '%. >\idXep . '%- GfcXe[ + '%+ JgX`e + '%+ 8ljkiXc`X * '%* E\nQ\XcXe[ * '%* ?fccXe[ ) '%) Gfikl^Xc ) '%) Jn\[\e ) '%) =`ecXe[ ) '%) @jiX\c ) '%) Fk_\i () (%( Efkjg\Z`Ô\[ )* )%( KfkXc (((' ('' Gender identity Nfd\en\i\le[\ii\gi\j\ek\[`ek_\jlim\pjXdgc\i\cXk`m\kfd\e%8cdfjkknf$k_`i[jf]k_\jXdgc\ -+ #e4.'. n\i\dXc\#n_`c\*+ e4*.. n\i\]\dXc\%K_\i\dX`e`e^) `[\ek`Ô\[XjÊjfd\k_`e^ \cj\Ë#gi`dXi`cpXjÊKiXej^\e[\iËfiÊ>\e[\iHl\\i%Ë =flig\iZ\ekf]k_\fm\iXccjXdgc\`[\ek`Ô\[XjKiXej^\e[\i e4+- #XdXafi`kpf]n_fd e4)+ [\jZi`Y\[k_\dj\cm\jXjÊdXc\$kf$]\dXc\%Ë8jdXcceldY\if]KiXej^\e[\ii\jgfe[\ekj e4, [\jZi`Y\[ k_\dj\cm\jXjÊ]\dXc\$kf$dXc\%ËK_\^\e[\i$i\cXk\[ZXk\^fi`\j#fik\idjn`k_n_`Z_k_\i\dX`e[\if] kiXej^\e[\ii\jgfe[\ekj`[\ek`Ô\[#Xi\gi\j\ek\[`eKXYc\*%*% G8><51:?8GK KXYc\*%*1KiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`ÔZXk`fej1jlim\pjXdgc\ KiXej^\e[\i@[\ek`ÔZXk`fe e DXc\$kf$=\dXc\ )+ ,)%) =\dXc\$kf$DXc\ , ('%/ Jfd\k_`e^ J\c]$`[\ek`ÔZXk`fej¿ e 8e[if^peflj ) 9`$>\e[\i * >\e[\ihl\\i * ;`]]\i\ekcp^\e[\i\[ ( @e$Y\kn\\e ( DXc\Xe[]\dXc\ ( =\dXc\$kf$dXc\`]Yfo\[ ( Dpj\c] ( Gfjk$Fg ( Jfd\k_`e^\cj\ ) Jfd\n_\i\Y\kn\\edXc\Xe[]\dXc\ ( KfkXc (. Sexual orientation K_\i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\ej\olXc`[\ek`kp#XkkiXZk`feXe[\og\i`\eZ\`jZfdgc\o ?`cc`\i\kXc#)'', %GlYc`Z _\Xck_i\j\XiZ_`egXik`ZlcXi_Xj_`^_c`^_k\[k_\\ok\ekkfn_`Z_efkXccd\eXe[nfd\en_f_Xm\j\o n`k_g\fgc\f]k_\jXd\^\e[\ij\c]$`[\ek`]pXj^Xpfic\jY`Xe2_\eZ\k_\ZfddfeljX^\f]k\idjjlZ_ XjÈd\en_f_Xm\j\on`k_d\eÉXe[Ènfd\en_f_Xm\j\on`k_nfd\eÉ`eglYc`Z_\Xck_[`jZflij\ `Y`[ %K_\Zlii\ekjlim\plj\[XeldY\if]`e[`ZXkfijf]j\olXcd`efi`kp`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe`eZcl[`e^1j\olXc Y\_Xm`fli&\og\i`\eZ\#j\olXcXkkiXZk`feXe[j\c]$`[\ek`ÔZXk`feXjC>9% Aljkfm\i]fli$Ô]k_jf]k_\fm\iXccjXdgc\j\c]$`[\ek`Ô\[Xj^Xpfic\jY`Xe j\\KXYc\*%+ %Aljkfm\ife\$k\ek_ `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\Y`j\olXc%K_i\\g\iZ\ekf]i\jgfe[\ekj`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\hl\jk`fe`e^ filejli\f]k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe#n_`c\c\jjk_Xe( f]k_\jXdgc\`[\ek`Ô\[Xj_\k\ifj\olXc%K_\ i\dX`e`e^+ #dXepf]n_fdXcjf`[\ek`Ô\[XjkiXej^\e[\i#lj\[XiXe^\f]fk_\ik\idjkf[\jZi`Y\k_\`i j\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe#`eZcl[`e^1ÊgXej\olXcËÊgfcpj\olXc2Ê[pb\Ë2Êhl\\i#ËÊj\olXc#ËXe[ÊY`j\olXckiXejm\jk`k\#Ë n_`c\fk_\ij`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pgi\]\ii\[efkkflj\#fiY\`[\ek`Ô\[#n`k_cXY\cj% KXYc\*%+1I\jgfe[\ekgifÔc\Ypj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe1jlim\pjXdgc\ J\olXcFi`\ekXk`fe e >Xp&C\jY`Xe 0') /(%* 9`j\olXc ()+ ((%) Hl\jk`fe`e^&EfkJli\ *, *%) ?\k\ifj\olXc 0%/ Jfd\k_`e^\cj\ +' *%- KfkXc (((' ('' G8><52:?8GK 8Ô]k_f]Xcc]\dXc\i\jgfe[\ekj e4.+ `[\ek`Ô\[XjY`j\olXcZfdgXi\[n`k_aljk- f]dXc\ i\jgfe[\ekj e4+, %@eXcc#.( f]]\dXc\i\jgfe[\ekj e4).' #ZfdgXi\[n`k_// f]d\e e4-), # `[\ek`Ô\[n`k_k_\k\idjÊ^Xpfic\jY`Xe%Ë Aljkfm\iXÔ]k_f]k_fj\n_f`[\ek`Ô\[XjkiXej^\e[\ii\gfik\[X^Xpfic\jY`Xej\olXc`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe J\\KXYc\*%, %8_`^_\igifgfik`fe *. `[\ek`Ô\[XjY`j\olXcn_`c\XjdXcceldY\i`[\ek`Ô\[Xj _\k\ifj\olXcfiXjhl\jk`fe`e^%8jefk\[gi\m`fljcp#Xj`^e`ÔZXekd`efi`kpf]kiXej^\e[\i`e[`m`[lXcj *' `[\ek`Ô\[n`k_cXY\cjfk_\ik_Xek_\j\ZfddfecpXjZi`Y\[cXY\cjf]j\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe% Table 3.5: Sexual orientation of transgender respondents: survey sample J\olXcFi`\ekXk`fe e >Xp&C\jY`Xe (' )(%. 9`j\olXc (. *. Hl\jk`fe`e^&EfkJli\ ) +%* ?\k\ifj\olXc * -%, Jfd\k_`e^ Sexual attraction K_\gXkk\ief]j\c]$i\gfik\[j\olXcXkkiXZk`fenXjXcjf^\e[\i\[#n`k_nfd\eY\`e^dfi\c`b\cpk_Xe d\ekfi\gfikY\`e^j\olXccpXkkiXZk\[kfYfk_j\o\j%Kn\ekp$j`og\iZ\ekf]]\dXc\j e4.) #ZfdgXi\[ n`k_]\n\ik_Xe0 f]dXc\j e4++ #`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\j\olXccpXkkiXZk\[kfYfk_dXc\jXe[ ]\dXc\j%J`d`cXicp#nfd\ei\gfik\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\c\jjc`b\cpkfY\\oZclj`m\cpXkkiXZk\[kfk_\jXd\j\o .( f]]\dXc\jXjZfdgXi\[n`k_0' f]dXc\j %K_lj#k_\i\nXjX_`^_[\^i\\f]Zfej`jk\eZpY\kn\\e j\c]$i\gfik\[j\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[XkkiXZk`fe% Sexual experience K_\gXkk\iejf]j\olXc\og\i`\eZ\YifX[cp]fccfnk_fj\f]j\olXcXkkiXZk`feXe[j\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe%* K_\mXjkdXafi`kpf]nfd\en_f`[\ek`Ô\[Xj^Xpfic\jY`Xe_X[gi\m`fljj\olXc\og\i`\eZ\jn`k_ nfd\e 0, #e4),, 2j`d`cXicp#Xdfe^jkj\c]$`[\ek`Ô\[^Xpd\e#k_\g\iZ\ekX^\i\gfik`e^gi`fij\olXc \og\i`\eZ\n`k_d\enXj0- e4-'* %8cdfjk/' f]nfd\e e4,. #Xe[Xj`d`cXigifgfik`fef]d\e e4*- n_f`[\ek`Ô\[XjY`j\olXc#_X[_X[gi`fij\olXc\og\i`\eZ\jn`k_Yfk_d\eXe[nfd\e% LGBT awareness and disclosure K_\fm\in_\cd`e^dXafi`kpf]i\jgfe[\ekj 0- #e4('-* n\i\ÊflkËkfXkc\Xjkfe\fk_\ig\ijfe`e k_\`ic`m\j%K_\Xm\iX^\X^\Xkn_`Z_gXik`Z`gXekjÔijkY\ZXd\XnXi\f]k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[& fikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kpnXj(+%*+p\Xij j%[%4,%- #n`k_dfjki\jgfe[\ekj`e[`ZXk`e^k_Xkk_\pn\i\() n_\ek_\pÔijkY\ZXd\XnXi\f]k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`kp%K_\Xm\iX^\X^\Xkn_`Z_i\jgfe[\ekjÔijk[`jZcfj\[ k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fenXj)(p\Xij j%[%4.%'0 #n`k_dfjki\jgfe[\ekjZfd`e^flkXkk_\X^\f](.% Comfort with sexual orientation/transgender identity Fm\i]fliÔ]k_jf]jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj /( #e40'+ `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\\`k_\iÊZfd]fikXYc\Ë e4**, fiÊm\ipZfd]fikXYc\Ë e4,-0 n`k_k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe#n`k_c\jjk_Xe. \ogi\jj`e^ [`jZfd]fik`ei\cXk`fekfk_\`ij\olXc`kp%K_\i\dX`e`e^(( e4(), `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\Êe\`k_\i Zfd]fikXYc\efileZfd]fikXYc\Ën`k_`k% *J\olXc\og\i`\eZ\nXj[\Ôe\[Xj_Xm`e^È^`m\eXe[&fii\Z\`m\[fiXc#XeXcfimX^`eXcj\oÉ% G8><53:?8GK J`okp$fe\g\iZ\ek e4)/ f]k_fj\`[\ek`]p`e^XjKiXej^\e[\ii\gfik\[]\\c`e^\`k_\iÊm\ipZfd]fikXYc\Ë fiÊZfd]fikXYc\Ën`k_k_\`ikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp#n_\i\Xj(. e4/ i\gfik\[]\\c`e^ÊleZfd]fikXYc\Ëfi Êm\ipleZfd]fikXYc\ËXYflkk_\`ikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe%K_\i\dX`e`e^)* e4(' `e[`ZXk\[k_Xk k_\p]\ckÊe\`k_\iZfd]fikXYc\efileZfd]fikXYc\ËXYflkk_\`ikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp% Living arrangements GXik`Z`gXekj`ek_\jlim\pn\i\Xjb\[kf[\jZi`Y\k_\`ic`m`e^XiiXe^\d\ekjXe[i\gfik\[X[`m\ij\iXe^\ f]_fd\j`klXk`fej j\\KXYc\*%- %8cdfjkXhlXik\if]i\jgfe[\ekjn\i\c`m`e^n`k_gXi\ekj&^lXi[`Xej% Aljkfm\iXhlXik\if]i\jgfe[\ekjn\i\c`m`e^n`k_XgXike\in_\ek_\pkffbgXik`ek_\jlim\p#`edfjk ZXj\j#n`k_flkZ_`c[i\e%Aljkle[\iXhlXik\in\i\c`m`e^n`k_]i`\e[jfi`eX_flj\j_Xi\XiiXe^\d\ek% 8cdfjkXÔ]k_n\i\c`m`e^Ypk_\dj\cm\j%8jdXccgifgfik`fef]i\jgfe[\ekj (%/ n\i\c`m`e^Xcfe\#Xj j`e^c\gXi\ekj#n`k_Z_`c[i\e% K_\mXjkdXafi`kpf]i\jgfe[\ekj fm\i0' [`[efk_Xm\Z_`c[i\e%8cdfjk/ f]k_\jXdgc\n\i\ Y`fcf^`ZXcgXi\ekj#Xe[X]lik_\i( n\i\efe$Y`fcf^`ZXcgXi\ekj%C\jjk_Xe( f]k_\jXdgc\n\i\ X[fgk`m\fi]fjk\igXi\ekj%8jdXccgifgfik`fe )%+ f]jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekjn\i\ÊZf$gXi\ekjË%+ KXYc\*%-1C`m`e^XiiXe^\d\ekj1jlim\pjXdgc\ C`m`e^8iiXe^\d\ek e N`k_]i`\e[ j fi_flj\j_Xi\ )0- )-%. N`k_gXi\ek j &^lXi[`Xej ),/ )*%) N`k_gXike\i n`k_flkZ_`c[i\e ),) ))%. 8cfe\ n`k_flkZ_`c[i\e (0/ (.%/ N`k_gXike\i n`k_Z_`c[i\e +, +%' 8cfe\ n`k_Z_`c[i\e )' (%/ Jfd\k_`e^\cj\ +( *%. KfkXc (((' ('' Relationship status Aljkle[\i+' f]k_\jXdgc\ e4+*0 n\i\`eXjk\X[pfiZfdd`kk\[i\cXk`fej_`gXkk_\k`d\f] Zfdgc\k`e^k_\jlim\p%8]lik_\i(. e4(0) jkXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\j\\`e^jfd\fe\Ylk[`[efk Zfej`[\ik_\i\cXk`fej_`gkfY\j\i`flj# fin\i\[Xk`e^[`]]\i\ekg\fgc\ #n_`c\X]lik_\i*/ e4+(0 `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\j`e^c\Xe[efk[Xk`e^fij\\`e^Xepfe\Xkk_\k`d\%, Educational attainment 8jj_fne`e=`^li\*%(#c\jjk_Xe( f]k_\jXdgc\_X[Y\\e\[lZXk\[kfgi`dXipc\m\cfiY\cfn%Kn\ekp$ j\m\eg\iZ\ekf]k_\jXdgc\_X[Y\\e\[lZXk\[kfj\Zfe[Xipc\m\c2k_\i\dX`e`e^.' _X[Zfdgc\k\[ k_\`i\[lZXk`fen`k_Xk_`i[c\m\chlXc`ÔZXk`fe#k_i\\hlXik\ijf]n_fd_X[fYkX`e\[Xkc\XjkXgi`dXip [\^i\\#jl^^\jk`e^k_Xk\[lZXk`feXcXkkX`ed\ekc\m\cj]fik_\jXdgc\XjXn_fc\Xi\m\ip_`^_% +K_\fe$c`e\jlim\p[\Ôe\[Zf$gXi\ek`e^XjXeXiiXe^\d\ek`emfcm`e^k\Xd`e^lgn`k_fk_\i j kfj_Xi\gXi\ek`e^i\jgfej`Y`c`k`\jflkj`[\ f]XifdXek`Zfij\olXci\cXk`fej_`g% ,K_\i\dX`e[\if]i\jgfe[\ekj[\jZi`Y\[XiXe^\f]X[[`k`feXci\cXk`fej_`gjZ\eXi`fj#jlZ_XjY\`e^`eXcfe^k\id#Zfdd`kk\[Xe[fg\e i\cXk`fej_`g#Y\`e^`eX_\k\ifj\olXcdXii`X^\Ylkj\\`e^XjXd\$j\ocfm\i#Y\`e^`eXjXd\$j\odXii`X^\fiZ`m`cgXike\ij_`g#fiY\`e^ \e^X^\[kffe\ËjjXd\$j\ogXike\i% G8><54:?8GK =`^li\*%(1?`^_\jk\[lZXk`feXcc\m\cXkkX`e\[1jlim\pjXdgc\ 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Primary Lower Upper Third level Third level Not stated (inc. no secondary secondary non-degree degree or formal ed.) higher Level Principal status =`^li\*%)#n_`Z_gi\j\ekjk_\\dgcfpd\ek&gi`eZ`gXcjkXkljf]i\jgfe[\ekj#`e[`ZXk\jk_XkXcdfjkknf k_`i[jf]gXik`Z`gXekj e4.)' n\i\\dgcfp\[Xkk_\k`d\f]Zfdgc\k`e^k_\jlim\p#k_\mXjkdXafi`kpf] n_fd e4-/* n\i\\dgcfp\[`eX]lcc$k`d\ZXgXZ`kp%8cdfjkXhlXik\if]i\jgfe[\ekjn\i\\eifcc\[ `eZfcc\^\file`m\ij`kp e4)+. #Xe[X]lik_\i(%+ e4(, n\i\\eifcc\[`e]lik_\i\[lZXk`fe%=\n\i k_Xe, f]k_\jXdgc\n\i\\eifcc\[`ejZ_ffc e4,( #i\Õ\Zk`e^Xele[\i$i\gi\j\ekXk`fef](+$(/p\Xi fc[j`ek_\jXdgc\%-Aljkle[\ife\g\iZ\ekf]k_\jXdgc\ e4(' n\i\i\k`i\[#i\Õ\Zk`e^k_\le[\i$ i\gi\j\ekXk`fef]fm\i-,j`ek_\jXdgc\%=`m\`e[`m`[lXcj`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\cffb`e^X]k\i_fd\& ]Xd`cpXjk_\`igi`dXipi\jgfej`Y`c`kpXe[aljkfm\i( `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\leXYc\kfnfib[l\kf j`Zbe\jj&[`jXY`c`kp%K_\i\dX`e[\i[`[efkjkXk\k_\`igi`eZ`gXcjkXkljfi`e[`ZXk\[XiXe^\f]fk_\i^X`e]lc XZk`m`k`\j`en_`Z_k_\pn\i\`emfcm\[% =`^li\*%)1Gi`eZ`gXcjkXkljf]i\jgfe[\ekj1jlim\pjXdgc\ 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Employed Enrolled in Enrolled Looking after Retired Unable to Unemployed full or college/further ed. in school home family work part-time (sickness/dis) -=fii\Xjfeji\cXk`e^kf\k_`ZXc^l`[\c`e\jfe`e]fid\[Zfej\ek#fecpk_fj\X^\[(+Xe[XYfm\n\i\g\id`kk\[kfZfdgc\k\k_\jlim\p% G8><55:?8GK CONCLUSION K_`jZ_Xgk\i_Xjgifm`[\[Xefm\im`\nf][\df^iXg_`Zj]fiYfk_k_\hlXek`kXk`m\Xe[hlXc`kXk`m\ jXdgc\j`ek_\jkl[p%9fk_jXdgc\jn\i\YifX[cpj`d`cXiXcfe^XiXe^\f]`e[`ZXkfij#`eZcl[`e^X^\#k_\ i\gi\j\ekXk`fef]pfle^g\fgc\#Xe[k_\gifgfik`fef]i\jgfe[\ekjc`m`e^`eiliXcm\ijljliYXej\kk`e^j% 9\ZXlj\`ek\ie\kjlim\pjXi\gife\kfjXdgc`e^Y`XjXe[i\[lZ\[i\j\XiZ_\iZfekifcfm\ik_\gXik`Z`gXek i\Zil`kd\ekXe[i\jgfej\gifZ\jj#Xe[Y\ZXlj\k_\j`q\f]k_\C>9KgfglcXk`fe`e@i\cXe[`jlebefne# `k`jefkgfjj`Yc\kf[\k\id`e\_fni\gi\j\ekXk`m\k_\jlim\pjXdgc\`j%@kdljkXcjfY\XZbefnc\[^\[ k_Xkk_\jlim\ple[\i$i\gi\j\ekjnfd\e#j\e`fij#jZ_ffc$^f\ij#Xe[Xcjf`eXccc`b\c`_ff[g\ijfejn`k_ cfnc`k\iXZpc\m\cj#Xjn\ccXjg\ijfejn_fj\ÔijkcXe^lX^\`jefk MINORITY STRESS K_\c`k\iXkli\i\m`\n`[\ek`Ô\[k_\ZfeZ\gkf]d`efi`kpjki\jjXjXlj\]lc]iXd\nfib]file[\ijkXe[`e^ k_\\ok\ieXcXe[`ek\ieXcjki\jjfijk_XkXi\le`hl\cp\og\i`\eZ\[YpC>9Kg\fgc\#`eZcl[`e^[`i\Zk Xe[`e[`i\Zk]fidjf]C>9K[`jZi`d`eXk`feXe[m`Zk`d`jXk`fe#`ek\ieXc`j\[_fdfg_fY`X#Xe[k_\jki\jj XjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_ZfeZ\Xc`e^Xe[&fi[`jZcfj`e^fe\Ëj`[\ek`kpXjC>9K%K_`jZ_Xgk\ij\\bjkfgifm`[\X [\\g\ile[\ijkXe[`e^f]jfd\f]k_\dXafijki\jjfijXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Y\`e^C>9K`eZfek\okjn_\i\`k `jXjjld\[k_Xk_\k\ifj\olXc`kpXe[[fd`eXekdXc\&]\dXc\^\e[\i`[\ek`k`\jXi\Êk_\ÈefidXcÉ#i`^_k Xe[fecpnXpkfY\Ë 9cX`j\#)'',1)) %K_\Z_Xgk\iÔijkgifm`[\jX[\jZi`gk`m\fm\im`\nf]gXik`Z`gXekjË \og\i`\eZ\jf]Zfd`e^flk#XgifZ\jjn_`Z__XjY\\eZfej`jk\ekcp`[\ek`Ô\[`ek_\c`k\iXkli\Xj gXik`ZlcXicpjki\jj]lc]fiC>9Kg\fgc\ D\p\i#(00,2Kif`[\e#(0/0 %@kk_\egifm`[\jXefm\im`\nf]k_\ gi\mXc\eZ\Xe[eXkli\f]m`Zk`d`jXk`fe\og\i`\eZ\[YpC>9Kg\fgc\#Y\]fi\]fZlj`e^dfi\jg\Z`ÔZXccp feknfj\kk`e^jn`k_`en_`Z_C>9Kg\fgc\\og\i`\eZ\k_\`i\m\ip[Xpc`m\j#eXd\cpjZ_ffcXe[nfib%K_\ ]fZljfele`hl\jki\jjfij`ek_\c`m\jf]C>9Kg\fgc\k_XkXi\[`i\Zkcpi\cXk\[kfk_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe Xe[&fikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kpgifm`[\jXe`dgfikXekYXZb[ifgkfXcXk\i\oXd`eXk`fef]`e[`ZXkfijf]k_\`i d\ekXc_\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^ j\\:_Xgk\i, % :FD@E>FLK Coming out is probably one of the most extreme and difficult things you can do. Before you come out you have to deal with it all yourself and it took me six years to. And I couldn’t be myself for those six years and it is, again, it’s called in the closet because you are in the closet. No one can see you; they see this door because no one’s ever opened up the closet to look inside (Gay, Male, 17). K_\k\idÊZfd`e^flkË`jn`[\cple[\ijkff[kfi\]\ikfXglYc`ZXZbefnc\[^\d\ekf]Xg\ijfeËjc\jY`Xe# ^XpfiY`j\olXc`[\ek`kp%@ek_\Zfek\okf]k_\gi\j\ekjkl[p#`k`jXcjflj\[kfi\]\ikfk_\gifZ\jjf]glYc`Zcp [`jZcfj`e^fe\Ëj`[\ek`kpXjkiXej^\e[\i%8efm\in_\cd`e^dXafi`kpf]jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj 0- #Xe[Xcc `e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekj#n\i\flkkfXkc\Xjkfe\fk_\ig\ijfe`ek_\`ic`m\j% KXYc\+%(gi\j\ekjk_\`e[`m`[lXcjkfn_fd#fij\kk`e^jn`k_`en_`Z_#fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj_X[ [`jZcfj\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\C>9K%N_\i\Xjfm\iknf$k_`i[jf]i\jgfe[\ekjn\i\flkkfXcc`dd\[`Xk\ ]Xd`cpd\dY\ij gXi\ekjXe[j`Yc`e^j #Xe[]i`\e[j#c\jjk_Xe_Xc]f]Xcci\jgfe[\ekjn\i\flkkfXcc k_fj\`efk_\ijfZ`XcZfek\okj#jlZ_Xjk_\nfibgcXZ\#XkjZ_ffcfiZfcc\^\#fi`epflk_^iflgfifk_\i fi^Xe`jXk`feXcj\kk`e^j%8cdfjkXhlXik\if]k_\jXdgc\_X[efk[`jZcfj\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\C>9Kkf\`k_\i f]k_\`igXi\ekj#Xe[XcdfjkXÔ]k_nXjefkflkkfj`Yc`e^j%8j`d`cXigifgfik`fenXjefkflkkfnfib Zfcc\X^l\jfijZ_ffc&Zfcc\^\]i`\e[j% KXYc\+%(1;`jZcfjli\f]C>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe1jlim\pjXdgc\( Efe\ Jfd\ 8cc MXc`[e Are you out to… n % n % n % n =i`\e[j ++ +%' *(+ )/%. .*- -.%* ('0+ GXi\ekj )*0 )*%) 00 0%- -0+ -.%) ('*) J`Yc`e^j (/- (/%' (++ (+%' .') -/%' ('*) =Xd`cp fk_\ik_XegXi\ekj&j`Yc`e^j *'. )0%) *.- *,%. *-0 *,%( (',) NfibZfcc\X^l\j (00 )'%) *-* *-%0 +)* +)%0 0/, 8kjZ_ffc&Zfcc\^\ ()( )'%' (/* *'%* *'' +0%. -'+ 8kpflk_&fk_\ifi^Xe`jXk`fe j (*) ),%) (+' )-%/ ),( +/%' ,)* (=`^li\jXi\YXj\[femXc`[g\iZ\ekX^\j#Xe[\oZcl[\k_fj\]fin_fdk_\j\hl\jk`fejn\i\efkXggc`ZXYc\% G8><59 :?8GK N_`c\n\[`[\ogcfi\k_\Zfd`e^flkgifZ\jj`ejfd\[\kX`c#gXik`ZlcXicp`ek_\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\nj#X k_fifl^_XeXcpj`jf]gXik`Z`gXekjË\og\i`\eZ\j`ek_`ji\^Xi[`jY\pfe[k_\jZfg\f]k_\gi\j\eki\gfik% IXk_\i#k_`jZ_Xgk\i`jc`d`k\[kfXZfej`[\iXk`fef]\og\i`\eZ\jf]Zfd`e^flkkf]i`\e[jXe[]Xd`cp d\dY\ij%K_\]fccfn`e^Z_Xgk\i]fZlj\jfek_\\em`ifed\ekXci`jb]XZkfijXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc Xe[jl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jjn_`Z_jfd\C>9Kg\fgc\\og\i`\eZ\%@k\oXd`e\j`edfi\[\kX`ck_\]\\c`e^jf] Xeo`\kpXe[[\gi\jj`fek_XkXi\f]k\eXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_[`jZcfj`e^fiefk[`jZcfj`e^fe\Ëjkil\j\olXc fi`\ekXk`fefi^\e[\i`[\ek`kp#fi`e[\\[_Xm`e^fe\Ëjkil\`[\ek`kpi\m\Xc\[% K_\g\i`f[Y\kn\\e`e`k`XcXnXi\e\jjf]#Xe[Zfd`e^kfk\idjn`k_#fe\Ëjfnej\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefi kiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp#Xe[Zfd`e^flk#nXj^\e\iXccp\og\i`\eZ\[Xj[`]ÔZlck#[Xlek`e^#Xe[kiXldXk`Z YpdfjkgXik`Z`gXekj%=fidXep#Zfd`e^flknXjXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_XgifZ\jjf]j\c]$XZZ\gkXeZ\#n_`Z_nXj f]k\eZflgc\[n`k_XeXnXi\e\jjf]k_\jk`^dXXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Xjjld`e^XeÊXck\ieXk`m\c`]\jZi`gkË`e jfZ`XcZfek\okjn_\i\_\k\ifj\olXc`kpXe[^\e[\iZfe]fid`kpXi\gi\jld\[Xe[n_\i\_\k\ifj\o`jd# _fdfg_fY`X#Xe[kiXejg_fY`X\o`jk N`Z_jkifd ?\^eX#)''* % When I came out it wasn’t, I didn’t get any hardship from people, but actually realising, it was kind of hard. Even though I always knew that there was something different about me, and after I had the relationship with the girl I pretty much knew that I like women, but once the full realisation of that kind of dawned on me it was very daunting… (Lesbian, Female, 20). … my family were asking me, ‘What’s wrong? You have a good life and a good marriage and why have you left?’ I was struggling to come to terms with being gay myself never mind telling anybody (Gay, Male, 46). You know people have, they think they know who I am, do you know what I mean? And for me to go and change that now, I think it would … that’s the difficulty for me (Lesbian, Female, 32). I still had to deal with it in my head that, even though I had never dreamt of wedding dresses and getting married and having children and all the rest of it, just that I would be an outsider in society. At the same time it was very exciting to me. Incredibly exciting (Lesbian, Female, 54). =fiXcXi^\eldY\i#Zfd`e^kfk\idjn`k_fe\Ëjfned`efi`kpj\olXc`kpXe[&fi^\e[\i`[\ek`kpnXjf]k\e Zfdgfle[\[Yp]\Xijk_Xkk_\pnflc[Y\i\a\Zk\[Ypk_\`i]Xd`cpXe[]i`\e[jY\ZXlj\f]k_\`iC>9K `[\ek`ÔZXk`fe%=`ijk[`jZcfjli\jn\i\gXik`ZlcXicpd\dfiXYc\`ek\idjf]k_\\ok\ekkfn_`Z_i\m\cXk`fej XYflkfe\Ëj^\e[\i`[\ek`kpfij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fei\jlck\[`e[\e`Xc#XZZ\gkXeZ\#gfj`k`m\X]ÔidXk`fe# `emXc`[Xk`fefii\a\Zk`fefek_\gXikf]]Xd`cpd\dY\ijfi]i`\e[j% Coming out to friends 8dXafi`kpf]`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekjZ_fj\kfZfd\flkkfX]i`\e[fifk_\ikiljk\[`e[`m`[lXc gi`fikfZfd`e^flkkfk_\`i]Xd`cp%@ek_fj\`ejkXeZ\jn_\i\k_\e\njnXjgfj`k`m\cpi\Z\`m\[#k_\ \og\i`\eZ\#n_`c\jki\jj]lc#nXjXcjff]k\eXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_`e`k`Xc]\\c`e^jf]i\c`\]k_Xkk_\XZkf] i\m\Xc`e^fe\Ëjkil\`[\ek`kp_X[Ênfib\[n\cc#ËfiXkc\Xjk_X[efki\jlck\[`ei\a\Zk`fe% [Telling] one of my close friends … even though it was stressful doing it, it was still brilliant like. Nearly getting the words out were nearly, do you know what I mean, it was just a relief and because that worked well for me, that’s when I would have discussed it then with other close friends (Lesbian, Female, 32). Fk_\igXik`Z`gXekjËXZZflekjf]k\cc`e^Zcfj\]i`\e[jn\i\]Xic\jjgfj`k`m\2`eXjdXcc#Ylkj`^e`ÔZXek eldY\if]ZXj\j#Zfd`e^flkkf]i`\e[jnXj[\\gcpkiXldXk`Z#Xe[Xjfe\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXek [\jZi`Y\[#\mfb\[Xe\oki\d\Xe[g_pj`ZXccpm`fc\eki\XZk`fe% … I think I was 18, and I told my best friend I was gay and I was coming out of the pub and I was walking up the street and he tripped me up and I fell on my back and I saw him, you know, standing G8><60:?8GK up and I suppose really, it happened very quickly but it was very frightening. He started kicking me, you know, on the ground and he broke my nose and my jaw and I got my skull fractured and I was kind of crying out for help and ‘please stop’. And I ended up in hospital and this kind of happened at the stage when, you know, when you’re keeping something inside and all the anger builds up. And I told someone I was gay, my best friend at the time, and just the way he reacted I thought you know, like I have to go away so I went to London (Gay, Male, 24). Coming out to family :fd`e^flkkf]Xd`cpnXjXZi`k`ZXcaleZkli\`ek_\c`]\jkfi`\jf]`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekj#Xe[nXj kpg`ZXccpXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Zfej`[\iXYc\jki\jjXe[]\Xif]i\a\Zk`feficXZbf]XZZ\gkXeZ\YpgXi\ekjXe[& fij`Yc`e^j%K_\e\\[]figXi\ekXcXZZ\gkXeZ\#X]ÔidXk`feXe[mXc`[Xk`fen\i\Z\ekiXc]\Xkli\jf]k_\ eXiiXk`m\j%I\gfikjiXe^\[]ifdflki`^_ki\a\Zk`feXe[&fi[\e`Xc#kfYXi\XZZ\gkXeZ\fid\i\kfc\iXeZ\#kfX n_fc\_\Xik\[\dYiXZ\f]k_\`iZ_`c[ËjC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe% So I told them both I was gay and my father straight away stood up and went over to me, pulled me off my seat, gave me hug and said, ‘Do you know what, that doesn’t matter one bit’, and he was great, and my mother was like, em, they still love me, d’you know, it doesn’t matter (Lesbian, Female, 31). Basically what they said was that they wouldn’t be happy but they wouldn’t kick me out of the house type thing over it. But that doesn’t seem to me very accepting of it. ‘Oh we’ll tolerate you but we don’t really like you’, as if it was some kind of personal choice (Gay, Male, 20). 8ZZflekjf]Zfd`e^flkkf]Xd`cpn\i\f]k\ejl^^\jk`m\f]Xi\clZkXeZ\fek_\gXikf]gXi\ekjkf XZbefnc\[^\#XZZ\gkfi\dYiXZ\k_\ÊXck\ieXk`m\ËC>9Kc`]\jZi`gk%@ejfd\`ejkXeZ\j#k_`jnXjg\iZ\`m\[ XjX]X`cli\YpgXi\ekjkf[`jZljj#Xe[_\eZ\mXc`[Xk\#k_\`iZ_`c[ËjC>9K`[\ek`kpn`k_`ek_\]Xd`cpZfek\ok% It was great, it was a relief to tell them, but again it’s never mentioned in the house since, and I knew that would be the case, you know I mean once I said it, it would never be mentioned again, so you know. But they know, that’s all that matters (Lesbian, Female, 39). He [father] didn’t actually speak to me for a week. They didn’t actually broach the subject and it was just left (Lesbian, Female, 51). =fifk_\ij#k_\i\jgfej\nXjfe\f]flki`^_k[\e`XcXe[i\a\Zk`fef]k_\`iZ_`c[i\eËj`[\ek`ÔZXk`feXjC>9K# `ejfd\ZXj\ji\jlck`e^`ek_\Z_`c[Y\`e^Xjb\[kfc\Xm\k_\]Xd`cp_fd\% … my mother doesn’t get my body yet and she was, she was very shocked at first, then she tried to convince herself that it was just a phase and then she was trying to tell me like that there are some women who are feeling masculine but they are fine with it and I’m, even again when I told her I maybe going on to, like actually going through the hormone therapy, she was like, ‘If you’re doing that then you’re not living here anymore’ (Female-to-Male Trans, 20). When I told my Mum she said that she’s sure that I can’t be bi-sexual because bi-sexual people don’t exist (Bisexual, Female, 18). Jfd\gXi\ekjËi\XZk`fejkfk_\e\njXYflkk_\`iZ_`c[Ëjj\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[&fi^\e[\i`[\ek`kpn\i\ YXj\[feXZfeZ\ieXYflkk_\[`]ÔZlck`\jXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Y\`e^C>9K`ejfZ`\kp% ‘No, you can’t be gay, it’s too hard a lifestyle to live in, just be straight, it’s a lot easier, you’re just going through a phase’. I said, ‘Listen, this phase is after lasting for 3 or 4 years at this stage’… I says like, ‘There’s something not quite right’, and he was like, ‘Oh god no, it’s too hard to live with, you can’t go doing it’ (Gay, Male, 18). They were going to be worried because it’s not an ideal situation; I’m a minority or whatever (Lesbian, Female, 20). G8><61:?8GK @efk_\iZXj\j#gXi\ekji\XZk\[n`k_[`jXggf`ekd\ekk_Xkk_\`iZ_`c[i\enflc[efk]lcÔc_\k\ifefidXk`m\ \og\ZkXk`fej#jlZ_Xj^\kk`e^dXii`\[Xe[_Xm`e^Z_`c[i\e% My mam did say to me that she was afraid that I was going to catch something or that she was never going to have grandchildren. Or she was never going to see me getting married (Gay, Male, 21). K_\e\okZ_Xgk\i\ogcfi\j`edfi\[\kX`ck_\i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eg\iZ\`m\[fiXZklXccXZbf]XZZ\gkXeZ\ fii\a\Zk`feYp]Xd`cpXe[]i`\e[j#Xe[k_\Zfej\hl\eke\^Xk`m\d\ekXc_\Xck_flkZfd\j]fiC>9K g\fgc\%@k\dg_Xj`j\jk_\`dgXZkf]jlZ_i\jgfej\jfek_\gjpZ_fcf^`ZXcn\cc$Y\`e^f]C>9Kg\fgc\# gXik`ZlcXicpXj`ki\cXk\jkf]\\c`e^jf][\gi\jj`fe#j\c]$_XidXe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp%:fem\ij\cp#:_Xgk\i.]fZlj\j fek_\k_\d\f]C>9Ki\j`c`\eZ\%@kf]]\ijX[\kX`c\[XZZflekf]k_\gfj`k`m\`dgXZkn_`Z_XZZ\gkXeZ\Yp fk_\ij_XjfeC>9Kg\fgc\Ëjj\ej\f]j\c]Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^%@egXik`ZlcXi#k_`jZ_Xgk\i_`^_c`^_kjk_\ZilZ`Xc j`^e`ÔZXeZ\f]gXi\ekXcXZZ\gkXeZ\#\jg\Z`XccpXkk_\k`d\f]Zfd`e^flk% C>9K;@J:I@D@E8K@FE8E;M@:K@D@J8K@FE K_\gi\m`fljj\Zk`fei\m\Xc\[k_Xkn_`c\[`jZcfj`e^fe\ËjC>9K`[\ek`kpZXe`ejfd\ZXj\jXe[j\kk`e^j Y\d\kn`k_XZZ\gkXeZ\Xe[X]ÔidXk`fe#`efk_\ijk_\i\m\cXk`fefii\Xc`jXk`fek_Xkfe\`jC>9KZXe Y\d\kn`k_\oki\d\cp_fdfg_fY`ZfikiXejg_fY`Zi\jgfej\j%D\p\i (00, _Xj`[\ek`Ô\[c`m`e^n`k_ _fdfg_fY`XXjXb\p]XZkfi`ed`efi`kpjki\jj%K_`jj\Zk`fej\\bjkf\ogcfi\C>9Kg\fgc\Ëj\og\i`\eZ\j f]_fdfg_fY`XXe[kiXejg_fY`X`edfi\[\kX`c#n`k_i\]\i\eZ\kfYfk_jlYkc\Xe[dfi\\oki\d\ dXe`]\jkXk`fejf]C>9Km`Zk`d`jXk`fe%@kY\^`ejn`k_Xefm\im`\nf]k_\gi\mXc\eZ\f]C>9Km`Zk`d`jXk`fe# YXj\[feÔ^li\ji\gfik\[`ek_\fe$c`e\jlim\p#Xe[k_\ef]]\ijXeXZZflekf]k_\eXkli\f]C>9K m`Zk`d`jXk`fegifm`[\[`ek_\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\nj% K_\fe$c`e\jlim\pXjj\jj\[C>9K_XiXjjd\ekXe[m`Zk`d`jXk`feYpXjb`e^i\jgfe[\ekjkfi\gfikk_\ eldY\if]m\iYXc`ejlckj#k_i\Xkjf]g_pj`ZXcm`fc\eZ\#XZklXcg_pj`ZXcXjjXlckj n`k_Xe[n`k_flk Xn\XgfefifYa\Zk #Xe[j\olXcXjjXlckjk_Xkk_\p_X[\og\i`\eZ\[fek_\YXj`jf]k_\`ibefnefi g\iZ\`m\[C>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe%8jflkc`e\[`eKXYc\+%)#]fli$Ô]k_jf]jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekj`e[`ZXk\[k_Xk k_\p_X[Y\\em\iYXccp`ejlck\[fek_\YXj`jf]k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe#Xcdfjk_Xc]f]n_fdi\gfik\[ k_Xkk_`j_X[_Xgg\e\[kfk_\dÊj`ok`d\jfidfi\Ë`ek_\`ic`]\% KXYc\+%)1=i\hl\eZpf]\og\i`\eZ\jf]C>9Km`Zk`d`jXk`fe1jlim\pjXdgc\ K_i\\$=`m\ J`oK`d\jfi MXc`[ M\iYXccp`ejlck\[ //) /'%+ (') 0%* ('/ 0%/ )-- )+%) +'- *.%' ('0. K_i\Xk\e\[n`k_ +-, +)%, (++ (*%) 0, /%. ()0 ((%/ 0. /%0 ('0* g_pj`ZXcm`fc\eZ\ GleZ_\[#b`Zb\[fi )-- )+%+ ()' ((%' -/ -%) +0 +%, )0 )%. ('/0 Y\Xk\e 8kkXZb\[n`k_ /- .%0 ,' +%- )' (%/ / '%. / '%. ('/0 `dgc\d\ek&n\Xgfe 8kkXZb\[j\olXccp 0. /%0 .) -%- (+ (%* , '%, - '%- ('0' Jfd\fe\k_i\Xk\e\[ *.+ *+%) (/* (-%/ 0* /%, -( ,%- *. *%+ ('0) kfÊflkËpfl KnfÔ]k_jf]i\jgfe[\ekj_X[Y\\ek_i\Xk\e\[n`k_g_pj`ZXcm`fc\eZ\Y\ZXlj\k_\pn\i\#fin\i\ k_fl^_kkfY\C>9K#n`k_XhlXik\if]i\jgfe[\ekji\gfik`e^_Xm`e^Y\\egleZ_\[#b`Zb\[fiY\Xk\eXj Xi\jlckf]k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe%8cdfjk/ i\gfik\[Y\`e^XkkXZb\[n`k_Xn\Xgfefi`dgc\d\ek jlZ_XjXbe`]\#^le#Yfkkc\#fijk`Zb feXkc\Xjkfe\fZZXj`fe%J`d`cXicp#0 i\gfik\[k_Xkk_\p_X[ G8><62:?8GK Y\\eXkkXZb\[j\olXccpXjXZfej\hl\eZ\f]Y\`e^C>9KfeXkc\Xjkfe\fZZXj`fe%K_\]XZkk_Xkk_\mXjk dXafi`kpf]k_fj\n_fkffbgXik`ek_\fe$c`e\jlim\p_X[\og\i`\eZ\[m\iYXc`ejlckj#n`k_XhlXik\i f]Xcci\jgfe[\ekji\gfik`e^_Xm`e^\og\i`\eZ\[g_pj`ZXcm`fc\eZ\XjXZfej\hl\eZ\f]k_\`iC>9K `[\ek`ÔZXk`fe#`j`e[`ZXk`m\f]k_\_fjk`c\Xe[_fdf&kiXejg_fY`ZZc`dXk\n`k_`en_`Z_C>9Kg\fgc\ \og\i`\eZ\k_\`i\m\ip[Xpc`m\j% 8ZZflekjf]m`Zk`d`jXk`fegifm`[\[`ek_\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\njiXe^\[]ifd`e[`i\Zk[`jZi`d`eXk`fe kffm\ikm\iYXcXkkXZbjXe[g_pj`ZXcXjjXlckj#`eZcl[`e^knfi\gfik\[`eZ`[\ekjk_Xki\jlck\[`e _fjg`kXc`jXk`fe%DXep`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekj[\jZi`Y\[iflk`e\\og\i`\eZ\jf]m\iYXc _XiXjjd\ek\eZflek\i\[`e\m\ip[Xpj\kk`e^j#jlZ_XjnXcb`e^[fnek_\jki\\k#fiXkjZ_ffc% It can be very stressful, because you have to go out everyday and try and walk along the street, you have to put up with other people. You have to put up with the looks and the comments, all that sort of thing … (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 37). I’m sure people knew I was gay you know, I did walk up through [rural village] and people would be calling faggot and stuff like that. It did kill me a lot hearing you know the words and stuff and I was afraid as well, I felt very alone inside and the drink was my best friend (Gay, male, 24). RESPONDENT: Like, on the street, like, if I’m walking down the road with my boyfriend and we kiss or something, there’s always someone who’ll be like laughing or shouting or something. INTERVIEWER: And typically, what would they shout? RESPONDENT: Queers, or faggots, or they’d just laugh out loud or something (Gay, male, 16). 8ck_fl^_]Xic\jjZfddfek_Xem\iYXc`ejlckj#XjdXcceldY\if]`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekji\Zflek\[ `eZ`[\eZ\jf]g_pj`ZXcXjjXlck%K_\]fccfn`e^`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXek#]fi\oXdgc\#i\ZXccj_fn j_\nXjg_pj`ZXccpXjjXlck\[Xe[Êc\]k]fi[\X[Ëfe_\inXp_fd\fe\e`^_kYpXÊ^lpn_fki`\[kfkXb\ X[mXekX^\Ëf]_\i#n_\e_\[`jZfm\i\[_\ikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp1 ... obviously he put his hand for my boobs because there’s nothing there and this is the last memory I have and I woke up in the hospital again. And my cheek bone had been fractured in four places. I’d been left for dead basically …. I woke up and I was lying on a hospital bed … I was all swollen and I cried and I think my mom came over and came to the ward and she had to be taken out of the ward because she broke down. Basically I must have looked like the Elephant man or something; my face was that fucking destroyed … and then I had plastic surgery on my face. I got a plate there and three plates there. My cheek bone had to be reconstructed basically … I was terrified to tell the story of what happened so I just said I couldn’t remember (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 27). K_`jj\Zk`fe_Xjjfl^_kkf_`^_c`^_kjfd\f]k_\le`hl\jki\jjfij\og\i`\eZ\[YpC>9Kg\fgc\k_XkXi\ [`i\Zkcpi\cXk\[kfk_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[&fikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp#n`k_XgXik`ZlcXi]fZljfek_\ jki\jjfijXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_k_\Zfd`e^flkgifZ\jj#Xe[\og\i`\eZ\jf]_XiXjjd\ekXe[m`Zk`d`jXk`fe%K_\ i\dX`e[\if]k_`jZ_Xgk\i]fZlj\jfek_\jZ_ffcXe[nfib$YXj\[\og\i`\eZ\jf]C>9Kg\fgc\`eXe@i`j_ Zfek\ok% G8><63:?8GK J:?FFC8E;NFIB J:?FFC K_\fe$c`e\jlim\p`em\jk`^Xk\[gXik`Z`gXekjËg\iZ\gk`fejf]k_\`ijZ_ffcËj\em`ifed\ekn`k_i\jg\Zk kfk_\ki\Xkd\ekf]C>9Kg\fgc\Xe[`jjl\j#`eZcl[`e^k_\`ij\ej\f]Y\cfe^`e^fiZfee\Zk`fekfk_\ jZ_ffcZfddle`kp#k_\`iZfd]fikc\m\cj`ek\idjf]Y\`e^fg\eXYflkk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`k`\jXe[&fiC>9K `jjl\jXkjZ_ffc#Xjn\ccXjk_\gi\mXc\eZ\#Xe[g\ijfeXc\og\i`\eZ\jf]#Ylccp`e^Xe[m`Zk`d`jXk`feXk jZ_ffc%8ccf]k_fj\n_f_X[Xkk\e[\[]fidXcjZ_ffc`e^n\i\Xjb\[kfi\jgfe[kfk_\j\hl\jk`fej# XYflkk_i\\hlXik\ijf]n_fd_X[c\]kjZ_ffcj`eZ\(00'%@kj_flc[Y\efk\[k_XkXjXYifX[$YXj\[ jlim\pf]C>9Kg\fgc\Ëj\og\i`\eZ\j`eXe@i`j_Zfek\ok#k_\fm\iXccgifgfik`fef]i\jgfe[\ekjn_f n\i\\eifcc\[`ejZ_ffcXkk_\k`d\f]Zfdgc\k`e^k_\jlim\pnXjm\ipjdXcc c\jjk_Xe, f]k_\fm\iXcc jXdgc\ %K_\gi\j\ekjkl[p#k_\i\]fi\#ZXeefkf]]\iXZfdgi\_\ej`m\fii\gi\j\ekXk`m\le[\ijkXe[`e^ f]k_\gi\j\ek$[Xp\og\i`\eZ\jf]C>9Kpflk_`ejZ_ffcj`ek_\@i`j_Zfek\ok#efi[f\j`kg\id`kljkf [iXn[`i\ZkZfdgXi`jfejn`k_gi\m`fljZf_fikjf]jZ_ffc$^f\ij%8[[`k`feXccp#k_\cXZbf]ZfdgXiXYc\ [XkX]fi`e[`m`[lXcjn_f[fefk`[\ek`]pXjC>9Kd\Xejk_Xkn\Xi\leXYc\kf[iXnZfeZclj`fejXYflk C>9Kpfle^g\fgc\Ëj\og\i`\eZ\jXkjZ_ffc#i\cXk`m\kfk_\`iefe$C>9Kg\\ij%K_\j\jkl[pc`d`kXk`fejXi\ X[[i\jj\[dfi\]lccp`e:_Xgk\i/f]k_`ji\gfik%;\jg`k\k_\j\c`d`kXk`fej#XZfdY`eXk`fef]hlXek`kXk`m\ Xe[hlXc`kXk`m\[XkX^Xk_\i\[]ifdYfk_fe$c`e\jlim\pXe[`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekjf]Zlii\ek jZ_ffc$^f\ijXi\i\gfik\[#n_\i\Xggifgi`Xk\#kf^\e\iXk\Xdfi\Zfdgc\k\le[\ijkXe[`e^f]n_Xk`k`j c`b\kfY\XeC>9Kjkl[\ekXkk\e[`e^jZ_ffc`e@i\cXe[kf[Xp% School belonging @efi[\ikf\oXd`e\gXik`Z`gXekjËj\ej\f]Y\cfe^`e^kfk_\`ijZ_ffcZfddle`kp#jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj n\i\^`m\eXj\i`\jf]jkXk\d\ekjXYflk]\\c`e^gXikf]k_\`ijZ_ffc#Xe[Xjb\[kf`e[`ZXk\k_\`ic\m\cf] X^i\\d\ekfi[`jX^i\\d\ekn`k_\XZ_jkXk\d\ek%KXYc\+%*j_fnjk_\g\iZ\ekX^\f]i\jgfe[\ekjn_f X^i\\[fi[`jX^i\\\[n`k_\XZ_jkXk\d\ek k_fj\i\gfik`e^ÈX^i\\ÉfiÈjkife^cpX^i\\ÉXe[È[`jX^i\\Éfi Èjkife^cp[`jX^i\\Éi\jg\Zk`m\cp %* )JZ_ffcXe[nfibXi\Ypefd\XejjkXk`Z`ejk`klk`fej#Xe[k_\i\`jc`b\cpkfY\jfd\[\^i\\f]mXi`Xk`feY\kn\\e#Xjn\ccXjn`k_`e#[`]]\i$ \ekjZ_ffcXe[nfibgcXZ\j\kk`e^j`ek\idjf]k_\ki\Xkd\ekf]C>9Kg\fgc\%Dfi\fm\i#jZ_ffcXe[nfibgcXZ\Zlckli\jZ_Xe^\fm\ik`d\kf i\Õ\ZkYifX[\ijfZ`\kXcki\e[jXe[Xkk`kl[\jkfnXi[jC>9Kg\fgc\%Efe\k_\c\jj#[XkXXi\i\gfik\[`ek_\X^^i\^Xk\_\i\#n_\i\Xggifgi`Xk\# kfgifm`[\XYifX[fm\im`\nf]k_\nfibXe[jZ_ffc$YXj\[\og\i`\eZ\jf]k_\jlim\pjXdgc\XjXn_fc\% *K_\j\jlim\p`k\djn\i\X[Xgk\[]ifdk_\>CJ<ËjEXk`feXcJZ_ffc:c`dXk\Jlim\p#n_`Z_Xjj\jj\jk_\gi\mXc\eZ\f]_fdfg_fY`X`eL%J% jZ_ffcj%Jlim\p`k\djXi\[\i`m\[]ifdk_\GjpZ_fcf^`ZXcJ\ej\f]JZ_ffcD\dY\ij_`gJZXc\ >ff[\efn#(00* % G8><64 :?8GK Table 4.3: Perceived school belonging: survey sample 8^i\\&Jkife^cp8^i\\ ;`jX^i\\&Jkife^cp MXc`[e ;`jX^i\\ School belonging items e e e @]\\c&]\ckc`b\Xi\XcgXikf]dpjZ_ffc% ,+/ ,)%0 +/. +.%( ('*, @k`j&nXj_Xi[]fig\fgc\c`b\d\kfY\ --- -0%* )0, *'%. 0-( XZZ\gk\[XkdpjZ_ffc% G\fgc\XkdpjZ_ffcXi\&n\i\]i`\e[cpkfd\% ./- ..%' )*, )*%' (')( @Xd&nXjki\Xk\[n`k_XjdlZ_i\jg\ZkXj -*0 -*%- *-, *-%+ (''+ fk_\ijkl[\ekj% @ZXe&Zflc[i\XccpY\dpj\c]XkjZ_ffc% )/) ).%- .+( .)%+ (')* K_\i\`j&nXjXkc\Xjkfe\k\XZ_\i&fk_\iX[lck +', +'%* -'' ,0%. ('', `ejZ_ffc@Zflc[kXcbkf% Fk_\ijkl[\ekjXkdpjZ_ffcc`b\[d\k_Xk -'0 -)%, *-, *.%, 0.+ nXp@Xd&nXj% @]\\c&]\ckgifl[kfY\cfe^kfdpjZ_ffc% ,)/ ,)%- +., +.%+ (''* N_`c\XdXafi`kpf]jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekj .. X^i\\[k_Xkg\fgc\n\i\]i`\e[cpkfnXi[jk_\d`ejZ_ffcXe[ k_Xkk_\pn\i\c`b\[Ypfk_\ijkl[\ekj -) #Xcdfjk.' f]i\jgfe[\ekj]\ckk_Xk`knXj_Xi[]fik_\dkf Y\XZZ\gk\[XkjZ_ffc#n_\i\Xjc\jjk_Xefe\k_`i[]\ckk_Xkk_\pZflc[i\XccpY\k_\dj\cm\jXkjZ_ffc%K_\j\ j\\d`e^cpZfekiX[`ZkfipÔe[`e^jdXp`egXiki\Õ\Zkk_\]XZkk_XkdXepi\jgfe[\ekjn\i\efkflkn_`c\`e jZ_ffc%8jfe\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekn_fc\]kjZ_ffc`e)'''glk`k1 I was never identified as being gay and had a group of friends that I hung around with and was respected within, I felt extremely isolated in school due to my own awareness of my sexual orientation and a negative attitude toward/about homosexuality amongst my peers and teachers. There was very much a general attitude of intolerance and poor example setting from those in authority. I used to miss school frequently due to my feelings of isolation and eventually changed schools (Gay, Male, 26, Survey Participant). E\^Xk`m\\dfk`fejXe[\og\i`\eZ\jXi\efkc`d`k\[k_\i\]fi\kfk_fj\C>9Kpfle^g\fgc\n_fXi\flk`e jZ_ffcZfek\okj%@e[\\[#XeldY\if]fk_\ii\jgfe[\ekjn_f_X[efk[`jZcfj\[k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe fikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp`ejZ_ffcgf`ek\[kf]\\c`e^jf]`jfcXk`feXe[&figjpZ_fcf^`ZXc[`jki\jjn_`Z_ k_\p\og\i`\eZ\[XjXZfej\hl\eZ\f]Y\`e^C>9Kn`k_`e_\k\ifefidXk`m\Xe[_fdfg_fY`ZjZ_ffc \em`ifed\ekj#\m\ek_fl^_k_\p_X[efk[`i\Zkcp\og\i`\eZ\[_fdfg_fY`ZfikiXejg_fY`Z_XiXjjd\ekfi m`Zk`d`jXk`fek_\dj\cm\j% K_\gifgfik`fef]k_fj\`e[`ZXk`e^k_Xk`knXj_Xi[kfÔk`eXjXeC>9Kg\ijfe`ejZ_ffcnXjefkhl`k\ Xj_`^_Xdfe^jkZlii\ekjZ_ffc^f\ij#i\cXk`m\kfk_\fm\iXccjlim\pjXdgc\%?fn\m\i#Xcdfjkknfk_`i[j f]k_fj\\eifcc\[`ejZ_ffcXkk_\k`d\f]Zfdgc\k`e^k_\jlim\pjk`cc]\ckk_Xk`knXj_Xi[]fig\fgc\ c`b\k_\dkfY\XZZ\gk\[Xkk_\`ijZ_ffc#Xe[fm\iÔ]kpg\iZ\ek[`[efk]\\ck_Xkk_\pZflc[i\XccpY\ k_\dj\cm\jXkjZ_ffc%K_\j\Ôe[`e^jjl^^\jkX]X`cli\kf\dYiXZ\fiXZZ\gkj\olXcfi^\e[\i[`m\ij`kpXj ]XZ\kjf]jZ_ffcXe[jfZ`Xcc`]\%8^X`e#k_\j\`jjl\jXi\kXb\elg`edfi\[\kX`cY\cfn`ei\cXk`fekff]ÔZ`Xc jZ_ffci\jgfej\jkf_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^Xe[k_\n`cc`e^e\jjkfX[[i\jjC>9K`jjl\j`ejZ_ffcj% G8><65 :?8GK Comfort with expression of LGBT identity/issues KXYc\+%+gifm`[\jk_\Yi\Xb[fnef]i\jgfej\jkfXj\i`\jf]jkXk\d\ekjXjj\jj`e^Zfd]fikn`k_X iXe^\f]jZ\eXi`fji\cXk\[kfk_\\ogi\jj`fef]C>9K`[\ek`k`\jXe[`jjl\jc`b\cpkfX]]\Zkfe\Ëjj\ej\ f]Y\cfe^`e^kfk_\`ijZ_ffc%K_XkXkc\Xjkk_i\\hlXik\ijf]Xccjlim\pi\jgfe[\ekjnflc[_Xm\]\ck leZfd]fikXYc\kXcb`e^kfk_\`ik\XZ_\ijfik_\`ijZ_ffcgi`eZ`gXcXYflkC>9K`jjl\j#iX`j`e^fii\jgfe[`e^ kfC>9K`jjl\j`eZcXjj#kXb`e^X[Xk\f]k_\jXd\j\okfXjZ_ffc\m\ekjlZ_Xjk_\Ê;\YjË#fij\kk`e^lgf] Y\`e^gXikf]XZclYX[[i\jj`e^C>9K`jjl\j#jl^^\jkjk_XkjZ_ffcjn\i\g\iZ\`m\[Xe[&fi\og\i`\eZ\[Xj lejlggfik`m\Xe[_fjk`c\gcXZ\j]fik_fj\n_f`[\ek`]pXjC>9K% KXYc\+%+1:fd]fik\ogi\jj`e^C>9K`[\ek`kp&`jjl\j`ejZ_ffc1jlim\pjXdgc\ :fd]fikXYc\& E\`k_\i&Efi LeZfd]fikXYc\& MXc`[ M\ip M\ip e :fd]fikXYc\ LeZfd]fikXYc\ ?fnZfd]fikXYc\nflc[pfl_Xm\Y\\e¿ e e e e KXcb`e^kfpflik\XZ_\i j #fe\$fe$fe\# ((/ ((%+ (*' ()%, .0( .-%( ('*0 XYflkC>9K`jjl\j KXcb`e^kfpflijZ_ffcgi`eZ`gXcXYflkC>9K`jjl\j -' ,%/ 0) /%0 //* /,%* ('*, KXb`e^X[Xk\f]k_\jXd\j\okfXjZ_ffc\m\ek 0- 0%* -0 -%. /.' /+%( ('*, IX`j`e^fii\jgfe[`e^kfC>9K`jjl\j`epfliZcXjj\j (,, (+%0 ()' ((%- .-) .*%, ('*. J\kk`e^lgfiY\`e^gXikf]C>9KZclYfi^iflg ('0 ('%, ()- ()%( /'+ ..%+ ('*0 Fek_\n_fc\#i\jgfe[\ekjn_fn\i\\eifcc\[`ejZ_ffcXkk_\k`d\f]Zfdgc\k`e^k_\jlim\pXcjf \ogi\jj\[_`^_c\m\cjf][`jZfd]fikXifle[C>9Kj\c]$\ogi\jj`fe`ejZ_ffcZfek\okj%Aljkfm\iXhlXik\i e4(+ jX`[k_Xkk_\pnflc[]\\cZfd]fikXYc\fim\ipZfd]fikXYc\kXcb`e^n`k_k_\`ik\XZ_\ijfeXfe\$ kf$fe\YXj`jXYflkC>9K`jjl\j#n_\i\Xjc\jjk_XeXÔ]k_ e40 jX`[k_\pnflc[]\\cZfd]fikXYc\kXcb`e^ kfk_\`igi`eZ`gXcXYflkjlZ_dXkk\ij%Aljkle[\iXk_`i[jX`[k_\pnflc[]\\cZfd]fikXYc\Yi`e^`e^X[Xk\ f]k_\jXd\j\okfXjZ_ffc\m\ek#jlZ_XjXÊ;\YjËfijZ_ffc[XeZ\#n_`c\knf$Ô]k_j e4)( X[d`kk\[ kfY\`e^Zfd]fikXYc\iX`j`e^fii\jgfe[`e^kfC>9K`jjl\j`eZcXjj%8k_`i[jX`[k_Xkk_\pnflc[]\\c Zfd]fikXYc\j\kk`e^lgfiY\`e^gXikf]XZclYfi^iflgk_XkX[[i\jj\jC>9K`jjl\j% Silencing of LGBT identities and expression in school >Xl^`e^_fnZfd]fikXYc\C>9Kjkl[\ekjXi\`ek\idjf]\ogi\jj`e^k_\dj\cm\j`emXi`fljnXpjXjC>9K g\ijfej`ejZ_ffcj\kk`e^j`jfe\`e[`ZXkfif]XZbefnc\[^\d\ekfiXZZ\gkXeZ\f]d`efi`kpj\olXc`k`\j Xe[&fi^\e[\i`[\ek`k`\j`ejZ_ffcj%P\kC>9Kjkl[\ekjËXY`c`kpkffg\ecp\ogi\jjk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`k`\j#fi kfgifdfk\[`jZljj`fef]C>9K`jjl\j`ek_\ZcXjjiffd#ZXeY\XZk`m\cp[`jZfliX^\[Xe[&figi\m\ek\[ YpjZ_ffcXlk_fi`k`\j#fifk_\ijZ_ffcg\ijfee\c#`ii\jg\Zk`m\f]C>9Kjkl[\ekjËfneZfd]fikc\m\cjXe[ \]]fikj`ek_`ji\^Xi[%=fikpg\iZ\ekf]k_fj\n_fn\i\`ejZ_ffc e4)' Xkk_\k`d\f]Zfdgc\k`e^k_\ jlim\pi\gfik\[X]X`cli\fii\]ljXckfX[[i\jjC>9K`jjl\j&ZfeZ\iej`eZcXjj#Xe[XcdfjkXk_`i[i\gfik\[ e\^Xk`m\[`jZljj`fef]C>9K`jjl\j`eZcXjj J\\KXYc\+%, % Fe\pfle^fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXek#n_fnXj\eifcc\[`ejZ_ffcXkk_\k`d\kXb`e^gXik`ek_\i\j\XiZ_# [\jZi`Y\[_\ii\clZkXeZ\kfZfd\flkXjY`j\olXc`eXjZ_ffcj\kk`e^n_`Z_XZk`m\cp[`jZfliX^\jk_\ m`j`Y`c`kpfi\ogi\jj`fef]C>9KZfeZ\iej#`jjl\jfi`[\ek`k`\jY\ZXlj\f]`kji\c`^`flj\k_fj% G8><66 :?8GK … Although the majority of teachers in my school would be extremely LGBT friendly, because my school is a [religious school], the principal and all the older teachers all tend to be [religious], they discourage promotion of LGBT events etc. I’m fairly certain that I am the only LGBT person in my school, and I am not out in school because I do not want to cause hassle with the older teachers because I do love my school. I remember one of my friends brought in one of the [LGBT] leaflets that were out last year, we put it up in the classroom, we were told to take it down as she [my teacher] didn’t want the first years to see it. That really angered me (Bisexual, Female, 17, Survey Participant).4 8efk_\ife$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekn_f_X[i\Z\ekcpc\]kjZ_ffci\cXp\[_fnjZ_ffc$YXj\[Zf[\j f]Zfdglcjfip_\k\ifj\olXc`kp]X`ckfd\\kk_\e\\[jf]#fimXc`[Xk\#k_\`[\ek`k`\jf]C>9Kpflk_`e jZ_ffcj#YpjXeZk`fe`e^_\k\ifj\olXc$fecp`[\ek`k`\jXe[jlggi\jj`e^C>9K`jjl\j#Xe[Yp]X`c`e^kfkXb\ Xggifgi`Xk\XZk`feX^X`ejk_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^% In relation to school events, we were banned from taking someone of the same sex to the debs, and a group attempted to run a LGBT sexual health class one year but couldn’t get around the “Catholic ethos” of the school … A gay male friend of mine in a similar boys’ school was unaware that STIs could be transmitted by oral sex. Schools don’t do enough as they don’t want to seem controversial to parents … I lost a close friend to suicide earlier this year as he couldn’t face coming out and the jeering he was getting for being suspected of being gay. Yet the school he was in did NOTHING in the way of policy afterwards so it could potentially and probably will be repeated. I was also sent to a counsellor in the hope it would “talk me out of being bisexual” and got a warning that if I dated girls in college or had gay friends my parents will not pay for my education (Bisexual, Female, 18, Survey Participant). LGBT issues and the formal curriculum GXik`Z`gXekji\gfik\[k_Xkj\o\[lZXk`fenXjc`d`k\[fi#dfi\f]k\e#efe\o`jk\ek`ek\idjf]`kji\c\mXeZ\ kfk_\d%K_`jd\Xekk_XkC>9K`jjl\jn\i\]fik_\dfjkgXik`em`j`Yc\`ek_\]fidXcZlii`Zlcld%C\jjk_Xe , f]k_\fm\iXccjlim\pjXdgc\#Xe[c\jjk_Xe/ f]Zlii\ekjZ_ffc$^f\ij#n\i\XnXi\f]Zfm\iX^\f] C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZZfek\ek`ek_\I\cXk`fej_`gjXe[J\olXc`kp<[lZXk`fe IJ< Zlii`Zlcld%Fe\fe$c`e\jlim\p gXik`Z`gXek#n_fnXjXcjfXgi`dXipjZ_ffck\XZ_\i#Zi`k`Z`j\[k_\]X`cli\kfX[[i\jjd`efi`kpj\olXc fi`\ekXk`fejfi^\e[\i`[\ek`k`\jXe[C>9Kg\fgc\Ëj\o`jk\eZ\`ek_\Zlii`Zlclddfi\^\e\iXccpXj]fccfnj% LGBT is NEVER mentioned in the RSE programmes in school and was NEVER addressed in [teacher] training college. I have serious issues with this. Children know about LGBT from TV, friends, relatives etc., yet primary schools ignore our existence. I was brought up to believe that I would live a ‘normal’ life, fall in love with a member of the opposite sex, marry and have children. Surely it should be presented in schools that this is not always going to be the case. Surely in our efforts to prepare children for life and society we need to address LGBT (Gay, Male, 23, Survey Participant). 8efk_\ijlim\pgXik`Z`gXek#n_fc\]kjZ_ffc`e)''(#gf`ek\[flkk_Xkkfk_\\ok\ekk_Xkj\olXc[`m\ij`kp nXjX[[i\jj\[`ejZ_ffc#`knXjgi\j\ek\[XjÊ[\m`XekËXe[ÊleeXkliXc%Ë There was little or no sex education and particularly no reference to homosexuality. One science teacher used an experiment with magnets to point out that homosexuals were unnatural - ‘opposites attract, like repels like’. When I was 12, I asked a sex [education] teacher (anonymously) who visited my primary school at what age one knows one is gay (as I was becoming very much aware of my sexual attraction to males) and she advised that one does not know one is gay until one reaches the age of 17. I felt like a sexual deviant after this response and I didn’t attempt to communicate my sexual orientation to anyone again until I was 17 in a suicide note (Gay, Male, 26, Survey Participant). 8efk_\i[\jZi`Y\[_fnk_\j`c\eZ\g\imX[`e^C>9K`jjl\j`ek_\Zlii`ZlcldXkjZ_ffcd\Xekk_Xk_\ cXZb\[k_\befnc\[^\Xe[mfZXYlcXipn`k_n_`Z_kfle[\ijkXe[#\ogi\jjfi\ogcfi\_`j\mfcm`e^j\ej\f] _`jj\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXjXpfle^^XpdXe% 48Ô]k_f]fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjn_f_X[Y\\e\eifcc\[`ejZ_ffc[li`e^k_\)''-$)''.XZX[\d`Zp\Xin\i\XnXi\f]ÈJkfg?f$ dfg_fY`Z9lccp`e^Égfjk\ijY\`e^[`jgcXp\[`ek_\`ijZ_ffcj% G8><67 :?8GK I think I have answered the [survey] questions honestly but they seem more positive answers than would accurately reflect the reality of the years in secondary school, where my sexual identity was hidden even from myself because I did not have a language to describe my experience. It may even be that the lack of language and openness also protected me from direct discrimination in school as it was not something talked about. However the lack of knowledge and understanding did cause me a lot of wasted time and difficulties in the years after leaving school and I was lucky that this did not cause me too much suffering or pain (Gay, Male, 39, Survey Participant). :fcc\Zk`m\cp#k_\]fi\^f`e^XZZflekjXi\`e[`ZXk`m\f]X]X`cli\fek_\gXikf]jZ_ffcjkfX[[i\jjfi \dYiXZ\d`efi`kpj\olXc`kpXe[^\e[\i`[\ek`k`\j#fiXkc\Xjkefk`eXepd\Xe`e^]lcfijlYjkXek`m\nXp% K_`ji\e[\ijC>9Kpflk_\]]\Zk`m\cp`em`j`Yc\Xe[`emXc`[Xk\[`eZcXjjiffdjXe[XkjZ_ffc\m\ekj#Xe[ _\eZ\]\Xi]lc#fiXkc\XjkZfejkiX`e\[#`ek\idjf]k_\\ok\ekkfn_`Z_k_\pZXe\ogi\jjk_\dj\cm\jXj C>9K`ejZ_ffcj%=lik_\i\m`[\eZ\kfjl^^\jkk_XkZfek\dgfiXipjZ_ffc\em`ifed\ekjZXeY\\og\i`\eZ\[ Xj_fjk`c\]fik_fj\n_fXi\Çfin_fXi\Y\c`\m\[kfY\ÇC>9K`eXe@i`j_Zfek\ok`jgi\j\ek\[`ek_\ Zfek\okf]XZfej`[\iXk`fef]_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^Y\cfn% J:?FFCJ8= Homophobic bullying =`]kp$\`^_kg\iZ\ekf]k_\fm\iXccjlim\pjXdgc\#Xe[_Xc]f]XccZlii\ekjZ_ffc^f\ij#i\gfik\[k_\ \o`jk\eZ\f]_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^fek_\gXikf]jkl[\ekj`ek_\`ijZ_ffcj%Fm\i_Xc]f]Xccfe$c`e\jlim\p i\jgfe[\ekj e4,0* i\gfik\[_Xm`e^Y\\eZXcc\[_lik]lceXd\ji\cXk\[kfk_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe fi^\e[\i`[\ek`kpYp]\ccfnjkl[\ekj#n_`c\/ e4// X[d`kk\[kf_Xm`e^\og\i`\eZ\[eXd\$ZXcc`e^ YpjkX]]n_`c\`ejZ_ffc%8j`^e`ÔZXekd`efi`kpf]fe$c`e\jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekj +' #e4+*, `e[`ZXk\[ k_Xkk_\p_X[Y\\em\iYXccpk_i\Xk\e\[Yp]\ccfnjkl[\ekjY\ZXlj\k_\pn\i\#fin\i\k_fl^_kkfY\ C>9K#n_`c\+ f]k_\jXdgc\_X[Y\\em\iYXccpk_i\Xk\e\[YpjkX]]%8hlXik\if]k_\fm\iXccjXdgc\ e 4)/) _X[Y\\eg_pj`ZXccpk_i\Xk\e\[Ypk_\`ig\\ij#n_\i\Xjaljkfm\i( e4(+ _X[Y\\eg_pj`ZXccp k_i\Xk\e\[YpjkX]]% 8nXi\e\jjf]k_\gi\mXc\eZ\f]_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^Xe[Ê^Xp_ldfliËXkjZ_ffcd\Xekk_XkZfd`e^flkfi Y\`e^flk`ejZ_ffcnXjj`dgcpefkXefgk`fe]fijfd\gXik`Z`gXekj%8jfe\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekglk `k#Zfd`e^flk`ejZ_ffcnXjj`dgcpefkjfd\k_`e^_\nflc[_Xm\Ê[Xi\[kf[f#Ë`ec`^_kf]k_\_fdfg_fY`Z Zlckli\k_Xkg\imX[\[_`jjZ_ffc% INTERVIEWER: In the school, was there evidence of homophobic bullying or? RESPONDENT: Homophobic bullying in the sense of what a lot of teenage boys do to kind of knock each other down by using gay jokes, gay humour, you know, that kind of thing. You knew the attitudes that underlay the joking. And you knew damn well where it could lead if you disclosed what you really were. You didn’t dare do it (Gay, Male, 40). Teacher responses DXepf]k_\]fi\^f`e^eXiiXk`m\XZZflekjf]jZ_ffc$YXj\[\og\i`\eZ\j[\jZi`Y\[`i\Zk\]]fikjfek_\gXikf] Z\ikX`ejZ_ffcXlk_fi`k`\jfig\ijfee\ckfgi\m\ek#Êj`c\eZ\Ëfii\e[\i`em`j`Yc\#C>9K\ogi\jj`fe`ejZ_ffcj% @k`jg\i_Xgjlejligi`j`e^#k_\i\]fi\#k_Xkk\XZ_\ii\jgfej\jkf_fdfg_fY`ZY\_Xm`flikfnXi[jC>9K jkl[\ekjn\i\iXi\%8ck_fl^_XcdfjkXk\ek_f]Xccjlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj`e[`ZXk\[k_\gi\j\eZ\f]k\XZ_\ij Xe[fk_\ijkX]]d\dY\ijn_fn\i\jlggfik`m\f]C>9Kjkl[\ekj&`jjl\j#dfjkf]k_\eXiiXk`m\Zfdd\ekXip fef]ÔZ`XcjZ_ffci\jgfej\jkf_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^Z_XiXZk\i`j\[`kXjefe$\o`jk\ek#`e\]]\Zk`m\#fi Zfdgc`Z`kn`k_XZlckli\f]_fjk`c`kpkfnXi[jC>9Kjkl[\ekj% There was a fella that started in our school when we were in 6th year … and I think he was bullied, and he was very effeminate and he was kind of small … and a kind of a real outsider … I was told to look after him and mind him ... and I felt as if it was a kind of a joke, let the gay lads mind the gay lads … and it was put to me in a kind of bullying way by the teachers, like – the year head at the time (Gay, Male, 26). G8><68 :?8GK Well, they [primary teachers] were giving out to them for doing it, but … they didn’t really get anything bad [as punishment]. And, when I got beaten up in the school yard, they didn’t send me home or anything, they just kept me in school for the rest of the day, they didn’t ring my mam or anything (Gay, Male, 16). Missing school and dropping out K_\fe$c`e\jlim\pXjb\[gXik`Z`gXekj`]k_\p_X[\m\id`jj\[fijb`gg\[jZ_ffcY\ZXlj\f]k_\ki\Xkd\ek k_Xkk_\pi\Z\`m\[Y\ZXlj\f]k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe%8Ô]k_f]k_\fm\iXccjXdgc\ e4))/ X[d`kk\[ kf_Xm`e^d`jj\[fijb`gg\[jZ_ffcY\ZXlj\k_\p]\ckk_i\Xk\e\[#fin\i\X]iX`[f]^\kk`e^_likXkjZ_ffc# YXj\[fek_\`ii\Xcfig\iZ\`m\[C>9K`[\ek`kp%8j`d`cXigifgfik`fef]jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekj e4)(+ _X[ Zfej`[\i\[c\Xm`e^jZ_ffcfn`e^kfk_\e\^Xk`m\ki\Xkd\ekk_\p_X[i\Z\`m\[XkjZ_ffc[l\kfk_\`iC>9K `[\ek`kp#n_`c\X]lik_\i, e4,, [`[XZklXccpc\Xm\jZ_ffc\XicpY\ZXlj\f]_fnk_\pn\i\ki\Xk\[ XjXZfej\hl\eZ\f]k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe`ejZ_ffc%=lik_\idfi\#XjdXccYlkj`^e`ÔZXekeldY\if] `e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekj_X[kf]fi^fk_\`i\[lZXk`fe[l\kfk_\_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^k_\p_X[ \og\i`\eZ\[`ejZ_ffc%K_`jjl^^\jkjk_XkjZ_ffc$YXj\[_XiXjjd\ekf]#Xe[_fjk`c`kpkfnXi[j#C>9Kg\fgc\ ZXe`ek\i]\i\n`k_C>9Kjkl[\ekjËXY`c`kpkfc\Xie#Xe[kfg\i]fidXZX[\d`ZXccp`ek_\]fidXc\[lZXk`feXc [fdX`e%K_\]fccfn`e^pfle^dXe[\jZi`Y\jn_p_\c\]kjZ_ffcn`k_flkZfdgc\k`e^_`jale`fiZ\ik`ÔZXk\% I left school because of the hurt and suffering I got in school, and the teachers didn’t care, as I think it was a case of ‘well they call him gay and he probably is gay, so why should we step in, cos they are not saying anything wrong’ attitude towards gay people ... even though I wasn’t out at school. I was forced to leave at my Junior Cert, due to the abuse I got when leaving the exam room etc., jumped on, called puff, queer etc. (Gay, Male, 23, Survey Participant). J`d`cXicp#X(.p\Xifc[`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekn_f_X[Zfd\flkXkk_\\e[f]K_`i[P\Xi [\jZi`Y\[_fnj_\_X[[ifgg\[flkf]jZ_ffcY\]fi\j`kk`e^_\iC\Xm`e^:\ik`ÔZXk\Y\ZXlj\f]k_\jki\jj XjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Y\`e^Ylcc`\[XkjZ_ffc% The stress of the Leaving and all that kind of stuff? Grand. But then the stress of actually being in school because I was kind of bullied a bit in school. I didn’t have interest in the hassle of it … If anything it’s getting worse … they are just going to stereotype. They’re all pretty much scumbags. If you’re not scum, or into that kind of thing, then you’re slagged for being different. Then coming out being gay. It’s just kind of worse again (Lesbian, Female, 17). N_`c\Xe\Z\jjXi`cpj\c\Zk`m\XZZflek#k_\]fi\^f`e^XeXcpj`j_`^_c`^_kjk_\nXpj`en_`Z_leni`kk\e Zf[\jf]Zfdglcjfip_\k\ifj\olXc`kp^fm\iejZ_ffcj`eXe@i`j_Zfek\ok#Xe[k_\e\^Xk`m\`dgXZkk_`j _XjfeC>9Kjkl[\ekj%K_`jZXei\jlck`eXj`c\eZ`e^Xe[`emXc`[Xk`fef]C>9K`[\ek`kpXe[j\c]$\ogi\jj`fe% @kXcjfjfl^_kkfgifm`[\Xele[\ijkXe[`e^f]k_\gi\mXc\eZ\#eXkli\Xe[\]]\Zkjf]ÇXjn\ccXjf]ÔZ`Xc jZ_ffci\jgfej\jkfÇ_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^%@knflc[Y\`eXZZliXk\kfjl^^\jk#_fn\m\i#k_XkjZ_ffc`e^ nXj\og\i`\eZ\[`eXle`]fidcpfi\oZclj`m\cpe\^Xk`m\nXpYpgXik`Z`gXekj%JgXZ\Zfej`[\iXk`fej#Xjn\cc Xjk_\]fZljfejfd\f]k_\dfi\e\^Xk`m\[`d\ej`fejf]jZ_ffcc`]\]fiC>9Kpflk_#_Xm\efkg\id`kk\[ Xe\ogcfiXk`fef]jfd\f]k_\dfi\gfj`k`m\[`d\ej`fejf]jZ_ffc`e^kfn_`Z_gXik`Z`gXekjXccl[\[# jlZ_Xj]i`\e[j#`ek\i\jk`e^k\XZ_\ijXe[jlYa\Zkj#jZ_ffcXZk`m`k`\j#Xe[jffe%K_\]fccfn`e^j\Zk`fefe nfibgcXZ\\og\i`\eZ\`jj`d`cXicp]fZljj\[fe\og\i`\eZ\jf][`jZi`d`eXk`fe`ek_\j\j\kk`e^j% G8><69 :?8GK KXYc\+%,1Gi\j\eZ\f]C>9K`jjl\j&\og\i`\eZ\jXkjZ_ffc1jlim\pjXdgc\ 8ccI\jgfe[\ekj :lii\ekcp\eifcc\[ e4(((' `ejZ_ffc e4,( At your school, is/was there... e e 8ni`kk\egfc`Zpkfgifk\ZkC>9Kjkl[\ekj]ifd_fdfg_fY`Z +) *%/ 0 (.%- Ylccp`e^&fk_\i]fidjf][`jZi`d`eXk`fe Fk_\iC>9Kjkl[\ekjpflZflc[cffblgkffin_fZflc[XZkXj +( *%. , 0%/ Xifc\df[\c K\XZ_\ijfifk_\ijZ_ffcjkX]]d\dY\ijjlggfik`m\f]C>9Kjkl[\ekj ('/ 0%. (- *(%+ GXi\ekËj:fleZ`cjlggfik`m\f]C>9Kjkl[\ekj&`jjl\j + '%+ ' '%' K\XZ_\ijfifk_\ijZ_ffcjkX]]d\dY\ijfg\eXYflkY\`e^C>9K *. *%* , 0%/ 8ZclYfijlggfik^iflg]fiC>9Kjkl[\ekj , '%, ( )%' Gfj`k`m\`dX^\ip gfjk\ij#Yffbj\kZ% i\gi\j\ek`e^C>9K )* )%( (' (0%- `jjl\j&g\fgc\ Gfj`k`m\[`jZljj`fef]C>9K`jjl\j`eZcXjj 0- /%- 0 (.%- E\^Xk`m\[`jZljj`fef]C>9K`jjl\j`eZcXjj **, *'%) (- *(%+ Fg\e[`jZljj`feXYflkC>9K`jjl\j`eXek`$Ylccp`e^j\d`eXij +, +%( - ((%/ ?fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^Ypjkl[\ekj -+( ,.%. )- ,(%' =X`cli\fii\]ljXckfX[[i\jjC>9K`jjl\j&ZfeZ\iej`eZcXjj ,'- +,%- )' *0%) ?fdfg_fY`ZZfdd\ekjYpk\XZ_\ij&fk_\ijkX]]d\dY\ij */( *+%* (( )(%- 8ZZ\jjkf`e]fidXk`feXYflkC>9Kjlggfik&pflk_^iflgj (/ (%- + .%/ I\cXk`fej_`gjXe[j\olXc`kp\[lZXk`fe`eZcl[`e^C>9Kjg\Z`ÔZ ,* +%/ + .%/ `e]fidXk`fe Nfibj_fgj]fijkl[\ekjX[[i\jj`e^C>9K`jjl\j 0 '%/ ) *%0 Nfibj_fgj]fik\XZ_\ijXYflk_fnkfX[[i\jjXe[le[\ijkXe[ * '%* ) *%0 C>9K`jjl\j Discrimination in the workplace =fli$Ô]k_jf]k_\fe$c`e\jlim\pjXdgc\nXj\dgcfp\[Xkk_\k`d\f]Zfdgc\k`e^k_\jlim\p#XdXafi`kpf] n_fdn\i\`e]lcc$k`d\\dgcfpd\ek%Fm\i.' f]k_\fe$c`e\jlim\pjXdgc\nXjflkkfXkc\Xjkjfd\f] k_\`infibZfcc\X^l\j% 8jflkc`e\[`eKXYc\+%-#aljkfm\iXhlXik\if]k_fj\n_f_X[\m\iY\\e\dgcfp\[X[d`kk\[kf\m\i _Xm`e^Y\\eZXcc\[_lik]lceXd\ji\cXk\[kfk_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefi^\e[\i`[\ek`kpYpnfib Zfcc\X^l\j%=`]k\\eg\iZ\ekf]k_fj\n_f_X[\m\iY\\e\dgcfp\[X[d`kk\[kf_Xm`e^\og\i`\eZ\[m\iYXc k_i\XkjY\ZXlj\k_\pn\i\#fin\i\Y\c`\m\[kfY\#C>9K%8cdfjk. X[d`kk\[kf_Xm`e^Y\\eg_pj`ZXccp k_i\Xk\e\[YpXnfibZfcc\X^l\#n_`c\Xcdfjk(' X[d`kk\[kf_Xm`e^d`jj\[nfibY\ZXlj\k_\pn\i\ X]iX`[f]Y\`e^_likfi]\ckk_i\Xk\e\[Y\ZXlj\f]k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`kp% G8><70 :?8GK KXYc\+%-1 I\gfikjf]fm\ik]fidjf]g_pj`ZXcXe[m\iYXc_XiXjjd\ek`ei\jgfe[\ekjËgi\j\ekgcXZ\jf]\dgcfpd\ek n\i\cfn\i#Xck_fl^_0 f]k_fj\n_fn\i\\dgcfp\[Xkk_\k`d\f]kXb`e^gXik`ek_\jlim\p[`[ X[d`kkf_Xm`e^Y\\eZXcc\[_lik]lceXd\ji\cXk\[kfk_\`ikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kpfij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe `ek_\nfibgcXZ\%N_`c\fm\ik]fidjf]_XiXjjd\ekXe[m`Zk`d`jXk`fen\i\^\e\iXccpcfn`eZlii\ek nfibgcXZ\j\kk`e^j#dXepfe$c`e\Xe[`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekj[\jZi`Y\[[`i\ZkXe[`e[`i\Zk ]fidjf][`jZi`d`eXk`fek_Xk`dgXZk\[fek_\`ic`m\jXknfib#fiY\pfe[k_\nfibgcXZ\%Jfd\gf`ek\[ kfX]X`cli\kfgifm`[\k_\jXd\Y\e\Ôk\ek`kc\d\ekjXmX`cXYc\kf_\k\ifj\olXcjgflj\j%Fk_\ijZXcc\[ ]fijkife^\iZfe[\deXk`fef]#Xe[[`jZ`gc`eXipgifZ\[li\j`ei\cXk`fekf#_fdfg_fY`ZY\_Xm`fliXe[ i\dXibj#gf`ek`e^kfk_\]X`cli\f]Xek`$[`jZi`d`eXk`fegfc`Z`\jkfgi\m\ek[`jZi`d`eXk`fe`egiXZk`Z\%Fe\ fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXek#]fi\oXdgc\#Zi`k`Z`j\[k_\le`m\ij`kpj\kk`e^n_\i\j_\nfib\[]fi`kj]X`cli\ kf\]]\Zk`m\cpkXZbc\`ejkXeZ\jf]Ylccp`e^% The university where I work does not have a positive attitude towards LGBT people. For all the ‘equality’ and ‘diversity’ legislation and workplace policies in existence, few practical steps are ever taken to deal with bullying. It is more likely that the complainant will be pressurised to leave the workplace (Lesbian, Female, 32, Survey Participant). Fk_\ij\ogi\jj\[]iljkiXk`feXkXiXe^\f]nfib$gcXZ\gfc`Z`\jXe[giXZk`Z\jn_`Z_k_\p\og\i`\eZ\[Xj dXi^`eXc`j`e^#`jfcXk`e^#fi[`jZi`d`eXkfip%8jk_\]fccfn`e^jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekËjjkfipjl^^\jkj#`ejfd\ nfibgcXZ\j\kk`e^jXkc\Xjk#jXd\$j\ogXike\ij_`gjXi\efkXZZfi[\[k_\jXd\i\jg\Zkfii\Zf^e`k`feXj _\k\ifj\olXcgXike\ij_`gj% My partner was very ill last year and had to be rushed to hospital on several occasions. On two such occasions I asked to leave work early (on the 2nd occasion 10 mins early, she has a severe form of asthma and minutes matter). I was not allowed to do so. I was asked if her ‘family’ could not go instead. There was a sense of tolerance of my sexual orientation in that job, but no sense that my relationship with my partner of eleven years deserved parity of esteem with my two bosses’ heterosexual marriages. My partner was referred to repeatedly as my ‘friend’, despite my repeated correction of the term. This was not bullying per se, but it was blatant inequality. I don’t know precisely how it can be addressed (Female, Lesbian, 35, Survey Participant). Equality legislation and discrimination against LGBT people Fk_\ii\jgfe[\ekjdX[\[`i\Zki\]\i\eZ\kfk_\e\^Xk`m\`dgXZkk_XkZlii\ek\dgcfpd\ek\hlXc`kp c\^`jcXk`fe\o\dgk`fejZXe_Xm\]fik_fj\n_fXi\C>9K%N_`c\efk[`i\Zk\[jg\Z`ÔZXccpXkC>9K `e[`m`[lXcj#J\Zk`fe*.f]k_\ Fe\Zfdd\ekXkfi[\jZi`Y\[_fnj_\_X[Y\\e]fiZ\[flkf]_\iZXi\\iXjXk\XZ_\i#_Xm`e^Y\\eÊflk\[ËXk nfibkfk_\Gi`eZ`gXc% G8><71 :?8GK As someone who has worked in Education and was bullied out of my part time teaching post due to anonymous letters to the Principal that I was gay, it is a disgrace that [the Employment Equality Act] still allows discrimination in the teaching workplace to occur with the ethos opt out of the legislation that still is in place. Mental ill health for lesbians and gays can be caused by the perception that society thinks it’s OK to discriminate against gay people. Thanks to my friends and my own resourcefulness at the time I changed careers. It could have affected me very badly if I had not been able to cope and have the support I had (Lesbian, Female, 48, Survey Participant). 8jk_\]fi\^f`e^Zfdd\ekji\m\Xc#c\^`jcXk`fe\o\dgk`fejf]k_`jeXkli\ZXe_Xm\k_\\]]\Zkf]]fiZ`e^ C>9Kg\ijfejflkf]\dgcfpd\ek`eZ\ikX`ej\Zkfij#kfXmf`[j\\b`e^\dgcfpd\ek`ek_\j\j\Zkfij#fi kfkXb\lg\dgcfpd\ek`eZfe[`k`fejn_\i\k_\pXi\Zfdg\cc\[kfZfeZ\Xck_\`ij\olXc`kp NXcj_\kXc%# )''. %P\k\m\e`ek_fj\nfibj\kk`e^jXe[`ejkXeZ\jn_\i\jlZ_\hlXc`kp\o\dgk`fej[fefkXggcp#k_\ iflk`e\jki\jjfijXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Y\`e^C>9KZXeX]]\Zkjfd\C>9Kg\fgc\ËjXY`c`kpkf_fc[[fneXafY#fi ZXe`eÕl\eZ\k_\`i[\Z`j`feXYflkn_\i\kfnfib% K_\]fccfn`e^pfle^dXe[\jZi`Y\[_fnk_\ZfdY`e\[\]]\Zkjf][\gi\jj`feXe[Zfd`e^kfk\idjn`k_ _`jj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe_X[ZXlj\[_`dkfZXcc`ej`Zb]ifdnfib#X]]\Zk`e^_`jXY`c`kpkf_fc[[fneXafY`e _`j\Xicpnfib`e^c`]\% I used to ring in sick … at the time when I was just starting to come out I wasn’t lasting in jobs because I kind of didn’t, trying to find myself you know, where I was going. Even though my social life was great, like I had a great partner. When it came to work, I was still a bit, I wasn’t sure what I wanted to do (Gay, Male, 26). =fifk_\ij#k_\g\iZ\gk`fek_XkY\`e^C>9KnXjefkXZZ\gkXYc\fiÊefidXcË]fiZ\[k_\dkfZfeZ\Xck_\`i kil\`[\ek`kpXe[Xjg\Zkjf]k_\`ig\ijfeXcc`]\`ek_\nfibgcXZ\%8jk_\]fccfn`e^m`^e\kk\i\m\Xcj#]fi jfd\gXik`Z`gXekj#k_`j`dgXZk\[fek_\[\Z`j`fekfj\\b\dgcfpd\ek\cj\n_\i\#fZZXj`feXccpi\jlck`e^ `eXdfi\jlggfik`m\nfib`e^\em`ifed\ek% Previously when I worked for [workplace name], I was with them for 25 years and one of the reasons I decided to change jobs, well one was for the promotion and the other was that again I was fed up of pussyfooting around with people and not saying that I was with my partner. There were children involved and because of the whole PC thing … some people didn’t see it as being a normal lifestyle … The new job, I’m there two years and I sat down today at lunchtime and I was able to talk about Primetime last night and gay marriage and actually get support from the people I work with (Lesbian, Female, 47). Fk_\ijn_fn\i\efkflk`ek_\nfibgcXZ\[\jZi`Y\[_fnk_\X[[`k`feXcjki\jjXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Zfd`e^ flkXknfib#Xe[&fi]\Xif][`jZi`d`eXk`fe`eÕl\eZ\[k_\`i[\Z`j`feefkkf[`jZcfj\k_\`i`[\ek`kp`ek_\j\ j\kk`e^j% I would consider it [coming out] definitely, but at this present moment in time it would be too much added stress, I feel for me to come out when I don’t necessarily need to … if I did, how will I put it, come out, it would be the focal point of who I was, whereas now, I’m me for different reasons (Lesbian, Female, 32). People know I’m lesbian most of the time. But I kind of feel like I’ll get less flak if I don’t say it than if I say it. Because if they’re not 100% sure, then they can’t 100% discriminate … I obviously wouldn’t intentionally choose to live in fear if I didn’t think there was some grounds for it. It’s not a fear that I feel all the time but it’s something that is there all the time that I’m aware of it (Lesbian, Female, 54). G8><72 :?8GK :FE:CLJ@FE I believe ignorant attitudes toward homosexuality and sexuality generally need to be tackled head on in our education system to avoid causing unnecessary harm to young people through ignorance and intolerance (Gay, Male, 26, Survey Participant). K_\d`efi`kpjki\jjdf[\c#n_`Z_`jXZfeZ\gklXc]iXd\nfib]file[\ijkXe[`e^k_\e\^Xk`m\`dgXZkfe _\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^ZXlj\[YpXjk`^dXk`j`e^jfZ`XcZfek\ok 9iffbj#(0/(2D\p\i#(00,#)''* #_Xj gifm`[\[Xlj\]lcc\ejk_ifl^_n_`Z_kfY\kk\ile[\ijkXe[C>9Kg\fgc\Ëjc`m\j%K_\]fi\^f`e^XeXcpj`j [\dfejkiXk\jk_Xkk_\jki\jjXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Y\`e^Xg\ijfef]d`efi`kpj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefi^\e[\i `[\ek`kp`jXiflk`e\fZZlii\eZ\]fidXepn_f`[\ek`]pXjC>9K#`eYfk_nfibXe[jZ_ffcj\kk`e^j% Dfi\fm\i#C>9Kpflk_`egXik`ZlcXiXi\mlce\iXYc\kf[`jki\jj`e^\og\i`\eZ\jXe[\dfk`fej#n`k_jki\jj \jg\Z`Xccp\m`[\ek`ek_\`ieXiiXk`m\jf]Zfd`e^flk% K_\Ôe[`e^jfek_\jZ_ffc$YXj\[\og\i`\eZ\jf]C>9Kg\fgc\Zcfj\cpgXiXcc\cXjj\ik`fejdX[\\cj\n_\i\ k_Xkk_\jZ_ffcp\XijXi\f]k\edXii\[Ypiflk`e\_XiXjjd\ekXe[m`Zk`d`jXk`fe]fijfd\C>9Kpflk_%@e X[[`k`fekfdfi\fm\ikdXe`]\jkXk`fejXe[\ogi\jj`fejf]C>9K$i\cXk\[_XiXjjd\ek#jlZ_Xj_fdfg_fY`Z Ylccp`e^Xe[kXlek`e^#dfi\jlYkc\Xjg\Zkjf]m`Zk`d`jXk`fe#[`jZi`d`eXk`fe#Xe[jfZ`Xc\oZclj`feXi\Xcjf gi\mXc\ek`ejZ_ffcj%:fcc\Zk`m\cp#k_\Ôe[`e^jle[\ijZfi\k_\e\\[]fijZ_ffcg\ijfee\ckfX[mfZXk\]fi C>9Kpflk_`eZfek\okjZ_XiXZk\i`j\[Yp_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^#kXlek`e^Ypg\\ijXe[jZ_ffcZc`dXk\j n_`Z_`emXc`[Xk\C>9Kc`m\jfii\e[\ik_\d`em`j`Yc\% N_`c\fm\ik]fidjf]_XiiXjjd\ekXe[m`Zk`d`jXk`fen\i\^\e\iXccpcfn`eZlii\eknfibgcXZ\j\kk`e^j# dXepgXik`ZgXekj[\jZi`Y\[[`i\ZkXe[`e[`i\Zk]fidjf][`jZi`d`eXk`fek_Xk`dgXZk\[fek_\`ic`m\j#\m\e Y\pfe[k_\nfibgcXZ\%@e[`i\Zk[`jZi`d`eXk`feXe[_\k\ifefidXk`m`kp#Zfddfe`enfibgcXZ\j\kk`e^j# c`d`kk_\XY`c`kpf]C>9Kg\fgc\kf[`jZljjfiZfejkilZkk_\`ifne`[\ek`k`\jXknfib%Dfi\[`i\Zk]fidj f]`ejk`klk`feXc[`jZi`d`eXk`fe#`eZcl[`e^\hlXc`kpc\^`jcXk`fe\o\dgk`fej#ZXe]fiZ\C>9Kg\fgc\flkf] \dgcfpd\ek`eZ\ikX`ej\Zkfij#fiZXlj\k_\dkfXmf`[j\\b`e^\dgcfpd\ek`ek_\j\j\Zkfij`ek_\Ôijk `ejkXeZ\#fikfkXb\lg\dgcfpd\ek`eZfek\okjn_\i\k_\pXi\Zfdg\cc\[kfZfeZ\Xck_\`ij\olXc`kp% MENTAL HEALTH RISKS K_\gi\m`fljZ_Xgk\i`[\ek`Ô\[jfd\f]k_\le`hl\jki\jjfijXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Y\`e^Xj\olXcd`efi`kpXe[& fikiXej^\e[\i`eXe@i`j_Zfek\ok#Xe[\oXd`e\[knfjg\Z`ÔZjfZ`XcZfek\okj#eXd\cpjZ_ffcZc`dXk\Xe[ nfibgcXZ\Zlckli\j#n`k_`en_`Z_C>9Kg\fgc\\og\i`\eZ\k_\`i\m\ip[Xpc`m\j%:fcc\Zk`m\cp#k_\j\Ôe[`e^j jl^^\jkk_XkdXepn_f`[\ek`]pXjC>9K\og\i`\eZ\nfibÇXe[jZ_ffcZlckli\j`egXik`ZlcXiÇXj_fjk`c\ Xe[[`jZi`d`eXkfip%K_`jZ_Xgk\ij\\bjkf]lik_\ile[\ijZfi\k_\`dgXZkk_XkjfZ`XcZfek\okj_Xm\fe C>9Kc`m\jn`k_XgXik`ZlcXi\dg_Xj`jfe`e[`ZXkfijf]d\ekXc_\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^Xdfe^C>9Kg\fgc\% KXb\ekf^\k_\i#k_\j\Z_Xgk\ijj\\bkfgifm`[\X[\kX`c\[le[\ijkXe[`e^f]k_\\em`ifed\ekXci`jb]XZkfij# `eZcl[`e^Xjg\Zkjf][`jZi`d`eXk`feXe[_fdfg_fY`X#k_XkdXpY\c`eb\[kfgjpZ_fcf^`ZXcXe[jl`Z`[Xc [`jki\jjXdfe^jfd\C>9Kg\fgc\ DZ;Xe`\c#GliZ\cc 8l^\cc`#)''( %@ejf[f`e^#n\gXpgXik`ZlcXi Xkk\ek`fekfk_\[`i\ZkXe[`e[`i\Zk`dgXZkf]`ejk`klk`feXc`j\[Xe[\m\ip[XpgiXZk`Z\jf][`jZi`d`eXk`fefe C>9Kd\ekXc_\Xck_#`egXik`ZlcXiXjk_\pi\cXk\kf[\gi\jj`fe#j\c]$_Xid#Xe[jl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jj% K_\Z_Xgk\i`jfi^Xe`j\[Xj]fccfnj1@e`k`Xccp#n\\oXd`e\k_\gi\mXc\eZ\Xe[eXkli\f][\gi\jj`fe# XcZf_fclj\#Xe[j\c]$_Xid%?\i\n\Xkk\dgkkfZfek\oklXc`j\k_\j\\og\i`\eZ\j#Xe[kfcfZXk\k_\d n`k_`ei\jgfe[\ekjË\m\ip[Xpc`m\j%K_`j`jXZ_`\m\[k_ifl^_k_\XeXcpj`jf]jlim\p[XkXXcfe^j`[\ \m\ip[XpXZZflekjf]j`klXk`fej#\m\ekjXe[\og\i`\eZ\j gXjkXe[gi\j\ek [\g`Zk\[Ypi\jgfe[\ekjXj jfliZ\jf][`jki\jj%=fccfn`e^k_`j#n\]fZljdfi\\oZclj`m\cpfei\jgfe[\ekjË\og\i`\eZ\jf]jl`Z`[Xc`kp% K_`jj\Zk`feÔijkgi\j\ekjb\pÔe[`e^j]ifdk_\fe$c`e\jlim\pi\cXk\[kfk_\gi\mXc\eZ\f]jl`Z`[Xc `[\Xk`feXe[Xkk\dgkjXdfe^jkd\dY\ijf]k_\C>9KZfddle`kp`e@i\cXe[%@kk_\ef]]\ijXdfi\ elXeZ\[hlXc`kXk`m\le[\ijkXe[`e^f]_fnY\`e^C>9K`e]fidjjfd\g\fgc\Ëj\og\i`\eZ\jf]jl`Z`[Xc`kp# Xele[\ijkXe[`e^n_`Z_k_\hlXek`kXk`m\[XkXXcfe\ZXeefkgifm`[\% ; (@kj_flc[Y\efk\[k_XkefjkXe[Xi[`j\[d\Xjli\jn\i\lj\[kfXjj\jj[\gi\jj`fe`e\`k_\ik_\fe$c`e\jlim\pfi`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\nj% K_\j\Ô^li\jXi\YXj\[fej\c]$i\gfikj#YXj\[fek_\]fccfn`e^hl\jk`fe1È8cdfjk\m\ipfe\Y\Zfd\jjX[#[fnefi[\gi\jj\[Xkk`d\j%?Xm\ pfl\m\i_X[Xjg\ccf]]\\c`e^jX[#[fnefi[\gi\jj\[`epflic`]\k`d\6@ek_\gXjk()dfek_j6@ek_\gXjk*'[Xpj6É )@kj_flc[Y\Yfie\`ed`e[k_Xknfd\eXi\le[\ii\gi\j\ek\[`ek_\jXdgc\#dXb`e^lgaljkXk_`i[f]jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj%J`d`cXicp#k_\ eldY\if]i\jgfe[\ekjn_f[`[efk`[\ek`]pXjdXc\fi]\dXc\`jm\ipjdXccXe[j_flc[Y\`ek\igi\k\[n`k_ZXlk`fe% *;XkXXi\[`jX^^i\^Xk\[YpC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe`ek_`jZ_Xgk\i]fiXeXcpk`Zgligfj\j#Xck_fl^_`kj_flc[Y\Yfie\`ed`e[k_Xkk_\j\ZXk$ \^fi`\jXi\efke\Z\jjXi`cpdlklXccp\oZclj`m\%8jflkc`e\[`e:_Xgk\i*#XdXafi`kp e4). f]kiXej^\e[\ii\jgfe[\ekjXcjf`[\ek`Ô\[n`k_ ZfddfecpXjZi`Y\[cXY\cj[\efk`e^Xd`efi`kpj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe `%\%#c\jY`Xe#^Xp#Y`j\olXc % G8><75:?8GK KXYc\,%(1Gi\mXc\eZ\f]j\c]$i\gfik\[[\gi\jj`feYp^\e[\i1jlim\pjXdgc\+ 8ccI\jgfe[\ekj =\dXc\ DXc\ Jfd\k_`e^ C`]\k`d\ 0,/ /-%* *), /-%) -() /-%- (. ..%* GXjkP\Xi .*' -,%/ )+0 -- +-( -,%) (. ..%* GXjk*';Xpj +/* +*%, (/( +/ )/, +'%* (- .)%. KXb\ed\[`ZXk`fe]fi ),0 )*%* (') ). (,' )(%) - ).%) [\gi\jj`fe \m\i :lii\ekcpkXb`e^ 0) /%* )/ .%+ -+ 0%( ' ' d\[`ZXk`fe]fi[\gi\jj`fe I\gfikjf]]\\c`e^Ê[fneË#ÊcfnËfi[\gi\jj\[n\i\n`[\jgi\X[XZifjjk_\jXdgc\f]`ek\im`\n i\jgfe[\ekjn`k_XccYlk]flif]k_\]fikp`ek\im`\n\\j 0' i\gfik`e^k_Xkk_\p_X[\og\i`\eZ\[k_\j\ ]\\c`e^jXkjfd\k`d\%8jd`^_kY\\og\Zk\[#k_\j\m\i`kpXe[[liXk`fef][\gi\jj\[]\\c`e^jmXi`\[%K_`j jkl[pËjhlXc`kXk`m\\ogcfiXk`fef][\gi\jj`fenXjZfeZ\ie\[n`k_Xccfn`e^i\jgfe[\ekjkf\cXYfiXk\# n_\i\Xggifgi`Xk\#fek_\`i\og\i`\eZ\jf][\gi\jj`fe%8j\i`\jf]fg\e$\e[\[hl\jk`fejg\id`kk\[k_\d kfj_Xi\k_\`i`[\XjXYflkk_\fi`^`ejf][\gi\jj`feXe[k_\`ile[\ijkXe[`e^f]k_\`dgXZkf][\gi\jj`fe fek_\`ic`m\j%@e^\e\iXc#i\jgfe[\ekjjgfb\ZXe[`[cpXYflk]\\c`e^[fnefiÊcfn#ËXe[k_\`iXZZflekj gifm`[\`dgfikXek`ej`^_kj`ekfk_\ÊgcXZ\Ëf][\gi\jj`fe`ek_\c`m\jf]C>9Kg\fgc\% Kn\ekp$Ôm\i\jgfe[\ekj#fifm\i-' Zfdgi`j`e^(+^Xpd\e#.c\jY`Xenfd\e#(Y`j\olXcnfdXe Xe[*kiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\ #Xkki`Ylk\[k_\\og\i`\eZ\f][\gi\jj`fe[`i\Zkcpkfj\olXcfi^\e[\i`[\ek`kp `jjl\j%K_\]fccfn`e^Xi\\oXdgc\jf]i\jgfe[\ekjn_fdX[\k_`j\ogc`Z`kZfee\Zk`fe1 I hate using the word depressed but I was really down for about two years over just different things. The underlying issue was I was gay and stuff and I didn’t happen to know it (Gay, Male, 20). I started getting very anxious and depressed but I could never identify or speak to anyone about it because to be gay was like [pause], it’s harsh coming out and it was a huge thing for me (Gay, Male, 21). It’s [depression] an issue for lots of people. People I work with that aren’t gay are suffering from depression but I think it’s made even more difficult if you’re gay because I think your sexuality is part of your make-up. To struggle with that is like struggling without a kidney. I think your sexuality is a very important part of your life and if you’re not comfortable with it you can struggle with it all your life (Gay, Male, 46). @knXjgfjj`Yc\kf`[\ek`]pXeldY\if]k_\d\jle[\ig`ee`e^i\jgfe[\ekjËjkfi`\jf][\gi\jj`fe]ifdk_\ [`m\ij\XZZflekji\Z\`m\[#`eZcl[`e^1]\\c`e^jf]`eX[\hlXZpXe[`jfcXk`fe2g\iZ\`m\[Êflkj`[\iËjkXklj# Xe[k_\[\e`XcXe[ZfeZ\Xcd\ekf]j\c]%K_\j\#Xe[k_\i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\e[\gi\jj`feXe[C>9K `[\ek`ÔZXk`fe#Xi\\ogcfi\[Y\cfn% Feelings of inadequacy and isolation 8j_`^_c`^_k\[`ek_\gi\m`fljZ_Xgk\i#k_\gifZ\jjf]Zfd`e^flknXjZ_Xcc\e^`e^]fik_\dXafi`kp% N_\ei\jgfe[\ekjkXcb\[XYflkk_\jkil^^c\f]Zfd`e^kfk\idjn`k_k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefi kiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp#k_\p]i\hl\ekcpkXcb\[XYflk]\\c`e^jf]]\XiXe[`eX[\hlXZpc\X[`e^kfcfnj\c]$ nfik_%K_\j\`ek\im`\n\\jjfd\k`d\j[\g`Zk\[k_\dj\cm\jXj]\\c`e^flkf]b`ck\in`k_k_\dX`ejki\Xd nfic[#gXik`ZlcXicp[li`e^k_\`ik\\eX^\p\Xij%@e[\\[#k_\k\\eX^\Xe[pfle^X[lckp\Xijn\i\Xcdfjk +I\jgfe[\ekjn\i\Xjb\[n_\k_\ik_\pj\c]$`[\ek`Ô\[XjÊdXc\Ë#Ê]\dXc\ËfiÊjfd\k_`e^\cj\%Ë G8><76:?8GK Zfej`jk\ekcpgfikiXp\[XjXg\i`f[n_\ek_\pZfe]ifek\[dlck`gc\\dfk`feXcZ_Xcc\e^\jXe[Xk`d\n_\e [\gi\jj\[]\\c`e^jn\i\gXik`ZlcXicp`ek\ej\%8Y`j\olXcnfdXe#X^\[)'#dX[\[`i\Zki\]\i\eZ\kf]\\c`e^ Ê`eX[\hlXk\ËXjj_\i\Õ\Zk\[fe_\i\dfk`feXcjkXk\[li`e^k_\g\i`f[gi`fikfZfd`e^flkkf_\igXi\ekj1 I felt that I was inadequate, worthless, I didn’t think I had a place in the world. I felt like I was an alien and I didn’t belong anywhere at all (Bisexual, Female, 20). @ii\jg\Zk`m\f]X^\#i\jgfe[\ekjZfej`jk\ekcp`[\ek`Ô\[k_\g\i`f[gi`fikfZfd`e^flkXjfe\n_\ek_\p n\i\jljZ\gk`Yc\kf[\gi\jj\[]\\c`e^jc`eb\[kfXeo`\kpXe[jki\jj%;li`e^X[fc\jZ\eZ\`egXik`ZlcXi# dXepjkil^^c\[kf]\\cZfee\Zk\[n`k_#XeZ_fi\[fi^l`[\[Yp#`dgfikXekg\fgc\`ek_\`ic`m\jXe[jfd\ `e[`ZXk\[k_Xk[\gi\jj`feZfek`el\[leXYXk\[[li`e^k_\`ik\\eX^\p\Xij%8^XpdXe#X^\[+*#_X[m`m`[ d\dfi`\jf]k_`jg\i`f[% … it was kind of like I had to come out because I was very, very depressed at the time and, you know, I had years of knots in my stomach and I hadn’t discussed it with anyone and I couldn’t even come to terms with it myself … I mean I never slept any night during my teenage years … I spent four or five years in that state (Gay, Male, 43). 8efk_\i^XpdXe#X^\[+'#j`d`cXicp`[\ek`Ô\[k_\g\i`f[jgXee`e^]ifd_`jk\\ejkf_`jd`[$kn\ek`\jXj gXik`ZlcXicp[`]ÔZlck% I think those years [school] were not very good, you know. There was a lot going on and I was confused and in a lot of turmoil. All the hormonal urges a lot of teenagers have and no way of articulating them or expressing them. That’s very destructive. And you know the distress carried on into my early twenties. And to be honest, for a couple of years, about 23, 24, a lot of it was just being masked by alcohol abuse … That was not a pleasant time, you know (Gay, Male, 40). 8eldY\if]pfle^\ii\jgfe[\ekjn_f_X[i\Z\ekcpZfd\flkkf]i`\e[jfi]Xd`cpd\dY\ij`e[`ZXk\[ k_Xkk_`jjk\g\e[fn\[k_\dn`k_Xg\ijfeXcj\ej\f]XZ_`\m\d\ekXjn\ccXjk\dgfiXipi\jg`k\]ifd ]\\c`e^jf]Xeo`\kpXe[[\gi\jj`fe%K_`ji\c`\]nXjdfjkf]k\ej_fik$c`m\[_fn\m\i#Xe[]fik_\dXafi`kp Zfd`e^flk kf]i`\e[jXe[&fi]Xd`cp ^\e\iXk\[e\nXeo`\k`\jXe[]\Xij%8pfle^^XpdXen_f_X[ [`jZcfj\[_`jj\olXc`[\ek`kpkf]i`\e[jXe[]Xd`cpaljk]flidfek_jgi`fikf_`j`ek\im`\n\ogcX`e\[% RESPONDENT: I just felt very low and like my life isn’t going to be good, like, and almost like as in not suicidal but like very, very, low. INTERVIEWER: Was this after you came out? RESPONDENT: Yeah. Just like a realisation that like [pause], ‘cause I never thought about actually being gay, I just had thoughts in my head, you know, of liking men but I never actually thought about what it was going to be like. And after I came out then it kind of hit me like and I just felt very low about what my life was going to be. How I’d never get married or anything like that. INTERVIEWER: Can you tell me some more about what that felt like? RESPONDENT: It’s kind of like, sometimes I felt like I couldn’t breathe. It was like, just feeling very pressured, or just distressed really. Like, nothing would make me feel better, like there was nothing I could do. I didn’t care about anything really (Gay, Male, 16). Gi\fZZlg`\[Ypk_\e\\[kf[`jZcfj\_`jkil\j\olXcfi`\ekXk`fekffk_\ij#k_\i\jgfe[\ekXYfm\Xgg\Xi\[ fecpkfY\^`eZfej`[\i`e^_`jg\ijfeXc]\\c`e^jX]k\ie\^fk`Xk`e^k_\Z_Xcc\e^\j_\\og\i`\eZ\[n_`c\ Zfd`e^flk%K_`j`jZfej`jk\ekn`k_JXm`e$N`cc`XdjË (00/1(+( jl^^\jk`fek_Xkj\olXcd`efi`kppflk_ f]k\e]\\cÈdfjkmlce\iXYc\Xe[flkf]ZfekifcÉn_\ek_\pZfd\flkfi_Xm\k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe [`jZfm\i\[Ypfk_\ij%D`jle[\ijkXe[`e^jfi[\k\i`fiXk`e^i\cXk`fej_`gjn`k_g\\ij[li`e^k_\dfek_j jlYj\hl\ekkfZfd`e^flkjfd\k`d\jZfdgfle[\[k_\j\[`]ÔZlck`\jXe[Xgi\fZZlgXk`fen`k_k_\m`\nj Xe[al[^\d\ekjf]fk_\ijnXjXjkife^]\Xkli\f]k_\j\eXiiXk`m\j%K_\]fccfn`e^XZZflek`ccljkiXk\jfe\ pfle^dXeËjjkil^^c\]fij\c]$XZZ\gkXeZ\Xe[XZZ\gkXeZ\Ypfk_\ij% G8><77:?8GK I was having problems with some of my friends there just for different reasons and it just got really shit and crap and I still didn’t really like myself. That was it really … I was so focussed on everyone else’s opinion of me (Gay, Male, 20). @ii\jg\Zk`m\f]X^\#dXepXik`ZlcXk\[Xj\ej\f][`jZfee\Zk`fe]ifdfk_\ij#\og\i`\eZ\[XjXb`e[f] cfe\c`e\jjfiXcfe\e\jj%8ck_fl^_dfjk_X[fe\g\ijfe`en_fdkfZfeÔ[\#Xefm\in_\cd`e^j\ej\f] [`jcfZXk`feg\id\Xk\[dXepXZZflekj\m\ip[Xpc`]\%@eX[[`k`fe#jfd\Xgg\Xi\[efkkf_Xm\Xc\^`k`dXk\ d\Xejf]\ogi\jj`e^fiXik`ZlcXk`e^k_`jj\ej\f][\kXZ_d\ek#Xjjl^^\jk\[`ek_\]fccfn`e^XZZflek% It got to a very extreme stage where there was almost no feeling at all, whatever was going on in my life I wasn’t reacting to it at all. I was just utterly detached from what was going on (Gay, Male, 28). Jfd\n_fc`m\[`eiliXccfZXk`feji\cXk\[k_\`ij\ej\f]`jfcXk`fekfk_\g_pj`ZXcXe[jpdYfc`ZdXb\lgf] k_\`ijfZ`Xc\em`ifed\ekj%8c\jY`XenfdXe#X^\[*0#[\jZi`Y\[c`]\`eiliXc@i\cXe[% INTERVIEWER: Can I just ask if you have any experience of feeling down? RESPONDENT: Try living in [rural area]! [laughs]. I would, yeah. And being gay would be a lot of it and the other part is the weather [laughs] and living in the countryside on my own and not being able to get out … I think it’s the isolation. It’s just because there’s no community around here, you know? (Lesbian, Female, 39). K_\i\n\i\eld\ifljfk_\iXZZflekjf]jfZ`Xc`jfcXk`fe]ifdc\jY`Xe#^Xp#Y`j\olXcXe[kiXej^\e[\i g\fgc\f]XccX^\j% I was feeling very isolated and felt that [my sexual orientation] kind of had to be hidden (Gay, Male, 21). At the end of fifth year I said, ‘That’s it I need to leave, I cannot take it anymore’. I felt so alone and so isolated on my own (Bisexual, Female, 20). If there was a big group I just felt isolated and I wasn’t really there almost (Gay, Male, 21). @k`jn\cc\jkXYc`j_\[k_Xk`jfcXk`feXe[_fg\c\jje\jj`eZi\Xj\[\gi\jj`feXe[jl`Z`[\i`jbfeXe `e[`m`[lXcc\m\c]fig\fgc\f]Xccj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fej 9\Zb\kXc%#(0/, %K_\jk`^dXXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_C>9K `[\ek`ÔZXk`feZXeZfdgifd`j\fi\if[\g\fgc\Ëjk`\jkf]i`\e[jXe[]Xd`cp#i\jlck`e^`eXi\[lZk`fef] g\iZ\`m\[jfZ`Xcjlggfik%CXZbf]jfZ`Xcjlggfik`jXe\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\Xe[Zfejk`klk\jXj`^e`ÔZXeki`jb ]XZkfi]figffi\dfk`feXcX[aljkd\ekf]j\olXcd`efi`kppflk_`egXik`ZlcXi JX]i\e ?\`dY\i^#(000 % Perceived ‘outsider’ status ;\gi\jj\[]\\c`e^jn\i\f]k\ec`eb\[kfXj\ej\f][`jZfee\Zk`fe]ifd#ficXZbf]i\cXk`fej_`gn`k_#g\\ij# ]Xd`cpd\dY\ijXe[fk_\ij`ek_\`i`dd\[`Xk\jfZ`Xc\em`ifed\ek%K_`jj\ej\f]Êj\gXiXk\e\jjËnXjXcjf i\cXk\[YpXZfej`[\iXYc\eldY\ikfk_\YifX[\iZlckli\f]_\k\ifj\o`jd%=fi\oXdgc\#j\m\iXcf]k_\ jkl[pËjfc[\ii\jgfe[\ekji\ZXcc\[]\\c`e^c`b\XeÊflkj`[\iËXjpfle^g\fgc\%Fe\^XpdXe#X^\[,'#]\ck c`b\ÈXZfdgc\k\cplenXek\[g\ijfe`ejfZ`\kpÉ[li`e^_`jk\\eX^\p\Xij%?\\cXYfiXk\[fek_`jÊflkj`[\iË jkXkljn`k_i\]\i\eZ\kfk_\_fdfg_fY`ZXkk`kl[\jk_Xk[fd`eXk\[_`j\m\ip[Xp\og\i`\eZ\% Feeling an emotional outsider, the butt of jokes and being as sensitive as I was, too sensitive for my own good. No role models, not having any mentors (Gay, Male, 50). N_`c\dfjki\jgfe[\ekjXZbefnc\[^\[k_Xk@i`j_jfZ`\kp_X[Y\Zfd\dfi\kfc\iXekXe[XZZ\gk`e^f] C>9K`[\ek`k`\j#k_`jXZZ\gkXeZ\nXjf]k\egfikiXp\[Xjjlg\iÔZ`Xc#k\elfljXe[Zfek\ok$[\g\e[\ek% =fiXeldY\i#`eZcl[`e^pfle^\igXik`Z`gXekj#k_\d\jjX^\j\dYf[`\[`ek_`jg\ij`jk\ekZlckli\f] _fdfg_fY`XXe[_\k\ifj\o`jd[`ZkXk\[k_XkY\`e^^XpnXjdfiXccp`e]\i`fi% G8><78:?8GK Well society tells you that being gay is wrong and that it’s a sin and everything. When there’s people around you telling you that, it makes you feel more down … In the local community and stuff you grow up being told and hearing it from other people’s that it’s wrong (Gay, Male, 21). =ifdk_`jle[\ijkXe[`e^f]_\k\ifj\o`jdXe[_fdfg_fY`X`ejfZ`\kp`k`jgfjj`Yc\kf^iXjgk_\Zfek\ok `en_`Z_C>9Kd\eXe[nfd\eÔe[k_\dj\cm\jjkil^^c`e^kfZi\Xk\Xgfj`k`m\`[\ek`kpXe[j\ej\f] Y\cfe^`e^kfjfZ`\kp%8c\jY`XenfdXe#X^\[,+#]iXd\[_\iÊflkj`[\iËjkXkljn`k_i\]\i\eZ\kfk_\i`jbf] Y\`e^cXY\cc\[% I have felt very unsafe most of my life. If I was just to walk around with a label ‘lesbian’ on me, I would be judged harshly in this society so I don’t … and even though I never dreamt of wedding dresses and getting married and having children, just that feeling that I was an outsider in society (Lesbian, Female, 54). C`m`e^Xe[Zfg`e^n`k__\k\ifj\olXc[\Ôe`k`fejf]k_\ÊefidË#n_\k_\i`ek_\Zfek\okf]`ek`dXk\#g\\i fi]Xd`cpi\cXk`fej_`gj#\d\i^\[XjXj`^e`ÔZXekjfliZ\f]jki\jj%8eldY\if]c\jY`Xenfd\eXe[^Xp d\ejg\Z`ÔZXccpi\]\i\eZ\[k_\`ijkil^^c\n`k_k_\]\Xik_Xkk_\pd`^_kefkY\XYc\kfc`m\Xe[\eafpX ÊefidXcËc`]\n_\e`kZXd\kfdXii`X^\Xe[&fi_Xm`e^Z_`c[i\e#`egXik`ZlcXi% That baby thing was really niggling me … I wasn’t getting the support whereas had I had a heterosexual relationship it would have been just normal to go and get pregnant (Lesbian, Female, 50). Not being able to have kids and stuff in the normal way … made life just not worth living (Gay, Male, 20). C>9K`e[`m`[lXcjdXp`ek\ieXc`j\j`^e`ÔZXekXjg\Zkjf]k_\Z\ejli\Xe[gi\al[`Z\k_\p\og\i`\eZ\n`k_`e X_\k\ifj\o`jkjfZ`\kp%8jn\ccXj^\e\iXk`e^[flYkXYflkfe\ËjXY`c`kpkfc`m\X_\k\ifj\olXccpZfejkilZk\[ ÊefidXcËc`]\#k_\`ek\ieXc`jXk`fef]jfZ`\kXc\og\ZkXk`fejXe[efidjZXeXcjfc\X[kfk_\b`e[j\c]$YcXd\Xe[ cfXk_`e^f]k\ei\]\ii\[kfXj`ek\ieXc`j\[_fdfg_fY`X D\p\i ;\Xe#(00/ % Denial and concealment of self 8jk_\j\olXcXjg\Zkf]k_\j\c]\d\i^\jXe[Y\Zfd\j`eZi\Xj`e^cpdfi\Z\ekiXckf`[\ek`kp#hl\jk`fej f]efe$_\k\ifj\olXc`kpY\Zfd\Xgi\[fd`eXek]fZljXj`e[`m`[lXcjY\^`ekfhl\jk`fek_\`ij\olXc fi`\ekXk`feXe[&fi^\e[\i`[\ek`kp#gXik`ZlcXicp[li`e^X[fc\jZ\eZ\%K_\i\Xc`jXk`fek_Xkfe\`j^Xp# c\jY`Xe#Y`j\olXcfikiXej^\e[\i`jdfjkf]k\eXZZfdgXe`\[Yp]\Xif][`jZcfj`e^fe\Ëjkil\`[\ek`kpkf ]Xd`cp#]i`\e[j#Xe[fk_\ij%K_`j]\Xi`jjkife^cp\dY\[[\[n`k_`ejfZ`\kXc\og\ZkXk`fejk_Xkgi`m`c\^\ _\k\ifj\olXc`kpXe[m`\n`kXjk_\ÊXZZ\gkXYc\Ëefid%8j_`^_c`^_k\[`ek_\gi\m`fljj\Zk`fe#[fd`eXek d\jjX^\j`eZcl[\i\gi\j\ekXk`fejf]_fdfj\olXc`kpXjnife^#`ddfiXcXe[&fileXZZ\gkXYc\%8jn\cc Xj^\e\iXk`e^Xeo`\kpXe[[`jki\jj#k_\j\d\jjX^\jgifcfe^k_\Zfd`e^flkgifZ\jjXe[Zfeki`Ylk\kf d\ekXc_\Xck_i`jbj%DXepC>9K`e[`m`[lXcjXcjf`ek\ieXc`j\j`^e`ÔZXekXjg\Zkjf]k_\gi\al[`Z\k_\p \og\i`\eZ\n`k_`eX_\k\ifj\o`jkjfZ`\kp#c\X[`e^kf[\e`XcXe[k_\ZfeZ\Xcd\ekf]j\c] Gcldd\i#(00, % 8Zfej`[\iXYc\eldY\if]k_`jjkl[pËj`ek\im`\n\\jkXcb\[XYflkk_\`ijkil^^c\n`k_j\c]$XZZ\gkXeZ\Xe[ k_\`iZfej\hl\ek[\e`Xc#jfd\k`d\jfm\igifcfe^\[g\i`f[j#f]k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`kp%8^XpdXef])(p\Xij \ogcX`e\[k_Xk_`j[\e`Xc]fle[\ogi\jj`fe`ek_\_fg\k_Xk_`jhl\jk`fe`e^f]_`jj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fenXj j`dgcpXg_Xj\% There was a huge sense of self-denial within myself … I was deluding myself to a certain extent that it was just a phase, it would pass. I started to get anxious and depressed (Gay, Male, 21). K_`jpfle^dXen\ekfekf\ogcX`ek_\e\^Xk`m\`dgXZkf]k_`jj\c]$[\e`Xc%?`jXZZflekXcjf_`^_c`^_kj_`j c`d`k\[XZZ\jjkf^l`[XeZ\Xe[jlggfik% I then started getting like, feeling very isolated then, and felt that this [sexual orientation] had to be kind of hidden, I had to hide, like you know, and there was a huge sense of self-denial within myself … I had no guidance. I had this huge thing, I didn’t understand it, I didn’t know how to express myself. I was just a complete and utter total mess (Gay, Male, 21). G8><79:?8GK =fiXeldY\i#k_`j[`jZfd]fikn`k_j\c]j\\d\[kfjfd\k`d\jZf`eZ`[\n`k_XeXnXi\e\jjf]fe\j\c]Xj Y\`e^nXkZ_\[fiZi`k`ZXccpfYj\im\[Ypfk_\ij% You have to put up with looks and comments. You know at this stage I’m not pushed … I’m used to people looking (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 37). ;\e`XcXe[ZfeZ\Xcd\ekf]j\c]f]k_\b`e[Xik`ZlcXk\[`ek_\XZZflekjXYfm\Xcjfc\[kf]\\c`e^jf]j\c]$ cfXk_`e^#Xjk_\]fccfn`e^eXiiXk`m\jjl^^\jk% I hate the way I look. I hate everything about myself really (Male-to-Female Trans, Lesbian, 30). [one day when attending psychiatric service] … I sort of said, ‘I hate being a queer’. And I do, I think deep down I never wanted to be and think that was half the problem and the whole thing. Like the way we were in those days, particularly in school, and I’m not blame gaming, but like just part of the reality of our lives, the obsession of the Brothers with the fact that this [homosexuality] was evil and the worst possible thing in the world. And my father kind of believed in the death penalty for queers so [laughs] … there was a huge depth of self-hatred (Gay, Male, 62). K_\j\eXiiXk`m\jcXi^\cpZfeÔidk_Xkk_\jk`^dXk_Xkjliifle[jd`efi`kpj\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[ kiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kpZXec\X[kfXe\oki\d\cpe\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\f]Y\`e^C>9K%=\Xi#]\\c`e^jf]j_Xd\# Xe[j\Zi\ZpXcc\d\i^\Xjj`^e`ÔZXekiXd`ÔZXk`fejf]k_`j\og\i`\eZ\%@ek_`jZfek\ok#[\e`XcZXeg\imX[\ g\fgc\ËjZfejZ`flje\jj Gcldd\i#(00, Xe[dXpXcjfY\Zfd\XdXafijfliZ\f][`jki\jj% The relationship between LGBT identification and depression Gi\m`fljj\Zk`fej[\dfejkiXk\k_\\ok\ekkfn_`Z_[\gi\jj`fe#Xe[fk_\idXe`]\jkXk`fejf][`jki\jj# Xi\c`eb\[kfk_\d`efi`kpjkXkljf]C>9Kg\fgc\%D`efi`kpjki\jjk_\i\]fi\Xi`j\j]ifdk_\kfkXc`kpf]k_\ d`efi`kpg\ijfeËj\og\i`\eZ\`e[fd`eXekjfZ`\kp D\p\i#)''* #`eZcl[`e^k_\jk`^dXk_XkC>9Kg\fgc\ \og\i`\eZ\#k_\`icXZbf]`ek\^iXk`fen`k_k_\Zfddle`kp#k_\`ijfZ`Xc`jfcXk`feXe[gifYc\djf]j\c]$ XZZ\gkXeZ\%=fiC>9Kg\fgc\#d`efi`kpjki\jjXcjfi\jlckj]ifd\ok\ieXcjki\jjfijjlZ_Xj[`jZi`d`eXk`fe# _fdfg_fY`XXe[_Xk\Zi`d\ ;`GcXZ`[f#(00/2D\p\i#)''* %=fidXep`ek_`jjkl[p#_fdfg_fY`X Xe[Xek`$^XpfiXek`$kiXej^\e[\im`fc\eZ\#n_\k_\ig_pj`ZXcfim\iYXc#]\Xkli\[Xj[\\gcp[`jki\jj`e^ \og\i`\eZ\j% I’d be walking up through [local town] and people would call me faggot and stuff. It did kill me a lot hearing those words (Gay, Male, 24). When I was nineteen and badly beaten up I would have been down (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 27). I was very, very emotionally unstable both a mixture from the drugs and the fact that I was consistently getting abuse (Gay, Male, 21). GXik`Z`gXekjn_f\og\i`\eZ\[_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^fifk_\i]fidjf]m`Zk`d`jXk`fen\i\gXik`ZlcXicp jljZ\gk`Yc\kf[\gi\jj`fe#Xi`j`e^`ecXi^\gXik]ifdk_\`imlce\iXY`c`kpn`k_`egfk\ek`Xccp_fjk`c\ \em`ifed\ekj%8lY`hl`kfljkfc\iXeZ\f]_fdfg_fY`ZXe[_\k\ifj\o`jkXkk`kl[\jXdfe^g\\ij#k\XZ_\ij Xe[Zfddle`kpd\dY\ij`eZi\Xj\[k_\j\ej\f]`jfcXk`feXe[[\gi\jj`fe%N_\ek_\p\og\i`\eZ\[ _fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^#fin\i\m\iYXccpfig_pj`ZXccpXkkXZb\[#dXep[`[efk]\\cX[\hlXk\cpgifk\Zk\[# efinXjk_\`im`Zk`d`jXk`fei\Zf^e`j\[fiZ_Xcc\e^\[Ypg\fgc\fi`ejk`klk`fejn`k_i\jgfej`Y`c`kp]fik_\`i [\m\cfgd\ekfigifk\Zk`fe% Fk_\i\og\i`\eZ\jXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_X[\gi\jj\[dff[`eZcl[\[jg\Z`ÔZg\ijfeXcZ_Xcc\e^\jfi\m\ekj jlZ_Xj`cce\jj#k_\[\Xk_f]Xcfm\[$fe\#fik_\cfjjf]Xe`ek`dXk\i\cXk`fej_`g%@e[\\[#j\m\iXcn_f i\gfik\[jlZ_\og\i`\eZ\ji\dXib\[k_Xkg\fgc\#`ii\jg\Zk`m\f]k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe#dXpÔe[ k_\dj\cm\j[\Xc`e^n`k_k_\j\`jjl\jXe[Z_Xcc\e^\j%?fn\m\i#XeldY\if]i\jgfe[\ekjjg\Z`ÔZXccp d\ek`fe\[k_\\dfk`feXcXe[g_pj`ZXccfjjk_\p\og\i`\eZ\[]fccfn`e^k_\Yi\Xb[fnef]Xe`ek`dXk\ i\cXk`fej_`g% G8><80:?8GK After the break up of the last relationship, I just saw a big black hole appearing again. I just thought, ‘No’ (Lesbian, Female, 39). In my teens I was very depressed, it was because of the break up with the girl I had been going out with, so mentally I was very fragile (Lesbian, Female, 25). Pfle^\igXik`Z`gXekj`egXik`ZlcXikXcb\[XYflkjki\jj]lc_fd\j`klXk`fej#`eZcl[`e^jkiX`e\[ i\cXk`fej_`gjn`k_k_\`igXi\ekjfij`Yc`e^j%Fk_\ijkXcb\[XYflkk_\`dgXZkf]k_\`igXi\ekjË[\k\i`fiXk`e^ fi[`]ÔZlcki\cXk`fej_`gj% The whole thing at home, my Mum and Dad constantly fighting (Bisexual, Female, 20). I don’t know how, I just got really down … my parents separated … her relationship with my Dad kind of broke down, she doesn’t like him very much. They still live together, which is, as you can imagine, quite difficult to go home to (Lesbian, Female, 17). Jfd\i\jgfe[\ekjn\i\`e]XZkb\\ekfgf`ekflkk_Xkk_\`ijX[e\jjfi[\gi\jj`fenXjefke\Z\jjXi`cp efi\oZclj`m\cp#i\cXk\[kfk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe%Efe\k_\c\jj#Xj\Xic`\iXeXcpj\jjl^^\jk#k_\i\nXj jkife^\m`[\eZ\f]XeXjjfZ`Xk`feY\kn\\e[\gi\jj\[]\\c`e^jXe[\m\ip[Xp\og\i`\eZ\jf]_fdfg_fY`X# kiXejg_fY`X#gi\al[`Z\fi]\Xi%K_\dXafi`kpf]XZZflekjXi\Xcjfjl^^\jk`m\f]cfnjfZ`XcjlggfikXe[ c`d`k\[XZZ\jjkf]fidXcfi`e]fidXcd\Z_Xe`jdjk_Xkd`^_k_\cgkfXcc\m`Xk\]\Xi#kiXldXfi[`jki\jj%@e k_\]fccfn`e^XZZflek#X^XpdXe`e_`j]fik`\jkfc[f]_`jfe^f`e^jkil^^c\n`k_[\gi\jj`fe#n_`Z_nXj Zfdgfle[\[Yp_`j?@M$gfj`k`m\jkXklj% INTERVIEWER: How would you describe your mood, say in the past month? RESPONDENT: Unhappy. Unhappy. I have been unhappy for quite a while now, probably a couple of years. I get times where I can be happier and I’m able to go about my life. But then there’s time where I just [pause] … I might be coming in the gate and I’d get to the front door and I’d just burst out crying … INTERVIEWER: And is there anything that you’d describe as good or makes you happy? RESPONDENT: No, ‘cause I’ve struggled for the past couple of years, especially with the HIV and feeling so unwell at times and wondering where my life was going … I’m unhappy about all aspects of my life. And I don’t have a lot of friends. I’m probably very much a loner (Gay, Male, 46). 8ccg\fgc\ZXe]XZ\Z\ikX`ejki\jj\j`ek_\`ic`m\jn_`Z_dXpc\X[kfd\ekXc_\Xck_gifYc\djjlZ_Xjcfjj f]]Xd`cpXe[]i`\e[j#]Xd`cp[`jZfi[#`cce\jj#Ylccp`e^Xe[[`jZi`d`eXk`fe%?fn\m\i#k_\c\m\cXe[[\^i\\ f]m`Zk`d`jXk`fe]XZ\[YpC>9Kg\fgc\#Xcfe^n`k_XcXZbf]jfZ`Xcjlggfik#ZXeY\gXik`ZlcXicp_Xiifn`e^ NXin`Zb\kXc%#)''( %K_\cfe^\i$k\id\]]\ZkjZXe`eZcl[\[\gi\jj`feXe[Xeo`\kp#^l`ckXe[j_Xd\Xe[ ]\\c`e^jf]jfZ`Xc`jfcXk`fe 8C:F?FCLJ< K_\fe$c`e\jlim\pXjj\jj\[Zlii\ekXcZf_fcZfejldgk`fegXkk\iejXdfe^jkk_\jXdgc\lj`e^knf jkXe[Xi[`j\[d\Xjli\j#k_\:8>< E`e\kp$knfg\iZ\ekn\i\Zlii\ek[i`eb\ij#XYflk_Xc]f]n_fdZfejld\[XcZf_fcfeXn\\bcpYXj`j% 8ifl^_cp\hlXcgifgfik`fe[iXebc\jj]i\hl\ekcp knf$kf$]flik`d\jXdfek_fic\jj %FeXjkXe[Xi[ [i`eb`e^fZZXj`fe#aljkfm\ife\Ô]k_c`d`k\[k_\`i`ekXb\kffe\fiknf[i`ebj#n`k_X_`^_\igifgfik`fe ,K_\:8><`jX]fli$hl\jk`fejlim\p`ejkild\eklj\[kf`[\ek`]pgfk\ek`XcXcZf_fc[\g\e[\eZ\%:8><`jXeXZifepd]fik_\]fliXi\Xj `[\ek`Ô\[ =\cke\\[kf:lkYXZb#8eefpXeZ\YpZi`k`Zj#>l`ckXYflk[i`eb`e^#Xe[ KXYc\,%)1=i\hl\eZpXe[hlXek`kpf]XcZf_fcZfejldgk`feYXj\[fek_\8L;@K$:1jlim\pjXdgc\- e - =i\hl\eZpf]kXb`e^X[i`eb E4(((' E\m\i /, .%. FeZ\Xdfek_fic\jj (*- ()%* Knfkf]flik`d\jg\idfek_ *-' *)%- Knfkfk_i\\k`d\jg\in\\b *./ *+%) =flifidfi\k`d\jg\in\\b (+- (*%) MXc`[e (#(', ('' 8dfe^jk[i`eb\ij1eldY\if][i`ebjfeXjkXe[Xi[[Xp E4('), (fi) )(/ )(%+ *fi+ *). *)%' ,fi- )./ ).%) .kf0 (*. (*%+ ('fidfi\ -( -%' MXc`[e (#')( ('' 8dfe^jk[i`eb\ij1]i\hl\eZpf]-[i`ebjfidfi\fefe\fZZXj`fe E4('), E\m\i (-, (-%* C\jjk_XefeZ\Xdfek_ *,( *+%- Dfek_cp *'/ *'%+ Knffik_i\\k`d\jg\in\\b (.* (.%( =flifidfi\k`d\jXn\\b (- (%- MXc`[e (#'(* ('' K_\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\njn`k_pfle^g\fgc\`egXik`ZlcXi`e[`ZXk\[k_XkXcZf_fcZfejldgk`fenXjjkife^cp XjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_jfZ`Xc`j`e^Xe[Ê^f`e^flk%Ë8cZf_fcnXjf]k\e[\g`Zk\[Ypi\jgfe[\ekjXj_\cg`e^k_\d kflen`e[fii\cXofiXjXnXpkfYffjkZfeÔ[\eZ\Xe[jfZ`Xc`j\dfi\\Xj`cp#\jg\Z`Xccp[li`e^k_\\Xicp _flijf]Xe`^_kflk%JfZ`Xc`j`e^`eglYjXe[ZclYjjfd\k`d\jc\[kf[i`eb`e^kf`ekfo`ZXk`fe#Xj`e[`ZXk\[ `ek_\]fccfn`e^XZZflek% Well it starts off with pints and then go to vodkas and they go to double vodkas and a couple of shots in there too. So normally I spend, if I’m going out with my mates, on a good night I’ll easily spend eighty euro on drink, if not more. And I’ll remind you, I’m not working. So it’s kind of, ‘Dad, I need money’. So you skip the dinner part and just use the money for drink which isn’t a good idea either. I know I’m doing stuff wrong, I just can’t stop myself (Lesbian, Female, 17). K_\i\nXjXcjf\m`[\eZ\f]pfle^g\fgc\lj`e^XcZf_fckf_\cgk_\dkfÊ]\\c^ff[ËXkk`d\jn_\ek_\p ]\ck]iljkiXk\[#Xe^ipfilgj\k% I know myself if I’m really mad at myself and I go drinking I drink a load and just get sick and the next day I don’t feel good about myself. If I was in a really bad mood and I was going out with a group of -=`^li\ji\gfik\[Xi\mXc`[g\iZ\ekX^\j% G8><82:?8GK friends I’d be relaxed drinking. I wouldn’t be angry. I wouldn’t get drunk to drown my sorrows, just to relax and take a break from it I guess (Gay, Male, 20). K_`jpfle^dXen\ekfekf\ogcX`ek_Xk_\_X[#`ek_\gXjk#Zfejld\[XcZf_fckf_\cg_`d[\Xcn`k_ gi\jjli\fijki\jj%?\XcjfXccl[\[kfk_\e\^Xk`m\Zfej\hl\eZ\jf]lj`e^XcZf_fc`ek_`jnXp% I used to go drinking when I told people I was out and that. It was just basically, I was drunk and when you know there’s something going on in your head, you’re just kind of all over the shop and you’re needy and you’re really kind of like drunk and falling on the floor and having fights with people over nothing. It just wasn’t nice (Gay, Male, 20). 8jgXikf]k_\8L;@K$:#fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj`e[`ZXk\[k_\]i\hl\eZpn`k_n_`Z_k_\pZfejld\[j`o [i`ebjfidfi\fefe\fZZXj`fe#XeXdflekf]k\eZXk\^fi`j\[XjÊY`e^\[i`eb`e^Ë.%<`^_kp$]flig\iZ\ekf]Xcc [i`eb\ij e4/-' \e^X^\[`eY`e^\[i`eb`e^#n`k_XcdfjkXÔ]k_[f`e^jfXkc\Xjkkn`Z\Xn\\b%8^\nXj XjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_[i`eb`e^#n`k_pfle^\ii\jgfe[\ekji\gfik`e^_`^_\ic\m\cjf]XcZf_fcZfejldgk`fe[li`e^ Xkpg`ZXc[i`eb`e^j\jj`fe i4$%)./#g3%'( Xjn\ccXjX^i\Xk\ik\e[\eZpkfY`e^\[i`eb i4$%(0.#g3%'( % K_\j\Ôe[`e^jXgg\Xikfd`iifi[i`eb`e^gXkk\iej`ek_\^\e\iXcgfglcXk`fe`e@i\cXe[Xe[Xdfe^pfle^ g\fgc\%8cfe^j`[\\m`[\eZ\f]X[iXdXk`Z`eZi\Xj\`eXcZf_fcZfejldgk`fefm\ik_\gXjk('$(,p\Xij ?fg\# )''. #i\j\XiZ_Xcjfjl^^\jkjj`^e`ÔZXekZ_Xe^\j`e[i`eb`e^gXkk\iejXe[#`egXik`ZlcXi#Xi`j\`eÊY`e^\Ë fi_\Xmp\g`jf[`Z[i`eb`e^%K_`jki\e[_XjY\\eefk\[`ei\cXk`fekfk\\eX^\ijXe[pfle^g\fgc\ ?`Y\cc\k Xc%#(00.2)'''2)''+2B\cc\_\i\kXc%#)''*2E`Z>XY_X`ee#)''. #Zfcc\^\jkl[\ekj ?fg\\kXc%#)'',X #Xe[ Xdfe^d\eXe[nfd\ef]XccX^\j ?fg\\kXc%#)'',Y2IXdjk\[kXe[?fg\#)'',2JC8E#)''* % Problem drinking K_\:8><`ejkild\eknXjlj\[kf[\k\id`e\g\iZ\`m\[gifYc\d[i`eb`e^Xdfe^jkk_\jlim\pjXdgc\% KXYc\,%*j_fnjk_\g\iZ\ekX^\f]i\jgfe[\ekjn_fXejn\i\[Êp\jËkf`e[`m`[lXc`k\djfek_`jd\Xjli\% KXYc\,%*1G\iZ\`m\[gifYc\d[i`eb`e^Xjd\Xjli\[Ypk_\:8><XcZf_fclj\jZXc\1g\iZ\ekX^\f]jlim\p jXdgc\Xejn\i`e^Êp\jËkf\XZ_`k\dfek_\jZXc\ CAGE Item e MXc`[e ?Xm\pfl\m\i]\ckpflj_flc[Zlk[fnefepfli[i`eb`e^6 ,0* ,/%) ('(0 ?Xm\g\fgc\Xeefp\[pflYpZi`k`Z`q`e^pfli[i`eb`e^6 )*' ))%0 (''* ?Xm\pfl\m\i]\ckYX[fi^l`ckpXYflkpfli[i`eb`e^6 +*/ +*%( ('(. ?Xm\pfl\m\i_X[X[i`ebÔijkk_`e^`ek_\dfie`e^ XjXe ('* ('%) ('', È\p\$fg\e\iÉ kfjk\X[ppflie\im\jfi^\ki`[f]X_Xe^fm\i6 8cdfjkknfÔ]k_jf]k_\fm\iXccjlim\pjXdgc\ */ #e4+)+ Xe[+( f]Zlii\ek[i`eb\ij_X[:8>< jZfi\jf]knffidfi\#k_\ÊZlkf]]gf`ekËj`^eXcc`e^gifYc\d[i`eb`e^%/K_`ikp\`^_kg\iZ\ekf]nfd\e e4(+, Xe[Xj`d`cXigifgfik`fef]dXc\i\jgfe[\ekj e4)-. _X[:8><jZfi\jk_Xkj`^eXcc\[gifYXYc\ .8ck_fl^_k_\i\`jn`[\jgi\X[Zfej\ejljXdfe^jki\j\XiZ_\ijXYflkk_\gfk\ek`XccpgifYc\dXk`ZeXkli\f]ÊY`e^\[i`eb`e^ËXe[`kj[`jk`eZ$ k`m\e\jj]ifddf[\iXk\[i`eb`e^#k_\i\`j^\e\iXccpefX^i\\[[\Ôe`k`fef]k_\k\id%=fi\oXdgc\#EX[\Xl\kXc% (00/ lj\\`^_kjkXe[Xi[ [i`ebjg\i[Xpkf[\Ôe\Y`e^\[i`eb`e^#n_`c\I\`ccp\kXc% (00/ [\Ôe\[`]]\i\ekc\m\cjf]Y`e^\[i`eb`e^`ek\idjf]i`jb%@ek_\@i`j_Zfek\ok# XeXeXcpj`jf][i`eb`e^Zlckli\Xe[ÊY`e^\Ë[i`eb`e^\jk`dXk\[k_\]i\hl\eZpf][i`eb`e^cXi^\iXdflekjf]XcZf_fc `%\%Y`e^\[i`eb`e^ Yp Xjb`e^i\jgfe[\ekjkfjkXk\_fndXepk`d\j[li`e^k_\gXjk()dfek_jk_\p_X[Zfejld\[ÈXkc\Xjkfe\Yfkkc\f]n`e\#),Z\ek`c`ki\jf] jg`i`kjfi+g`ekjf]Y\\i#fidfi\#[li`e^fe\[i`eb`e^fZZXj`feÉ IXdjk\[k ?fg\#)''+1) %@ii\jg\Zk`m\f]mXi`Xk`fej`e[\Ôe`k`fe#k_\i\`j Zfej`[\iXYc\X^i\\d\ekk_XkY`e^\[i`eb`e^`jXglYc`Z_\Xck_dXkk\if]Zfej`[\iXYc\ZfeZ\ie% /8gf`ek`jjZfi\[]fi\XZ_gfj`k`m\Xejn\ifek_\:8><#n`k_XjZfi\f]knffidfi\`e[`ZXk`e^gifYXYc\XcZf_fcd`jlj\% G8><83:?8GK XcZf_fcd`jlj\%0@ek_\8L;@K$:Xjj\jjd\ek#XdXafi`kpf]i\jgfe[\ekjjZfi\[XkfiXYfm\k_\k_i\j_fc[ ]figfk\ek`Xccp_XqXi[flj[i`eb`e^# `%\%#[i`eb`e^XYfm\i\Zfdd\e[\[c`d`kj ('#n`k_(/ f]i\jgfe[\ekj e4)'0 fYkX`e`e^XkfkXc8L;@K$:jZfi\f]/fi_`^_\i#k_\jZfi\k_Xk^\e\iXccp`e[`ZXk\j_Xid]lc [i`eb`e^Y\_Xm`flifigfk\ek`XcXcZf_fc[\g\e[\eZ\% 8eldY\if]`ek\im`\ni\jgfe[\ekjXcjfi\gfik\[_\XmpfigifYc\dXk`Z[i`eb`e^gXkk\iej#\`k_\i Zlii\ekcpfi`ek_\gXjk%K_\j\XZZflekjgifm`[\`ej`^_k`ekfk_\eXkli\Xe[fi`^`ef]k_\j\[i`eb`e^ gXkk\iejXe[Xcjf_\cgkfZfek\oklXc`j\k_\jlim\pÔe[`e^jn_`Z_`e[`ZXk\k_XkXcZf_fcZfejldgk`fe Xdfe^Xj`^e`ÔZXekgifgfik`fef]gXik`Z`gXekj\oZ\\[jk_\k_i\j_fc[]fi_XqXi[flj[i`eb`e^% K_\i\nXjjkife^\m`[\eZ\f]g\fgc\lj`e^XcZf_fc[li`e^g\i`f[jf]gXik`ZlcXijki\jj%8eldY\if] gXik`Z`gXekj`[\ek`Ô\[k_\fej\kf]k_\`igXkk\iejf]_\Xmp[i`eb`e^XjZf`eZ`[`e^n`k_k_\gifZ\jjf] Zfd`e^flk% It was a very difficult time. Like I never knew, I thought I was the only person who was ever attracted to men, it might sound silly but because I never, I never heard it. Like I would hear the words faggot, queer and stuff like that but I never actually thought, you know, like I thought I was the only person and when I was about 14 years of age I was drinking at that stage (Gay, Male, 24). K_`ji\jgfe[\ekjlYj\hl\ekcpdfm\[kfXefk_\iZflekipXe[[\g`Zk\[_`jXcZf_fclj\XjXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_ _`je\\[kfÈileXnXp]ifddpj\c]ÉXkk_`jgXik`ZlcXialeZkli\% I went to [name of city] for a year and all I was wanting was drink to kind of, I don’t know, suppress feelings or something like that … I was kind of saying, ‘What am I doing?’ or ‘Am I doing right?’. Like I didn’t tell anyone where I was, you know none of my family or anything like that. I just wanted to go, just kind of run away from myself (Gay, Male, 24). 8efk_\i^XpdXc\#efnX^\[+'#i\ZXcc\[_`jXYlj\f]XcZf_fc[li`e^_`jkn\ek`\jn_`Z__\Xkki`Ylk\[kf _`je\\[kfÊYcfkflkËfiÊdXjbËk_\\dfk`feXc[`jki\jjXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Zfd`e^kfk\idjn`k__`jj\olXc fi`\ekXk`fe% There was a lot going on and I was confused and in a lot of turmoil. You’ve all the hormonal urges a lot of teenagers have with no way of articulating them or expressing them. That’s very destructive. And you know the distress carried on into my early twenties. And to be honest, for a couple of years, about 23, 24, a lot of it was just being masked by alcohol abuse. So a lot of people though it was just student high jinx whereas I was blotting out how I actually felt. That was not a pleasant time, you know (Gay, Male, 40). J`d`cXicp#fk_\ij[\jZi`Y\[Xg\i`f[f]_\Xmp[i`eb`e^n_`Z_k_\p[\g`Zk\[Xj_\cg`e^k_\dkfZfg\n`k_ [`]ÔZlck\og\i`\eZ\jfi[`jki\jj`e^\dfk`feXcjkXk\j% I would say I drank excessively to be able to cope with going into straight environments, pretending to be something I wasn’t. That for me was very hard and I suppose with misuse of alcohol you’re able to cope, it takes the edge off. I suppose most weekends I probably would have drank too much. But again like that, it dulls the senses and just gets you through what ordinarily would have been a very difficult time (Lesbian, Female, 47). It was not a nice scenario. I went into a phase when the stress was not good. I drank too much at times. And God I didn’t have the money to be doing that but hell, Wednesday and Saturday nights I used to go and get wasted. To be honest it helped me to cope (Gay, Male, 40). 0K_\cXZbf]XZfdgXi`jfe^iflgc`d`kjfliXY`c`kpkf[\k\id`e\k_\j`^e`ÔZXeZ\Xe[j\m\i`kp#fifk_\in`j\#f]k_\j\Ôe[`e^j%8jjlZ_#k_\j\ [XkXj_flc[Y\ki\Xk\[n`k_ZXlk`fe%J\\:_Xgk\i/f]k_`ji\gfik]fiX[`jZljj`fef]jkl[pc`d`kXk`fej% ('K_\8L;@K$:`jjZfi\[feXjZXc\f]'$() jZfi\jf]'i\Õ\ZkefXcZf_fclj\ %@ed\e#XjZfi\f]+fidfi\`jZfej`[\i\[gfj`k`m\2`enfd\e# XjZfi\f]*fidfi\`jZfej`[\i\[gfj`k`m\%8gfj`k`m\jZfi\jd\Xejk_XkXe`e[`m`[lXc`jXk`eZi\Xj\[i`jb]fi_XqXi[flj[i`eb`e^fiXcZf_fc [\g\e[\eZ\%?XqXi[flj[i`eb`e^[f\jefke\Z\jjXi`cp\hlXk\n`k_XcZf_fc[\g\e[\eZ\% G8><84:?8GK Jfd\f]k_\eXiiXk`m\jXcjfjl^^\jk\[k_Xk_\XmpXcZf_fclj\fm\icXgg\[n`k_[\gi\jj`fe% I was actually very depressed in college as well. I don’t know, I think the amount of alcohol that I was kind of drinking as well at the time kind of didn’t do me any favours, but it was a combination. When I came out it wasn’t, I didn’t get any hardship from people but actually realising it was kind of hard … once the full realisation of it kind of dawned on me it was very daunting, and I did get very depressed ‘cause I thought to myself, you know, there’s so many miserable aspects to this, you know, I mean you can get people hating you from everywhere and discrimination and all that kind of crap. So it was more like the weight of all these dreadful things that could happen just kind of hit me (Lesbian, Female, 25). 8^XpdXen_f_X[\og\i`\eZ\[[\gi\jj`fe]fidXepp\Xij\ogcX`e\[k_Xk_\lj\[XcZf_fckf_\cg_`d Zfg\n`k_gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc[`jki\jj% Anger and depression and so on … I’d say I had it all my life but I disguised it with alcohol but I don’t drink anymore so that makes things, well it makes things harder in one way but it makes things easier too … I suppose I regret my own inability to deal with my sexuality when I was younger. I regret it very much now that I’m out … And I think deep down that I never wanted to be [gay] and I think that was half the problem and the whole thing … I masked it with drinking, I medicated myself with drink. It’s very hard to separate out [alcohol and depression] so it’s like which came first, the chicken or the egg, you know? (Gay, Male, 62). N_`c\[i`eb`e^gXkk\iejmXi`\[#Xcdfjk_Xc]f]Xccjlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjZfejld\[XcZf_fcfeXi\^lcXiYXj`j `%\%#k_\p[iXebXkc\Xjkkn`Z\n\\bcp #n`k_hlXc`kXk`m\[XkXjl^^\jk`e^k_Xk[i`eb`e^gcXpjXj`^e`ÔZXek ifc\`ek_\jfZ`Xc`j`e^iflk`e\jf]XdXafi`kpf]C>9Kg\fgc\%8mXjkdXafi`kpf]jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekjn_f [iXebXcjfi\gfik\[k_Xkk_\p\e^X^\[`e_\Xmp\g`jf[`ZfiÊY`e^\Ë[i`eb`e^\`k_\i`ek\id`kk\ekcpfi i\^lcXicp#XÔ]k_f]n_fd[`[jfXkc\Xjkkn`Z\Xn\\b%N_`c\k_\jlim\p[XkX[fefk\eXYc\ljkf[iXn [`i\ZkZfdgXi`jfejY\kn\\ek_\[i`eb`e^gXkk\iejf]C>9Kg\fgc\Xe[k_fj\n_f[fefk`[\ek`]pXj jlZ_#k_\]XZkk_XkXj`^e`ÔZXekd`efi`kpf]i\jgfe[\ekj +*%( i\gfik\[k_Xkk_\`iXcZf_fcZfejldgk`fe dX[\k_\dÊ]\\cYX[fi^l`ckpËXe[k_XkXcdfjk-' `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\p_Xm\]\ckk_\pj_flc[i\[lZ\k_\`i `ekXb\f]XcZf_fcjl^^\jkjk_XkXcZf_fcZfejldgk`fegXkk\iejXi\jlYa\Zk`m\cpm`\n\[XjgifYc\dXk`Z YpXj`^e`ÔZXekeldY\i%=lik_\idfi\#i\jgfej\jkfYfk_jkXe[Xi[`j\[d\Xjli\jf]XcZf_fclj\jl^^\jk k_Xkk_\XcZf_fcZfejldgk`fegXkk\iejf]Xj`^e`ÔZXekd`efi`kpZflc[Y\Z_XiXZk\i`j\[XjgifYc\dXk`Z# Xjk_\p\oZ\\[\[k_\k_i\j_fc[]fi_XqXi[flj[i`eb`e^figifYXYc\XcZf_fcd`jlj\%:fcc\Zk`m\cp#k_\ jkl[pËjhlXc`kXk`m\[XkXjl^^\jkk_Xkdfk`m\j]fii\^lcXifi_\XmpXcZf_fcZfejldgk`feZXeY\jkife^cp XjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_X]\cke\\[kfÊdXjbË[`jki\jj`e^\dfk`feXcjkXk\j%@efk_\infi[j#jfd\Zc\Xicplj\[ XcZf_fcXjXZfg`e^d\Z_Xe`jdfiXjX]fidf]j\c]$d\[`ZXk`fe%8eldY\if]k_\j\eXiiXk`m\jXcjf jl^^\jkk_Xk_\XmpXcZf_fclj\fm\icXgg\[n`k_[\gi\jj`fe#n_`c\XeXcpj`jf]hlXek`kXk`m\Ôe[`e^j `e[`ZXk\[XjkXk`jk`ZXccpj`^e`ÔZXekZfii\cXk`feY\kn\\eXcZf_fclj\Xe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp#n_\i\_`^_\i:8>< Xe[8L;@K$:jZfi\jn\i\XjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_X^i\Xk\ic`b\c`_ff[f]_Xm`e^k_fl^_kj\i`fljcpXYflkkXb`e^ fe\Ëjfnec`]\`ek_\gi\m`fljkn\cm\dfek_j i4%(,,#g3%'(Xe[i4%'/-#g3%'(i\jg\Zk`m\cp %((C>9K g\fgc\Ëj\og\i`\eZ\jf]jl`Z`[Xc`kpXi\\ogcfi\[`edfi\[\kX`cY\cfn#]fccfn`e^XeXZZflekf]k_\ gi\mXc\eZ\#eXkli\#Xe[]XZkfiji\cXk\[kfj\c]$_XidXdfe^jkgXik`Z`gXekj% J ((Jg\XidXeI_f iXebfi[\i Zfii\cXk`fejn\i\g\i]fid\[]fifi[`eXcc\m\c[XkX`e[`ZXk`e^]i\hl\eZpn`k_n_`Z_i\jgfe[\ekj_X[Zfek\d$ gcXk\[kXb`e^k_\`ifnec`]\[li`e^k_\gi\m`flj()dfek_j% Êe\m\iË2ÊiXi\cpË#Êjfd\k`d\jËÊf]k\eË %(00/2>fi[fe\kXc%#)''(2Ildg]\kXc%# )'')2;Xnjfe\kXc%#)'', % ()Jg\XidXeI_f iXebfi[\i Zfii\cXk`fejn\i\g\i]fid\[]fifi[`eXcc\m\c[XkX`e[`ZXk`e^]i\hl\eZpn`k_n_`Z_i\jgfe[\ekj_X[Zfek\d$ gcXk\[kXb`e^k_\`ifnec`]\[li`e^k_\gi\m`flj()dfek_j% Êe\m\iË2ÊiXi\cpË#Êjfd\k`d\jËÊf]k\eË %(00/2>fi[fe\kXc%#)''(2Ildg]\kXc%# )'')2;Xnjfe\kXc%#)'', % G8><85:?8GK _Xid\[#]fi\oXdgc\#Xcjfi\gfik\[_Xm`e^Êjfd\k`d\jËfiÊf]k\eË^`m\ej\i`fljZfej`[\iXk`fekf\e[`e^ k_\`ifnec`m\j ,) #e4(,0 #Xe[Xm\ipj`^e`ÔZXekd`efi`kpf]j\c]$_Xid\ijXcjfi\gfik\[_Xm`e^ Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\feXkc\Xjkfe\fZZXj`fe +- #e4(+' % G\fgc\n_f\e^X^\`ej\c]$_XidXi\X[`m\ij\^iflgXe[ZXlk`fe`jk_\i\]fi\e\\[\[n_\edXb`e^ ^\e\iXc`j\[Zfdd\ekjXYflkj\c]$_Xid%8jJb\^^ )'',1(+.* gf`ekjflk#ÊRkT_\Zfdgc\o`kpXe[d`o f]`ek\ek`fejY\_`e[XepXZkf]j\c]$_Xidj_flc[XcnXpjY\b\gk`ed`e[%ËK_`jj\Zk`fef]k_\XeXcpj`j`j gi`dXi`cpZfeZ\ie\[n`k_\ogcfi`e^i\jgfe[\ekjËjkfi`\jf]j\c]$`ealip%HlXek`kXk`m\Ôe[`e^j]ifdk_\ fe$c`e\jlim\pXi\gi\j\ek\[Xkk_\flkj\kkfgifm`[\Xj\ej\f]k_\gi\mXc\eZ\Xe[eXkli\f]j\c]$_Xid Xdfe^jkd\dY\ijf]k_\gfglcXk`fen_f`[\ek`]pXjC>9K`e@i\cXe[%K_`j`j]fccfn\[YpXe\ogcfiXk`fe f]k_\\og\i`\eZ\jf]k_fj\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekjn_fi\gfik\[j\c]$`eali`fljY\_Xm`fli#`eXe \]]fikkfgifm`[\Xdfi\elXeZ\[le[\ijkXe[`e^f]j\c]$_Xid%K_\Z`iZldjkXeZ\jjliifle[`e^j\c]$_Xid Xi\\ogcfi\[#XjXi\k_\dfk`mXk`fej]fij\c]$_Xid`e^#Xe[k_\d\Xe`e^jk_Xkk_fj\n_fj\c]$_Xid\[ XkkXZ_\[kfk_`jY\_Xm`fli% Prevalence of self-harm K_\fe$c`e\jlim\pXjj\jj\[c`]\k`d\gi\mXc\eZ\f]j\c]$`eali`fljY\_Xm`fliYpXjb`e^i\jgfe[\ekj`]k_\p _X[\m\i_Xid\[k_\dj\cm\j`eXnXpk_XknXj[\c`Y\iXk\Xe[efk`ek\e[\[XjXd\XejkfkXb\k_\`ifne c`]\%8ji\gfik\[`eKXYc\,%+#fm\iXhlXik\if]Xccjlim\pi\jgfe[\ekj ). `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\p_X[j\c]$ _Xid\[Xkc\XjkfeZ\`ek_\`ic`]\%=fik_\mXjkdXafi`kpn_fi\gfik\[j\c]$`eali`fljY\_Xm`fli#`knXjefk Xfe\k`d\\m\ek#n`k_fm\i]fliÔ]k_jf]k_fj\n_f_X[j\c]$_Xid\[i\gfik`e^Xkc\Xjkknfj\c]$`eali`flj XZkj /, Xe[Zcfj\kf_Xc]i\gfik`e^j`ofidfi\XZkjf]j\c]$_Xid%@e[\\[#Xjn`ccY\\ogcfi\[`edfi\ [\kX`cY\cfn`ek_\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\neXiiXk`m\j#]fiXZfej`[\iXYc\eldY\if]k_fj\n_fj\c]$_Xid\[# k_\Y\_Xm`flinXjXi\^lcXiXe[gifd`e\ek]\Xkli\f]k_\`ic`m\j#n`k_jfd\[\jZi`Y`e^`kXjÊX[[`Zk`m\%Ë 8dfe^jkk_fj\n_fefcfe^\ij\c]$_Xid\[#k_\Xm\iX^\c\e^k_f]k`d\k_Xki\jgfe[\ekj_X[j\c]$ _Xid\[]finXjaljkfm\i]fliXe[_Xc]p\Xij%@e[\\[#k_\gifgfik`fef]k_\fm\iXccjlim\pjXdgc\k_Xk _X[_Xid\[k_\dj\cm\j`ek\ek`feXccp`ek_\i\Z\ekgXjknXji\cXk`m\cpcfn%J`og\iZ\ekX[d`kk\[kf _Xm`e^_Xid\[k_\dj\cm\j`ek\ek`feXccpn`k_`ek_\gi\m`flj()dfek_j#n_`c\* _X[j\c]$_Xid\[ n`k_`ek_\cXjkk_`ikp[Xpj% KXYc\,%+1Gi\mXc\eZ\f]j\c]$i\gfik\[j\c]$_XidYp^\e[\i1jlim\pjXdgc\ KfkXc =\dXc\ DXc\ Jfd\k_`e^\cj\ e4(((' e4*.. e4.'. e4)) Prevalence of self-harm n % n % n % n % C`]\k`d\ *'+ ).%+ (+. *0%' (+) )'%( () ,+%, GXjk()dfek_j -0 -%) *. 0%/ )0 +%( * (*%- GXjk-dfek_j +) *%/ )0 .%. (( (%- ) 0%( GXjk*'[Xpj ** *%' )+ -%+ / (%( ( +%, Types of self-injurious behaviour Fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjn\i\Xjb\[kfj\c\Zk]ifdXc`jkXcck_\]fidjf]j\c]$_XidY\_Xm`flik_\p_X[ \e^X^\[`e%8j`j\m`[\ek`eKXYc\,%,#j\c]$`ealip`ek_\]fidf]Zlkk`e^#jZiXkZ_`e^Xe[_`kk`e^nXjk_\ dfjkgifd`e\ekd\XejYpn_`Z_`e[`m`[lXcjj\c]$_Xid\[ /(%- #n_`c\\oZ\jj`m\lj\f]gi\jZi`gk`fe d\[`ZXk`fenXji\gfik\[YpXcdfjkXk_`i[f]i\jgfe[\ekjn_fj\c]$_Xid\[%8YflkXÔ]k_f]i\jgfe[\ekj n_fj\c]$_Xid\[i\gfik\[_Xm`e^`e^\jk\[[il^jfiXcZf_fcn`k_k_\`ek\ek`fef]ZXlj`e^_Xidkf k_\dj\cm\j#n_`c\Xm\ipjdXccgifgfik`fe ) i\gfik\[_Xm`e^`e^\jk\[Xefe$`e^\jk`Yc\jlYjkXeZ\ fifYa\Zk%Fk_\ij\c]$`eali`fljXZkj`[\ek`Ô\[Ypi\jgfe[\ekj`eZcl[\[1gleZ_`e^nXccjXe[&fife\j\c]# Ylie`e^fe\j\c]#Xe[Y`e^\$\Xk`e^fijkXim`e^fe\j\c]% G8><86:?8GK KXYc\,%,1Kpg\ j f]j\c]$_XidY\_Xm`fli1jlim\pjXdgc\(* e Type(s) of self-harm behaviour (* e4*'+ J\c]$`ealipjlZ_XjZlkk`e^#jZiXkZ_`e^#j\c]$_`kk`e^ )+/ /(%- @e^\jk`e^XjlYjkXeZ\`e\oZ\jjf]gi\jZi`Y\[[fj\ 0. *(%0 @e^\jk`e^Xi\Zi\Xk`feXcfi`cc`Z`k[il^&XcZf_fcXjXd\Xejkf_Xidpflij\c] -* )'%. @e^\jk`e^Xefe$`e^\jk`Yc\jlYjkXeZ\fifYa\Zk . )%* Fk_\i ** ('%/ Gender 8:_`$jhlXi\k\jkf]`e[\g\e[\eZ\i\m\Xc\[k_Xkk_\i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\e^\e[\iXe[j\c]$_XidnXj jkXk`jk`ZXccpj`^e`ÔZXek O)4+-%-#g3%''( %=\dXc\i\jgfe[\ekjn\i\Xcdfjkkn`Z\Xjc`b\cpkf_Xm\ j\c]$_Xid\[XjdXc\j#n`k_Xcdfjk+' f]]\dXc\i\jgfe[\ekjX[d`kk`e^kf_Xm`e^j\c]$_Xid\[`ek_\`i c`]\k`d\ZfdgXi\[n`k_)' f]dXc\j J\\KXYc\,%+ % Age K_\Xm\iX^\i\gfik\[X^\f]fej\knXj(-p\Xij#n_`Z_Zfii\jgfe[jZcfj\cpn`k_k_\jXdgc\]ifdk_\ hlXc`kXk`m\[`d\ej`fef]k_\i\j\XiZ_#`e[`ZXk`e^k_Xki\jgfe[\ekjkpg`ZXccpY\^Xekfj\c]_Xid[li`e^k_\ d`[$k\\eX^\p\Xij%I\Xjfej]fik_\fej\kf]j\c]$_Xid[li`e^X[fc\jZ\eZ\Xi\[`jZljj\[`edfi\[\kX`c Y\cfn`ek_\Zfek\okf]k_\hlXc`kXk`m\Ôe[`e^jfej\c]$_Xid%K_fj\n_f_X[_Xid\[k_\dj\cm\jn`k_`ek_\ i\Z\ekgXjk ()dfek_j iXe^\[`eX^\]ifd(+kf+(#n`k_Xdf[XcX^\f])(p\XijXe[XeXm\iX^\X^\f])* p\Xij%=fik_fj\n_fefcfe^\i\e^X^\[`eXZkjf]j\c]$_Xid#k_\Xm\iX^\X^\f]Z\jjXk`fenXj)'p\Xij% Sexual orientation 8hlXik\if]Xcci\jgfe[\ekjn_f`[\ek`Ô\[Xj^Xpfic\jY`Xe_X[j\c]$_Xid\[[li`e^k_\`ic`]\k`d\% 8^i\Xk\igifgfik`fef]Y`j\olXci\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[k_Xkk_\p_X[j\c]$_Xid\[#n`k_fm\iknf$Ô]k_j _Xm`e^j\c]$_Xid\[Xkjfd\gf`ek%Fm\iXk_`i[f]k_fj\n_fn\i\Êhl\jk`fe`e^ËfiÊefkjli\ËXYflk k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe_X[j\c]$_Xid\[#n_\i\XjknfÔ]k_jf]k_fj\n_f[`[efk`[\ek`]pn`k_k_\j\ ZfddfecpXjZi`Y\[ZXk\^fi`\jf]j\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe_X[j\c]$_Xid\[ J\\KXYc\,%- % KXYc\,%-1J\c]$_XidYpj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe1jlim\pjXdgc\ C>9K@[\ek`ÔZXk`fe 8cc >Xp& 9`j\olXc Hl\jk`fe`e^& ?\k\ifj\olXc Jfd\k_`e^ i\jgfe[\ekj C\jY`Xe Efkjli\ \cj\ e4(((' e40') e4()+ e4*, e40 e4+' Prevalence of n %n %n%n %n %n% self-harm C`]\k`d\ *'+ ).%+ ))* )+%. ,( +(%( () *+%* ) ))%) (- +' GXjk()dfek_j -0 -%) ++ +%0 (. (*%. * /%- ' ' , ()%, GXjk-dfek_j +) *%/ )+ )%. / -%, , (+%* ' ' , ()%, GXjk*'[Xpj ** *%' )) )%+ , + * /%- ' ' * .%, (*K_\j\Ô^li\jXi\YXj\[feXÊZ_\ZbXcck_XkXggcpËi\jgfej\]fidXk#Xe[_\eZ\[fefkX[[kf('' % G8><87:?8GK Self-harm among transgender participants =`^li\j]fikiXej^\e[\ijlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjn_fj\c]$_Xid\[Xi\i\gfik\[_\i\XjXj\gXiXk\ZXk\^fip]fi XeXcpk`ZXcgligfj\j%8j`^e`ÔZXekd`efi`kp ++ f]kiXej^\e[\igXik`Z`gXekj_X[j\c]$_Xid\[Xkjfd\gf`ek `ek_\`ic`m\j#Xe[(( _X[j\c]$_Xid\[`ek_\gi\m`fljkn\cm\dfek_j% KXYc\,%.1J\c]$_XidXdfe^jkkiXej^\e[\igXik`Z`gXekj1jlim\pjXdgc\ KiXej^\e[\ii\jgfe[\ekj e4+- Prevalence of self-harm n % C`]\k`d\ )' +*%, GXjk()dfek_j , ('%0 GXjk-dfek_j + /%. GXjk*'[Xpj * -%, Help-seeking ?Xc]f]k_fj\n_fj\c]$_Xid\[jfl^_kjfd\]fidf]_\cg]fik_\`ij\c]$_XidY\_Xm`fli#k_ifl^_X ZfdY`eXk`fef]]fidXcXe[`e]fidXcZ_Xee\cj%KXYc\,%/Y\cfngi\j\ekjk_\Yi\Xb[fnef]jlggfikj lk`c`j\[Ypk_fj\n_fjfl^_k_\cg]fik_\`ij\c]$_XidY\_Xm`fli% KXYc\,%/1JfliZ\jf]jlggfik]fij\c]$_XidY\_Xm`fli1jlim\pjXdgc\(+ e Source of help/support (+ e4(,( GjpZ_`Xki`jk&GjpZ_fcf^`jk 0- -*%/ =i`\e[j /, ,-%* =Xd`cp ,* *,%( Fk_\id\ekXc_\Xck_gif]\jj`feXc +' )-%, Fk_\id\[`ZXcgif]\jj`feXcj )0 (.%) Fk_\i_\cgc`e\ Y\j`[\jC>9K$jg\Z`ÔZ )* (,%) C>9K^iflg&fi^Xe`jXk`fe (, 0%0 C>9K_\cgc`e\ / ,%* Jfd\k_`e^\cj\ )( (*%0 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS ON SELF-HARM F]k_\+'`e[`m`[lXcj`ek\im`\n\[#(( aljkfm\i), i\gfik\[Xkc\Xjkfe\\g`jf[\f]j\c]$_Xid%K_`j `eZcl[\[-^Xp#+c\jY`XeXe[(Y`j\olXci\jgfe[\ekj%K_\mXjkdXafi`kp 0f]k_\(( n\i\),p\Xijfi le[\iXkk_\k`d\f]`ek\im`\n%@k`jefkXYc\#k_\i\]fi\#k_XkXZZflekjf]j\c]$_Xid[`[efk^\e\iXccp ]\Xkli\`ek_\eXiiXk`m\jf]k_fj\fm\ik_\X^\f]*'%8ccn_fi\gfik\[j\c]$_Xid\e^X^\[`eZlkk`e^fi jZiXkZ_`e^Xe[XjdXcc\ieldY\ijkXk\[k_Xkk_\p_X[Xcjf_`kfigleZ_\[k_\dj\cm\j%K_\fej\kf]k_\ Y\_Xm`flinXjXcdfjkXcnXpj[li`e^k_\d`[$k\\eX^\p\Xij#Xck_fl^_fe\jkXk\[k_Xk_\iÔijk\g`jf[\ fZZlii\[`e_\i\Xicpkn\ek`\jXe[Xefk_\iXkX^\((%Knfi\jgfe[\ekjj\c]$_Xid\[fefe\fiknf fZZXj`fejfecpn_`c\fk_\ij[\jZi`Y\[k_\Y\_Xm`fliXjfZZlii`e^`ek\id`kk\ekcp%?fn\m\i#XZfej`[\iXYc\ eldY\i -i\jgfe[\ekj i\gfik\[dlck`gc\\g`jf[\jf]j\c]$_Xidfm\iXg\i`f[f]knffidfi\p\Xij%@e ^\e\iXc#k_\fej\kZf`eZ`[\[n`k_Xg\i`f[f]gXik`ZlcXi[`]ÔZlckp[li`e^X[fc\jZ\eZ\%N_`c\j\c]$_Xid (+K_\j\Ô^li\jXi\YXj\[feXÊZ_\ZbXcck_XkXggcpËi\jgfej\]fidXk#Xe[_\eZ\[fefkX[[kf('' % G8><88:?8GK I don’t think kids know what self-harm means when they’re young but then I did it when I was that young [age 11] and I don’t understand when I heard about it. I don’t know how I got into it. But then it started off grand, it would have been once in a blue moon that I did it then. As I got older it just got more and more frequent and it just got worse (Lesbian, Female, 17). It [cutting] was every couple of weeks at the start and then it became every few days and then in the really intense period it was every day (Lesbian, Female, 20). Fe\pfle^dXe\ogcX`e\[k_Xk#Xjk`d\gXjj\[#j\c]$_Xid`e^^i\ngif^i\jj`m\cpdfi\]i\hl\ekXe[ `ek\ej\#Zlcd`eXk`e^`eX[X`cpiflk`e\f]Zlkk`e^[li`e^k_\ÔeXcp\Xif]_`j]fidXcjZ_ffc`e^% So I don’t know how it started but I started cutting in maybe November of 4th Year. Just kind of gave myself minimum grazing type thing. It got worse then. At the time I was still depressed about the fact that I was gay, I just didn’t want to think about it. There were stresses at school that were getting to me … The cutting kept getting worse and I couldn’t stop cutting. So the Leaving Cert was coming up and pressure and all that. It was just getting worse and bad and shitty and all that and I didn’t really know what was going on in my head. I felt crappy and depressed the whole time … I’d go to class and go home and I’d cut and I’d do my homework and that was kind of my routine for three or four months in the middle of Leaving Cert (Gay, Male, 20). Jfd\n_fi\gfik\[dfi\gifcfe^\[\e^X^\d\ek`ej\c]$_Xid`e[`ZXk\[k_Xk#fm\ik`d\#k_\p_X[ Y\Zfd\dfi\ÊXkkXZ_\[Ëkfk_\XZkf]Zlkk`e^#[\jZi`Y`e^k_\`iY\_Xm`fliXjjfd\n_XkZfdglcj`m\%K_\ XZZflekjY\cfnjl^^\jkk_Xki\jgfe[\ekji\kifjg\Zk`m\cpg\iZ\`m\[k_\j\ej\f]i\c`\]k_\pXkkX`e\[]ifd j\c]$_XidXjÊX[[`Zk`m\Ë% Then it came to the stage where I was kind of looking for any excuse just to cut. It was my only relief (Gay, Male, 20). The problem was that the release, it was addictive (Gay, Male, 17). But other times it’s like I’d kind of think I’d want to do it [self-harm]. Then it would be in my head the whole day. Then I’d be like, I really want to do it. Then it’s like, I’m not going to do it. It’s like you have two people fighting in your head, ‘I want to do it, no I’m not going to’. It just gets more and more, then gets to the stage where, fuck it, I’ve just done it. It’s sometimes like an addiction almost (Lesbian, Female, 17). K_\dXafi`kpf]i\jgfe[\ekj[`[efkj\\bd\[`ZXcXkk\ek`fe]fccfn`e^\g`jf[\jf]j\c]$_Xid%8ck_fl^_ XjdXcceldY\i`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pZfeÔ[\[`eXZcfj\]i`\e[fiifdXek`ZgXike\i#dfjk`em\jk\[ Zfej`[\iXYc\\e\i^p`eZfeZ\Xc`e^k_\Y\_Xm`fli]ifd]Xd`cpd\dY\ij#g\\ijXe[k\XZ_\ij% I cut my arms before as a stress relief you know that kind of way … I always hid them [cuts, scars], you know, and I was kind of scared for myself, hiding the fact that I was harming myself (Gay, Male, 21). It was mainly my arms, pent up energy so I cut there. Then when it was say summertime or whatever I wouldn’t be able to cut my arms because people would see it and stuff and I’d use my legs (Gay, Male, 20). ;\jg`k\jlZ_\]]fikjkfZfeZ\Xck_\`i`eali`\j#]flii\jgfe[\ekjjkXk\[k_Xkfe\fiYfk_gXi\ekj_X[ `eX[m\ik\ekcp[`jZfm\i\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\j\c]$_Xid`e^%8m`j`kkfk_\cfZXc>GXcdfjkXcnXpj]fccfn\[ k_`j[`jZfm\ipXe[k_\j\pfle^g\fgc\`emXi`XYcp[\g`Zk\[k_`j\og\i`\eZ\`ee\^Xk`m\k\idj%K_\n\`^_k f]Zi`k`Z`jd]\ccfek_\i\jgfej\f]k_\_\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXck_\p\eZflek\i\[Xkk_`jaleZkli\%K_\ ]fccfn`e^XZZflekf]X)'$p\Xi$fc[^XpdXe#n_fnXjefkflkkf_`jgXi\ekjXkk_\k`d\#[\dfejkiXk\j_`j ]iljkiXk`fen`k_k_\`ek\im\ek`fef]_`j>G% G8><89:?8GK It was fairly negative. He [GP] wasn’t really understanding. He was kind of talking about his own son. He was trying to understand but he just wasn’t. I was sitting there and it was just not a comfortable feeling … Then he talked about the whole thing that if his son was gay, not that he wouldn’t accept him, but he wouldn’t be happy about it and stuff like that. And I’m just thinking, no tact, kind of thing. Then the fact that there was the whole thing of Dad going talking to him and the doctor gave him a little bit of feedback and was almost implying, or did more than imply, basically told him that I was gay and I didn’t want that (Gay, Male, 20). 9i\XZ_\jf]ZfeÔ[\ek`Xc`kpf]k_\b`e[[\jZi`Y\[XYfm\Xi\c`b\cpkf\e^\e[\ijkife^[`jkiljk`epfle^ g\fgc\n_fXi\kip`e^kfZfd\kfk\idjn`k_k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe%8efk_\iXZZflekf]`ek\im\ek`fe ]fccfn`e^dlck`gc\\g`jf[\jf]j\c]$_XidXcjfjl^^\jkjk_Xkk_\_\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcjk_`jpfle^ nfdXe\eZflek\i\[[`[efk^iXjgfi#`e[\\[#]lccp`em\jk`^Xk\k_\[`]ÔZlck`\jj_\nXj\og\i`\eZ`e^Xk k_\k`d\j_\Xkk\e[\[k_\j\j\im`Z\j% She [teacher] called my parents and I’d been cutting myself as well for a few months so they found out about all that and they brought me to the GP that evening. The GP was a bit useless and tactless but she sent me to the A&E ward in the hospital and I spoke to one of the psychiatric nurses there. He put me in touch with the counsellor and was like, ‘Oh, you’ll be grand, it’s just college work, etc.’ Of course it wasn’t that (Lesbian, Female, 20). K_`j)'$p\Xifc[c\jY`XenfdXe[`[#_fn\m\i#jlYj\hl\ekcpXkk\e[Zflej\cc`e^Xe[`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkj_\ _X[Y\e\Ôk\[]ifdk_`j\og\i`\eZ\% As soon as I started getting help and someone was listening to me, people recognising there was a problem and people started trying, I just stopped, just stopped (Lesbian, Female, 20). Feeling alone and different 8Zfej`jk\ekk_\d\g\id\Xk`e^XZZflekjf]j\c]$_XidnXjk_\efk`fef]]\\c`e^Xcfe\%I\jgfe[\ekj gfikiXp\[Xg`Zkli\f]jg\e[`e^\ok\e[\[g\i`f[j`ek_\`iY\[iffdjXnXp]ifdfk_\ij`ek_\_flj\_fc[% Gfjj`YcpkfXmf`[i\a\Zk`feXe[jlYj\hl\ek`emXc`[Xk`fe#k_\p\e^X^\[`ejfZ`Xc`jfcXk`fek_ifl^_XZk`m\cp [`jkXeZ`e^fii\dfm`e^k_\dj\cm\j]ifdk_\ZfdgXepf]fk_\ij%Fe\Y`j\olXcpfle^nfdXe[\g`Zk\[ X_fd\j`klXk`fen_\i\k_\i\n\i\]\njlggfikjXmX`cXYc\#c\X[`e^kf]\\c`e^jf]efe$XZZ\gkXeZ\Xe[ `jfcXk`fe% At the time I started cutting myself, around when I was 17, I was still in secondary school. The whole seclusion thing, I didn’t feel accepted, I felt isolated. My mum and dad constantly fighting, my sister, she was very wild, very unstable and so my mum had a lot of problems to deal with so I didn’t really express myself to her like, my emotions (Bisexual, Female, 20). JfZ`Xcj\kk`e^jjlZ_Xjk_\jZ_ffc\em`ifed\ekn\i\XcjfgcXZ\jn_\i\k_\p]\ckcfe\cpXe[jfZ`Xccp `jfcXk\[%=\\c`e^jliifle[\[Ypg\fgc\n_f_X[efbefnc\[^\file[\ijkXe[`e^f]k_\`ij`klXk`fe gifm`[\[c`kkc\ZfejfcXk`feXe[#Xj[\dfejkiXk\[\cj\n_\i\`ek_`ji\gfik#jZ_ffcnXjXZ_Xcc\e^`e^Xe[ k_i\Xk\e`e^jfZ`Xc\em`ifed\ek]fidXep%?fn\m\i#`ek_\`i[\jZi`gk`fejf]j\c]$_Xid#k_\n\`^_kf] Xkk\ek`fef]k\e]\ccfek_\j\ej\f]`jfcXk`fei\jgfe[\ekj\og\i`\eZ\[`ek_\`ifne_fd\j% I just felt shit and crap and just my parents never accepted me and that (Gay, Male, 20). I was so angry that nobody could see when I started doing it [self-harming] that I was obviously hurting. There was such a big problem, even if you couldn’t see me cutting myself there was obviously something. Teachers were picking up on it, friends were picking up on it. Why the fuck weren’t my parents offering me help or whatever? (Lesbian, Female, 20). K_\j\XZZflekjjl^^\jkk_Xkpfle^g\fgc\ZiXm\[c\^`k`dXZpk_ifl^_k_\`iXZZ\gkXeZ\Xj^Xpfic\jY`Xe Yp]Xd`cpd\dY\ijXe[Ypk_\`igXi\ekj`egXik`ZlcXi%DXepXgg\Xi\[kfal[^\k_\dj\cm\j_Xij_cp`e k_`jZfek\ok#]\Xi`e^k_Xkk_\`iÊefe$Zfe]fid`kpËd`^_kgfjj`YcpY\kfc\iXk\[Ylke\m\i]lccp\dYiXZ\[# G8><90:?8GK Feeling attacked, silenced and angry 8j_`^_c`^_k\[`ek_\gi\m`fljZ_Xgk\i#Xm\ipZfej`[\iXYc\eldY\if]gXik`Z`gXekjjkil^^c\[n`k_ k_\`ijZ_ffcXe[#kfXc\jj\i\ok\ek#n`k_k_\`infib\em`ifed\ekj%JZ_ffc`jXZfek\ok[fd`eXk\[Yp _\k\ifefidXk`m\\og\ZkXk`fej#k_ljXc`\eXk`e^`e[`m`[lXcjn_f[fefkZfe]fidkfk_`jjkXe[Xi[%Fe\ i\jgfe[\ekc`b\e\[k_\g\afiXk`m\lj\f]k_\nfi[Ê^XpË#n_\k_\i[`i\Zk\[iXe[fdcpfi\ogc`Z`kcpXk^Xp pflk_#kfX]fidf]Èd\kXg_fi`ZXcÉjkfe\$k_ifn`e^% There’s all this pressure [at school] and then the word gay being used as an insult for someone that’s in school. You hear it and it’s almost attacking you. It’s attacking you I guess even without them even knowing and you just feel that you can’t be yourself because if people know that you’re gay they’ll just attack you and throw stones at you, metaphorical stones at you, and you’ll be kind of the centre … (Gay, Male, 20). K_\j\b`e[jf]\og\i`\eZ\jn\i\jfliZ\jf]Zfej`[\iXYc\[`jki\jjXe[jfd\k`d\j^\e\iXk\[Xe^\ic`eb\[kf ]\\c`e^jf]`em`j`Y`c`kp%K_`jcXZbf]i\Zf^e`k`feXe[i\jg\Zkc\[fe\i\jgfe[\ekkf]\\cÈXe^ipXe[j`c\eZ\[É% Why did I do that [self-harm]? It wasn’t life threatening. I can’t actually remember why. I suppose I just felt so horrible, but I didn’t want to die, you know, or didn’t feel suicidal. Just angry and silenced (Lesbian, Female, 29). INTERVIEWER: Before doing it [cutting], how might you feel, from your memory? RESPONDENT: Really, really angry. Usually something happened to make me really angry and frustrated and I felt like I’d no other way. There was very little communication with my parents … It was just complete deadlock and I just couldn’t feel any other way, there was nothing else. Or I felt like there was no other way (Lesbian, Female, 20). Feelings of self-loathing C`eb\[kf]\\c`e^jf]efe$XZZ\gkXeZ\Xe[i\a\Zk`fe#XeldY\ikXcb\[XYflkk_\`i]\Xif]k_\k_fl^_kjXe[ g\iZ\gk`fejf]fk_\ij%K_\j\i\jgfe[\ekjf]k\ejkXk\[\ogc`Z`kcpk_Xkk_\p]\Xi\[k_\[`jgXiX^`e^k_fl^_kj f]fk_\ij _fdfe\^Xk`m`kp Xe[jkXk\[k_Xkk_\j\\og\i`\eZ\jXcjf\e^\e[\i\[]\\c`e^jf]j\c]$cfXk_`e^% I know personally that it [self-harm] was to do with my sexuality because there were times when, you know when I came out, I’d been out maybe a year and I still had a problem with it even though no one else had a problem with it. So I hurt myself through myself. Then there was the whole problem of internalised homophobia. I’d beat myself up over issues (Gay, Male, 21). Fek_\fe\_Xe[#k_\pfle^dXeY\cfn]\ckgifl[kfY\^XpYlkk_`jgfj`k`m\j\ej\f]j\c]nXj `emXc`[Xk\[Ypj\c]$[flYk% I was being afraid of everyone else and what they thought of me and I didn’t like myself. I was, you know, shit and this and that. It was just basically self-loathing, I didn’t like myself … I was my own worst enemy. Then there was part of me that was proud, I was different being gay. I wasn’t like everyone else in that respect but I probably didn’t like that either. Like I shouldn’t be feeling proud about it because it’s crap basically. So that’s why I cut and covered it up, to justify myself, I guess (Gay, Male, 20). G8><91:?8GK Feeling relief I\jgfe[\ekj#Xj[\dfejkiXk\[XYfm\#\ogcX`e\[j\c]$_Xidn`k_i\]\i\eZ\kfk_\[`]ÔZlck\dfk`fejk_\p Zfe]ifek\[#gXik`ZlcXicp[li`e^k_\`ik\\eX^\p\Xij%@e^\e\iXc#k_\j\jkil^^c\jn\i\i\cXk\[[`i\Zkcp kfk_\gifZ\jjf]Zfd`e^kfk\idjn`k_k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[&fiZfd`e^flk`eZfek\okjf] leZ\ikX`ekpXe[]\Xi%=\\c`e^jf]Xc`\eXk`fe#Xe^\iXe[k_\jki\jjn\i\XcdfjkXcnXpjXik`ZlcXk\[%8Yfm\ Xcc\cj\#Zlkk`e^fifk_\i]fidjf]j\c]$_Xidgifm`[\[Xj\ej\f]i\c`\]Xe[#k_\i\]fi\#i\c\Xj\]ifd`ek\ej\ \dfk`feXc[`jki\jjXe[gX`e% It was a release I guess. You’d feel like a pent up ball and you’d cut and it’s a release, kind of relaxation sort of thing. The pain then, it’s just blank I guess. You’re not thinking about what’s pissing you off or annoying you or of what’s shit at the time … when I was cutting always I felt depressed and shit the whole time. There was rarely any occasions when I felt good (Gay, Male, 20). It’s a release, like. Like when you hold your breath and you hold it for ages, a big release, that’s what it’s like sometimes (Lesbian, Female, 27). It [cutting] gave the same kind of relief but more intense that hitting a punching bag or something. It’s a sense of release but also like an adrenalin rush as well. It became addictive and still, times when I get really stressed out I do still feel like doing it (Lesbian, Female, 20). Fe\nfdXen_f\e^X^\[`ej\c]$_Xid`ek_\gXjk[\g`Zk\[k_\Y\_Xm`fliXjXÈg_pj`ZXcdXe`]\jkXk`fef] \dfk`feXcklidf`cÉ% It’s [self harm] kind of like a physical representation of emotional turmoil or something. I doubt that I would have put it so articulately at the time but I suppose that’s what it’s supposed to represent or whatever … it did actually make me feel peripherally better. I suppose at the time it was more like symbolic. It was the act of doing it or whatever … (Lesbian, Female, 25). K_\XZZflekjf]k_\dXafi`kpjl^^\jkk_Xkk_\p]\ckgXik`ZlcXicp`jfcXk\[#n`k_]\nfiefkiljk\[X[lckjfi g\\ij`en_fdkfZfeÔ[\#[li`e^k_\g\i`f[n_\ek_\pj\c]$_Xid\[%@ek_`jj\ej\#j\c]$_Xid`e^nXjX]fid f]Ê\ogi\jj`feËn_`Z_j`dlckXe\fljcpgifm`[\[i\c`\]]ifd\dfk`feXcgX`e% I didn’t really express myself, my emotions. I used to lock them inside and I think that’s kind of what happened, that I kept them locked inside and they built up and I needed to release the stress and get rid of it. And I used to feel that cutting myself was a release, like just took the pain away, made me feel numb, you know (Bisexual, Female, 20). @k`jjl^^\jk\[k_Xkj\c]$[\jkilZk`m\Y\_Xm`flijk\dj]ifdX[`ji\^Xi[]fife\Ëjfnej\c]$`ek\i\jk[l\kf cfnj\c]$\jk\\dfiXe^\i ?Xdd\ijc\p G\Xic#(00- #k_Xk`kdXpi\c`\m\]\\c`e^jf]Xe^\ifik\ej`fe I`Z_Xi[jfe Afl^_`e#)''' Xe[&fik_Xkj\c]$_Xid`e^dXp_\cgXpfle^g\ijfekf]\\c`eZfekifc%Jfcfdfe =\iiXe[ (00- ZcX`dk_Xk]fik_\pfle^nfd\ek_\p`ek\im`\n\[#j\c]$`ealipkiXej]fid\[\dfk`feXcgX`e `ekfdfi\dXeX^\XYc\g_pj`ZXc_likfi[XdX^\%K_\i\`jZ\ikX`ecp\m`[\eZ\kfjl^^\jkk_Xkpfle^g\fgc\ `ek_`jjkl[p\e^X^\[`ej\c]$_XidXjXnXpf]Zfg`e^n`k_`ek\ej\\dfk`feXc[`jki\jjXe[gX`e% Feeling regret N_`c\k_\mXjkdXafi`kpf]k_fj\n_fj\c]$_Xid\[n\i\Zc\Xik_Xkk_\p[\i`m\[dfd\ekXipfij_fik$k\id Y\e\Ôkj]ifdZlkk`e^fifk_\i]fidjf]j\c]$`ealip#XeldY\iXcjfkXcb\[XYflk]\\c`e^i\^i\kfii\dfij\ X]k\ik_\j\\g`jf[\j% But immediately afterwards I’d feel very bad, I mean after the euphoria of being alive or whatever I’d think to myself, just this isn’t right; that was always the thing that used to stick out in my mind, this isn’t right (Lesbian, Female, 25). G8><92:?8GK Fe\pfle^nfdXe`e[`ZXk\[k_XkXdflek`e^ZfeÕ`ZkY\kn\\e]\\c`e^jf]i\c`\]Xe[i\^i\kc\[_\ikf hl\jk`fe_\idfk`m\j]fij\c]$_Xid`e^1 INTERVIEWER: Why or how did the self-harm stop? RESPONDENT: I don’t know. I just stopped, I saw what I was doing to myself. I still have scars now and I just really don’t see the point. I don’t like what it was doing to me. Like I’d wake up in the morning after doing it and I would look at my arms or my legs and say what did I do to myself? I felt I needed to get back to normality, you know. So I think I just stopped because I’m not doing this anymore, I need to find something else to replace the need to do that, you know (Bisexual, Female, 20). J_\\ogcX`e\[cXk\ik_Xkj_\efn]\ckdfi\ÊjkXYc\Ëk_XeXkk_\k`d\n_\ej_\nXj_Xid`e^_\ij\c]% No I’m more stable now. It could be because of my relationship at the moment or it could be from my own experiences. I know it’s [cutting] not good to do that, I don’t want to go to that place again, you know. It could be my own strength that I am able to cope with more now that I was then … But I know myself that cutting myself is not a normal thing to do. I shouldn’t have been doing that, depression led me to doing that (Bisexual, Female, 20). K_\fecp`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ni\jgfe[\ekn_f`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkj\c]$_Xidi\dX`e\[gXikf]_\ic`]\nXjX^\[ (.p\Xij%8ck_fl^_j_\Zfek`el\[kf\og\i`\eZ\k_\[\j`i\kfj\c]$_XidXj[`]ÔZlckkfi\j`jk#j_\Xcjf \ogi\jj\[i\^i\kXYflkk_`jY\_Xm`fli% It’s not as bad or as much as it used to be so it’s getting better but I wish I didn’t do it though … When something happens that upsets me or gets me down, you know, I’d turn back to it no problem. But yeah, I regret doing it as well (Lesbian, Female, 17). K_\j\XZZflekjjl^^\jkXele\Xjpk\ej`feY\kn\\ek_\Y\e\ÔkjXe[Zfjkjf]j\c]$_XidXe[k_Xk#fm\i k`d\#`e[`m`[lXcjn_fi\gfik\[j\c]$_XidY\^Xekfi\Õ\Zkfek_\`iY\_Xm`fli% Understanding self-harm I\j\XiZ_jl^^\jkjk_Xkd\eXe[nfd\en`k_^Xp#c\jY`Xe#fiY`j\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXi\dfi\c`b\cpkfj\c]$ _Xidk_XeXi\_\k\ifj\olXcj Jb\^^\kXc%#)''*2Afid\kXc%#)'') %@eXcfe^`kl[`eXcjkl[pf]Efin\^`Xe pflk_#^Xp#c\jY`Xe#fiY`j\olXcXkkiXZk`fe#`[\ek`kp#Xe[Y\_Xm`flin\i\XjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_j\c]$_Xid# n`k_dfjk\g`jf[\jfZZlii`e^X]k\ifiXifle[k_\k`d\k_XkgXik`Z`gXekji\Xc`j\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\efk \oZclj`m\cp_\k\ifj\olXc N`Z_jkifd ?\^eX#)''* %=fiXcXi^\eldY\i`ek_\Zlii\ekjkl[pn_fj\c]$ _Xid\[#k_\fej\kf]k_\Y\_Xm`fliZf`eZ`[\[n`k_gXik`ZlcXicp[`]ÔZlckfigX`e]lcg\i`f[jc`eb\[kfk_\ jkil^^c\f]Zfd`e^kfk\idjn`k_k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe%K_\j\pfle^g\fgc\[\g`Zk\[k_\`i\dfk`feXc jkXk\j[li`e^k_`jg\i`f[XjXeo`\kp$i`[[\e%DXep]\Xi\[i\a\Zk`feÆYpgXi\ekj#g\\ijXe[fk_\ijÆXe[ k_\pXgg\Xi\[kf]\\cleXYc\kfZfg\n`k_k_\gi\jjli\f]k_\j\Xeo`\k`\j% 8c\oXe[\i :cXi\Ëj )''+ hlXc`kXk`m\jkl[pf]k_\jlYa\Zk`m\\og\i`\eZ\Xe[d\Xe`e^f]j\c]$`ealip Xdfe^(-c\jY`XeXe[Y`j\olXcnfd\eZ_XiXZk\i`j\[j\c]$_XidXjXZfg`e^i\jgfej\Xi`j`e^n`k_`eX jfZ`XcZfek\okZ_XiXZk\i`j\[YpXYlj\j#`emXc`[Xk`fe#Xe[k_\\og\i`\eZ\f]Y\`e^i\^Xi[\[Xj[`]]\i\ekfi `ejfd\nXpleXZZ\gkXYc\%Fli[XkXjl^^\jkk_Xkj\c]$`eali`fljY\_Xm`flinXjj`d`cXicpcfZXk\[n`k_`e g\i`f[jf]gXik`ZlcXiXeo`\kpXe[\dfk`feXcjki\jj%Pfle^g\fgc\Xgg\Xi\[kfle[\ijkXe[k_Xk_Xid`e^ k_\dj\cm\j[`[efkgifm`[\Xgfj`k`m\Êjfclk`feËkfk_\`i[`]ÔZlck`\j`ek_\cfe^k\id2iXk_\i#`kgifd`j\[ Xdfd\ekXipfij_fik$k\idi\c\Xj\]ifd\dfk`feXcklidf`c%8ck_fl^_jfd\kXcb\[kfg\\ijXYflkk_\`i Y\_Xm`fli#j\c]$_XidnXjgi\[fd`eXk\cpXgi`mXk\XZk`m`kpZ_XiXZk\i`j\[YpZfeZ\Xcd\ek%@ek_`jj\ej\# j\c]$_XidnXj[\g`Zk\[XjXÊZipf]gX`eËiXk_\ik_XeXÊZip]fi_\cgË N`cc`Xdj GfccfZb#)''' %=fipfle^ g\fgc\`ek\im`\n\[#j\c]$`ealipnXjZ\ikX`ecpXZfddle`ZXk`fef]gX`eYlkÊkfXelei\jgfej`m\fiXYj\ek Xl[`\eZ\Ë Jfcfdfe =\iiXe[#(00-1((- % K_\Z\jjXk`fef]j\c]$_XidnXjjfd\k`d\jc`eb\[kfXgfj`k`m\klieXYflkfic`]\\m\ek \%^%#Xe\n i\cXk`fej_`g#k_\kiXej`k`feflkf]jZ_ffc YlknXjXcjfjkife^cpc`eb\[kfpfle^g\fgc\Ëj\]]fikjkf G8><93:?8GK JL@:@;8C@KP K_`jj\Zk`fe]fZlj\jjg\Z`ÔZXccpfek_\`jjl\f]jl`Z`[Xc`kp `%\%#jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj#gcXej#Xe[Xkk\dgkj Xdfe^jkC>9Kg\fgc\`eXe@i`j_Zfek\ok%Gi\m`fljZ_Xgk\ij_Xm\gf`ek\[kfXn\Xck_f]i\j\XiZ_ZXii`\[ flk`efk_\i^\f^iXg_`ZXcZfek\okjn_`Z_jl^^\jkk_Xk^Xp#c\jY`XeXe[Y`j\olXcpflk_`egXik`ZlcXi Xi\Xk^i\Xk\ii`jb]fijl`Z`[Xc`[\Xk`feXe[Xkk\dgkjk_Xek_\`iefe$C>9g\\ij%@k`j`dgfikXekkf i\`k\iXk\_\i\k_Xkk_\i\j\XiZ_Ôe[`e^jXi\\hl`mfZXc`ek_`ji\^Xi[#cXi^\cpXjXZfej\hl\eZ\f]k_\ d\k_f[fcf^`ZXcXe[ZfeZ\gklXc[`]ÔZlck`\jk_Xk_Xm\Z_XiXZk\i`j\[dXepf]k_\jkl[`\j\ogcfi`e^k_\ i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\ejl`Z`[Xc`kpXe[C>9`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe \%^%#I\dX]\[`#(000 %K_\^\e\iXcZfeZ\gklXc Xe[d\k_f[fcf^`ZXc`jjl\j`ek_\d\Xjli\d\ekf]C>9Kjl`Z`[\Xe[jl`Z`[Xc`kpXi\Y\pfe[k_\jZfg\f] k_`ji\gfikXe[_Xm\Y\\e[`jZljj\[\cj\n_\i\ \%^%#DZ;Xe`\c#GliZ\cc ;Ë8l^\cc`#)''(2JXm`e$N`cc`Xdj I\Xd#)''* %E\m\ik_\c\jj#`k`j`dgfikXekkfgf`ekflk`ek_\Zfek\okf]k_\gi\j\ekjkl[pk_Xk d\k_f[fcf^`ZXcZfejkiX`ekj[fefk\eXYc\ljkf[iXnZfeZclj`fejXYflkk_\gifYXY`c`kpf]C>9Kg\fgc\ fipflk_`egXik`ZlcXi Xkk\dgk`e^jl`Z`[\`eZfdgXi`jfen`k_k_\gifYXY`c`kpf]efe$C>9Kg\fgc\[f`e^ jf \%^%Iljj\cc Afpe\i#)''( % @eX[[`k`fekfgifm`[`e^XhlXek`kXk`m\fm\im`\nf]k_\gi\mXc\eZ\f]jl`Z`[Xc`kpXdfe^jkk_\fe$c`e\ jlim\pjXdgc\#k_`jj\Zk`fegi\j\ekjXhlXc`kXk`m\le[\ijkXe[`e^f]k_\nXpj`en_`Z_jl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jj`j \og\i`\eZ\[Xe[g\iZ\`m\[Ypd\dY\ijf]k_\C>9KZfddle`kp`e@i\cXe[%K_\j\jlYa\Zk`m\\og\i`\eZ\j Xe[`ej`^_kjXi\`dgfikXek`ek\idjf]^\e\iXk`e^X[\\g\ile[\ijkXe[`e^f]k_\g\ijfeXc#jfZ`XcXe[ Zfek\oklXc]XZkfijk_XkZfeki`Ylk\kfk_\[\m\cfgd\ekf]jl`Z`[Xc`kpXdfe^jkjfd\C>9Kg\fgc\#Xj n\ccXjk_\`dgfikXekd\[`Xk`e^\]]\Zkf]gifk\Zk`m\]XZkfij`ejl`Z`[Xc`kpXdfe^C>9pflk_ <`j\eY\i^ I\je`Zb#)''- %8jn`k_k_\gi\m`fljj\Zk`fejfe[\gi\jj`fe#XcZf_fclj\Xe[j\c]$_Xid#k_\]fZlj`j cXi^\cpfek_\d\Xe`e^jk_Xkk_fj\n_f_X[Zfek\dgcXk\[Xe[&fiXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\XjZi`Y\kfk_\`i `[\Xk`feXe[&fiXZk`fej%@egXik`ZlcXi#`kj\\bjkf\oXd`e\k_\\ok\ekkfn_`Z_k_fj\n_fi\gfik\[ jl`Z`[Xc`[\Xk`fefijl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkji\cXk\k_\`ijl`Z`[Xc`kpkfk_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefi^\e[\i`[\ek`kp% Prevalence of suicidality K_\jkl[pXjj\jj\[jl`Z`[Xc`kplj`e^dlck`gc\j\c]$i\gfik`e[`ZXkfij#`eZcl[`e^jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj#`ek\ek# gcXej#Xe[Xkk\dgkj%K_\eldY\iXe[j\m\i`kpf]jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkjnXjXcjf\oXd`e\[%8jfe\d`^_k \og\Zk#Ôe[`e^j]ifdk_\hlXek`kXk`m\Xe[hlXc`kXk`m\Xjg\Zkjf]k_\i\j\XiZ_`e[`ZXk\k_Xkk_\i\`j j`^e`ÔZXekmXi`Xk`fe`ek_\\ok\ekkfn_`Z_gXik`Z`gXekj_X[\m\ik_fl^_kXYflk#fiXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\% =`e[`e^j]ifdk_\fe$c`e\jlim\pi\m\Xc\[k_XkXdXafi`kpf]i\jgfe[\ekj e4/)' _X[iXi\cp *) fi e\m\i +) j\i`fljcpZfek\dgcXk\[jl`Z`[\#n_`Z_c\e[jjlggfikkfk_\m`\nk_Xkj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe fikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kpper seXi\efki`jb]XZkfij]fijl`Z`[Xc`kp#Xe[k_XkZfej\hl\ekcp#`knflc[Y\ `eXggifgi`Xk\kfZ_XiXZk\i`j\k_\\ek`i\C>9KgfglcXk`feXjY\`e^ÊXki`jbË]fijl`Z`[Xc`kp JXm`e$N`cc`Xdj I\Xd#)''* % 8cdfjkXÔ]k_f]fe$c`e\jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekj (.%. [`[#_fn\m\i#i\gfik_Xm`e^Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\# aljkle[\iknfk_`i[jf]n_fd_X[ki`\[kfkXb\k_\`ic`m\jfedfi\k_Xefe\fZZXj`fe%8cdfjkknf k_`i[jf]ÔijkXkk\dgkj#Xjn\ccXjdfjki\Z\ekjl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkji\jlck\[`e`ealipfigf`jfe`e^k_Xk _X[i\hl`i\[d\[`ZXcki\Xkd\ek#`e[`ZXk`e^k_XkXdXafi`kpf]k_\j\Xkk\dgkjZflc[Y\Z_XiXZk\i`j\[ XjÊc`]\$k_i\Xk\e`e^Ë JXm`e$N`cc`Xdj#)''(Y %K_i\\hlXik\ijf]k_fj\n_fj\Xkk\dgkji\hl`i\[d\[`ZXc ki\Xkd\ekn\i\f]]\i\[XeXjj\jjd\ek]fccfn`e^k_\`iÔijkjl`Z`[\Xkk\dgk#XdXafi`kpf]n_fd /* kffbgXik`ek_\Xjj\jjd\ek% G8><94:?8GK =flik\\eg\iZ\ekf]k_\fm\iXccjlim\pjXdgc\_X[jfd\k`d\j e4((+ fif]k\e e4+* ^`m\ej\i`flj Zfej`[\iXk`fekfk_\`[\Xf]\e[`e^k_\`ifnec`]\n`k_`ek_\gi\m`fljp\Xi#Xe[Xj`d`cXigifgfik`fe (* # e4(+) _X[XZklXccpdX[\Xjl`Z`[\gcXe[li`e^k_\gi\m`fljkn\cm\dfek_j#XcdfjkXÔ]k_f]n_fd _X[^fe\fekfXkk\dgkjl`Z`[\% Gender 8:_`$jhlXi\k\jkf]`e[\g\e[\eZ\i\m\Xc\[k_Xkk_\i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\e^\e[\iXe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp nXjjkXk`jk`ZXccpj`^e`ÔZXek O)4()%/*#g3%''( %8hlXik\if]Xcc]\dXc\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj e4/0 # ZfdgXi\[n`k_(, f]dXc\gXik`Z`gXekj e4(', #_X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\Xkc\XjkfeZ\`ek_\`ic`]\k`d\ J\\KXYc\,%0 % KXYc\,%01J\c]$i\gfik\[jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgk j Yp^\e[\i1jlim\pjXdgc\ KfkXc =\dXc\ DXc\ Jfd\k_`e^\cj\ e4(((' e4*.. e4.'. e4)) Suicide n % n % n % n % C`]\k`d\ (0. (.%. /0 )*%- (', (+%0 * (*%- GXjk()dfek_j ), )%* (+ *%. (( (%- ' ' GXjk-dfek_j (- (%+ 0 )%+ . (%' ' ' GXjk*'[Xpj - %,+ * %.0 * %+) ' ' Age K_\Xm\iX^\X^\XkÔijkXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\nXjj\m\ek\\eXe[X_Xc]p\Xij n`k_XeX^\iXe^\f]/kf+) p\Xij #n_`Z_jlggfikj\o`jk`e^\m`[\eZ\k_Xk`k`jC>9Kpfle^g\fgc\n_fXi\dfjkXki`jbf]jl`Z`[Xc`kp% 8^\nXjZfii\cXk\[n`k_jl`Z`[Xc`[\Xk`fe Xjd\Xjli\[Ypk_fl^_kjXYflkkXb`e^fe\Ëjfnec`]\[li`e^ k_\gi\m`flj()dfek_j #jlZ_k_Xkpfle^\ii\jgfe[\ekjn\i\dfi\c`b\cpkf_Xm\k_fl^_kj\i`fljcp XYflk\e[`e^k_\`ic`m\jn`k_`ek_\cXjkp\Xi i4$%((*#g3%'( %Fm\i_Xc]f]k_fj\X^\[),fipfle^\i Xkk_\k`d\f]Zfdgc\k`e^k_\jlim\pi\gfik\[_Xm`e^^`m\ej\i`fljZfej`[\iXk`fekf\e[`e^k_\`ifne c`m\j#n_`c\aljkle[\iXÔ]k_ e4.) i\gfik\[_Xm`e^Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\%F]k_fj\X^\[),file[\i# fm\iXk_`i[ e4(*+ _X[k_fl^_kj\i`fljcp ÊiXi\cp#ËÊjfd\k`d\j#ËfiÊf]k\eË XYflk\e[`e^k_\`ic`m\j`e k_\gXjkp\Xi j\\=`^li\,%(Y\cfn #n_`c\aljkle[\i, e4(/ _X[XZklXccpXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\n`k_`e k_\gi\m`flj()dfek_j%K_\j\Ôe[`e^jjl^^\jkk_Xk#n_`c\`knflc[Y\`eXggifgi`Xk\kfZ_XiXZk\i`j\ XccC>9Kpflk_XjY\`e^`e[Xe^\if]kXb`e^k_\`ic`m\j#Xj`^e`ÔZXekjlY$^iflgf]C>9Kpfle^g\fgc\Xi\ e\m\ik_\c\jjXki`jb]fijl`Z`[Xc`kp% =`^li\,%(1=i\hl\eZpf]jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kjXdfe^jkk_fj\),Xe[le[\in`k_`ek_\gi\m`fljp\Xi1jlim\p jXdgc\(, Often 5% Sometimes 12% Never 66% Rarely 17% (,K_\j\Ô^li\jXi\YXj\[fek_\hl\jk`fe1ÈN`k_`ek_\cXjkp\Xi#_fnf]k\e_Xm\pfl\m\ij\i`fljcpk_fl^_kXYflk\e[`e^pflifnec`]\É6 G8><95:?8GK Sexual orientation J\m\ek\\eg\iZ\ekf]k_fj\n_f`[\ek`Ô\[Xj^Xpfic\jY`Xei\gfik\[\m\i_Xm`e^Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\ j\\ KXYc\,%('Y\cfn %8_`^_\igifgfik`fef]k_fj\`[\ek`]p`e^XjY`j\olXc ), _X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\k_Xe k_fj\n_f`[\ek`Ô\[Xj^Xpfic\jY`Xe#n_`Z_gXik`Xccpd`iifiji\j\XiZ_ZXii`\[flk`efk_\i^\f^iXg_`ZXc Zfek\okjn_`Z__Xjjl^^\jk\[k_XkY`j\olXcXe[hl\jk`fe`e^pflk_dXpY\Xk_`^_\ii`jb]fijl`Z`[Xc Y\_Xm`fik_Xej\c]$`[\ek`Ô\[c\jY`Xefi^Xppflk_ ;Ë8l^\cc` ?\ij_Y\i^\i#(00*2;Ë8l^\cc`#?\ij_Y\i^\i# G`cb`e^kfe#(00/2Ifk_\iXd$9filj#G`XZ\ek`e`#D`cc\i#>iXX\# :Xjkif$9cXeZf#(00+ % KXYc\,%('1Jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgk j Ypj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe1jlim\pjXdgc\ J\olXc 8cc >Xp&C\jY`Xe 9`j\olXc Hl\jk`fe`e^& ?\k\ifj\olXc Jfd\k_`e^ Fi`\ekXk`fe i\jgfe[\ekj Efkjli\ \cj\ (n = 1110) (n = 902) (n = 124) (n = 35) (n = 9) (n = 40) Prevalence n%n%n%n%n%n % C`]\k`d\ (0. (.%. (,) (-%0 *( ),%' - (.%( ( ((%( . (.%, GXjk()dfek_j ), )%* (. (%0 * )%+ * /%- ' ' ) ,%' GXjk-dfek_j (- (%+ (' (%( * )%+ ) ,%. ' ' ( )%, GXjk*'[Xpj - '%, , '%- ( '%/ ' '%' ' ' ' '%' Suicide attempts among transgender participants Fm\iXhlXik\if]k_fj\n_f`[\ek`Ô\[XjkiXej^\e[\i`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\p_X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\Xkc\Xjk feZ\#dfjkf]n_fd e4(' _X[ki`\[kfkXb\k_\`ic`m\jfedfi\k_Xefe\fZZXj`fe j\\KXYc\,%(( % KXYc\,%((1Jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgk j Xdfe^kiXej^\e[\ii\jgfe[\ekj1jlim\pjXdgc\ KiXej^\e[\i (n = 46) Prevalence n % C`]\k`d\ () )-%( GXjk()dfek_j * -%, GXjk-dfek_j * -%, GXjk*'[Xpj '' Relationship between experiences of victimisation and suicidality Jg\XidXei_f iXebfi[\i Zfii\cXk`fejn\i\lj\[kf\oXd`e\k_\i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\e\og\i`\eZ\jf] m`Zk`d`jXk`feXe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp%JkXk`jk`ZXccpj`^e`ÔZXekXjjfZ`Xk`fejn\i\]fle[Y\kn\\ec`]\k`d\jl`Z`[Xc `[\Xk`fe _Xm`e^\m\ij\i`fljcpk_fl^_kf]\e[`e^fe\Ëjc`]\ Xe[_Xm`e^Y\\em\iYXccp`ejlck\[ i4%(-*# g3%'( 2g_pj`ZXccpk_i\Xk\e\[ i4%)',#g3%'( 2g_pj`ZXccpXkkXZb\[ `%\%#gleZ_\[b`Zb\[fiY\Xk\e i4 %(.-#g3%'( #fij\olXccpXjjXlck\[ i4%(0#g3%'( #jlZ_k_Xkk_\dfi\]i\hl\ekcpfe\_X[\og\i`\eZ\[ k_\j\]fidjf]m`Zk`d`jXk`fe#k_\dfi\c`b\cpk_\pn\i\kf_Xm\\m\ik_fl^_kXYflk\e[`e^k_\`ifnec`]\% Relationship between self-esteem, life satisfaction and suicidality ?`^_\ic\m\cjf]j\c]$\jk\\d#Xjd\Xjli\[lj`e^k_\Ifj\eY\i^J\c]$ (-J\c]$\jk\\dXdfe^jkfe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjnXjXjj\jj\[lj`e^Ifj\eY\i^ËjJ\c] 8jfe\d`^_k\og\Zk#d\Xjli\jf]jlYa\Zk`m\_Xgg`e\jjXe[jXk`j]XZk`fen\i\Xcjfe\^Xk`m\cpXjjfZ`Xk\[ n`k_jl`Z`[Xc`[\Xk`fe#jlZ_k_Xkk_fj\n_fi\gfik\[_`^_\ic\m\cjf]_Xgg`e\jjXe[c`]\$jXk`j]XZk`fen\i\ c\jjc`b\cpkf_Xm\_X[k_fl^_kj\i`fljcpXYflk\e[`e^k_\`ifnec`m\j`ek_\gXjkp\Xi i4$%+)#g3%'( Xe[i4$%*/#g3%'(i\jg\Zk`m\cp %(. Qualitative findings on suicidality F]k_\hlXc`kXk`m\jXdgc\#fm\i_Xc]f]XccgXik`Z`gXekj e4)) \ogi\jj\[k_XkXkjfd\gf`ek`ek_\`i c`m\jk_\p]\ckk_Xkc`]\nXjefknfik_c`m`e^Xe[&fiX[d`kk\[kf_Xm`e^_X[jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj#n_\i\Xj XcdfjkXk_`i[ e4(* _X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\Xkc\XjkfeZ\%:fcc\Zk`m\cpk_\j\Ôe[`e^jjl^^\jkk_Xk# n_`c\C>9Kg\fgc\Xi\efkX_fdf^\efljÊXki`jbË^iflg]fijl`Z`[Xc`kp#k_\eldY\iji\gfik`e^jl`Z`[Xc`kp Xi\j`^e`ÔZXek\efl^_kfnXiiXekXkk\ek`feXe[jlggfik%K_\]fccfn`e^j\Zk`fe#YXj\[fehlXc`kXk`m\ eXiiXk`m\j]ifdk_\jkl[pXjXn_fc\#gifm`[\jXdfi\`e$[\gk_XeXcpj`jf]_fnC>9Kg\fgc\dXb\ j\ej\f]k_\`i\og\i`\eZ\jf]jl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jj#`eZcl[`e^k_\\ok\ekkfn_`Z_j\c]$i\gfik\[jl`Z`[Xc`kp`j g\iZ\`m\[kfY\i\cXk\[kffe\Ëjj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefi^\e[\i`[\ek`kp% Suicidality scenarios K_\hlXc`kXk`m\eXiiXk`m\j_\cgkfj_\[c`^_kfek_\b`e[jf]k_fl^_kj#]\\c`e^jXe[Y\_Xm`flijk_XkC>9K g\fgc\_Xm\\og\i`\eZ\[`ei\cXk`fekfjl`Z`[Xc`kp%K_\jXdgc\ZXeY\YifX[cpZcXjj`Ô\[XZZfi[`e^kffe\ fidfi\[`jZi\k\gf`ekjXcfe^Xjl`Z`[XcZfek`elld#]ifdk_fj\n_fe\m\i\og\i`\eZ\[k_fl^_kjk_Xkc`]\ `jefknfik_c`m`e^#fin_fe\m\ii\gfik\[]\\c`e^jl`Z`[Xc#kfk_fj\n_fdX[\dlck`gc\c`]\$k_i\Xk\e`e^ jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkj% 8kfe\\e[f]k_\jg\Zkild#j`ok\\ef]k_fj\ +' n_fgXik`Z`gXk\[`e`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\njZflc[Y\ [\jZi`Y\[Xje\m\i_Xm`e^]\ckk_Xkc`]\nXjefknfik_c`m`e^#fie\m\i_Xm`e^\og\i`\eZ\[k_fl^_kjf] jl`Z`[\#n_`Z_c\e[j]lik_\ijlggfikkfk_\m`\nk_Xk`knflc[Y\`eXggifgi`Xk\kf`[\ek`]pC>9Kg\fgc\Xj X_fdf^\efljÊXki`jbË^iflg]fijl`Z`[\%K_fj\]Xcc`e^n`k_`ek_`jZXk\^fipdX[\Zc\XijkXk\d\ekjkfk_\ \]]\Zkk_Xk#Ê@Ëm\e\m\ik_fl^_kXcfe^k_fj\c`e\j#ËÊ@_Xm\eËk[fe\`kRki`\[kfkXb\dpc`]\Tefin`cc@[f`k#Ë ÊK_XebjY\kf>f[@_Xm\eËk]\ckc`b\k_XkRjl`Z`[XcT#Xe[_fg\]lccp@e\m\in`cc%ËFk_\ij\ogi\jj\[XiXe^\f] k_fl^_kjXYflk[\Xk_Xe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp#`eZcl[`e^k_fj\n_f_X[\og\i`\eZ\[XgXjj`m\n`j_kf[`\#k_fj\ n_f_X[\og\i`\eZ\[Õ\\k`e^fidfi\g\ij`jk\ekk_fl^_kjf]jl`Z`[\#`ejfd\ZXj\j]fidlcXk`e^jl`Z`[\ gcXej#kfk_fj\n_f_X[XZklXccpXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\#`ejfd\`ejkXeZ\jdXb`e^dlck`gc\c`]\$k_i\Xk\e`e^ jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkj% Passive wish to die 8jdXcceldY\if]`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekj#Xck_fl^_efk_Xm`e^]\ckjl`Z`[XcXjjlZ_#[`[i\Zflek \og\i`\eZ`e^Xdfi\gXjj`m\n`j_kf[`\feXkc\Xjkfe\fZZXj`fe#Xj[`jk`e^l`j_XYc\]ifdXdfi\XZk`m\ Xe[`ek\ek`feXc[\j`i\kfkXb\fe\Ëjfnec`]\%K_\j\gXik`Z`gXekj\ogi\jj\[k_`jn`j_kf[`\Xj]fccfnj% And it was just, generally speaking I would have been, you know, growing up it would have been tough anyway, but the gay thing just kind of threw it over the edge. Now I was never suicidal or anything during that period of time, but I wished I was dead all right, but I wasn’t going to do anything about it, or never intended to do anything about it (Gay, Male, 43). But you do come to a point when you think, it’s not worth it, you know, there has to be something more, you kind of pray for death. You wish yourself that you were dead, that’s the only way to describe it. You can’t be bothered going on living; you just want it to end (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 37). (.K_\jlim\pZfekX`e\[knfhl\jk`fejd\Xjli`e^jlYa\Zk`m\_Xgg`e\jjXe[c`]\$jXk`j]XZk`fe%=fi\XZ_hl\jk`fe#i\jgfe[\ekjn\i\Xjb\[kf gcXZ\k_\dj\cm\jfeXe((gf`ekjZXc\ilee`e^]ifd'kf('#n\i\'nXjÊ\oki\d\cp[`jjXk`jÔ\[&le_XggpËXe[('nXjÊ\oki\d\cpjXk`jÔ\[& _XggpË%K_`jjkXe[Xi[jlim\pjZXc\_XjY\\en`[\cplj\[`ei\j\XiZ_`ekfjlYa\Zk`m\n\cc$Y\`e^Xe[YXj\[fehl\jk`fejlj\[`ek_\ 8efk_\igXik`Z`gXekn_fnXj+'Xkk_\k`d\f]`ek\im`\nXe[_X[Zfd\m\ipZcfj\kfXkk\dgk`e^jl`Z`[\ `e_`jd`[$kn\ek`\j#Xcjf[i\nX[`jk`eZk`feY\kn\\eÊjl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kjËfik_fl^_kjk_Xkn\i\ÊYfi[\i`e^ fejl`Z`[XcË#n_`Z__\_X[\eZflek\i\[Xk[`]]\i\ekk`d\j`e_`jc`]\#Xe[X[\j`i\kf[`\#n_`Z__\ \og\i`\eZ\[Xkfk_\igf`ekj% I have to confess that I do have very, very dark thoughts. Now they never go to the point of you actually doing something to inflict harm on yourself, apart from that one incident [when I was about to jump from a window ledge]. But you do wish you were dead sometimes (Gay, Male, 40). Suicidal ideation =`]kp$Ôm\g\iZ\ekf]k_\hlXc`kXk`m\jXdgc\ e4)) i\gfik\[_Xm`e^\og\i`\eZ\[jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kjXk jfd\gf`ek`ek_\`ic`m\j%=fiXjdXcceldY\if]k_\j\`e[`m`[lXcj#k_\j\k_fl^_kjn\i\Õ\\k`e^fij_fik$ c`m\[#Xe[&ficXi^\cpX]\Xkli\f]k_\`igXjkc`m\j#i\cXk`e^kf[`]ÔZlck`\jk_\p_X[\eZflek\i\[Xkk_Xkk`d\% K_fj\n_f_X[\og\i`\eZ\[Yi`\]fiiXe[fdjl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kjkpg`ZXccpi\gfik\[k_Xkk_Xkk_\pZflc[efk# finflc[efk#_Xm\XZk\[fek_\j\k_fl^_kj% Two or three times I just got thoughts into my head about doing it and then they just went (Gay, Male, 17). I actually thought of killing myself. I would never have done it, I just thought of it (Bisexual, Female, 18). It’s a fleeting thought exactly and I’d say at some stage everybody has had, if you go into a hard patch and you think, God you know it would be easier to check out altogether (Lesbian, Female, 34). I would have thought of it [driving off a bridge] for a while, maybe just for a few minutes or something but I never cut myself or took an overdose or anything like that. I would never do anything like that and to be honest with you I really enjoy life, there are so many things that I love. Friends, people whose company I enjoy, music, travelling. I’ve got a lot to live for (Lesbian, Female, 54). Fk_\ijjgfb\f]dfi\g\ij`jk\ekk_fl^_kjf]jl`Z`[\n_`Z_k_\p_X[\og\i`\eZ\[[li`e^Xjg\Z`ÔZg\i`f[ f]k_\`ic`m\j#YlkX^X`ei\]\ii\[kfY\`e^jfd\_fnÊ_\c[YXZbË]ifd\m\iXZk`e^fek_\j\k_fl^_kj%=fi \oXdgc\#fe\pfle^c\jY`XenfdXen_fnXj),Xkk_\k`d\f]`ek\im`\n[\jZi`Y\[_Xm`e^\og\i`\eZ\[ ÊZfejkXekËk_fl^_kjf]jl`Z`[\Y\kn\\ek_\X^\jf]()Xe[(-#[li`e^Xg\i`f[n_\ej_\]\ck\oki\d\cp `jfcXk\[% I don’t know, I was [pauses] … unusual to try and explain but I suppose as a child, I mean I knew, even though thoughts of suicide or whatever were constantly on my mind, like not every minute of every day but frequently enough … I mean, even though I was thinking about it I never actually thought I was in danger of doing anything like that, really. Like at the back of my mind I always knew that there would be a better reason to not do it, to just hold off (Lesbian, Female, 25). 8jdXcceldY\if]efe$Xkk\dgk\iji\Zflek\[\g`jf[`Z#i\Zlii`e^Xe[i\Z\ekjl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj%Fe\ i\jgfe[\ek#]fi\oXdgc\#efn`e_`jd`[$]fik`\j#i\Zflek\[_fn_\_X[ÔijkgcXee\[_`jfnejl`Z`[\ `e_`jcXk\)'j#]fccfn`e^n_Xk_\[\jZi`Y\[XjXÊe\imfljYi\Xb[fneË#Xe[XcjfXccl[\[kfdfi\i\Z\ek k_fl^_kjf]jl`Z`[\% RESPONDENT: No I couldn’t [explain to my wife that I was gay]. I actually wanted to commit suicide without telling anybody and I picked a spot and I timed the trains and I picked a spot where I was going to go through the hedge and I picked the spot of the track that I was going to lie on. But when the morning came to do it I couldn’t do it. So I told [my wife] that I wanted to commit suicide. So she rang a doctor immediately ‘cause I was in such a state. INTERVIEWER: Have you had a similar mind set since that? RESPONDENT: Several times I’ve thought about drowning myself. I have a terrible fear of the water G8><98:?8GK and I can’t do it. Several times, even recently I’ve thought about taking an overdose. I’ve a bag of drugs there and I’m sure if I took half of them even it would kill me. But I’m too frightened. I’m too frightened to do it (Gay, Male, 46). 8efk_\i^XpdXc\gXik`Z`gXek#efn-)p\Xijf]X^\#_X[\og\i`\eZ\[i\Zlii`e^jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj# `eZcl[`e^[li`e^k_\:_i`jkdXj_fc`[Xpjj_fikcpY\]fi\kXb`e^gXik`ek_\jkl[p%?\Z_XiXZk\i`j\[k_`j `[\Xk`feXjXeÊli^\Ëk_XkZfd\j`ekf_`j_\X[]ifdk`d\kfk`d\%?\jgfb\f]k_\gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc]leZk`fe k_XkdXb`e^Xjl`Z`[XcgcXej\im\[]fi_`d% It is kind of sort of a comfort thing – it would normally hit you like going to sleep at night and you just kind of plan it out like and just and I think it seems to be just kind of comfort thing you know? I know that sounds very peculiar (Gay, Male, 62). Significant others as a deterrent Jl`Z`[\gi\m\ek`fegif^iXdd\j_`^_c`^_kk_\Z\ekiXc`dgfikXeZ\f]XdY`mXc\eZ\XjXZfejkilZk`e jl`Z`[Xc`kpXe[`ejl`Z`[\gi\m\ek`fe%8dY`mXc\eZ\i\]\ijkfk_\`[\Xk_Xkk_fj\n_f\og\i`\eZ\jl`Z`[Xc k_fl^_kj^\e\iXccp\og\i`\eZ\]\\c`e^jf]Y\`e^f]knfd`e[jXjkfn_\k_\ik_\pn`j_kf\e[k_\`ic`m\j2 gXikf]k_\dnXekjkf[`\Xe[#Xkk_\jXd\k`d\#XgXikf]k_\dnXekjkfc`m\ JZ_e\`[dXe#(0/, % 8i\Zlii\ekk_\d\`ek_\eXiiXk`m\jf]k_fj\n_f_X[\og\i`\eZ\[jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kjYlk_X[e\m\iXZk\[ lgfek_\dnXjk_\gi\j\eZ\f]j`^e`ÔZXekfk_\ij`ek_\`ic`m\j#`eZcl[`e^gXi\ekj#j`Yc`e^jXe[&fi]i`\e[j# n_`Z_gi\m\ek\[k_\d]ifd]fccfn`e^k_ifl^_fek_\j\k_fl^_kj% INTERVIEWER: Was there any time that you felt that life was not worth living? RESPONDENT: I did I suppose if I was serious, I did yeah. But I would never have done anything but I just, oh I couldn’t do that to anybody. Parents or sisters or whatever, yeah (Lesbian, Female, 50). I don’t think I’d ever do it though. I know I’m probably going to sound a bit up my own arse again but, I don’t know, I wouldn’t be able to do it to my Ma and all my friends and all … I do have friends that would miss me, parents and all that. I just don’t think I’d be able to do it (Gay, Male, 17). What would happen with my kids? I couldn’t do that to them. I keep hoping that life is going to get better for me (Gay, Male, 46). Fe\gXik`Z`gXeki\cXp\[_fnk_\cfjjf]_`jcfe^$k\idgXike\ikfjl`Z`[\nXjXkfeZ\XjfliZ\f]_`j fnejl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jj#Xjn\ccXjjfd\k_`e^k_Xkgi\m\ek\[_`d]ifdkXb`e^XZk`fe`ei\cXk`fekf_`jfne jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj% So again, I have never been to the stage in terms of, I still would keep the rationality of how unfair it would be to my relations and friends. I had a kind of long-term partner who committed suicide there in 2003 and, um, I kind of don’t think I would ever like to inflict that on anyone. But then again I reserve the right at the end of the day, if I want to get off the planet it is going to be their problem you know. And I say that just to make sure I have an out but anytime I’ve really felt down like that, that’s what stops me you know (Gay, Male, 62). Suicide attempters K_`ik\\ef]k_\hlXc`kXk`m\jXdgc\_X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\Xkc\XjkfeZ\`ek_\`ic`m\j#j`of]n_fd_X[ ki`\[kfkXb\k_\`ifnec`]\feZ\(/%J\m\egXik`Z`gXekj_X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\dfi\k_XefeZ\2f]k_\j\# ]fli_X[dX[\knfXkk\dgkj#Xe[fe\_X[dX[\Ôm\Xkk\dgkj%K_\i\dX`e[\ii\]\ii\[kf_Xm`e^dX[\ j\m\iXcfidXepXkk\dgkj#n`k_fe\i\jgfe[\ekXccl[`e^kfXjdXepXj('fi((jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkj% 8dfe^jkk_fj\n_fXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\#k_\i\nXjmXi`Xk`feXZifjjk_\jXdgc\`ek\idjf]k_\j\m\i`kp f]k_\jl`Z`[\XZZflekjgifm`[\[%N_`c\XjdXcceldY\if]Xkk\dgk\ij[`[efki\hl`i\fij\\bd\[`ZXc (/8efk_\igXik`Z`gXek[\jZi`Y\[Xnflc[$Y\jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgk#`ek_Xk_\ZXd\m\ipZcfj\kfXkk\dgk`e^jl`Z`[\#YlknXj`ek\iilgk\[% G8><99:?8GK Understanding suicidality amongst LGBT people K_\eXiiXk`m\jf]k_fj\n_f_X[Zfek\dgcXk\[fiXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\_`^_c`^_k\[XeldY\if]nXpj`e n_`Z_g\ijfeXc#jfZ`XcXe[Zfek\oklXc]XZkfijZfeki`Ylk\[kfk_\[\m\cfgd\ekf]jl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jj%K_`j j\Zk`fej\\bjkfgifm`[\X[\\g\ile[\ijkXe[`e^f]k_\iXe^\f]k_fl^_kj#\dfk`fejXe[Z`iZldjkXeZ\j k_Xkg\fgc\n\i\\og\i`\eZ`e^Xkk_\k`d\f]Zfek\dgcXk`e^Xe[&fiXkk\dgk`e^jl`Z`[\%FYm`fljcpk_\ Z`iZldjkXeZ\jjliifle[`e^k_\mXi`flji\gfikjf]jl`Z`[Xc`kp[`]]\i\[]fi\XZ_`e[`m`[lXc#Xjk_\p[`[ ]fi[`]]\i\ekXkk\dgkjYpk_\jXd\`e[`m`[lXc%K_fj\n_f_X[Zfek\dgcXk\[Xe[&fiXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\ mXi`fljcp[\jZi`Y\[XcXZbf]j\c]$nfik_#]\\c`e^jf]j\c]$i\gifXZ_Xe[j\c]$cfXk_`e^#`jfcXk`fe#Xe[f]efk Y\cfe^`e^`ek_\nfic[%Fk_\iji\gfik\[_Xm`e^\og\i`\eZ\[]\\c`e^jk_Xkk_\`ic`]\_X[efd\Xe`e^fi nXjgf`ekc\jj%K_\]fccfn`e^XZZflekYpX)+p\Xifc[^XpdXen_fjl]]\ij]ifd[\gi\jj`fe#Xe[n_f _XjXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\fedlck`gc\fZZXj`fej#Zfem\pjk_\_fg\c\jje\jjXe[cXZbf]Xj\ej\f][`i\Zk`fe`e fe\Ëjc`]\k_XkXZZfdgXe`\[_`j[\j`i\kf\e[_`jc`]\% I only had one thing on my mind and that was just to end my life, they [helping professionals] were suggesting things to me ok but I wasn’t, I didn’t care I had no hope, I had nothing good to cling onto like they say, you know I had no goal (Gay, Male, 24). 8efk_\ipfle^Y`j\olXcnfdXei\cXk\[_\ijl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkjkf]\\c`e^jf]nfik_c\jje\jjXe[Xj\ej\f] efk_Xm`e^XgcXZ\`ek_\nfic[% I felt that I was worthless and that you know I didn’t really have any place in this world and there were many times when I actually tried to kill myself. I took pills and drank alcohol and tried to do it but you know it never worked out so I’m still here obviously (Bisexual, Female, 20). KnfgXik`Z`gXekjn_f_X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\le[\ijkff[Xkc\Xjkjfd\f]k_\`iXkk\dgkji\kifjg\Zk`m\cp XjXZXcc]fi_\cgfiXjXeXkk\dgkkfZfddle`ZXk\[`]ÔZlck`\jk_\pn\i\\og\i`\eZ`e^`ek_\`ic`m\jXkk_\ k`d\%8pfle^nfdXen_fki`\[kfkXb\_\ifnec`]\YpkXb`e^Xefm\i[fj\f]gXiXZ\k\dfc`e_\iÔeXc p\Xif]j\Zfe[XipjZ_ffc[\jZi`Y\[_\iXkk\dgkXjXÊdXjj`m\ZipË]fi_\cgXe[i\Zf^e`k`fe% And I’m kind of like, I am really, really in a bad way here and even then not getting the help I thought I needed or the recognition. I think that’s kind of what drove me to doing that [trying to kill myself]. At the time I didn’t see it like that but now I see it as just a massive cry, actually, I’m really, really in a bad way here will somebody please help me, kind of thing (Lesbian, Female, 20). The relationship between LGBT identification and suicidality 8e`dgfikXek[`d\ej`fef]k_\jl`Z`[Xc`kpÔe[`e^jn_`Z_nXiiXek\ogcfiXk`fe#gXik`ZlcXicp`ec`^_kf] k_\Xi^ld\ekjk_Xk_Xm\Y\\eX[mXeZ\[`ek_\c`k\iXkli\k_XkC>9Kpflk_`egXik`ZlcXiXi\Xk\c\mXk\[ i`jbf]jl`Z`[Xc`kp#`jk_\\ok\ekkfn_`Z_gXik`Z`gXekjg\iZ\`m\k_\`ijl`Z`[Xc`kpXjc`eb\[kfk_\`ij\olXc fi`\ekXk`feXe[&fikiXej^\e[\i\og\i`\eZ\j% K_\fe$c`e\jlim\pXjj\jj\[k_\i\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`feXe[jl`Z`[Xc`kpYpXjb`e^ i\jgfe[\ekjn_f_X[\m\iXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\kfn_Xk\ok\ekk_\`iÔijkXe[dfjki\Z\ekjl`Z`[\ Xkk\dgk j n_\i\Xggc`ZXYc\ n\i\i\cXk\[kfY\`e^C>9K%:cfj\kf_Xc]f]k_fj\n_f_X[Xkk\dgk\[ jl`Z`[\ e40) jXnk_\`iÔijkXkk\dgkXjÊm\ipi\cXk\[Ë e4)+ #fiÊm\ipdlZ_i\cXk\[Ë e4-/ #kfk_\`i C>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe%8hlXik\i e4+0 jXnk_\`iÔijkXkk\dgkXjÊjfd\n_Xki\cXk\[Ëkfk_\`iC>9K `[\ek`ÔZXk`fe%C\jjk_XeXÔ]k_f]k_fj\n_f_X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\ e4*- ]\ckk_Xkk_\`iÔijkjl`Z`[\ G8><100:?8GK Xkk\dgknXjÊefkXkXcci\cXk\[Ëkfk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe#Xe[X]lik_\i(' ]\ckk_Xk`knXjÊefkm\ip i\cXk\[Ëkfk_\`i\og\i`\eZ\jXjXeC>9Kg\ijfe j\\=`^li\,%) % J`d`cXicp#c\jjk_XeXk_`i[f]k_fj\n_fXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\dfi\k_XefeZ\m`\n\[k_\`idfjki\Z\ek Xkk\dgkXjlei\cXk\[fiÊefkm\ipi\cXk\[ËkfY\`e^C>9K%8dXafi`kpf]k_fj\n_fki`\[kfkXb\k_\`i fnec`]\fedfi\k_Xefe\fZZXj`fe -0 g\iZ\`m\[k_\`idfjki\Z\ekjl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkXji\cXk\[kfk_\ Z_Xcc\e^\jXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe%8dfe^jkXcck_fj\n_fhad ever thoughtXYflk kXb`e^k_\`ifnec`m\j e4-)0 #Zcfj\kfXk_`i[i\gfik\[k_Xkk_\`ijl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kjn\i\Êm\ipi\cXk\[Ë e 4((' fiÊm\ipdlZ_i\cXk\[Ë e40' kfk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe#n`k_X]lik_\ik_`i[i\gfik`e^k_Xkk_\j\ k_fl^_kjn\i\Êjfd\n_Xki\cXk\[Ë e4)'' %C\jjk_Xe)' e4()+ ]\ckk_Xkk_\`ijl`Z`[Xc`[\Xk`fenXj Êefk`eXepnXpi\cXk\[Ëkfk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe% =`^li\,%)1I\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\eC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`feXe[Ôijkjl`Z`[\Xkk\dgk1jlim\pjXdgc\(0 Jfd\n_Xki\cXk\[), M\ipi\cXk\[*, Efkm\ipi\cXk\[(' M\ipdlZ_i\cXk\[() EfkXkXcci\cXk\[(/ N_`c\dXepf]`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekjXcjfXkki`Ylk\[k_\`ijl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kjXe[&fiY\_Xm`flij kfk_\Z_Xcc\e^\jXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe#XjdXcceldY\iXccl[\[kfXiXe^\f]fk_\i [`]ÔZlckZ`iZldjkXeZ\jfi\m\ekj`ek_\`ic`m\jk_Xk_X[ZXlj\[k_\dkfZfek\dgcXk\fiXkk\dgkjl`Z`[\# Xe[[`[efkg\iZ\`m\k_\`ijl`Z`[Xc`kpkf_Xm\Y\\ei\cXk\[`eXepnXpkfk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`kp%K_\]fccfn`e^ Xi\\oXdgc\jf]k_\j\b`e[jf]XZZflekj% INTERVIEWER: And have you ever had any thoughts about suicide, or wanting to take your own life? RESPONDENT: Definitely, definitely. But again, not in relation, not because I’m gay or any issues surrounding the gay thing, always because of other issues, you know finding out about my Dad and my sister dying, definitely. When I’m in severe depression I’m like what the fuck am I doing here, what’s the point, d’you know? But em, you know, nothing because of being gay, it’s always other issues (Lesbian, Female, 31). I attempted suicide once when I was 16. It was totally unrelated to being gay. No one knew I did it as it was unsuccessful and I never wanted to try it again after that. In school I knew I was different but I didn’t know how/why/what was different about me. I knew if others knew they would bully me so I blended into the background so they never got the chance (Lesbian, Female, 29, Survey Participant). @efe\fiknf`ejkXeZ\j#i\jgfe[\ekjn\i\leXYc\kf`[\ek`]pfiXik`ZlcXk\Xjg\Z`ÔZi\Xjfe]fi_Xm`e^ Xkk\dgk\[kfkXb\k_\`ifnec`]\#Ylke\m\ik_\c\jjY\c`\m\[k_Xk`knXjefki\cXk\[kfk_\`iC>9K `[\ek`ÔZXk`fe% And the second time [I attempted suicide] it was to do, not with my sexuality but it was to do with [pause] … the second time I never figured out what it was about. I’ve no idea why I’ve been depressed (0K_\j\Ô^li\jXi\YXj\[fek_\hl\jk`fe1È?fndlZ_nXjpfliÔijkjl`Z`[\Xkk\dgki\cXk\[kfpfliY\`e^C>9K6É G8><101:?8GK for so long and now suddenly I’m out of it. To be honest, I think it was a combination of things, everything built up and I didn’t have anywhere for it to go (Gay, Male, 17). K_`ji\jgfe[\ek[`[#_fn\m\i#c`eb_`jÔijkjl`Z`[\Xkk\dgk`e[`i\Zkcpkf_`jj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe%Dfi\ jg\Z`ÔZXccp#_\i\]\ii\[kfk_\]XZkk_Xk_\[`[efk_Xm\Xep]i`\e[jXjXZfej\hl\eZ\f]]\\c`e^#fiY\`e^ g\iZ\`m\[Xj#Ê[`]]\i\ek]ifd\m\ipfe\\cj\%Ë@e[\\[#k_\efk`fef]]\\c`e^fiY\`e^g\iZ\`m\[Xj[`]]\i\ekXjX Zfej\hl\eZ\f]fe\Ëj`[\ek`ÔZXk`feXjC>9K\d\i^\[XjXZfeki`Ylkfip]XZkfi`eXeldY\if]jl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkj# Xj\m`[\eZ\[Ypk_\]fccfn`e^XZZflek% INTERVIEWER: Do you think then that there were times when you felt that life wasn’t worth living? RESPONDENT: Yeah. Just when I first kind of realised, when I was in First Year college and I kind of came to the conclusion that yeah, I’m different. I kind of accepted myself more in my head a lot more and built up to telling [friend] that I was [gay] and after I told him then I told a couple of people and I just felt really shit and crap and just my parents never accepted me and that. Not being able to have kids and stuff in the normal way and being viewed as a beast or whatever by ignorant people just really got me down. I figured what’s the point in living if you’re just going to be looked down upon by everybody as just this (Gay, Male, 20). J\m\iXcn_f_X[Zfek\dgcXk\[#gcXee\[#Xe[&fiXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\i\cXk\[k_\`ijl`Z`[Xc`kp[`i\Zkcp# Xck_fl^_kpg`ZXccpefk\oZclj`m\cp#kfk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe#Xe[XiXe^\f]Z_Xcc\e^`e^\og\i`\eZ\jfi ]\\c`e^jXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_k_`j`[\ek`kp%@e[\\[#Xjn`k_j`d`cXii\j\XiZ_Zfe[lZk\[\cj\n_\i\#g\fgc\f]k\e c`eb\[k_\`ijl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kjfiXZk`fejkfdlck`gc\\og\i`\eZ\jfi`jjl\j#iXk_\ik_Xele[\ijkXe[`e^ k_\dXjXi\jgfej\kffe\gXik`ZlcXi\m\ek#fi`e[`m`[lXc`j\[[`jki\jjfm\ik_\`i`[\ek`kpjkXklj Af_ejfe \kXc%#)''. %Jfd\f]k_\j\Zfeki`Ylk`e^]XZkfij`eZcl[\[1i\cXk`fej_`gYi\Xb[fne#j\olXcXYlj\#gXi\ekXc efe$XZZ\gkXeZ\Xe[k_\jk`^dXXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_C>9K`[\ek`kpdfi\^\e\iXccp#Xjn\ccXjjlYjkXeZ\lj\ Xe[d\ekXc_\Xck_`jjl\jjlZ_Xj[\gi\jj`fe%=fi\oXdgc\#fe\^XpdXe[\jZi`Y\[_fn_\ZXd\m\ip Zcfj\kfkXb`e^Xefm\i[fj\`e_`jkn\ek`\j[li`e^Xg\i`f[f]mlce\iXY`c`kpn_`Z_]fccfn\[k_\Yi\Xblg f]Xi\cXk`fej_`gn`k_X^`ic]i`\e[Xkk_\k`d\%?\Xkki`Ylk\[_`jjl`Z`[Xc`kpkfX_`jkfipf]j\olXcXYlj\Xj n\ccXjkf_`jj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe% Obviously, [my sexual orientation] would surely have to be part, wouldn’t it? I would think, I mean obviously the abuse, sexual abuse that kind of … being gay … But no, it was my sexual orientation would have been the suicidal reasons. If I had committed suicide it would have been because of being gay. So that’s definitely true, you know (Gay, Male, 46). 8c\jY`XenfdXe[\jZi`Y\[_fn#]\\c`e^Xcfe\#Y\i\]kf]jlggfik#Xe[kiXgg\[`eXÊYX[dXii`X^\#Ë n`k_flkk_\gifjg\Zkf]_Xm`e^Xi\cXk`fej_`gn`k_Xefk_\infdXe#ZXlj\[_\ikfXkk\dgkkfkXb\_\i fnec`]\% I just felt it wouldn’t improve, it was going to be the same. I was never going to feel anything in a sexual way for this man because it just wasn’t there and I was never going to know or ever be with a woman because this is my life, this is it. So the time I done it I only existed and sort of my pain only existed. So to stop what I was feeling ... (Lesbian, Female, 51). 8efk_\ipfle^c\jY`XenfdXeÔijkXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\XkX^\(+[li`e^Xj\c]$[\jZi`Y\[Ê`[\ek`kpZi`j`jË n_`Z_j_\Xkki`Ylk\[`egXikkf_\ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[_\ikfjkil^^c\Êkf]\\cc`b\#^\kXj\ej\f]dp gcXZ\fe\Xik_]lccjkfg%ËJ_\\ogcX`e\[_fn_\k\ifefidXk`m\\og\ZkXk`fej#jg\Z`ÔZXccpk_\gi\jjli\kf dXiip#_X[ZXlj\[_\ikfXkk\dgkjl`Z`[\X^X`en_`c\`eZfcc\^\% But it was actually my sexuality, certainly a lot closer in [the second attempt] than the last time. And again, you know, I think it was really the pressure of stepping out and not conforming to the marriage scenario… I really didn’t know how to, I really, em, [pause] I suppose I felt [pause], I suppose from a very young age I had been educated and taught, you know, kind of prepared for this marriage for a good 16 years. Taught certainly, from onwards till I was 18, that this is what I was supposed to do, this was where I was, what I was meant to be doing, this was one’s purpose in life … (Lesbian, Female, 29). G8><102:?8GK @ejfd\`ejkXeZ\j#k_fl^_kjf]jl`Z`[\n\i\Zfdgfle[\[YpX[[`k`feXcd\ekXcXe[&fig_pj`ZXc_\Xck_ Zfdgc`ZXk`fej%Fe\i\jgfe[\ek#]fi\oXdgc\#i\cXk\[i\Z\ekk_fl^_kjf]jl`Z`[\kf_`j?@Mgfj`k`m\jkXklj% If I got to the stage where the hospital told me that they couldn’t do anything for me, that the drugs won’t work or anything. I don’t want to deteriorate and that’s all I see when I think about HIV and I think about it. I see this skeleton. And it’s terrible (Gay, Male, 46). 8eldY\if]fk_\ijkl[pgXik`Z`gXekji\]\ii\[kfg\iZ\`m\[fiXZklXccXZbf]XZZ\gkXeZ\fii\a\Zk`feYp ]Xd`cpXe[]i`\e[j#Xjjg\Z`ÔZjfliZ\jf]jl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jj%Fe\fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXek#]fi\oXdgc\# eXd\[_\igXi\ekjË_fdfg_fY`XXe[k_\`i]X`cli\kfXZbefnc\[^\fi\dYiXZ\_\ic\jY`Xe`[\ek`kpfi_\i jXd\$j\oi\cXk`fej_`gj#Xjk_\gi`dXipjfliZ\f]_\ij\c]$_Xid`e^Xe[jl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jj% Most of my self-harming is related to the fact that my family are so disgusted with me for being gay and have shut me out constantly ever since I came out, asked me not to come home for Christmas, not ‘advertise’ my lesbianness, etc. I knew they were homophobic and that’s why I didn’t come out to them until I was 27, even though I’d been out to some of my friends since I was 14. While they haven’t rejected me completely, they make it very difficult for me to be around them and while they support all the heterosexual relationships of my siblings, they change the subject at any mention of my homosexual relationships. I most want to kill myself when I’m visiting them or after talking to them on the phone. Living away [from home] really helps (Lesbian, Female, 30, Survey Participant). EXiiXk`m\jf]k_`jeXkli\jl^^\jkk_Xkk_\i\`jX[`i\Zki\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\e_fdfg_fY`X#_\k\ifj\o`jd Xe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp]fijfd\ Xck_fl^_efkXcc f]k_fj\C>9Kg\fgc\n_f\og\i`\eZ\jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj# ]\\c`e^jfiXZkj%K_\]fccfn`e^m`^e\kk\jZfem\p_fn#]fidXepgXik`Z`gXekj#jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kjXe[ ]\\c`e^jXi\Yfle[lg`eXiXe^\f]\og\i`\eZ\ji\cXk\[kfk_\e\^Xk`m\ZfejkilZk`fef]C>9Kc`m\j Af_ejfe\kXc%#)''. %8eldY\if]k_fj\n_fi\cXk\[k_\`ijl`Z`[Xc`kpkfk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`feXccl[\[ kfjg\Z`ÔZ\og\i`\eZ\jfi\m\ekjk_Xkgi\$\dgk\[k_\`ijl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkjfiZXlj\[k_\dkf]\\cjl`Z`[Xc# `eZcl[`e^_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^`ejZ_ffcXe[&fi`ek_\nfibgcXZ\fi`ejfZ`\kpdfi\^\e\iXccp% … I’ve been suicidal many times since my breakdown. It’s not because I’m a lesbian but because of how I’ve been treated in my life as a lesbian. School was terrible and then to get bullied badly in work was horrible (Lesbian, Female, 28, Survey Participant). I said when answering this survey that my self-harming and suicide attempt were very strongly related to being gay and this was true when I was 21. But it was not being gay that made me do this to myself and that made me feel suicidal. It was all the bullying, the name-calling, the negative ideas about being gay that I was full of from growing up in a homophobic society, and the fact that I had never heard one person say in all my childhood and adolescence that being gay was okay or even good. Without any basic level of nurturance, encouragement or support around being a gay kid how else could I have turned out. I can see how incredibly vulnerable I was back then but now I am a very happy, well-adjusted gay man. Being gay is part of who I am and I wouldn’t want to change this for anything. But the marginalisation of young LGBT people in homes, schools, communities, towns and cities all over Ireland is still happening and young people can still suffer in the same way I did. This is completely wrong in 2007. Work needs to be done to tackle the impact of heterosexism and homophobia on the lives and well-being of Irish LGBT people (Gay, Male, 35, Survey Participant). 8efk_\ijlim\pgXik`Z`gXek_`^_c`^_k\[_fnXZfejk\ccXk`fef]]XZkfij#n_`Z__\Xkki`Ylk\[[`i\ZkcpXe[ `e[`i\Zkcpkf_`jj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe#`eZcl[`e^X_`jkfipf]j\olXcXYlj\#_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^#Xe[]\Xif] i\a\Zk`feYp]Xd`cpXe[]i`\e[j#\m\eklXccpÊkffbk_\`ikfccËfe_`d#i\jlck`e^`e_`jXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\Xe[ _fjg`kXc`jXk`fe`eXgjpZ_`Xki`Z]XZ`c`kpXkk_\X^\f])(% When I was 21 I was admitted to a private psychiatric facility and diagnosed with anorexia nervosa and depression. I had tried to kill myself soon after coming out as gay. I was convinced that everybody in my life would reject me because I was gay. This of course was not the case but the trauma of having been sexually abused by a priest who singled me out as a vulnerable gay boy when I was 11, the trauma of being bullied in school because I was gay and the fear I lived with for so long that I would G8><103:?8GK be rejected by family and friends if I came out, all took its toll. When I came out and got a positive response from people it was a shock but also a pleasant surprise. But I was very vulnerable and traumatised from the terrible things I had gone through growing up (Gay, Male, 35, Survey Participant). :fcc\Zk`m\cp#k_\eXiiXk`m\jc`eb`e^jl`Z`[Xc`kpkfC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fejl^^\jkk_Xkjl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jjZXeY\ le[\ijkff[XjXi\jgfej\kfX_fjk`c\jfZ`XcZfek\okn_`Z_`emXc`[Xk\jXe[k_\i\Yp]X`cjkfXZZ\gk#c\k Xcfe\kfc\iXk\fi\dYiXZ\#d`efi`kpj\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp Af_ejfe\kXc%#)''. % DXepf]k_fj\n_f\og\i`\eZ\[jl`Z`[Xc`kp[i\n[`i\ZkZfee\Zk`fejY\kn\\ek_\`i]\Xijf]i\a\Zk`fe# ficXZbf]XZZ\gkXeZ\Yp]Xd`cpfig\\ij#`eZcl[`e^X]X`cli\kfi\Zf^e`j\k_\j`^e`ÔZXeZ\f]jXd\$j\o i\cXk`fej_`gj#k_\`i\og\i`\eZ\f]Y\`e^i\^Xi[\[Xj[`]]\i\ek#Xe[m`Zk`d`jXk`fei\cXk\[kfk_\`iC>9K jkXklj%=ifdk_`jmXekX^\gf`ek#jl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jjZXeY\le[\ijkff[XjXi\jgfej\Ypjfd\C>9Kg\fgc\ kf`ejk`klk`feXc`j\[[`jZi`d`eXkfipXe[_fdfg_fY`ZY\c`\]jXe[giXZk`Z\jn_`Z_k_\p\eZflek\i\[`eX eldY\if]jfZ`Xc`ejk`klk`fejXe[j\kk`e^jjlZ_Xj]Xd`cp#\[lZXk`fe#Xe[k_\nfibgcXZ\% K_ifl^_flkk_`ji\gfikn\_Xm\jfl^_kkf[\dfejkiXk\_fnC>9Kg\fgc\\og\i`\eZ\le`hl\jki\jjfij `ek_\`ic`m\jk_XkXi\[`i\Zkcpi\cXk\[kfk_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[&fikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp JXm`e$ N`cc`Xdj#(00+ %K_XkXdXafi`kpf]jkl[pgXik`Z`gXekj_X[e\m\iZfek\dgcXk\[#gcXee\[fiXkk\dgk\[ jl`Z`[\jl^^\jkjk_Xk`knflc[Y\`eXggifgi`Xk\kfZ_XiXZk\i`j\k_\\ek`i\C>9KZfddle`kpXjY\`e^ Xki`jb]fijl`Z`[Xc`kp%8jefk\[\cj\n_\i\#C>9Kg\fgc\Xi\efkX_fdf^\efljÊXki`jbË^iflg#n`k_ dXepZfem\p`e^dlck`gc\Êi\j`c`\eZ\]XZkfijË#`eZcl[`e^g\ijfeXckiX`kjfiZ_XiXZk\i`jk`Zjf]k_\`ijfZ`Xc \em`ifed\ekk_Xkgifk\Zkk_\d]ifd_Xid%8j<`j\eY\i^ I\je`Zb )''-1--* Zfdd\ek1Ê¿k_\ dXafi`kpf]>C9X[fc\jZ\ekj^ifnlgkfc\X[_Xggp#_\Xck_p#gif[lZk`m\c`m\jË%K_\g\ijfeXc#]Xd`cpXe[ Zfddle`kpgifk\Zk`m\]XZkfijk_XkX]]\Zkk_\c`b\c`_ff[f]e\^Xk`m\flkZfd\jXdfe^C>9Kg\fgc\Xi\ X[[i\jj\[`ek_\]fccfn`e^Z_Xgk\i% K_\]XZkk_XkXcdfjkXk_`i[f]k_\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\njXdgc\#Xe[Xcdfjkfe\$Ô]k_f]k_\hlXek`kXk`m\ jXdgc\_X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\Xkc\XjkfeZ\nflc[j\\dkfjl^^\jkk_Xkk_\`jjl\f]jl`Z`[Xc`kpXe[C>9K `[\ek`ÔZXk`fenXiiXekjj\i`fljXkk\ek`fe%N_`c\k_`jjkl[p[f\jefk[`i\ZkcpX[[i\jjk_\ZcX`dk_XkC>9K g\fgc\Xi\Xk\c\mXk\[i`jb]fijl`Z`[Xc`kpi\cXk`m\kfk_\`iefe$C>9Kg\\ij#k_\`e[`m`[lXceXiiXk`m\jf] dXepC>9Kg\fgc\n_f_Xm\\og\i`\eZ\[jl`Z`[Xc[`jki\jj#ZfdY`e\[n`k_hlXek`kXk`m\[XkXjl^^\jk`e^ k_XkXdXafi`kpi\cXk\[k_\`ijl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkjfik_fl^_kjkfk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`k`\j kfmXip`e^[\^i\\j # gf`ekjkfXi\cXk`fej_`gY\kn\\ejl`Z`[Xc`kpXe[j\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[&fikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp%I\gfikj ]ifdi\jgfe[\ekjn_fXkki`Ylk\[k_\`ijl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kjXe[&fijl`Z`[\Xkk\dgkj[`i\Zkcp Xkc\Xjk`e gXik kfk_\`ie\^Xk`m\ki\Xkd\ekYpfk_\ij`eXiXe^\f]j\kk`e^j#`eZcl[`e^Xk_fd\#`ejZ_ffcj#k_\ nfibgcXZ\#\kZ%XjXZfej\hl\eZ\f]k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe#`jXj\i`fljZXlj\]fiZfeZ\ie#Xe[gf`ekjkf XZc\Xie\\[]fi`ek\im\ek`fe`ek_\j\j\kk`e^j% :FE:CLJ@FE K_`jZ_Xgk\i_Xj\oXd`e\[`e[`ZXkfijf]d\ekXc_\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^Xdfe^C>9Kg\fgc\n`k_jg\Z`ÔZ i\]\i\eZ\kf`ejkXeZ\jf][\gi\jj`fe#j\c]$_Xid#jl`Z`[Xc`kp#Xe[gXkk\iejf]XcZf_fcZfejldgk`fe%8jn`k_ gi\m`fljZ_Xgk\ij#k_\]fZljnXjcXi^\cpfek_\jfZ`XcZfek\okjXe[\og\i`\eZ\jk_Xk^`m\d\Xe`e^j#f]k\e e\^Xk`m\fe\j#kfC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe#_`^_c`^_k`e^jfd\f]k_\dXafijki\jjfij`ek_\c`m\jf]C>9Kg\fgc\ k_XkXi\[`i\Zkcpfi`e[`i\Zkcpi\cXk\[kfk_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[&fikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp% HlXek`kXk`m\Ôe[`e^jjl^^\jkk_XkXdXafi`kpf]k_fj\n`k_C>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe`e@i\cXe[_Xm\\og\i`\eZ\[ cfnfi[\gi\jj\[g\i`f[j`ek_\`ic`m\j#Xe[k_XkXj`^e`ÔZXekd`efi`kp XcdfjkXhlXik\if]k_\jXdgc\ #_X[ Y\\egi\jZi`Y\[d\[`ZXk`fe]fik_\`igjpZ_fcf^`ZXc[`jki\jj%J`d`cXicp#fm\iXhlXik\if]jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekj _X[\e^X^\[`ej\c]$`eali`fljY\_Xm`fliXkjfd\gf`ek`ek_\`ic`m\j#n_`c\XcdfjkXÔ]k__X[Xkk\dgk\[ jl`Z`[\feXkc\XjkfZZXj`fe%8cdfjkXk_`i[f]k_\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\njXdgc\_X[Xkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\Xkc\Xjk feZ\#Xe[fm\iXhlXik\i_X[j\c]$_Xid\[#`e[`ZXk`e^k_Xkk_\`jjl\jf][\c`Y\iXk\j\c]$_XidXe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp Xdfe^C>9Kg\fgc\#Xe[C>9Kpfle^g\fgc\`egXik`ZlcXi#nXiiXekj\i`fljXkk\ek`fe% @k`jXcjf`dgfikXekkfgf`ekflkk_XkdXepf]k_\[`]ÔZlck`\j\ogi\jj\[`ek_\i\jgfe[\ekeXiiXk`m\j Xi\efkle`hl\kfk_fj\n_f`[\ek`]pXjC>9K%?fn\m\i#Xck_fl^_C>9Kg\fgc\fYm`fljcpj_Xi\dXep G8><104:?8GK EXiiXk`m\jf]j\c]$_Xid#[\gi\jj`feXe[jl`Z`[Xc`kpn\i\f]k\ek`e^\[n`k_]\\c`e^jf][`jZfee\Zk\[e\jj ]ifd]Xd`cpXe[g\\ij#jfZ`Xc`jfcXk`fe#cfe\c`e\jjfiXcfe\e\jj#Zfdgfle[\[Yp]\\c`e^jf]cXZbf] j\c]$nfik_Xe[j\c]$cfXk_`e^%K_\j\\dfk`fejn\i\f]k\ec`eb\[kfk_\`ek\ieXc`jXk`fef][`jZi`d`eXk`fe# m`Zk`d`jXk`fe#Xe[&fi_\k\ifefidXk`m\\og\ZkXk`fejXYflkn_XkZfejk`klk\jXÊefidXcËc`]\`ejfZ`\kpXk cXi^\%K_fj\n_f\og\i`\eZ\[_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^Xe[&ficXZbf]XZZ\gkXeZ\Ypj`^e`ÔZXekfk_\ij`e k_\`ic`m\jXjXZfej\hl\eZ\f]k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fen\i\gXik`ZlcXicpjljZ\gk`Yc\kf[\gi\jj`fe#j\c]$ _XidXe[fijl`Z`[Xc`kp% =`e[`e^j]ifdk_\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\njjl^^\jkk_XkXdXafi`kpn_f_Xm\\og\i`\eZ\[[\gi\jj`fei\cXk\[ k_`jgjpZ_fcf^`ZXc[`jki\jj[`i\Zkcpkfk_\Z_Xcc\e^\jXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_Y\`e^C>9K%J`d`cXicp#dXepf]k_fj\ n_f_X[Zfek\dgcXk\[#gcXee\[#Xe[&fiXkk\dgk\[jl`Z`[\i\cXk\[k_\`ijl`Z`[Xc`kp[`i\Zkcp Xck_fl^_ kpg`ZXccpefk\oZclj`m\cp kfk_\e\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\jXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`fe%@ek_\ ZXj\f]k_\fe$c`e\jlim\p#Zcfj\kf_Xc]f]Xccjl`Z`[\Xkk\dgk\ijm`\n\[k_\`iÔijkXkk\dgkXjÊm\ip i\cXk\[ËfiÊm\ipdlZ_i\cXk\[Ëkfk_\`iY\`e^C>9K% :fcc\Zk`m\cp#k_\Ôe[`e^jfed\ekXc_\Xck_`e[`ZXkfijjl^^\jkk_Xkk_\jk`^dXXe[[`jZi`d`eXk`fek_Xk jliifle[C>9K`[\ek`ÔZXk`feZXei\jlck`eXe\oki\d\cpe\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\f]Y\`e^C>9K%K_`jZXlj\j dXepkf\og\i`\eZ\[\gi\jj`fe#Xe[Xj`^e`ÔZXekd`efi`kpkf\e^X^\`ej\c]$_Xid`e^Y\_Xm`fliXe[kf \og\i`\eZ\Xe[&fiXZklgfe#jl`Z`[Xck_fl^_kj%:_Xgk\i.#n_`Z_]fZlj\jfek_\`jjl\f]i\j`c`\eZ\Xdfe^ C>9Kg\fgc\#Xkk\dgkjkfZXgkli\k_\jki\e^k_jXe[jlggfikj#Xjn\ccXjk_\jkil^^c\jk_XkZ_XiXZk\i`j\ C>9Kg\fgc\Ëj\og\i`\eZ\j%K_\e\okZ_Xgk\i]fZlj\jfeC>9Kg\fgc\Ëj\og\i`\eZ\jf]_\Xck_ZXi\j\im`Z\j Xe[i\cXk\[jlggfikjXe[j\im`Z\j% CHAPTER 6 LGBT PEOPLE AND SERVICES G8><106:?8GK9KG LGBT PEOPLE AND SERVICES K_\gi\m`fljZ_Xgk\ifeD\ekXc?\Xck_I`jbjXccl[\[kfjfd\C>9Kg\fgc\Ëj\eZflek\ijn`k_ _\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcjXe[j\kk`e^j`ek_\Zfek\okf]k_\`i\og\i`\eZ\jn`k_[\gi\jj`fe#j\c]$_Xid Xe[jl`Z`[Xc`kp%K_`jZ_Xgk\igifm`[\jXdfi\`e$[\gk_XeXcpj`jf]C>9Kg\fgc\Ëj\og\i`\eZ\jf]j\im`Z\j n`k_gXik`ZlcXiXkk\ek`fekf^\e\iXc_\Xck_ZXi\Xe[d\ekXc_\Xck_j\im`Z\j%K_\Ôe[`e^j[\dfejkiXk\ [`m\ij\\og\i`\eZ\jXjn\ccXjjg\Z`ÔZYXii`\ijkf_\Xck_ZXi\XZZ\jj#`eZcl[`e^gi\jld\[_\k\ifj\olXc`kp# _fdfg_fY`XXe[cXZbf]ZlckliXcZfdg\k\eZ\fek_\gXikf]_\Xck_ZXi\gifm`[\ij% GFC@:P8E;J K_\:fddle`kp8jj\jjd\ekg_Xj\f]k_\Zlii\ekjkl[p`emfcm\[k_\Zfe[lZkf]`ek\im`\njn`k_gfc`Zp dXb\ij]ifdk_\_\Xck_Xe[\[lZXk`fej\ZkfijXk^fm\ied\ekXe[eXk`feXcc\m\cjXjn\ccXjj\im`Z\ gifm`[\ij]ifdC>9K$jg\Z`ÔZj\im`Z\j j\\:_Xgk\i)]fiX]lccXZZflekf]k_\d\k_f[fcf^p %K_`j g_Xj\f]k_\i\j\XiZ_leZfm\i\[XeldY\if]`jjl\jk_XkXi\i\c\mXekkfC>9K_\Xck_j\im`Z\gifm`j`fe# `eZcl[`e^1i\^`feXc[`jgXi`kp`ej\im`Z\gifm`j`fe#[`]]\i\ek`Xcj\im`Z\\og\i`\eZ\j#Xe[k_\[`m\ij`kpf] C>9Kg\fgc\Ëje\\[j% Regional disparity in LGBT-specific service provision C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZj\im`Z\j`e@i\cXe[Xi\ZfeZ\ekiXk\[`ek_\dXafiliYXeZ\eki\j%N_`c\k_\j\j\im`Z\jXi\ ]le[\[k_ifl^_XmXi`\kpf]jfliZ\j#k_\pi\Z\`m\k_\`igi`dXip]le[`e^XccfZXk`fe]ifdk_\jkXklkfip _\Xck_j\Zkfi%Dfjkle[\ikXb\n_XkZXeYifX[cpY\Z_XiXZk\i`j\[Xj_\Xck_$i\cXk\[nfib#`eZcl[`e^ k_\gifm`j`fef]g\ijfeXc[\m\cfgd\ekZflij\j#X[m`Z\j\im`Z\jXe[X[mfZXZpnfib%8i\Z\ekdXgg`e^ \o\iZ`j\#Zfe[lZk\[le[\ik_\Xljg`Z\jf]k_\?\Xck_J\im`Z\ I\^`feXcmXi`Xk`feXe[#`egXik`ZlcXi#k_\gifd`e\ekliYXe&iliXc[`m`[\`ei\cXk`fekfC>9Kj\im`Z\ gifm`j`fe#nXjXe`jjl\Zfej`jk\ekcp_`^_c`^_k\[YpXcXi^\eldY\if]k_`jjkl[pËj:fddle`kp 8jj\jjd\eki\jgfe[\ekj%;\ÔZ`\eZ`\j`ejkiXk\^`ZgcXee`e^n\i\Xcjf`[\ek`Ô\[#Xjn\i\`eX[\hlXZ`\j`e Zlii\ekj\im`Z\gifm`j`feXe[[\c`m\ip% There are fine examples within LGBT-specific services of these ‘islands of excellence’ but they don’t live together and they’re isolated as well (Community Assessment, Interview 9). There are a lot more groups starting up around the country but there are still real pockets of isolation where there’s absolutely nothing (Community Assessment, Interview 6). G8><107:?8GK9KG Differential service experiences >`m\ek_\i\^`feXcmXi`Xk`fe`ej\im`Z\gifm`j`feefk\[XYfm\#C>9Kg\fgc\d`^_kY\\og\Zk\[kf_Xm\ m\ip[`]]\i\ek\og\i`\eZ\jf]Yfk_j\im`Z\XZZ\jjXe[lk`c`jXk`fe%HlXc`kpf]_\Xck_ZXi\gifm`j`fenXj Xefk_\i]XZkfiZfej`[\i\[kf`dgXZkfeC>9Kg\fgc\Ëjj\im`Z\\og\i`\eZ\j%I\]\i\eZ\nXji\g\Xk\[cp dX[\kfe\^Xk`m\fig\afiXk`m\Xkk`kl[\jXe[gffikiX`e`e^X]]\Zk`e^k_\XY`c`kpf]_\Xck_ZXi\ gif]\jj`feXcjkf[\XcXggifgi`Xk\cpn`k_C>9KZc`\ekj% There are definitely issues around the sensitivity and there aren’t appropriate LGBT services. We would see a need for targeted LGBT services around mental health and they mostly don’t exist currently (Community Assessment, Interview 3). J\m\iXcY\c`\m\[C>9KZc`\ekjkfY\cXi^\cpÊ`em`j`Yc\Ën`k_`edfjk_\Xck_Xi\eXj#ZcX`d`e^k_Xkk_\`ie\\[j n\i\efkY\`e^X[\hlXk\cpd\k%Jfd\n_fnfib\[[`i\Zkcpn`k_C>9Kg\fgc\Xcjf\dg_Xj`j\[k_Xkk_\`i j\im`Z\lj\iji\gfik\[_`^_cpmXi`XYc\\og\i`\eZ\jXZifjjXiXe^\f]_\Xck_ZXi\j\kk`e^j%K_`j`jjl\`j \ogcfi\[`e^i\Xk\i[\kX`cY\cfn% Diversity of need within the LGBT population :fddle`kp8jj\jjd\eki\jgfe[\ekjn\i\b\\ekf\dg_Xj`j\k_\[`m\ij`kpf]C>9Kg\fgc\Xe[Xcjfkf _`^_c`^_kk_\e\\[jf]jg\Z`ÔZ^iflgj% … I think there could be a slight danger in representing the LGBT communities as a homogenous group and I would imagine that there are varying levels of potential ‘at risk’ statuses (Community Assessment, Interview 12). I\jgfe[\ekj`[\ek`Ô\[k_\]fccfn`e^ZXk\^fi`\jf]e\\[n`k_`ek_\C>9KZfddle`kpk_XknXiiXek jg\Z`ÔZXe[kXi^\k\[j\im`Z\gifm`j`fe#gXik`ZlcXicp`ei\cXk`fekfd\ekXc_\Xck_gifdfk`fe1 C>9Kpfle^g\fgc\ C>9Kg\fgc\c`m`e^`e`jfcXk\[&iliXccfZXk`fej Fc[\iC>9Kg\fgc\ C\jY`Xej KiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\ C`b\k_\^\e\iXcgfglcXk`fe#C>9Kg\fgc\[`]]\i`ek\idjf]k_\`iZlckliXcYXZb^ifle[#\k_e`ZfiiXZ`Xc `[\ek`kp#X^\#\[lZXk`fe#`eZfd\#Xe[gcXZ\f]i\j`[\eZ\%C>9Kg\fgc\Ëj\og\i`\eZ\jn`k_`eXn_fc\ iXe^\f]j\kk`e^jXe[`ejk`klk`fej#`eZcl[`e^k_\]Xd`cp#jZ_ffc#cfZXcXe[C>9KZfddle`k`\j#Xe[k_\ nfibgcXZ\#Xi\Xcjf[`m\ij\%@ei\cXk`fekfd\ekXc_\Xck_jg\Z`ÔZXccp#k_\[`m\ij`kpf]C>9Kg\fgc\dljkY\ XZbefnc\[^\[#Xj_XjY\\eXdgcp[\dfejkiXk\[`e:_Xgk\i,%K_`j[`m\ij`kpXcjf_Xj`dgc`ZXk`fej]fik_\ gifm`j`fef]Xggifgi`Xk\cpkX`cfi\[j\im`Z\jk_Xkd\\kXmXi`\kpf]gfk\ek`Xce\\[j% ?<8CK?:8I<8:: Fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjn\i\Xjb\[kf`e[`ZXk\n_`Z_j\im`Z\jk_\p_X[XZZ\jj\[]ifdXc`jkf]^\e\iXc _\Xck_#d\ekXc_\Xck_Xe[C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZj\im`Z\j%KXYc\-%(`e[`ZXk\jk_Xkfm\iXhlXik\if]fe$c`e\jlim\p i\jgfe[\ekj_X[XZZ\jj\[d\ekXc_\Xck_Zflej\cc`e^j\im`Z\j#n_`c\Xc`kkc\dfi\k_XeXÔ]k__X[XZZ\jj\[ XeC>9K$jg\Z`ÔZ_\Xck_j\im`Z\%8cdfjk\c\m\eg\iZ\ek_X[Xkk\e[\[Xe?@MXe[8@;J$i\cXk\[j\im`Z\# n_`c\k_i\\g\iZ\ek_X[XZZ\jj\[jlYjkXeZ\XYlj\&X[[`Zk`fej\im`Z\j%Fk_\ijfliZ\jf]C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZ G8><108:?8GK9KG KXYc\-%(1Lj\f]C>9KXe[i\cXk\[_\Xck_j\im`Z\j1jlim\pjXdgc\( Service(s) used n % 1 Mental health counselling services *'( ).%( LGBT support group (Other than youth group) ),* ))%/ A gay or lesbian health service )+( )(%. LGBT youth organisation or LGBT youth group (0* (.%+ HIV and AIDS services ()( ('%0 Substance abuse/addiction services *, *%) Something else ((, ('%+ F]k_\+'`e[`m`[lXcj`ek\im`\n\[#Xggifo`dXk\cpk_i\\$hlXik\ij_X[Xkk\e[\[fiXggifXZ_\[X _\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXc >G#_fjg`kXcjkX]]#gjpZ_fcf^`jk#gjpZ_`Xki`jk#Zflej\ccfi fifk_\i`e[`m`[lXc fiX^\eZp jZ_ffcg\ijfee\c#C>9Kpflk_^iflg n`k_Xm`\nkf[`jZljj`e^k_\`i_\Xck_e\\[j%N_`c\ Xkk\e[XeZ\XkX_\Xck_ZXi\j\kk`e^nXjjfd\k`d\j`dgfj\[fepfle^g\fgc\ dfjkf]k\eYpXgXi\ek # k_\dXafi`kpf]`ek\im`\n\\jjfl^_kX[m`Z\`e[\g\e[\ekcp%8Zifjjk_\`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\njXdgc\# Zflej\cc`e^figjpZ_fcf^`ZXcj\im`Z\jn\i\k_\j\im`Z\jdfjkZfddfecpXZZ\jj\[#]fccfn\[Yp>\e\iXc GiXZk`k`fe\ij >Gj %J`o_X[Xkk\e[\[XgjpZ_`Xki`Zj\im`Z\Xe[#`efk_\i`ejkXeZ\j#i\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[ j\\b`e^_\cgfiX[m`Z\XkjZ_ffc#C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZpflk_j\im`Z\j#C>9K_\cgc`e\j#_fjg`kXcjXe[JK@Zc`e`Zj% @e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ni\jgfe[\ekj`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\p]i\hl\ekcpXZZ\jj\[j\im`Z\j[li`e^Xg\i`f[f] gXik`ZlcXi[`]ÔZlckp#jl^^\jk`e^k_Xkk_\pdXp_Xm\_X[jg\Z`ÔZe\\[jXkk_`jaleZkli\%K_\i\nXj Zfej`[\iXYc\[`m\ij`kp`ek_\`iXZZflekjf]XZZ\jj`e^Xe[`ek\iXZk`e^n`k_j\im`Z\jXe[_\Xck_ZXi\ gif]\jj`feXcjXe[#n_`c\jfd\^Xm\gfj`k`m\XZZflekj#dXepfk_\iji\gfik\[e\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\j% General healthcare experiences Fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjn\i\Xjb\[XYflkk_\`i\og\i`\eZ\jn`k__\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcj`e ^\e\iXc#i\jgfej\jkfn_`Z_Xi\gifm`[\[`eKXYc\-%)Y\cfn%N_`c\knf$k_`i[jf]i\jgfe[\ekjn`k_gi`fi \og\i`\eZ\f]_\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcj]\ckk_Xkk_\_\Xck_X[m`Z\k_\pi\Z\`m\[nXj^\e\iXccplj\]lc Xe[Xggifgi`Xk\#fm\ik_i\\hlXik\ijn\i\f]k_\fg`e`fek_Xk_\Xck_ZXi\gifm`[\ije\\[\[kf_Xm\dfi\ befnc\[^\Xe[j\ej`k`m`kpkfC>9K`jjl\j%8Ô]k_XZk`m\cpjfl^_kflkC>9K$]i`\e[cpgif]\jj`feXcjY\ZXlj\ f]e\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\jk_\p_X[_X[`ek_\gXjk#n_`c\Xj`d`cXigifgfik`fe[`[efk]\\ci\jg\Zk\[XjXe C>9Kg\ijfeYp_\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcj%8cdfjkXhlXik\if]k_fj\n_f_X[gi`fi\og\i`\eZ\n`k__\Xck_ gif]\jj`feXcjX[d`kk\[kf_`[`e^k_\]XZkk_Xkk_\pn\i\C>9Kn_\e[\Xc`e^n`k_k_\j\`e[`m`[lXcj Y\ZXlj\f]_fnk_\pd`^_ki\XZk% K_\mXjkdXafi`kpf]fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj 0+ `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\p_X[X>Gfi]Xd`cp[fZkfi n_fdk_\pXkk\e[\[%Dfjkf]k_fj\n_f_X[X>GXkk\e[\[XYflkfeZ\fikn`Z\Xp\Xi -( #n_\i\Xj XYflkk\eg\iZ\ekXkk\e[\[jfd\n_Xkdfi\]i\hl\ekcp$XYflkfeZ\Xdfek_%8YflkXhlXik\iXkk\e[\[ k_\`i>G\m\ip]\np\Xij%>Gjn\i\fecpXnXi\f]i\jgfe[\ekjËC>9K`[\ek`kp`e++ f]ZXj\j% (9Xj\[feÊk`ZbXcck_XkXggcpË]fidXk%G\iZ\ekX^\j[fefkX[[kf('' % G8><109:?8GK9KG KXYc\-%)1>\e\iXc\og\i`\eZ\jn`k__\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcj1jlim\pjXdgc\) Strongly Neutral Strongly Valid Agree / Agree Disagree / n Disagree e e e e I’m generally quite open about being LGBT when ,)/ ,*%, (/- (/%0 ).) ).%- 0/- I visit a healthcare professional. In my opinion, healthcare professional need to .,. .-%0 (.+ (.%. ,* ,%+ 0/+ have more knowledge and sensitivity to issues related to being LGBT. I generally try to hide the fact that I am LGBT ))' )*%( (/+ (0%* ,+. ,.%, 0,( when dealing with healthcare professionals because of how they react. In general, I feel respected for who I am as an *-+ +'%' *-- +'%* (.0 (0%. 0'0 LGBT person by healthcare professionals. In general, the health advice I’ve received from ,0( -)%, )++ ),%/ ((( ((%. 0+- healthcare professionals has been useful and appropriate. I actively seek out LGBT-friendly healthcare (-) (0%* )0, *,%) */( +,%, /*/ professionals because of bad experiences I’ve had with providers in the past. 8ggifo`dXk\cpfe\k_`i[f]k_\jkl[pËj`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekj_X[Xkk\e[\[k_\`i>G]fiiflk`e\ _\Xck_ZXi\ki\Xkd\ek#n`k_fecpXd`efi`kp[\jZi`Y`e^k_\\eZflek\i`egfj`k`m\k\idj%@k`jj`^e`ÔZXek# _fn\m\i#k_Xkk_fj\i\jgfe[\ekjn_fn\i\jXk`jÔ\[n`k_k_\`i>GËji\jgfej\XcdfjkXcnXpji\]\ii\[kf ]\\c`e^Zfd]fikXYc\Xe[ZfeÔ[\ekkf[`jZcfj\k_\`ij\olXc`[\ek`kpn`k_flkk_\]\Xif]Y\`e^al[^\[% I’m quite pleased with my doctor. He has never had a problem with my sexuality (Gay, Male, 43). He [GP] gave me positive feedback which was fantastic (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 27). K_\\og\i`\eZ\f]Xkk\e[`e^>GjnXj[\g`Zk\[XjXe\^Xk`m\fe\YpdXepdfi\i\jgfe[\ekj#n`k_ k_\n\`^_kf]e\^Xk`m\Xkk\ek`fe]Xcc`e^fek_\ZcX`dk_Xkk_\`i>G[`[efkle[\ijkXe[C>9K`jjl\j%@e dXepZXj\j#i\jgfe[\ekj]\ckk_Xkdfjk[fZkfijcXZb\[k_\i\hl`j`k\befnc\[^\file[\ijkXe[`e^kf Zfddle`ZXk\Xggifgi`Xk\cpn`k_C>9Kg\fgc\% The last doctor, well my current doctor, didn’t really understand what I was trying to say and I was trying to be discrete about it, not because I felt ashamed … And in the end I had to, you know, just say it very clearly, ‘Look my partner is female, you don’t seem to be picking up on that. I’m you know, sexually active with another female’. And so, you know, he was a bit shocked … (Lesbian, Female, 29). When people are trained to be a doctor and treat patients they’re not taught how to deal with people. Social workers and youth workers are taught how to do that. Basically there is a lack of training, a lack of understanding (Gay, Male, 20). >Gjkpg`ZXccpgi\jld\[k_Xkk_\`igXk`\ekjn\i\_\k\ifj\olXc#c\X[`e^kfXi\clZkXeZ\fek_\gXikf] i\jgfe[\ekjkf[`jZcfj\k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe%J\m\iXcC>9gXik`Z`gXekj[`[efk[`jZljjk_\`ij\olXc`kp n`k_k_\`i>GY\ZXlj\k_\pXjjfZ`Xk\[[`jZcfjli\f]k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fen`k_e\^Xk`m\i\XZk`fej%Fk_\ij ]\ckk_Xk[`jZcfjli\f]k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fekfk_\`i>GnXjgfjj`Ycpdfi\kiflYc\k_Xk`knXjnfik_% )G\iZ\ekX^\ji\gfik\[Xi\mXc`[g\iZ\ekX^\j%K_fj\n_fi\jgfe[\[Ê[feËkbefnË#fin_f_X[Êef\og\i`\eZ\Ëf]_\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcj#n\i\ \oZcl[\[]ifdk_\XeXcpj`j% G8><110:?8GK9KG Most GPs are heterosexual males or heterosexual females with kids so I won’t want to talk to them about that [sexual orientation] (Gay, Male, 27). I never told him [work-based GP] that I was lesbian. I’d be afraid they would put it o my file and then it would have an impact on my career (Lesbian, Female, 29). The doctor was old. She did say, ‘If you’re gay now is the time to say it’. I was probably that close to saying it but I thought it was too much hassle and stuff (Gay, Male, 28). 8eldY\if]i\jgfe[\ekj_X[XcjfXkk\e[\[k_\`i>GY\ZXlj\f]d\ekXc_\Xck_ZfeZ\iej%@e[\\[]fi dfjk#k_\cfZXc>GnXjk_\Ôijkgf`ekf]gif]\jj`feXcZfekXZk]fi`e[`m`[lXcjn_fjfl^_k_\cgfiX[m`Z\`e i\cXk`fekfjki\jj]lcfi[`jki\jj`e^gjpZ_fcf^`ZXcjkXk\j%Dfjkf]k_\j\i\jgfe[\ekj]\ckjkife^cp#_fn\m\i# k_Xkk_\`i>G]X`c\[kfXggi\Z`Xk\k_\Zfek\okf]k_\`id\ekXc_\Xck_[`]ÔZlck`\jXe[XeldY\ijkXk\[ k_Xkk_\`iZ`iZldjkXeZ\jXe[e\\[jn\i\\`k_\iki`m`Xc`j\[fi`^efi\[Ypk_\`i[fZkfi%Pfle^C>9Kg\fgc\ \og\i`\eZ\[gXik`ZlcXi[`]ÔZlckpXe[j\m\iXcZfem\p\[XY\c`\]k_XkXmX`cXYc\j\im`Z\j[`[efkZXk\i]fi k_\`ie\\[j%8eldY\i_X[Y\\eYifl^_kkfk_\`i>GYpXgXi\ek&^lXi[`XeY\ZXlj\f]jg\Z`ÔZZfeZ\iej \%^%#Y\ZXlj\k_\p_X[Y\Zfd\n`k_[iXne#[\gi\jj\[fin\i\j\c]$_Xid`e^ n_`Z_k_\j\pfle^g\fgc\ kpg`ZXccpXkki`Ylk\[k_\`ijkil^^c\kfZfd\kfk\idjn`k_k_\`ij\olXc`kp%?\i\#fe\pfle^dXe[\jZi`Y\[ k_\i\jgfej\f]_`j>Gn_\e_\[`jZcfj\[_`jj\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[_`j]\\c`e^jf][\gi\jj`fe% But he (GP) said basically to have sex with my best [female] friend who is fifteen, take anti- depressants and I’ll be straight by the end of the month (Gay, Male, 17). @jjl\ji\^Xi[`e^ZfeÔ[\ek`Xc`kpXcjf\d\i^\[#n`k_pfle^g\fgc\efkn`j_`e^kf[`jZljjk_\`ij\olXc`kp n`k_k_\`i>GY\ZXlj\f]ZfeZ\iejk_Xkk_\`igXi\ekjnflc[Y\jlYj\hl\ekcp`e]fid\[%Fk_\ij]\Xi\[ k_Xkk_\[`jZcfjli\nflc[Y\Èni`kk\efek_\`iÔc\ÉXe[Xgg\Xi\[kf_Xm\c`kkc\ZfeÔ[\eZ\k_Xkk_`j g\ijfeXc`e]fidXk`fenflc[efkY\Zfddle`ZXk\[kffk_\ijn`k_flkk_\`ig\id`jj`fe% Dfi\f]k\ek_Xeefk#>Gjn\i\k_\gf`ekf]\ekipkfgi`dXip_\Xck_ZXi\j\im`Z\j]fik_fj\n_f_X[ d\ekXc_\Xck_ZfeZ\iej#n`k_kpg`ZXcXZZflekjjl^^\jk`e^j`^e`ÔZXekgifYc\dji\^Xi[`e^k_\X[\hlXZp Xe[Xggifgi`Xk\e\jjf]k_\ZXi\k_Xkk_\pi\Z\`m\[Xkk_`jaleZkli\%?\Xck_ZXi\gifm`[\ijiflk`e\cp Xjjld\[k_Xkk_\`iZc`\ek\c\n\i\_\k\ifj\olXcXe[[`[efkXgg\XikfX[\hlXk\cpX[[i\jj`jjl\jf] j\olXc`kpfi^\e[\i`[\ek`kp%Pfle^g\fgc\Zfe]ifek\[gXik`ZlcXiZ_Xcc\e^\jXe[#`ek_\dX`e#[`[efk ]\\ck_Xkk_\pZflc[fg\ecp[`jZljj`jjl\jk_Xkn\i\i\c\mXekkfk_\`i_\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^%N_`cjk XZbefnc\[^`e^k_XkZfeZ\ieji\^Xi[`e^k_\X[\hlXZpf]_\Xck_ZXi\XZZ\jjXi\efkle`hl\kfC>9K pflk_ EXk`feXc:feaf`ek:_`c[?\Xck_:fdd`kk\\#)''(28^^c\kfe\kXc#)''' #k_\Ôe[`e^jefe\k_\c\jj `e[`ZXk\k_XkC>9Kpfle^g\fgc\]\\c\jg\Z`Xccpmlce\iXYc\`ek_\Zfek\okf]j\\b`e^^\e\iXcfid\ekXc _\Xck_ZXi\%K_`j`jf]gXik`ZlcXiZfeZ\iej`eZ\e\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\jZXec\X[C>9Kpflk_kfXmf`[j\im`Z\j# [\jg`k\_Xm`e^led\ke\\[j IpXe#)''* %Dfi\fm\i#Xkk_\jXd\k`d\XjC>9Kpflk_Xi\\og\i`\eZ`e^ \jg\Z`XccpZ_Xcc\e^`e^`[\ek`kp`jjl\j#k_\pdXpXcjfY\Xk`eZi\Xj\[i`jb]fi[\gi\jj`fe#j\c]$_XidXe[ jl`Z`[Xc`kp%K_\]fccfn`e^j\Zk`fe\ogcfi\jpfle^g\fgc\Ëj\og\i`\eZ\jf]C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZpflk_j\im`Z\j# _`^_c`^_k`e^k_\ifc\k_Xkk_\j\j\im`Z\jZXegcXp`egifdfk`e^gfj`k`m\d\ekXc_\Xck_% C>9K$JG<:@=@:PFLK?J Pfle^g\fgc\kXcb\[XYflk]\\c`e^XYc\Xe[]i\\kf\ogi\jjk_\dj\cm\j#Xe\og\i`\eZ\k_XknXjf]k\e \hlXk\[n`k_k_\XYXe[fed\ekf]k_\_XY`klXcj\c]$jlim\`ccXeZ\k_XkZ_XiXZk\i`j\[k_\`i`ek\iXZk`fej`e G8><111:?8GK9KG RESPONDENT: I think it [LGBT youth group] really, really helps. I think it’s just one of the best things out there and other things that are getting set up around the country, I think they’re brilliant. INTERVIEWER What is good about them? RESPONDENT: Just the people that work there. They must have to go through some rigorous test or something to get the right type of people there. The people are just lovely, they’re brilliant (Gay, Male, 17). He’s [youth worker] been really good to me. I can just go and chat to him and let everything out. If I’m really stressed, you wouldn’t be able to understand me. I just talk like, go ninety talking, and you wouldn’t be able to understand a thing. So he’ll sit there and nod and go, ‘Yeah, yeah, sounds good’. He’s there to listen, he’s really class (Lesbian, Female, 17). 8j[\dfejkiXk\[`e\Xic`\iZ_Xgk\ij#C>9Kpflk_ZXe\og\i`\eZ\Z_ife`Zjki\jj#gXik`ZlcXicp`ei\cXk`fe kf]\XiXYflk[`jZcfjli\fi\ogfjli\f]k_\`ij\olXcfikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp j\\:_Xgk\ij+Xe[, % 8ZZfi[`e^kfIpXe )''*1(,+ #ÊRgTifm`[`e^Xjlggfik`m\#efe$al[^\d\ekXc\em`ifed\ek`jXgi`dXip Zfdgfe\ek`ej`^eXcc`e^k_XkXeX^\eZp#gifm`[\ifiZc`e`Z`jXjX]\gcXZ\]fiefe$_\k\ifj\olXcpflk_ kfj\\bZXi\Ë%K_\XZZflekjf]k_fj\i\jgfe[\ekjn_f_X[Xkk\e[\[C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZpflk_j\im`Z\jn\i\ fm\in_\cd`e^cpgfj`k`m\#[\dfejkiXk`e^k_\`dgfikXeZ\f]ÊjX]\ËjgXZ\jXe[\em`ifed\ekj]fiC>9K pflk_%Gifm`[\ijXe[gif^iXdd\jj\im`e^X[fc\jZ\ekjXe[k_\`i]Xd`c`\j_Xm\fecpi\Z\ekcpY\^lekf Zfej`[\ik_\e\\[jf]C>9Kpflk_ IpXe#)''* %@ek_\@i`j_Zfek\ok#n_`c\k_\i\`jZlii\ekcpXe\ogXej`fe f]C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZpflk_j\im`Z\jeXk`feXccp#k_\`iZfm\iX^\i\dX`ejc`d`k\[Xe[k_\j\j\im`Z\jXi\dfi\ fic\jji\jki`Zk\[kfcXi^\iliYXeXi\Xjn`k_dfi\\ok\ej`m\C>9KZfddle`k`\j%K_`jc\Xm\jC>9Kpflk_# gXik`ZlcXicpk_fj\c`m`e^`ejdXcc\i#c\jjliYXe`j\[Xe[iliXcZfddle`k`\j#`ek_\gi\ZXi`fljgfj`k`fef] _Xm`e^kfe\^fk`Xk\Z_Xcc\e^`e^g\ijfeXcXe[jfZ`Xci`jbjn`k_c`kkc\fiefXZZ\jjkfjlggfikj\im`Z\j% :FLEJ G\fgc\XZZ\jj\[Zflej\cc`e^figjpZ_fcf^`ZXcj\im`Z\jk_ifl^_XmXi`\kpf]iflk\j1jfd\n\i\i\]\ii\[ Ypk_\`i>GfiXefk_\i_\Xck_gif]\jj`feXcn_`c\fk_\ii\jgfe[\ekjj\c]$i\]\ii\[kfXgi`mXk\Zflej\cc`e^ figjpZ_fcf^`ZXcj\im`Z\%Pfle^g\fgc\n\i\f]k\ekXb\ekfk_\`icfZXc>GYpXgXi\ekXe[jlYj\hl\ekcp Xkk\e[\[XZflej\cc`e^j\im`Z\k_ifl^_Xi\]\iiXcgifZ\jj% J\m\iXc`ek\im`\n\\j[\g`Zk\[k_\Zflej\cc`e^fifk_\ik_\iXg\lk`Zj\kk`e^jk_\pXkk\e[\[Xjgifm`[`e^ mXclXYc\jlggfik%K_\j\i\jgfe[\ekj]\cki\jg\Zk\[Xe[X]Ôid\[Ypk_\`ik_\iXg`jkfiZflej\ccfiXe[ k_`jX]ÔidXk`feXgg\Xi\[kfY\gXik`ZlcXicplj\]lcn_\e`kZXd\kf[`jZljj`e^jg\Z`ÔZ[`]ÔZlck`\jfi Z_Xcc\e^\j%Fe\nfdXe#]fi\oXdgc\#]\ckk_XkXZZ\jj`e^Xjlggfik`m\Zflej\ccfi_X[_\cg\[_\in`k_k_\ gifZ\jjf]Zfd`e^flk% The counselling, yeah, it definitely made me I suppose look at my life and re-evaluate (Lesbian, Female, 47). G8><112:?8GK9KG K_`ji\jgfe[\ekcXk\i\ogcX`e\[k_Xk_Xm`e^k_\fggfikle`kpkfjg\Xbfg\ecp`ek_\ÊjX]\ËjgXZ\f]k_\ Zflej\cc`e^j\jj`fe\eXYc\[_\ikf`[\ek`]p`jjl\jk_Xkn\i\g\ijfeXccpi\c\mXekn`k_flkk_\]\Xif] i\Zi`d`eXk`fe% It’s probably half the battle maybe if somebody almost asks you [about your sexuality]. I know that might be difficult but all the person can do is say no. Sometimes you’re afraid to say it (Lesbian, Female, 47). K_\`dgfikXeZ\f]]i\\[fdkf[`jZcfj\Xe[[`jZljjj\olXcfikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kpn`k_XZflej\ccfifi k_\iXg`jknXji\g\Xk\[cpiX`j\[Ypk_fj\i\jgfe[\ekjn_fi\gfik\[gfj`k`m\\og\i`\eZ\jf]Zflej\cc`e^% K_\j\XZZflekjXcjfjkife^cpjl^^\jkk_Xkk_fj\n_fY\e\Ôk\[]ifdXkk\e[`e^jlZ_j\im`Z\j_X[XZZ\jj\[ Xe`e[`m`[lXcZflej\ccfifik_\iXg`jkn_fX[_\i\[kfleY`Xj\[Xe[j\ej`k`m\giXZk`Z\%K_`jefe$al[^\d\ekXc XZZ\gkXeZ\f]j\olXcfi`\ekXk`feXe[kiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp\eXYc\[C>9Kg\fgc\kfdXb\gif^i\jjn`k_`e Zflej\cc`e^fik_\iXg\lk`ZZfek\okj#Xj_`^_c`^_k\[YpXeldY\if]i\jgfe[\ekj% My aunt got me involved with the counsellor who was a friend of hers. So I went to him for counselling and then it all came out. I think he brought it out of me (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 27). I began to feel comfortable with being gay when I was 31 years of age, when I went to a natural healer, and she kind of, she developed that in me (Gay, Male, 46). K_\k_\d\jf]XZZ\gkXeZ\Xe[fg\e$d`e[\[e\jjn\i\Xcjfgifd`e\ek`eXZZflekjk_Xk\dg_Xj`j\[k_\ j\ej\f]g\ijfeXci\$XjjliXeZ\k_XkZflej\cc`e^gifm`[\[% She [counsellor] put my nineteen years into one sentence. Oh my god, this stranger, this woman is able to look at my life … it makes you look at bits of yourself that you didn’t want to. She said to me, which I didn’t believe at the time, that I was strong. It made me look at things and face up to things (Lesbian, Female, 51). @k`jg\i_Xgjefk\nfik_pk_Xkk_\jg\Xb\iXYfm\_X[Xm\ip[`]]\i\ekjkfipkfk\ccXYflkXdXii`X^\ ^l`[XeZ\Zflej\ccfij_\_X[gi\m`fljcpXkk\e[\[% He [counsellor] gave a ridiculous scenario of a jealous husband who puts down his wife and she ends up going off with someone else. He was deaf to my interventions and reinforced all his [husband’s] fantasies (Lesbian, Female, 51). N_\eZflej\cc`e^fifk_\ik_\iXg\lk`Z\em`ifed\ekjn\i\m`\n\[XjZfejkilZk`m\Xe[jlggfik`m\# i\jgfe[\ekj`emXi`XYcpd\ek`fe\[k_\Y\e\Ôkjf]k_\j\jX]\Xe[\dgXk_\k`Zj\kk`e^j%K_\j\ \em`ifed\ekj^Xm\k_\dfggfikle`k`\jkffg\ecp[`jZljjk_\`i\og\i`\eZ\jXe[Z_Xcc\e^\j%K_\jb`ccj f]`e[`m`[lXcgif]\jj`feXcjXgg\Xi\[kfgcXpXifc\_\i\%G\i_Xgjk_\dfjk`dgfikXek\c\d\ek#]ifd k_\m`\ngf`ekf]k_fj\j\\b`e^_\cg#nXjk_\ZfeÔ[\eZ\k_Xkk_\pn\i\le[\ijkff[%K_\XY`c`kpkf fg\ecpXik`ZlcXk\Xeo`\k`\jXe[ZfeZ\iejXYflkk_\`ic`m\j#i\cXk`fej_`gj n`k_]Xd`cpd\dY\ij#g\\ij Xe[`ek`dXk\gXike\ij Xe[k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kpgcXp\[XZilZ`Xcifc\`e_fn g\fgc\i\cXk\[kfk_\j\k_\iXg\lk`Z\em`ifed\ekj%@k`j`dgfikXek#`ek_`jZfek\ok#kf[fZld\eki\gfikjf] Zflej\cc`e^k_Xkn\i\e\^Xk`m\fiZflek\igif[lZk`m\% Personally I have experienced some appalling experiences of counselling services in Ireland and really I think that LGBT issues should be more prominent in training and education for people working in the mental/emotional health sector (Lesbian, Female, 28, Survey Participant). 8cjfefk\nfik_p`ek_`ji\^Xi[`jk_Xkpfle^g\fgc\\og\i`\eZ\[gXik`ZlcXi[`]ÔZlckpdXb`e^d\Xe`e^]lc Zfee\Zk`fej`ek_\j\j\kk`e^j%K_\]fccfn`e^Xi\jfd\\oXdgc\jf]k_\e\^Xk`m\m`\nj\ogi\jj\[XYflk Zflej\cc`e^Yppfle^g\fgc\% G8><113:?8GK9KG She was more like a mother with me than a psychologist. I felt different so I stopped going (Bisexual, Female, 18). My parents shipped me off to counsellors. It actually made me worse. I don’t know how many counsellors I’ve been to (Lesbian, Female, 17). JZ_ffc$YXj\[Zflej\cc`e^j\im`Z\jn\i\[\g`Zk\[XjgXik`ZlcXicple_\cg]lcYpk_fj\n_fjfl^_k_\cg`e k_`jnXp% The worst experience I had teacher-wise was the guidance counsellor. He was useless to be honest. When the bullying happened he was like, ‘You know you couldn’t get bullied, you don’t look like someone who would get bullied’. He had no training. I was the first to come out in the school and he didn’t know what to do (Gay, Male, 21). I couldn’t open up to someone who already made his diagnosis before he actually spoke to me and he didn’t understand. If I turned around and I told this counsellor I was gay he’d have had a great snigger about it in the staff room (Gay, Male, 21). K_\XZZflekjXYfm\dXpY\i\^Xi[\[Xjlejligi`j`e^`ec`^_kf]k_\jZ_ffc\og\i`\eZ\j[fZld\ek\[ `e:_Xgk\i+%@kj_flc[Y\\dg_Xj`j\[k_Xkn_\epfle^g\fgc\[`[XZZ\jjX]ÔidXk`m\j\im`Z\j#dXib\[ [`]]\i\eZ\jn\i\XggXi\ek`eYfk_k_\`in`cc`e^e\jjXe[XY`c`kpkf\e^X^\n`k_Zflej\ccfijXe[fk_\i gif]\jj`feXcjZ_Xi^\[n`k_j\im`e^k_\`ie\\[j%K_fj\pfle^g\fgc\n_fXZZ\jj\[Zflej\cc`e^j\im`Z\j k_ifl^_C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZpflk_^iflgjn\i\]Xidfi\gfj`k`m\Xe[XeldY\i_X[Zc\XicpY\e\Ôk\[]ifdk_`j \og\i`\eZ\% They are like very good, like they talk to you. It’s been a great help to me, to my confidence and self- esteem (Gay, Male, 16). It was nice. It’s good to have an independent party there to talk to (Gay, Male, 17). @eX^\e\iXcj\ej\#Zflej\cc`e^j\im`Z\ji\Z\`m\[X]Xidfi\gfj`k`m\XggiX`jXc]ifdk_fj\n_f_X[ Xkk\e[\[k_\d#Z\ikX`ecpn_\eZfdgXi\[kf>Gj%C>9Kg\fgc\Zc\XicpY\e\Ôk]ifdk_\iXg\lk`Z \em`ifed\ekjn_\i\k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe`jXZZ\gk\[Xe[n_\i\k_\p]\\ck_Xkk_\pXe[k_\`ie\\[j Xi\i\jg\Zk\[Xe[le[\ijkff[% GJP:?@8KI@:J I went into a deep depression not knowing what it was. All I knew was that I wanted to die (Gay, Male, 50). I\jgfe[\ekjË\og\i`\eZ\jf]gjpZ_`Xki`Zj\im`Z\jn\i\[`m\ij\#iXe^`e^]ifdk_fj\n_fi\gfik\[j\ej`k`m\ Xe[Xggifgi`Xk\ki\Xkd\ekkffk_\ijn_fi\Zflek\[[XdX^`e^\eZflek\ij% We went back to my childhood right up to where I was now and she [hospital-based psychologist] gave me hope and I gave myself some hope as well, you know she was wonderful. I met her on a regular basis and I started talking more about my sexuality (Gay, Male, 24). The psychiatrist there didn’t help me at all … and said no way could I be married and gay, it wouldn’t be possible, that he could count on his hands the amount of men that were married and gay and you G8><114:?8GK9KG know, confused. And then he brought my wife in and he confronted me. He picked up the phone and said he was ringing the gay switch board. He done all sorts of strange things to me. I think he was trying to force me into thinking whether I was gay or whether I wasn’t. I don’t know what he was trying to do to me. I just remember being so upset (Gay, Male, 46). ?fn\m\i#dfjkn_f_X[[`i\Zk\og\i`\eZ\f]d\ekXc_\Xck_j\im`Z\j`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\p_X[c`kkc\ ZfeÔ[\eZ\`ek_\j\jpjk\djf]`ek\im\ek`fe#n`k_jfd\i\jgfe[\ekjhl\jk`fe`e^k_\hlXc`kpf]ZXi\k_\p i\Z\`m\[`ek_\j\j\kk`e^j% I would have gone to a public health, public hospital, very unsatisfactory. I was seeing different psychiatrists every time I went back and, you know, five or ten minutes with them. It was of little or no use … (Gay, Male, 46). K_\]fccfn`e^pfle^nfdXe_X[Xkk\e[\[XgjpZ_`Xki`Zj\im`Z\]fccfn`e^n_Xkj_\[\jZi`Y\[XjXe È\dfk`feXcYi\Xb[fneÉ%J_\_X[XcjfXZZ\jj\[Zflej\cc`e^Xe[k_\iXg\lk`Zj\im`Z\j%J_\[\g`Zk\[k_\ gifZ\jjf]Ôe[`e^k_\Êi`^_kËj\im`Z\Xjfe\f]ki`XcXe[\iifi#efk`e^k_Xkj_\nXj]fikleXk\kf_Xm\ gXi\ekjn_fn\i\`eXgfj`k`fekfÔeXeZ\k_`jZflij\f]XZk`fe% INTERVIEWER You mentioned there about different professionals you’ve gone to, you have seen GPs, psychologists? RESPONDENT: GPs, clinical psychologists, counsellors, and psychiatrists, the whole lot. I’ve had a variety of each one. INTERVIEWER Okay, have they helped? RESPONDENT: The counsellors, I don’t know. I’ve learnt to play the game that is the Irish health system, especially the Irish mental health system, and thankfully my parents have the money to allow me to do it. I’ve kind of learnt what the difference is between various ones … but like I’d have a very low opinion of many of the healthcare professionals I met during that period (Lesbian, Female, 20). 8eldY\if]jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj[\jZi`Y\[j`d`cXicp[`]ÔZlckXe[jfd\k`d\j[`jki\jj`e^\og\i`\eZ\jf] j\\b`e^gjpZ_`Xki`Z_\cg%DlZ_f]k_`jZfdd\ekXipZ\eki\[fek_\cXZbf]le[\ijkXe[`e^f]_\Xck_ZXi\ gif]\jj`feXcjn`k_`ek_\gjpZ_`Xki`Zj\im`Z\jf]k_\e\\[jf]C>9Kg\fgc\#fif]k_\Zfek\okjXe[ \og\i`\eZ\jk_Xk`dgXZkfek_\`i\m\ip[Xpc`m\jXe[d\ekXc_\Xck_% When I went into [psychiatric] hospital the staff were generally helpful but completely clueless about the impact growing up gay had had on my mental health. They dismissed the impact homophobic bullying had had on me and did not understand at all how difficult it was for me to come out. They dismissed how homophobia had impacted on my identity as a gay man. They seemed more interested in getting me to take antidepressants than listening to my story. This wasn’t unique to me as a young gay man, I know. But they completely missed how society’s treatment of gay people and the homophobic world I grew up in had adversely affected my mental health. But worse still, some staff [including my psychiatrist] told me being gay was not normal and that I was choosing to be gay to rebel against my parents. This was a terrible thing to happen to me on top of everything else that had happened. I decided to focus on getting discharged as quickly as possible because I didn’t feel safe there … How can mental health staff be so clueless in this day and age? But even worse, how can staff behave in a homophobic way towards patients? Don’t they get training on working with gay people? The scariest thing that has happened to me in my adult life was the day a psychiatric nurse said to me, “I hate all gay people. They are sick” (Gay, Male, 25, Survey Participant). The psychiatrist didn’t seem to care that these experiences [school and workplace bullying] had hurt me so much and he told me I shouldn’t come out to my family ‘cos they’d probably react badly, so that made me more scared. He just gave me medication. I go to my GP now for my antidepressants but I can’t really talk to him about what’s going on. The only people who I feel really understand what’s going on for me is the gay helpline I call from time to time and my friends try to help as well but they are straight and don’t really get me any more. I’ve never met any other lesbian or gay people. That probably sounds weird but I live in a very small town (Lesbian, Female, 28, Survey Participant). G8><115:?8GK9KG 8:: @ek\ieXk`feXci\j\XiZ_jkife^cpjl^^\jkjk_Xk#`eX[[`k`fekfjkilZkliXcZfejkiX`ekjjlZ_XjZfjkXe[ j\im`Z\cfZXk`fe#]\Xif]j\im`Z\$gifm`[\ii\XZk`feXZkjXjXj`^e`ÔZXekYXii`\ikfj\im`Z\XZZ\jj >fc[Y\i^# )''.2?`e\j#)''. %+@ek_\@i`j_Zfek\ok#i\j\XiZ__Xj`[\ek`Ô\[k_\cXZbf]XmX`cXY`c`kpf]`e]fidXk`fe# `eX[\hlXk\XnXi\e\jjf]k_\e\\[jf]kiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\fek_\gXikf]_\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcj#Xe[ k_\XYj\eZ\f]j\im`Z\j]fi]Xd`c`\jXjj`^e`ÔZXekYXii`\ijkf_\Xck_ZXi\Xdfe^C>9Kg\fgc\ :fcc`ejXe[ J_\\_Xe#)''+ % K_\]fZljf]k_\Zlii\ekjkl[p#Zflgc\[n`k_k_\jXdgc`e^jkiXk\^p#d\Xejk_Xk`kZXeefk_fg\kf ]lccp\ogcfi\k_\iXe^\f]`jjl\jk_XkdXp`dgXZkfek_\c`m\jXe[j\im`Z\lk`c`jXk`fe\og\i`\eZ\jf] kiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\`e@i\cXe[%Efe\k_\c\jj#k_\XmX`cXYc\[XkX[\dfejkiXk\k_\Zfej`[\iXYc\jki\jj XjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_k_\c`d`k\[d\[`ZXcXe[jlggfikj\im`Z\jXmX`cXYc\kfkiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\% =flikiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\n\i\`ek\im`\n\[`e$[\gk_]fik_\gligfj\f]k_\jkl[pXe[#f]k_\j\#k_i\\ `[\ek`Ô\[XjdXc\$kf$]\dXc\Xe[fe\Xj]\dXc\$kf$dXc\kiXej^\e[\i%K_i\\_X[XZZ\jj\[j\im`Z\j `e`k`Xccpk_ifl^_k_\`i>GXe[n\i\k_\ei\]\ii\[kfXjg\Z`Xc`jkj\im`Z\%8jn`k_c\jY`Xe#^XpXe[Y`j\olXc g\fgc\#k_\p\og\i`\eZ\[mXi`\[i\jgfej\j]ifdk_\`i>Gj#n`k_jfd\i\cXk`e^]Xidfi\gfj`k`m\XZZflekj k_Xefk_\ij%Fe\gXik`Z`gXek_X[efkZfeÔ[\[`e_\i>G#Xjp\k#XYflk_\ij`klXk`fe`e^\e\iXcfiXYflk Ê]\\c`e^[fneËY\ZXlj\f]]\XijXYflkZfeÔ[\ek`Xc`kp% INTERVIEWER: And have you ever spoken to a GP or anybody about feeling down? RESPONDENT: No, I don’t speak to anybody really as such, as of yet. But I’m always thinking for the last couple of years about calling into my GP and getting more information and seeing what my next step would be. Going through the support group, they got me the names of doctors, as I said. Eventually I know I’ll have to go to meet my GP because I think he or she will have a say in what I do, three or four people will have a big say about whether they will accept me or not. INTERVIEWER And, do you have any worries about going to your GP? RESPONDENT: Well I know my GP is meant to be all confidential like, but something tells me that he or she won’t (Male-to-Female Trans, Lesbian, 30). DfjkdX[\i\]\i\eZ\kfk_\[`]ÔZlck`\jk_\p\og\i`\eZ\[fYkX`e`e^k_\`e]fidXk`fek_\pe\\[\[kf XZZ\jjXggifgi`Xk\j\im`Z\j% Some people, they need psychiatric help, but there isn’t a whole lot of that going around the country. And there’s no real information on how to get it or where to go, there’s none of that, so it’s a constant struggle for people that aren’t as lucky as me … it can be very stressful because you *The term ‘Gender Identity Disorder’ is a diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th Ed.) (DSM- IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) and is classified in the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10, F64.2, World Health Organisation, 1992). It is worth noting, however, that what has been referred to as the ‘medical construction’ of transgender people (Hines, 2007: 10) has been subject to critique. For an overview of recent debates in this area see Hines (2007). + Particular issues are also evident in relation to healthcare services for transgender people under the age of 18 (Di Ceglie, 2000; Collins and Sheehan, 2004). G8><116:?8GK9KG have to go out everyday and try and walk along the street, you have to put up with other people. You have to put up with the looks and the comments, all that sort of thing ... (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 37). @eX[[`k`fekfk_\jki\jjf]le[\i^f`e^X_`^_cpj`^e`ÔZXekc`]\Z_Xe^`e^\m\ekjlZ_Xj^\e[\ii\$ Xjj`^ed\ek#XeldY\i`[\ek`Ô\[gifZ\[liXcXe[ÔeXeZ`Xcgi\jjli\jk_Xk`dgXZk\[fek_\`ij\ej\f] _\Xck_Xe[n\cc$Y\`e^%K_\j\`eZcl[\[`jjl\jjlZ_XjeXd\Z_Xe^\j#d\[`ZXcZXi[gifm`j`fe#Xe[nX`k`e^ c`jkj]fij\im`Z\j% … what I did first was I went to the GP and I asked him, I told him the way I was and what I was feeling and all that, and he said ‘Right well I will try and make appointments for you to see people’. He wrote to I think a guy in [psychiatric hospital] and he said, ‘No I can’t take any more patients, I am fully booked’. And he was the only one in the country, so like I was screwed there straight off. There was nobody to go to so I went off to the UK (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 37). Dfjkefk\[k_\j`^e`ÔZXekZfjkj`eZlii\[XjXi\jlckf]_Xm`e^kfkiXm\ckfXefk_\iali`j[`Zk`fekfXmX`cf] ^\e[\ii\$Xjj`^ed\ekj\im`Z\j2k_`jaflie\pnXj[\g`Zk\[XjXcfe\cpfe\YpgiXZk`ZXccpXcckiXej^\e[\i i\jgfe[\ekjn_f_X[\`k_\iY\^lefiZfdgc\k\[k_\gifZ\jj% 98II@ ;`jkXeZ\Xe[\Zfefd`Z]XZkfijjfd\k`d\jgi\m\ek\[C>9Kg\fgc\]ifd\e^X^`e^n`k_j\im`Z\j%K_\ ^\f^iXg_`ZXcjgi\X[f]j\im`Z\jnXjXe`jjl\]i\hl\ekcpiX`j\[Ypk_fj\`egifm`eZ`Xckfnejfim`ccX^\j n_f_X[kfkiXm\ccfe^[`jkXeZ\jkfZfee\Zkn`k_C>9K$jg\Z`ÔZjlggfikjXe[j\im`Z\j%8pfle^dXen_f _X[i\^lcXicpXkk\e[\[XC>9Kpflk_^iflg`eXgifm`eZ`XcZ`kp\ogcX`e\[k_Xk[`jkXeZ\[\k\ii\[dXep C>9Kpfle^g\fgc\]ifdXkk\e[`e^% RESPONDENT: There’s no support group or anything that I know of closer than [provincial city] … I mean we discussed it in one of the [LGBT youth] meetings, if we could have the group move around, you could have every third evening in [other provincial town] to make it more accessible for people. INTERVIEWER: And do you think that might be possible in the future? RESPONDENT: I suppose if there was more advertising and stuff and people actually knew about it they would turn up. Then trying to get it advertised is a problem. I know we sent our posters to all the schools but not many of them put them up or anything (Gay, Male, 21). K_\`jjl\f]XZZ\jj`Y`c`kpnXj\dg_Xj`j\[Ypfk_\ij#`eZcl[`e^XeldY\if]jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjn_f `eZcl[\[Zfdd\ekXipfek_\`i\og\i`\eZ\j% Just try to make services more accessible and stuff. It’s an hour’s drive to get there and an hour’s drive home again for two hours here [youth service]. I’m as long travelling as I am here. So if there was something a bit closer to home it would be a lot easier (Gay, Male, 21). I am from Dublin but I live in [provincial city]. And I feel the LGBT community outside Dublin sucks. I think services in Ireland as a whole are very, very restricting (Gay, Male, 29, Survey Respondent). =`eXeZ`XcZfej`[\iXk`fejn\i\dfi\c`b\cpkfY\d\ek`fe\[Ypg\fgc\n_f_X[Xkk\e[\[Zflej\cc`e^Xk jfd\k`d\Xe[k_\i\nXjXjkife^g\iZ\gk`fe#gXik`ZlcXicpXdfe^C>9KX[lckj#k_XkÊ^ff[ËZflej\cc`e^ nXjZfjkcp% I wish I wasn’t gay … and is there anyone I can go to talk to for professional help for free? (Lesbian, Female, 22, Survey Participant). G8><117:?8GK9KG 8Yfm\Xcc#k_\[XkX`e[`ZXk\k_Xk_\cg$j\\b`e^gifZ\jj\j#Xe[g\fgc\Ëjn`cc`e^e\jjkf\e^X^\n`k_ j\im`Z\j#n\i\`eÕl\eZ\[Ypk_\cXZbf]X]ÔidXk`m\j\im`Z\jXmX`cXYc\kfC>9Kg\fgc\%@ek\idjf]_\Xck_ j\im`Z\jjg\Z`ÔZXccp#k_\[XkXgi\j\ek\[\Xic`\i`ek_`jZ_Xgk\i[\dfejkiXk\k_XkdXep`ek_`jjkl[p]\ck k_Xk_\Xck_ZXi\gif]\jj`feXcjcXZb\[k_\Zfdg\k\eZ`\jfi\og\i`\eZ\kfXjj`jkC>9Kg\fgc\%Fe\^XpdXe i\cXp\[XgXik`ZlcXicp[`jki\jj`e^\og\i`\eZ\f]j\\b`e^_\cg% I went to this guy who runs the counselling end of it and he said to me, ‘But you can talk to me’. I said, ‘I don’t fucking want to talk to you, I want to talk to someone that’s professional’. And he said, ‘Well we don’t have anybody, we can’t get anybody to help you, you’re working so you’re not available during the day’. So I just left that night and he knew I was angry because I was angry. It’s the first time I ever actually spoke to anybody like that in my life. Here I was, I really needed help and they fucked the whole thing up and I was annoyed. I never went back. I never want anything off them again (Gay, Male, 46). CXZbf]ZfeÔ[\ek`Xc`kp#Xe[k_\]\Xif]Y\`e^cXY\cc\[#Xcjf\d\i^\[Xjj`^e`ÔZXekYXii`\ijkfj\im`Z\ XZZ\jj]fiXccC>9Kg\fgc\Xe[pfle^g\fgc\#`egXik`ZlcXi% There is counselling but I don’t feel there are people I would go to. I don’t feel there is anyone I can trust in terms of the counselling (Gay, Male, 33). I think LGBT people are just forgotten. Even the way people see people initially, I think they assume that you’re straight. They shouldn’t assume anything really. I think society is just geared towards heterosexual people. Unless you kind of let them know there’s gay people out there I don’t think they really do anything about it like (Gay, Male, 20). GXik`Z`gXekjËXZZflekj#]ifdYfk_k_\fe$c`e\jlim\pXe[`e$[\gk_`ek\im`\nj#i\m\XcdXib\[mXi`Xk`fe`e \og\i`\eZ\jf]j\im`Z\gifm`j`fe#XÔe[`e^n_`Z_`jZfej`jk\ekn`k_k_fj\[fZld\ek\[`eXi\Z\ekEfik_ N\jkjkl[pf]k_\i\Zf^e`k`fef]C>9K`[\ek`k`\jn`k_`e@i`j__\Xck_j\im`Z\j >`YYfej\kXc%#)''. %Kpg`ZXc XZZflekj`e[`ZXk\k_Xk\Zfefd`Z]XZkfijXe[gffiXZZ\jj`Y`c`kpXi\j`^e`ÔZXekYXii`\ijkf_\Xck_j\im`Z\ XZZ\jj]fiC>9Kg\fgc\%=lik_\idfi\#feXggifXZ_`e^jlZ_j\im`Z\jdXepi\gfik\[k_Xkk_\`ie\\[j Xe[ZfeZ\iejn\i\efkX[\hlXk\cpX[[i\jj\[#Xe\og\i`\eZ\n_`Z_Xgg\XijkfY\jkife^cpi\cXk\[kfXe `dgc`Z`kXjjldgk`fef]_\k\ifj\olXc`kpYp_\Xck_ZXi\gifm`[\ij%Fk_\iji\gfik\[`ej\ej`k`m\fiY`Xj\[ ki\Xkd\ekfeZ\C>9Kfi`\ekXk`fenXj[`jZcfj\[% :FE:CLJ@FE K_\`ek\ieXk`feXcc`k\iXkli\_XjZfej`jk\ekcp`[\ek`Ô\[_\Xck_ZXi\XjXgXik`ZlcXicpgifYc\dXk`ZXi\eX ]fiC>9Kg\fgc\%I\j\XiZ_jl^^\jkjk_Xkk_\i\Xi\j`^e`ÔZXek[`jgXi`k`\j`eXZZ\jjkfXe[i\Z\`gkf] _\Xck_ZXi\]fid\eXe[nfd\eYXj\[fek_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp ;`XdXek\k Xc%#)'''2?\Zb\kXc%#)''- %=`e[`e^jXcjfj_fnk_XkC>9KgXk`\ekj]i\hl\ekcpn`k__fc[`e]fidXk`fe XYflkk_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefi^\e[\i`[\ek`kp#gfjj`Ycp`eXe\]]fikkfXmf`[_\Xck_gifm`[\iY`Xj :cfm\i#)''-2D\Zbc\i\kXc%#)''-2Jk\`e 9felZb#)''( %@kXcjfXgg\Xijk_Xk_\Xck_ZXi\gifm`[\ijdXp Y\leZfd]fikXYc\#i\clZkXek#Xe[`eX[\hlXk\cpkiX`e\[kfkXb\k_\j\olXc_`jkfi`\jf]C>9Kg\ijfejfi kf[`jZljjd`efi`kpj\olXc`kp`jjl\jdfi\^\e\iXccp A`ccjfe#)'') %C\jY`Xej#^Xpd\eXe[kiXej^\e[\i g\fgc\i\gfikcfnjXk`j]XZk`fen`k__\Xck_j\im`Z\jY\ZXlj\f]e\^Xk`m\gifm`[\iXkk`kl[\jXe[cXZbf] ZlckliXcle[\ijkXe[`e^f]k_\Zfek\ok`en_`Z_k_\`i_\Xck_`jj_Xg\[ :cfm\i)''-2;\Xe\kXc%#)'''2 JfcXiq#(000 % K_\dXib\[mXi`Xk`fe`eC>9Kg\fgc\Ëj\og\i`\eZ\jf]j\im`Z\gifm`j`feleZfm\i\[Ypjlim\pXe[`e$ [\gk_`ek\im`\nXeXcpj`j`jcXi^\cpZfej`jk\ekn`k_fk_\i@i`j_jkl[`\j >`YYfej\kXc%#)''.2;`ccfe :fcc`ej#)''+ %K_\i\n\i\dXep[`d\ej`fejkfk_\\og\i`\eZ\jXe[Zfek\okjk_XkZi\Xk\[YXii`\ijkf j\im`Z\XZZ\jjXe[\e^X^\d\ek%JkilZkliXcYXii`\ijÆ`eZcl[`e^[`jkXeZ\#k_\XYj\eZ\f]j\im`Z\j#Xe[ ÔeXeZ`XcZfej`[\iXk`fejÆ]\Xkli\[jkife^cp`ejfd\XZZflekj%8cfe^j`[\k_\j\jkilZkliXcYXii`\ij#`k`j `dgfikXekkfi\Zf^e`j\k_\c\m\cf]Xc`\eXk`feXe[gfjj`Yc\[`jZi`d`eXk`fek_XkC>9Kg\fgc\dXp]XZ\ n_\ek_\pXkk\dgkkfXZZ\jjj\im`Z\jk_Xkd`^_kfk_\in`j\`dgXZkgfj`k`m\cpfek_\`ig_pj`ZXcXe[& fid\ekXc_\Xck_%K_\e\^Xk`m\\]]\Zkjf]_fjk`c`kpkfnXi[jC>9Kg\fgc\Xe[cXZbf]le[\ijkXe[`e^f] G8><118:?8GK9KG RESILIENCE K_\Ôe[`e^jgi\j\ek\[`e\Xic`\iZ_Xgk\ijjkife^cpjl^^\jkk_XkC>9Kg\fgc\Ëjc`m\jXi\e\^fk`Xk\[le[\i mXip`e^[\^i\\jf]X[m\ij`kp%DXep`ek_`jjkl[p]\Xi\[Xe[\og\i`\eZ\[gif]fle[i\a\Zk`fe]ifd]Xd`cp# ]i`\e[jXe[cfm\[fe\j]fccfn`e^k_\[`jZcfjli\f]k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp% 8cXi^\eldY\ii\gfik\[[`jZi`d`eXk`fe#_XiXjjd\ekXe[_fdfg_fY`ZYlccp`e^#Xe[dXepfk_\ij \og\i`\eZ\[gifYc\djXkjZ_ffcfik_\nfibgcXZ\k_Xkn\i\[XdX^`e^kfk_\`ij\c]$\jk\\d#n\cc$Y\`e^ Xe[d\ekXc_\Xck_%K_\e\^Xk`m\iXd`ÔZXk`fejf]k_\j\\og\i`\eZ\jXi\Xdgcp[fZld\ek\[`e:_Xgk\i ,%Efe\k_\c\jj#`knflc[Y\d`jkXb\ekf`ek\igi\kk_\j\X[m\ij`k`\jXjk_\fecp#fi`e[\\[k_\[\Ôe`e^# Z_XiXZk\i`jk`Zjf]k_\c`m\jf]allC>9Kg\fgc\%JlZ_Xg`Zkli\f]le`m\ijXc\oZclj`fefidXi^`eXc`jXk`fe dXp#`e]XZk#j\im\kfg\ig\klXk\Xd`ji\gi\j\ekXk`feXe[d`jle[\ijkXe[`e^f]C>9Kg\fgc\Ëjc`m\j%K_\ XZZflekjf]k_\jkl[pËjgXik`Z`gXekjXi\]Xidfi\elXeZ\[#gf`ek`e^kfnXpj`en_`Z_g\fgc\fm\iZfd\ X[m\ij`kpXe[Xcjfkfgfj`k`m\Xjg\Zkjf]j\olXcd`efi`kp`[\ek`k`\jXe[\og\i`\eZ\% HlXek`kXk`m\Ôe[`e^j]ifdk_\fe$c`e\jlim\pYXj\[fed\Xjli\jf]jlYa\Zk`m\n\cc$Y\`e^jl^^\jkk_Xk C>9Kg\fgc\`e@i\cXe[kf[XpXi\#fek_\n_fc\#dfi\_Xggpk_Xek_\pXi\le_Xggpn`k_k_\`ic`m\j%N_\e Xjb\[_fn_Xggpk_\pZfej`[\i\[k_\dj\cm\jkfY\#k_\Xm\iX^\jZfi\nXj.flkf](' d\Xe4-%/.#j%[% 4)%)'#e4('0. #n_\i\'nXjÊ\oki\d\cple_XggpËXe[('nXjÊ\oki\d\cp_XggpË%JXk`j]XZk`fen`k_c`]\ XjXn_fc\nXjXcjf^\e\iXccp_`^_Xdfe^jkk_\jlim\pjXdgc\%8^X`e#k_\Xm\iX^\jZfi\nXj.flkf] (' d\Xe4-%0-#j%[%4)%)0#e4('0) %(N_`c\dXepf]k_\Ôe[`e^jgi\j\ek\[k_lj]Xi_Xm\_`^_c`^_k\[ e\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\j`dgXZk`e^fek_\c`m\jf]C>9Kg\fgc\c`m`e^`e@i\cXe[#k_\j\Ôe[`e^jjl^^\jkk_Xk# [\jg`k\k_\f]k\e[`]ÔZlckZ`iZldjkXeZ\jn`k_`en_`Z_C>9Kg\fgc\c`m\k_\`ic`m\j#dfjkC>9Kg\fgc\Xi\ ÈFBÉ Dli[fZb 9fcZ_#)'', Xe[_Xm\[\m\cfg\[k_\XY`c`kpkfY\i\j`c`\ekkfk_\j\X[m\ij\\og\i`\eZ\j Xe[Zfek\okj% K_`jZ_Xgk\igcXZ\jgXik`ZlcXi\dg_Xj`jfeC>9Kg\fgc\Ëjnarratives of resilience%N_`c\Xjg\Zkjf]i\j`c`\eZ\ _Xm\Y\\ei\]\ii\[kfk_ifl^_flkk_`ji\gfik#i\j`c`\eZ\`jjg\Z`ÔZXccp\ogcfi\[_\i\`ei\cXk`fekfj\c]Xe[ fk_\ij#Xe[Xcjf`ei\cXk`fekfk_\jfZ`Xc\em`ifed\ekjfiZfek\okjn_\i\C>9Kg\fgc\`ek\iXZk%N\c\Xe _\Xm`cpk_ifl^_flkk_\Z_Xgk\ifek_\jkl[pËjhlXc`kXk`m\[XkX%HlXc`kXk`m\&`ek\igi\kXk`m\d\k_f[jXi\ \jg\Z`Xccplj\]lc]fik_\jkl[pf]i\j`c`\eZ\Y\ZXlj\f]k_\`iXY`c`kpkfZXgkli\Zfdgc\ogifZ\jj\jXe[k_\ ZfejkilZk`fef]d\Xe`e^ DZ:lYY`e\kXc%#(000 %ÊJkfi`\jËfieXiiXk`m\jXi\k_\i\]fi\gXik`ZlcXicpjl`k\[kf leiXm\cc`e^Zfek\okjXe[gifZ\jj\jk_Xk^l`[\`e[`m`[lXcjXe[_\cgk_\dkfZfg\n`k_X[m\ij`kp%K_\pZXe Xcjf_\cgkf`ccld`eXk\Xjg\Zkjf]j\olXcd`efi`kp`[\ek`kpk_XkZfeki`Ylk\kfgjpZ_fjfZ`Xc_\Xck_Xe[n\cc$ Y\`e^%N_\i\Xggifgi`Xk\#n\Xcjfgifm`[\jkXk`jk`Zj]ifdk_\fe$c`e\jlim\pk_Xk_\cgkf`ccld`eXk\jfd\f] k_\eXiiXk`m\XZZflekj% JF:@8CJFLI: (=fi\XZ_f]k_\hl\jk`feji\jgfe[\ekjn\i\Xjb\[kfgcXZ\k_\dj\cm\jfeXe(($gf`ekjZXc\ilee`e^]ifd'kf('#n\i\'nXjÊ\oki\d\cp [`jjXk`jÔ\[&le_XggpËXe[('nXjÊ\oki\d\cpjXk`jÔ\[&_XggpË%K_`jjkXe[Xi[jlim\pjZXc\_XjY\\en`[\cplj\[`ei\j\XiZ_`ekfjlYa\Zk`m\ n\cc$Y\`e^Xe[YXj\[fehl\jk`fejlj\[`ek_\ 4)(%/(#j%[%4-%)' #]fccfn\[Zcfj\cpYpjlggfik]ifdj`^e`ÔZXekfk_\ij d\Xe4)(%).#j%[%4,%+- % :fej`jk\ekn`k_k_`jÔe[`e^#knf$k_`i[jf]jlim\pi\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[k_XkkXcb`e^n`k_]i`\e[jnXj k_\k_`e^k_\pn\i\dfjkc`b\cpkf[fn_\e]\\c`e^Ê[fneË`efi[\ikf_\cgk_\dkf]\\cY\kk\ifikf]fi^\k XYflkk_\`igifYc\dj%K_`jle[\ijZfi\jk_\ZilZ`Xccp`dgfikXekifc\k_Xk]i`\e[j_`ggcXpj`eg\fgc\Ëj c`m\j J\\KXYc\.%)]lik_\i`ek_`jZ_Xgk\i]fiXZfdgc\k\Yi\Xb[fnef]XZk`m`k`\jXe[Zfg`e^jkiXk\^`\j \dgcfp\[Ypjlim\pi\jgfe[\ekjkf_\cgk_\d]\\cY\kk\in_\e]\\c`e^[fne %I\jgfe[\ekjfeXm\iX^\ k\e[\[kf_fc[dfi\e\lkiXcm`\nji\^Xi[`e^k_\g\iZ\`m\[jfZ`Xcjlggfikk_\pi\Z\`m\[]ifdk_\`i ]Xd`c`\j#YXj\[fek_\DJGJJ% KXYc\.%(1D\XejZfi\jfek_\Dlck`[`d\ej`feXcJZXc\f]G\iZ\`m\[JfZ`XcJlggfik DJGJJ 1jlim\pjXdgc\ MSPSS Sub-scales d\Xe j%[% B Friends’ Support )(%/( -%)' '%0, - My friends really try to help me. ,%+( (%,) . I can count on my friends when things go wrong. ,%++ (%,0 0 I have friends with whom I can share my joys and sorrows. ,%,* (%,, () I can talk about my problems with my friends. ,%+* (%-' J`^e`ÔZXekFk_\i )(%). ,%+- '%0- ( There is a special person who is around when I am in need. ,%*. (%.0 ) There is a special person with whom I can share my joys and sorrows. ,%*) (%/) , I have a special person who is a real source of comfort to me. ,%). (%/* (' There is a special person in my life who cares about my feelings. ,%*( (%/+ =Xd`cpJlggfik (.%,, .%(/ '%0+ * My family really tries to help me. +%.+ (%.* + I get the emotional help and support I need from my family. +%)/ (%/( / I can talk about my problems with my family. +%(( (%/- (( My family is willing to help me make decisions. +%+) (%./ KfkXc -'%-* (/%/+ '%0, 8eXcpj`jf]hlXc`kXk`m\[XkXleZfm\i\[]flib\pjfliZ\jf]jfliZ\jf]jfZ`Xcjlggfik`ek_\c`m\jf]C>9K g\fgc\1]i`\e[j#]Xd`cp#k_\C>9KZfddle`kp#Xe[jg\Z`ÔZjfZ`Xc\em`ifed\ekj`eZcl[`e^jZ_ffcXe[k_\ nfibgcXZ\%N\\ogcfi\\XZ_`e]lcc`ek_\]fccfn`e^j\Zk`fej% Friendships as a source of resilience :fej`jk\ekn`k_k_\Ôe[`e^jf]k_\fe$c`e\jlim\p#k_\jlggfikf]]i`\e[jnXjk_\dfjk]i\hl\ekcpZ`k\[ jfliZ\f]gfj`k`m\n\cc$Y\`e^Xdfe^jk`ek\im`\ni\jgfe[\ekj%CfpXcXe[i\c`XYc\]i`\e[jn\i\`dgfikXek gXik`ZlcXicp[li`e^jki\jj]lck`d\j#YlkXcjf`ek\idjf][Xp$kf$[XpZfdgXe`fej_`g%8eldY\in\i\b\\e kf\dg_Xj`j\k_\gfj`k`m\jlggfikgifm`[\[Ypk_\`icfe^$k\id]i`\e[j% … we go way back, way, way back and I’m very, very fond of him. He’s straight. He’s never judged me and he’s always been very loyal and there’s very few people in the world you can say that about in your life (Gay, Male, 40). K_\dXehlfk\[XYfm\n\ekfekfkXcbXYflk`ek`dXZpXe[_fe\jkpXj`dgfikXekZfdgfe\ekjf]i\c`XYc\ ]i`\e[j_`gj% G8><122 :?8GK I think there is an intimacy between us and honesty about each other that we can bare ourselves emotionally to each other and if anything goes wrong in our lives there’s somebody we can go to who will help out and listen and give advice. And I’ve done that for them and they’ve done that for me. And that kind of relationship is a very precious one. There’s not many people in your life who you can do that with. If I hadn’t I might be in a very bad way. I really mean that (Gay, Male, 40). Jlggfik`m\]i`\e[j_`gjX]]fi[\[C>9Kg\fgc\fggfikle`k`\jkfXik`ZlcXk\j_Xi\[\og\i`\eZ\#gXik`ZlcXicp `ek_\Zfek\okf]g\iZ\`m`e^k_\dj\cm\jkfY\`jfcXk\[#Xj`e[`ZXk\[`ek_\XZZflekY\cfn% [After meeting a lesbian woman in College] … The more we got talking, the more it just made me feel good. It was just so much better to speak and interact with somebody who basically had the exact same experience as me. I mean they came out, they felt really bad, then they met lots of open gay people and they were, ‘You know something, it’s not so bad’. It doesn’t have to be dreadful; it can be a perfectly happy, rewarding life. And it was through, you know, speaking to her and other people in the GLB [society] it just made me happier about myself like, it was nice to have similar-minded friends … (Lesbian, Female, 25). :cfj\]i`\e[jn\i\Xcjfg\fgc\`en_fdi\jgfe[\ekjZfeÔ[\[n_\ek_\p]\ckk_\pe\\[\[X[m`Z\fi jlggfik% I’ve always had my support and people I can actually talk to that can help me sort out my problems … (Gay, Male, 21). I have a friend, he’s a boy I tell him everything (Gay, Male, 16). Fk_\ijjkXk\[k_Xkk_\p[\g\e[\[feZcfj\]i`\e[jXkk`d\jn_\ek_\p]\ckÊ[fneËfi[\gi\jj\[% When I get depressed I ring one of my friends and they come over and we sit down with a cup of coffee with everything on the table and it’s fine, you know … I don’t go out and get drunk … I just don’t think it’s the way to deal with things like that … So my friends are great. I’ve two really brilliant friends and I just ring them, they come over, bring the biscuits, I make the coffee and we all sit and talk about it, so it’s great (Lesbian, Female, 31). I definitely felt down, but not, I wouldn’t have felt down to the point where I had any, we’ll say suicidal tendencies or notions or anything like that. I just knew I felt down and I needed to talk to somebody and that’s when I would have talked to friends (Lesbian, Female, 32). =i`\e[jXcjf\d\i^\[Xjb\pÔ^li\j`ek_\c`m\jf]C>9Kg\fgc\[li`e^k`d\jf]kiXej`k`feXe[Z_Xe^\% K_`jnXjgXik`ZlcXicpXggXi\ekn_\ei\jgfe[\ekjkXcb\[XYflkk_\Zfd`e^flkgifZ\jj%K_\[\^i\\ kfn_`Z_C>9Kg\fgc\Xi\m`j`Yc\n`k_`eg\\ifi]Xd`cpe\knfibj#fi`ej\kk`e^jjlZ_XjjZ_ffcfik_\ nfibgcXZ\#n`ccmXipfm\ik`d\%?\eZ\#k_\dXeX^\d\ekf][`jZcfjli\`jY\jkle[\ijkff[XjXgifZ\jj iXk_\ik_XeXfe\$f]]\m\ek 9Xii\kkXe[GfccXZb#)'',28Y\j Afe\j#)''+2=cfp[Xe[Jk\`e#)'')2 N_`kdXe\kXc#)''' %8j`e[`ZXk\[`e:_Xgk\i+#k_`jgifZ\jj[`]]\i\[]fi\XZ_`e[`m`[lXcXe[nXj `eÕl\eZ\[YpXiXe^\f]Zfdgc\o]XZkfij%?fn\m\i#`ii\jg\Zk`m\f]k_`jmXi`Xk`fei\jgfe[\ekjXcdfjk XcnXpjd\ek`fe\[]i`\e[jn_fjlggfik\[k_\d%8^XpdXe#X^\[)'#\ogcX`e\[_fnXZZ\gkXeZ\]ifd_`j jZ_ffc]i`\e[j]fjk\i\[j\c]$XZZ\gkXeZ\Xj_\ki`\[kfZfd\kfk\idjn`k__`jj\olXc`[\ek`kp% INTERVIEWER: So gradually you were telling more and more people … RESPONDENT: Yeah I was just looking for their acceptance. I was kind of depending more on everyone else rather then having my own self-esteem and my own inner strength. It was like, if they like me then maybe I mustn’t be that bad (Gay, Male, 20). DXeX^`e^[`jZcfjli\`jXYfle[Xipk_XkZXegifdfk\i\j`c`\eZ\YpYi`e^`e^g\fgc\k_XkXi\^Xp$ X]ÔidXk`m\kf^\k_\in_`c\Zi\Xk`e^[`jkXeZ\]ifdk_fj\n_fXi\dfi\_fjk`c\ FjnXc[#)''' %>`m\ek_\ jk`^dXk`jXk`fef]jXd\$j\oi\cXk`fej_`gjXe[kiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp`ejfZ`\kp`k`jg\i_Xgjlejligi`j`e^ k_XkjfdXep`ek_\jkl[pi\c`\[feg\fgc\n_fk_\pg\iZ\`m\[Xjkiljknfik_p#efe$al[^\d\ekXcXe[ G8><123:?8GK XZZ\gk`e^[li`e^k_\Zfd`e^flkgifZ\jj%K_\j\jlggfik`m\]i`\e[j_`gji\[lZ\[k_\j\ej\f]]\XiXe[ `jfcXk`fe\og\i`\eZ\[YpC>9Kpflk_`egXik`ZlcXi#Xjk_\pZfej`[\i\[k_\ÊjX]\Ë`e[`m`[lXcjXe[Zfek\okj ]fi[`jZcfjli\%@eZfddfen`k_I`^^c\\kXcËj )''/ XeXcpj`jf]gfj`k`m\Xjg\Zkjf]Y\`e^^Xpfic\jY`Xe# j\m\iXcXZZflekjXcjf`e[`ZXk\k_XkZfd`e^flk\e_XeZ\[k_\n\cc$Y\`e^f]dXepgXik`Z`gXekjk_ifl^_ k_\Zi\Xk`fef]jfZ`Xcjlggfikjpjk\djXe[jlggfik]fifk_\ic`]\XZk`m`k`\j%@e[\\[#XZfej`[\iXYc\eldY\i `e[`ZXk\[k_Xk]i`\e[jjfd\k`d\jgcXp\[Xifc\XjXb`e[f]Êjliif^Xk\Ë]Xd`cp#gXik`ZlcXicp[li`e^k_\ gifZ\jjf]Zfd`e^flk%Jfd\]\ck]fi\oXdgc\k_Xk#\m\e`ej`klXk`fejn_\i\k_\p_X[jlggfik`m\]Xd`cp d\dY\ij#k_\pZflc[Zfddle`ZXk\dfi\\Xj`cpn`k_k_\`iÊZfddle`kpËf]]i`\e[j#gXik`ZlcXicp`ei\cXk`fe kf`jjl\jk_XkdXp_Xm\ZXlj\[Xeo`\kpfijki\jj% I\Z`gifZXk`feXgg\Xi\[kfY\Xb\p]\Xkli\f]k_\j\i\cXk`fej_`gjXe[]i`\e[j_`gjXe[`k`jg\i_Xgj `dgfikXekkfefk\k_\dXafi`kpkXcb\[XYflk^`m`e^jlggfikXj`eki`ej`ZXccpi\nXi[`e^%K_`jknf$nXp gifZ\jjnXjg\iZ\`m\[kfY\Xe`dgfikXek\c\d\ekf][peXd`Z#jlggfik`m\]i`\e[j_`gj%=lik_\idfi\# ^`m`e^jlggfiknXj]iXd\[YpXeldY\iXjXe`dgfikXekjfliZ\f]g\ijfeXcX]ÔidXk`fe#Xj [\dfejkiXk\[`ek_\]fccfn`e^eXiiXk`m\j% I think people are mutually supportive, maybe they’re not always 50-50 or whatever it is like, but that’s what a good friendship is, so I don’t really see it as ‘leaning on’ ... I probably give my friends more help and advice and support and stuff a lot of the time than I would get from them (Gay, Male, 40). I tell her everything about me because the fact that we are so close that she understands you know – she knows that she can tell me anything you know and that I would understand her too (Bisexual, Female, 20). K_\`jjl\f]]i`\e[jËj\olXc`kpnXji\]\i\eZ\[`ej\m\iXcXZZflekj%8j`e[`ZXk\[#cfe^$k\idfiZcfj\]i`\e[j n_fgifm`[\[XZZ\gkXeZ\Xe[jlggfikdXp_Xm\Y\\e_\k\ifj\olXc#Xe[`kj\\djk_Xkk_\]fidXk`fe f]jkife^]i`\e[j_`gjnXjYXj\[fedXep[`]]\i\ek\og\i`\ek`Xc]XZkfij%FYm`fljcp#XjXd`efi`kp#C>9K g\fgc\Xi\c`b\cpkfkiXm\ij\ÊjkiX`^_kXe[^XpjfZ`\kpË`ek\idjf]m\el\j#nfibXe[jffe#Xe[dlZ_f] fli[XkX`e[`ZXk\k_XkjlggfiknXjXmX`cXYc\kfC>9Kg\fgc\]ifd`e[`m`[lXcjXZifjjk_\jfZ`Xcjg\Zkild i\^Xi[c\jjf]j\olXc&^\e[\i`[\ek`kp% I have two separate groups of friends, I’d have like a straight one and a gay one … you can talk to them about different issues and things like that. And even if it’s just for a chat, like knowing that someone is wondering like you does sort of make you feel a bit better (Gay, Male, 18). Like you wouldn’t exactly care about people’s sexuality exactly, it doesn’t make a difference to who I’m going to talk to about my problems (Gay, Male, 21). My really good friends overlap so I’ve got really good gay friends that are part of the straight sort of thing as well … but there’s very clearly gay nights out and straight nights out at the same time (Lesbian, Female, 20). Efe\k_\c\jj#kfjl^^\jkk_Xkk_\j\olXcfi`\ekXk`fef]C>9Kg\fgc\Ëj]i`\e[jcXZbji\c\mXeZ\nflc[Y\kf [`jZflekk_\`eÕl\eZ\f]\m\ip[Xp\og\i`\eZ\jf]_\k\ifj\o`jdXe[&fi_fdfg_fY`X%@eX^\e\iXcj\ej\# c\jY`Xe#^Xp#Y`j\olXcfikiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\n\i\g\iZ\`m\[kfY\dfi\\dgXk_\k`Z#gXik`ZlcXicp`ei\cXk`fe kfC>9K$jg\Z`ÔZ`jjl\j%8eldY\if]eXiiXk`m\jXcjfjl^^\jkk_Xkjlggfik`m\C>9Ke\knfibjn\i\ZilZ`Xc`e k\idjf]_Xm`e^XZZ\jjkf`e[`m`[lXcjn_fj_Xi\[j`d`cXi\og\i`\eZ\j%Fe\kiXej^\e[\ig\ijfe\ogcX`e\[% I don’t think I can talk about these issues, unless they themselves have been like you know, very close in touch with these issues or else have experienced them themselves. I’m very grateful because I do have a number of friends like that [transgendered] who have gone through it, so I can always turn to them and talk about things and I’ve got other friends who I can talk to about other things. I’ve got support from both sides (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 27). 8efk_\ii\jgfe[\ek_`^_c`^_k\[k_\j`^e`ÔZXeZ\f]_\iZfekXZkn`k_Xefk_\ic\jY`XenfdXe[li`e^_\i k\\eX^\p\Xij% G8><124 :?8GK One of my best friends that I went to school with, her sister is gay and was in a permanent relationship at that stage, so I knew them, and I still do. And I would have met a lot of gay friends through them over the years. So like it wasn’t like I was completely on my own, I would have got help from them like earlier on, discussed it, all that sort of thing. Yeah, I didn’t feel totally isolated, I had people that I could talk to (Lesbian, Female, 32). J\Zli\Xe[jlggfik`m\g\ijfeXci\cXk`fej_`gj_\cgkfYfcjk\igfj`k`m\ZfeZ\gkjXe[j\c]$nfik_ Ilkk\i# (0/. #XZcX`dn_`Z_k_\[XkXgi\j\ek\[_\i\Xgg\Xikfjlggfik%=i`\e[j_`gj\d\i^\[Xjb\pjfliZ\jf] i\j`c`\eZ\Xe[_\cg\[i\jgfe[\ekjkfe\^fk`Xk\Zfek\okjXe[\em`ifed\ekjk_\pg\iZ\`m\[kfY\_fjk`c\% =i`\e[jXcjf\eXYc\[dXepkfZfg\n`k_\og\i`\eZ\jk_Xk\mfb\[jX[e\jj#]\Xifi[`jki\jj% Family as a supportive environment My Dad goes, ‘Oh he’s my son’. And at that point I realised that Dad did not have a problem like, he could say it to other people that he had no problem with that aspect of it. It meant quite a lot to me like, that he didn’t care. He said it straight away, he didn’t have to think about it or anything (Gay, Male, 17). So I told them both [parents] that I was gay and my father straight away stood up and went over to me, pulled me off my seat, gave me a hug and said, ‘Do you know what, that doesn’t matter a bit’. He was great and my mother was like, em, they still love me, d’you know, it doesn’t matter. But they were both brilliant and they continue to be very supportive (Gay, Male, 21). I just think that I am lucky that I had the balls to be able to come out when I came back here [to rural locality]. It was a conscious decision and I had the support of my family and I’m lucky. I know a lot of people don’t have the support of their family and its really important (Lesbian, Female, 50). 8eldY\if]fk_\ijZc\XicpmXcl\[i\cXk`fej_`gjk_Xkg\id`kk\[k_\dkfkXcbfg\ecpn`k_XgXi\ekfij`Yc`e^% Like my Mam, like she is very, she’s very good to talk to. She’s very supportive and she’s very open- minded (Gay, Male, 26). I’m fairly close with my brother especially. We’re very close, we tell each other loads of things. He has no problem talking to me about anything and the same with me talking to him (Gay, Male, 21). 8gf`ekf]ZilZ`Xcj`^e`ÔZXeZ\`jk_Xkk_fj\n_f]\ckjlggfik\[Yp]Xd`cpd\dY\ijY\e\Ôk\[`enXpj k_XkXgg\Xi\[kf`dgXZkgfj`k`m\cpfek_\`ij\ej\f]j\Zli`kpXe[n\cc$Y\`e^%=fi\oXdgc\#k_\i\nXj \m`[\eZ\kfjl^^\jkk_Xk]Xd`cpi\cXk`fej_`gjZ_XiXZk\i`j\[YpXZZ\gkXeZ\]fjk\i\[j\c]$ZfeÔ[\eZ\Xe[ k_\XY`c`kpkfdXeX^\e\^Xk`m\\dfk`fejXe[\em`ifed\ekj%K_\j\XZZflekjXcjf`e[`ZXk\k_Xkn_\e g\fgc\\og\i`\eZ\[g\ijfeXcZ_Xcc\e^\j]Xd`cpjlggfikXZk\[XjXe`dgfikXekYl]]\i%Fe\kiXej^\e[\i i\jgfe[\ekgfikiXp\[]Xd`cpjlggfikXjm`kXc`ek_\Zfek\okf]_\i^\e[\ikiXej`k`fe% At the moment life is very good, you know I have no problem, I am unusual in that I have the support at home, and do you know, I haven’t had problems with family members or people disowning me or anything like that. I’ve always had the support at home to be me; it’s never been a problem (Male-to- Female Trans, Heterosexual, 37). G8><125:?8GK N_`c\dXep`ek_`jjkl[p\og\i`\eZ\[[`]ÔZlck`\jn_\ek_\p`e`k`XccpZXd\flkkf]Xd`cpd\dY\ij#jfd\ `e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\j\i\cXk`fej_`gjn\i\i\$e\^fk`Xk\[fm\ik`d\`eXgifZ\jjk_Xkc\[kfi\jfclk`feXe[ XZZ\gkXeZ\% At the time [of coming out] my parents just went, ‘Okay we’re grand with it but just leave it and let it sink in’. But for months I was just going in my own head, ‘They’re not accepting it’. But last week my mother told me that she’d told the sister. I think that was as big a relief as actually telling them. The fact that she’d actually told somebody, she’s actually accepting it and getting used to the idea (Gay, Male, 21). =fiXeldY\i#k_\XZZ\gkXeZ\f]k_\`igXike\i`ekfX]Xd`cpe\knfibnXjXe`dgfikXekdXib\if] gfj`k`m\Z_Xe^\% I mean [my country of origin] is basically very sort of backward when it comes to any sort of, anything that does not conform to the norm and I knew it was going to be a bit of an upwards struggle with my mother. The rest of the family was actually ok and over the years they’ve not only welcomed me, they’ve welcomed my partner as well into the family. My father’s been fantastic. But it took a little work, so I’d say it took about two, three years where relationships were extremely strained … (Lesbian, Female, 34). 9\ZXlj\f]k_\Zfdgc\o`ek\iZfee\Zk`fejf]c`m\j`ek_\]Xd`cp#Zi`k`ZXc\m\ekjZi\Xk\ÊZflek\ikiXej`k`fejË 9fo\i\kXc%#(00(1-+ %Glk[`]]\i\ekcp#\m\ekjk_XkfZZli`ek_\c`]\f]fe\]Xd`cpd\dY\iX]]\Zkfk_\ij `ek_\]Xd`cpXcjf%Jf#]fi\oXdgc\#Z\ikX`eZ_Xe^\j`eXgXi\ekËjc`]\_Xm\d\Xe`e^Xe[`dgc`ZXk`fej]fi XZ_`c[%K_lj#Êk_\Zfd`e^flkgifZ\jj`eXZ_`c[dXpgfk\ek`Xccp`e`k`Xk\XgXiXcc\cgifZ\jj]fik_\gXi\ekË 9fo\i\kXc%#(00(1-+ %Jkl[`\j\ogcfi`e^_fn]Xd`c`\je\^fk`Xk\Xd\dY\iËjC>9K`[\ek`kp_Xm\efk\[ k_XkXZZ\gkXeZ\f]k_Xkd\dY\iËjZ_fj\egXike\iXe[&fi]i`\e[j`jb\pkfjlggfik`m\]Xd`cpi\cXk`fej_`gj ?\i[k Bf]]#)'''2FjnXc[#)'') %I\jgfe[\ekj`ek_`jjkl[pn_f]\ckjlggfik\[n`k_`eXeX]ÔidXk`m\ ]Xd`cp\em`ifed\ekXgg\Xi\[kfY\e\Ôk^i\Xkcp]ifdk_`j\og\i`\eZ\%=Xd`cpjlggfikZ\ikX`ecp\e_XeZ\[ j\c]$ZfeÔ[\eZ\Xe[j\c]$\jk\\dXe[XcjfXgg\Xi\[kf]XZ`c`kXk\i\jgfe[\ekjËXY`c`kpkfe\^fk`Xk\ Z_Xcc\e^\jn`k_^i\Xk\iZfeÔ[\eZ\Xe[\Xj\% LGBT community as a source of resilience INTERVIEWER: What’s your idea of what an LGBT community is? RESPONDENT: Just kind of like a group of gay and lesbian people that support each other (Gay, Male, 21). J\m\iXcjkl[`\j_Xm\_`^_c`^_k\[nXpj`en_`Z_C>9Kg\fgc\Y\e\Ôk]ifd`ek\^iXk`fe`ekfk_\C>9K Zfddle`kp%K_`jZfddle`kp_XjY\\e]fle[kfY\XjfliZ\f]jlggfik Iljj\cc I`Z_Xi[j#)''* #kf gifm`[\XjX]\jgXZ\]fiC>9Kpflk_ JZfliÔ\c[\kXc%#)''/ #Xe[kfgifdfk\j\c]$le[\ijkXe[`e^Xe[j\c]$ XZZ\gkXeZ\ 8e[\ijfe#(00/ %K_\j\]\Xkli\jXi\ZcX`d\[kf]fjk\ii\j`c`\eZ\`eC>9Kg\fgc\f]XccX^\j% Fm\ik_i\\hlXik\ijf]k_\fm\iXccjlim\pjXdgc\ e4/+- ]\ckk_Xkk_\i\nXj#`e]XZk#jlZ_Xk_`e^XjXe C>9KZfddle`kp`e@i\cXe[#knfk_`i[jf]n_fd e4,-' ]\ckk_Xkk_\pn\i\XgXikf]#fi`ejfd\nXp Zfee\Zk\[kf#k_`jZfddle`kp%@e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekjË`[\XjXYflkÊC>9KZfddle`kpËgifmfb\[ XmXi`\kpf]i\jgfej\jXe[g\fgc\Zc\Xicp[`]]\i\[`ek\idjf]k_\k`d\k_\p`em\jk\[`eXkk\e[`e^Xe[ `ek\^iXk`e^`ekfC>9K^iflgj%=lik_\idfi\#jfd\\ogi\jj\[[`jXggf`ekd\ekXYflkn_Xkk_\p]fle[ n_\ek_\pdX[\Zfee\Zk`fejn`k_C>9Km\el\jXe[ÊjZ\e\jË%;\jg`k\k_`j[`m\ij`kpf]g\ijg\Zk`m\# k_\i\nXjjkife^\m`[\eZ\kfjl^^\jkk_Xkk_\C>9KZfddle`kpgifm`[\[jlggfikkfg\fgc\`ek_\`i \m\ip[Xpc`m\j#Xe[XcjfXkjg\Z`ÔZaleZkli\jXe[[li`e^gXik`ZlcXik`d\jf]e\\[%?\i\n\]fZljfe C>9KZfddle`kpm\el\jefk[`i\ZkcpZfee\Zk\[n`k_jfZ`XcÊjZ\e\jËjlZ_XjglYjXe[ZclYj%K_\k_\d\j f]connectedness#safetyXe[solidarity]\Xkli\[Z\ekiXccp`ei\jgfe[\ekjËXZZflekjf]k_\Y\e\Ôkjf] gXik`Z`gXk`fe`eC>9KZfddle`k`\j% GXik`Z`gXekjXgg\Xi\[kf[iXnkfX^i\Xk\ific\jj\i\ok\ekfek_\C>9KZfddle`kpXk[`]]\i\ekk`d\j `ek_\`ic`m\j%8^\nXjX]XZkfi_\i\#XjnXjk_\[\^i\\kfn_`Z_g\fgc\n\i\flk%C>9KZfddle`kp G8><126:?8GK9KZfddle`kp#gXik`Z`gXk`fenXjfm\in_\cd`e^cp g\iZ\`m\[kfY\gfj`k`m\#gXik`ZlcXicp`ek\idjf]dXb`e^ZfekXZkn`k_fk_\ijn_fj_Xi\[j`d`cXi \og\i`\eZ\j%J\m\iXc#]fi\oXdgc\#kXcb\[XYflk_fnpflk_^iflgj&^Xpd\eËj^iflgjflkj`[\f]glYXe[ ZclYn\i\`dgfikXek`ek\idjf]d\\k`e^fk_\ijXe[f]]\\c`e^mXcl\[Xe[ÊZfee\Zk\[Ë% I like it there [LGBT community centre] because there’s no loud music, there’s no booze, there’s no obnoxious people and it’s nice, intelligent conversation with some very nice decent people. You feel you’re valued by people as yourself, you know. You can’t underestimate how important that feels to me right now (Gay, Male, 40). INTERVIEWER: What was it about [men’s group] that connects with you in particular? RESPONDENT: The fact that I could then have very deep genuine relationships with other gay people that were in the group. INTERVIEWER: Before that were you having difficulty with people or…? RESPONDENT: I suppose in general I was having difficulty with gay people as a group, yes (Gay, Male, 50). Pfle^g\fgc\gXik`ZlcXicp\dg_Xj`j\[k_\ZfeÔ[\eZ\Xe[j\ej\f]ÊY\cfe^`e^Ëk_\p\og\i`\eZ\[k_ifl^_ gXik`Z`gXk`fe`eC>9Kpflk_^iflgj%@e[\\[#j\m\iXcZ_XiXZk\i`j\[k_\`i`e`k`Xcm`j`kkfk_\j\j\kk`e^jXjX gfj`k`m\Êklie`e^gf`ekË\og\i`\eZ\% It did give me a circle of close knit gay friends ... we were such good friends from the group and we’re really close. Then I made more friends. It sort of gave me the confidence to just be myself in any setting, not just in here [gay youth centre] (Gay, Male, 21). INTERVIEWER: What makes you feel part of it [gay community]? RESPONDENT: Just going to [youth project] every Sunday, doing things like that, meeting different people. Meeting people from all walks of life, getting different numbers of friends (Gay, Male, 17). @k`jg\i_Xgjefk\nfik_pk_XkjfZ`Xc`emfcm\d\ek`eC>9K$jg\Z`ÔZj\kk`e^jXccfn\[jfd\pfle^g\fgc\kf j\\k_\dj\cm\jXjgfj`k`m\ifc\df[\cjXe[kfXjg`i\kf\e^X^`e^`egfj`k`m\XZk`fek_Xkd`^_k_\cgfk_\ij% I’d love to help people. Going there [LGBT youth project] was such a good place for me. Like I know other people in different circumstances might not have the same support that I have. I’d love to be a youth worker of some description and help people who wouldn’t have the same family and opportunities that I have (Gay, Male, 17). :fekXZkn`k_XeC>9Kjlggfik^iflg\eXYc\[fk_\ijkfj_Xi\jg\Z`ÔZXe[jfd\k`d\jZ_Xcc\e^`e^c`]\ \og\i`\eZ\j%=fife\nfdXe#ZfekXZkn`k_Xc\jY`Xenfd\eËj^iflg`eXe\XiYpkfneXccfn\[_\ikf d\\kfk_\ijn`k_j`d`cXi\og\i`\eZ\j]fik_\Ôijkk`d\% I went to [LGBT support group] and I did actually meet a couple of women who were married. One woman that is married, still married and identifies as gay and another woman had left her husband and she was gay. So they were in similar situations. So I figured, ‘Thank God I’m not the only one’ (Lesbian, Female, 51). 8gXik]ifd]fjk\i`e^Xj\ej\f]Zfee\Zk\[e\jj#gXik`Z`gXk`fe`ek_\C>9KZfddle`kpgifm`[\[XÊjX]\ jgXZ\Ë]fig\fgc\kfd\\kXe[`ek\iXZk%K_\`jjl\f]jX]\kp`jfe\f]gXik`ZlcXi`dgfikXeZ\`ec`^_kf]k_\ eldY\i_fdfg_fY`ZXe[kiXejg_fY`Z\og\i`\eZ\ji\gfik\[Ypk_\jkl[pËjgXik`Z`gXekj j\\:_Xgk\ij+#, Xe[- % G8><127:?8GK There are people who believe in the community model and they create a community that provides a very safe place for somebody like myself to operate in (Gay, Male, 62). When I got there [football] it was this really cool group of girls, very friendly, d’you know, none of them trying to hit on me, very nice. They have like a social element where they would go drinking on a Friday night together … and I think it’s really important because it’s nice to have this safe place to come, and especially girls from the countryside (Lesbian, Female, 31). K_\jX]\kpf]C>9Kpflk_^iflgjgifm`[\[\em`ifed\ekjk_Xk\eXYc\[pfle^g\fgc\kfgfj`k`m\cp e\^fk`Xk\]fidXk`m\c`]\jkX^\jjlZ_XjZfd`e^flk% I had low self esteem and confidence before I came here, but from talking to other gay people you get to know their life, and how they live through it, and it just kind of boosted my confidence (Gay, Male, 16). K_`jg\iZ\`m\[jX]\kpXcjfX]]fi[\[fggfikle`k`\jkf`e[`m`[lXcjkfcffbdfi\XZlk\cpXkk_\dj\cm\jXe[ _fnk_\`ic`m\jdXp_Xm\Y\\eX]]\Zk\[Yp_fdfg_fY`X#[`jZi`d`eXk`fe#fii\a\Zk`fe%@eZfe]ifek`e^jlZ_ e\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\j#C>9Ki\jgfe[\ekjlj\[k_\j\j`klXk`fejXjfZZXj`fej]file[\ijkXe[`e^_fnk_\p _X[X]]\Zk\[k_\`ic`m\j% It was just the way they [staff and volunteers] were explaining their everyday life, and like it was a normal person’s life. I was just thinking that my life is never going to be like an ordinary person’s life. But when I got to know them, they were all leading perfectly normal lives, and everything was grand with them there, so I just felt more confident (Gay, Male, 16). K_lj#`eb\\g`e^n`k_k_\Ôe[`e^jf]Iljj\cc I`Z_Xi[j )''*1*)+ #k_\i\nXj\m`[\eZ\k_Xkk_ifl^_ gXik`Z`gXk`feC>9Kg\fgc\Zflc[[`i\ZkcpZfe]ifekXe[X[[i\jjXjg\Zkjf]e\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\Xe[ kiXej]fid`kÊ`ekf^ifle[j]fi\e_XeZ\[j\c]$le[\ijkXe[`e^Xe[k_\ZfliX^\kfY\dfi\flkË%@ek_`j i\^Xi[#XeldY\ijg\Z`ÔZXccpd\ek`fe\[k_\`igXik`Z`gXk`fe`e>XpGi`[\%) We made a banner here [in a youth group] and went out on the street with it … I was actually kind of afraid but at the same time there’s a thrill in it, I enjoyed it. The atmosphere around you and everyone having the craic and jumping around the place (Gay, Male, 21). Jfc`[Xi`kpnXjk_\ÔeXck_\d\kf\d\i^\]ifdk_\XZZflekjf]i\jgfe[\ekjn_fn\i\d\dY\ijf]C>9K ^iflgj%K_`jjfc`[Xi`kpnXjdfjkjkife^cp\ogi\jj\[`ei\]\i\eZ\kfgfj`k`m\C>9K`[\ek`kp jfd\k`d\j \ogi\jj\[XjÊgi`[\Ë #n_`Z_XZk\[XjXZflek\iYXcXeZ\kf_fdfg_fY`XXe[kiXejg_fY`X% I feel a certain affinity with other LGBT people … I’d never miss Pride, which I think is the key community event of the year. It’s just a certain, a certain identity, just a certain level of solidarity there. I mean, if you’re in the street and someone’s getting homophobic abuse or something like that, you’d be immediately inclined to step in support them (Gay, Male, 28). KfjlddXi`j\#ZfekXZkn`k_k_\C>9KZfddle`kpgifm`[\[Xe`dgfikXekjfliZ\f]`e]fidXk`feXYflk C>9Kg\fgc\Ëjc`m\j#`e]fidXk`fek_Xk`jefk\Xj`cpXZZ\jj`Yc\k_ifl^_fk_\id\Xej%K_\Zfddle`kp ]lik_\ii\gi\j\ek\[Xg\ijfeXcjfliZ\f]jlggfikXe[Xe\em`ifed\ek`en_`Z_C>9Kg\fgc\Zflc[ ]\\ci\jg\Zk\[#ZfeÔ[\ekXe[ZXgXYc\%@eb\\g`e^n`k_k_\Ôe[`e^jf]`ek\ieXk`feXcjkl[`\j Iljj\cc I`Z_Xi[j#)''*2JZfliÔ\c[\kXc%#)''/ #ZfekXZkn`k_fk_\iC>9Kg\fgc\`eXjX]\Xe[i\cXk`m\cpjkilZkli\[ \em`ifed\ekXgg\Xi\[kf]fjk\iXj\ej\f]Y\cfe^`e^%@kXcjf\ogfj\[gXik`Z`gXekjkfgfj`k`m\d\jjX^\j Xe[XZi\Xk\[Xd\Xej]fik_\dkfhl\jk`fe#Zfek\jkfi[\ZfejkilZke\^Xk`m\jk\i\fkpg\j% )8cdfjkj`okpg\iZ\ekf]fe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj e4-++ _X[Xkk\e[\[#fikXb\egXik`eGi`[\\m\ek j `e@i\cXe[2XcdfjkXk_`i[_X[ gXik`Z`gXk\[`eGi`[\flkj`[\f]@i\cXe[% G8><128:?8GK School and the workplace as supportive environments 8j_`^_c`^_k\[\Xic`\i`ek_`ji\gfik#jZ_ffcnXjXe\em`ifed\ekn_\i\dXepC>9Kg\fgc\\og\i`\eZ\[ gXik`ZlcXijki\jj%K_\i\n\i\Xcjfeld\iflji\gfikj]ifdgXik`Z`gXekjf]]\\c`e^leZfd]fikXYc\ fi`jfcXk\[`ek_\nfibgcXZ\Y\ZXlj\f]k_\`iC>9K`[\ek`kp%Efe\k_\c\jj#gfj`k`m\jZ_ffcXe[nfib \og\i`\eZ\jn\i\i\gfik\[YpXeldY\iXe[k_\j\XZZflekjjl^^\jkk_Xkgfj`k`m\X]ÔidXk`fe`ek_\j\ \em`ifed\ekjnXjmXcl\[XjXjfliZ\f]jfZ`Xcjlggfik% 8jdXcceldY\if]pfle^g\fgc\d\ek`fe\[Xe`e[`m`[lXck\XZ_\in_fnXjgXik`ZlcXicp\dgXk_\k`ZXe[ n_fjlggfik\[k_\d`ek_\jZ_ffc\em`ifed\ek%K_\j\XZZflekjgf`ekkfk_\gfj`k`m\`eÕl\eZ\f]k_`j jlggfikXe[Xcjfkfk_\j\ej\f]n\ccY\`e^k_Xkpfle^g\fgc\\eafp\[XjXi\jlck%K_\pXcjf[\dfejkiXk\ nXpj`en_`Z_jZ_ffcjZXe`dgXZkgfj`k`m\cp#iXk_\ik_Xee\^Xk`m\cp#fek_\c`m\jf]C>9Kpflk_% The female teacher was very supportive and got me through that time and helped me to get into outside curriculum, you know, a drama group and different things. And I could talk to her about anything (Lesbian, Female, 29). He [male teacher] would have been a role model. He was extremely out, like everyone knew he was gay and no one ever had a problem with it because he wouldn’t let anyone have a problem with it. If there was anything homophobic that happened he’d be on top of it straight away … you know, if anyone was using the word gay or faggot, he’d be on top of it. People would respect him for that like (Gay, Male, 21). K_\nfibgcXZ\nXjgfikiXp\[]Xidfi\]i\hl\ekcpXjXe\em`ifed\ekn_\i\C>9Kg\fgc\\og\i`\eZ\[ XZZ\gkXeZ\% Actually at work, as soon as I came out I actually got a lot closer with all my work mates and everything. I didn’t really talk to them as much until one day one of them asked me was I gay and I just went, ‘Yeah’. Since that she’s become one of my best friends (Gay, Male, 21). They [work colleagues] became my surrogate family. It was a very small company, it had only just started when I joined, so it was the three directors and myself and then over the seven years the company grew and the family of four became a family of twelve. And it was brilliant, you know (Lesbian, Female, 34). We just bonded and everybody was really cool and it was just nice to walk into somewhere and come out and not have to come out any more; your coming out was done for this particular aspect of your career (Lesbian, Female, 25). Gfj`k`m\nfib\em`ifed\ekjn\i\gcXZ\jC>9Kg\fgc\]\ckmXcl\[]fik_\`ijb`ccjXe[kXc\ekjXe[n_\i\ k_\`iZfeki`Ylk`fejn\i\i\X[`cpXZbefnc\[^\[%K_\pn\i\XcjfgcXZ\jn_\i\g\fgc\[`[efk\og\i`\eZ\ jki\jji\cXk\[kfk_\`iC>9K`[\ek`kp% INTERVIEWER: What does your work mean to you, just the stuff that you do? RESPONDENT: It’s meaningful work, its hard work. But I don’t get any pain there (Gay, Male, 50). I’d say to date it’s [current work place] probably the two years of my life where I feel that I’ve been most challenged and most, you know, alert. So like, if there’s one decision that I’ve made in my life, going for that was definitely one of the good ones. Things would have gone right from it, you know (Gay, Male, 28). :c\Xicp#]fijfd\`ek_`jjkl[p#nfibnXjXgcXZ\n_\i\C>9K`[\ek`kpnXjX]Ôid\[Xe[jlggfik\[%@e k_\j\ZXj\j#i\jgfe[\ekjk\e[\[kfjg\Z`ÔZXccpd\ek`fegfj`k`m\i\jgfej\jkfZfd`e^flkXjn\ccXj k_\XYj\eZ\f]jfliZ\jf]Xeo`\kpXe[jki\jjn_`Z_#]fifk_\ij#n\i\i\cXk\[kf[`jZi`d`eXk`feXe[&fi _fdfg_fY`X`ek_\nfibgcXZ\% G8><129:?8GK Ê9<:FD@E>ËI I am happy to conclude by saying that I am now a very content, confident, well-adjusted gay man, fully out and very happy to be gay. I have grown and thrived with the love and support of my friends and two of my sisters … being gay was never my problem but how people reacted to me being gay was certainly part of what made life very hard in the past (Gay, Male, 35, Survey Participant). I\j`c`\eZ\#fiÊgifk\Zk`e^X^X`ejkjki\jjfijXe[i\Yfle[`e^]ifdX[m\ij`kp#`jXe`dgfikXeki\cXk`feXc gifZ\jjË :feefccp#)'',1)-. %=fi\oXdgc\#j\c]$\jk\\dXe[j\c]$\]ÔZXZpZXe`eZi\Xj\k_ifl^_flk k_\c`]\jgXe#d\[`Xk\[Ypgfj`k`m\c`]\\og\i`\eZ\jfiÊklie`e^gf`ekjË%K_lj#i\j`c`\eZ\`jfe^f`e^Xe[ \d\i^\ekiXk_\ik_Xej`dgcpXkiX`kgfjj\jj\[Ypjfd\`e[`m`[lXcjXe[efkYpfk_\ij%K_`jj\Zk`fe \oXd`e\jXZZflekjn_\i\i\gfikjf]gfj`k`m\Z_Xe^\n\i\\m`[\ekXe[\oXd`e\jk_\\ok\ekkfn_`Z_ k_\j\[\m\cfgd\ekjdXpj`^e`]pXgifZ\jjf]i\j`c`\eZ\%N_`cjkjlZ_i\gfikjf]gfj`k`m\Z_Xe^\[`[efk ]\Xkli\`ealleXiiXk`m\j#Xe[dXep`ek_`jjkl[pZfek`el\[kf\og\i`\eZ\jki\jji\cXk\[kf_fdfg_fY`X# kiXejg_fY`X#[`jZi`d`eXk`fefi_XiXjjd\ek#`k`jefe\k_\c\jj`dgfikXekkfle[\ijkXe[\og\i`\eZ\j#Yfk_ `ek\ieXcXe[\ok\ieXckf`e[`m`[lXcj#n_`Z_dXpYfcjk\ii\j`c`\eZ\%K_`jj\Zk`fe`jgXik`ZlcXicpZfeZ\ie\[ n`k_leiXm\cc`e^jfd\f]k_\dfjkjXc`\ek[`d\ej`fejf]C>9Kg\fgc\ËjeXiiXk`m\jf]i\j`c`\eZ\#gXp`e^ gXik`ZlcXiXkk\ek`fekfYfk_Y\_Xm`fliXcjkiXk\^`\jXe[k_\fe^f`e^ZfejkilZk`fef]d\Xe`e^% Reframing the ‘self’ I\jgfe[\ekjjfd\k`d\ji\]\i\eZ\[Z_Xe^\j`ek_\`ic`m\jfm\ik`d\#`ek_\gifZ\jji\Õ\Zk`e^fe_fn k_\`ifneg\ijg\Zk`m\j_X[Xck\i\[#f]k\e`ek_\Zfek\okf]Zfej`[\iXYc\X[m\ij`kpXe[[`jki\jj%8ZZflekj jlZ_Xjk_\j\`e[`ZXk\i\j`c`\eZ\XZifjjj\m\iXcXi\Xjf]c`]\#YlkdfjkefkXYcp`ek_\dXee\i`en_`Z_ c`]\\m\ekjXe[g\ijg\Zk`m\jZXeY\re-framedfm\ik`d\%8e`e[`m`[lXcËjZXgXZ`kpkfÊi\]iXd\Ë\m\ekj`j i\]\ii\[kfmXi`fljcp`ek_\c`k\iXkli\fei\j`c`\eZ\%@ek_\jg\Z`ÔZZfek\okf]C>9g\fgc\#FjnXc[ )'')1 *., lj\jk_\k\idÊi\[\Ôe`k`feËkfi\]\ikfÊk_\fe^f`e^[\m\cfgd\ekf]XY\c`\]jpjk\dk_XkX]Ôidj ^XpXe[c\jY`Xeg\fgc\Ë%I\[\Ôe`k`fefii\]iXd`e^`jXgifZ\jjÆf]k\eXjjfZ`Xk\[n`k_k_\Zlck`mXk`fef] e\nd\Xe`e^jXe[`ek\igi\kXk`fejÆk_Xkc\X[jC>9Kg\fgc\kfnXi[jXdfi\gfj`k`m\le[\ijkXe[`e^f] k_\dj\cm\jXe[f]Xjg\Zkjf]jfZ`Xc\og\i`\eZ\k_XkdXpfk_\in`j\Y\ZfejkilZk\[e\^Xk`m\cp%?\i\n\ \oXd`e\k_`j]\Xkli\f]jfd\i\jgfe[\ekjËeXiiXk`m\j`edfi\[\kX`c% Gfjj`Ycpfe\f]k_\^i\Xk\jkZ_Xcc\e^\j]XZ`e^C>9Kg\fgc\`jk_\`i\XicpXe[fe^f`e^\ogfjli\kf e\^Xk`m\Xkk`kl[\jkfnXi[jk_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fefikiXej^\e[\i`[\ek`kp%8j[\dfejkiXk\[`e gi\m`fljZ_Xgk\ij#k_`je\^Xk`m`kp`dgXZk\[`egif]fle[nXpjfek_\gjpZ_fcf^`ZXcn\cc$Y\`e^f]X m\ipZfej`[\iXYc\eldY\i%=\\c`e^jf]`eX[\hlXZp#`jfcXk`feXe[[\gi\jj`fen\i\aljkjfd\f]k_\ Zfej\hl\eZ\j%?fn\m\i#C>9K`[\ek`kpXcjfgifm`[\[jfd\n`k_Xe`ej`^_kXe[XnXi\e\jjk_Xk\eXYc\[ k_\dkfdXb\j\ej\f]k_\`ic`m\jXe[Z`iZldjkXeZ\jfm\ik`d\%@ek_\\oZ\igkY\cfn#Xc\jY`XenfdXe f]Ô]kpi\Õ\Zk\[fe_\ijkil^^c\kf]\\cÊZfd]fikXYc\Ën`k__\ij\olXc`kp`ek_\Zfek\okf]XjfZ`\kpXe[ Zlckli\n_\i\j_\gi\m`fljcpg\iZ\`m\[k_XkY\`e^^XpnXjefkÊefidXcË% I had all those wishes to be just normal, not knowing at the time that most people feel the same way in some way or another … It has been a hard auld’ struggle, it hasn’t been easy but many years later, 25 years later, I am comfortable now (Lesbian, Female, 50). K_\]fccfn`e^XZZflek`jXcjfjl^^\jk`m\f]Xi\]iXd`e^f]\og\i`\eZ\jfm\ik`d\Xe[j`^eXcjnXpj`e n_`Z_k_`jgifZ\jjnXjjlggfik\[Ypgfj`k`m\i\cXk`fej_`gj% It was really a stage of my life in my early twenties and I came through the other side. I am so glad I didn’t do anything foolish. It was totally 100% to do with me not accepting my sexuality and thinking I was some sort of freak. I think meeting other LGB people my age really helped me and I think for that to happen people need to be able to be open about themselves. I think a lot has changed even since I started college and it is increasingly better for young LGB people to come out earlier and start to develop relationships, sexual and otherwise (Gay, Male, 28, Survey Participant). G8><130 :?8GK Fk_\ijZc\Xicpm`\n\[Y\`e^^Xpfic\jY`XeXjXjfliZ\f]jki\e^k_Xe[_X[i\$]iXd\[k_\`ij\olXc fi`\ekXk`fe`eXgfj`k`m\nXp%8eldY\i#]fi\oXdgc\#`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\gifZ\jjf]j\c]$XZZ\gkXeZ\_X[ ^i\Xkcp\e_XeZ\[k_\`in\cc$Y\`e^%K_\j\XZZflekjjkife^cpjl^^\jkk_Xk#fm\ik`d\#j\m\iXc\eafp\[ [\\g\e\[g\ijfeXc`ej`^_kXe[Xjkife^\ij\ej\f]j\c]Xe[`[\ek`kp% I think I’ve become more comfortable with my sexuality as I’ve got older, and my mental health is definitely a lot better around it too (Lesbian, Female, 38, Survey Participant). Since I accepted my sexuality quite a few years after ‘coming out’, I don’t feel it has affected any aspect of life in either a positive or negative way (Gay, Male, 23, Survey Participant). 8]lik_\igf`ekkfefk\`ek_\Zfek\okf]leiXm\cc`e^jfliZ\jf]i\j`c`\eZ\`jk_\dXee\i`en_`Z_ i\jgfe[\ekjXik`ZlcXk\[Xj\ej\f]fne\ij_`gXe[Zfekifcfm\ik_\`ic`m\j%8ZZflekjf]k\egfikiXp\[X g\ijfeXcfi`ek\ieXccfZljf]ZfekifcXe[Xj\ej\f]ÊXlk_fij_`gËf]fe\Ëjc`]\ 8Y\j Afe\j#)''+ %K_`j ÊXlk_fij_`gË#Xj`e[`ZXk\[`ek_\XZZflekjY\cfn#`jXcjfefk\nfik_pXjXZflek\igf`ekkfk_\c`d`k\[ jfZ`XcjZi`gkjXmX`cXYc\kfC>9Kg\fgc\% So I have my ups and downs like everybody. I’ve never had any serious psychiatric illness or anything. I’ve been a fighter, a survivor is how I would see myself, so I’ve always managed somehow or another to get by, even at times of great stress. So, as I said, I’ve got my downs as well as ups. There were days I would have felt like not getting out of the bed. I managed to keep going one way or another (Lesbian, Female, 54). I can describe my life in two halves, my experience of struggle and depression before I came out and my life since coming out. Having only come out at the age of 42, the past 4 years have been incredibly liberating for me as a person. The turmoil of spending all my life believing I was evil took a very heavy toll on me psychologically. When I came out I lost a large number of friends which was very painful but, on the other side, it is the first time in my life I believe I can be really honest and the years of inner darkness appear to have gone (Gay, Male, 46, Survey Participant). C>9Kg\fgc\kXb`e^jki\e^k_]ifdi\j`jk`e^gi\al[`Z\fi[`jZi`d`eXk`fenXjXefk_\i`dgfikXek[`d\ej`fe f]i\$]iXd`e^%K_\]fccfn`e^eXiiXk`m\jXi\\oXdgc\jf]^XpXe[c\jY`Xeg\fgc\j\\`e^k_\`ij\olXc fi`\ekXk`feXjXjfliZ\f]jki\e^k_Xe[Xjj\ik`e^k_\`ij\olXcfi`\ekXk`fe`egfj`k`m\nXpj% I was sick of being bullied. I decided, ‘I don’t care, people can think what they want’. When I seemed to be going that way I made more friends and became more social. From that point everything was good like (Gay, Male, 21). I was just anti-gay myself and, even coming out, I found a struggle. But again it was just over time you let go of that. You get to a stage in your life and you say, ‘So what, you’re the person who has the problem with it. This is my life and I’m living my life for me’. If people have a problem with it, that’s fine but, you know (Lesbian, Female, 47). @k`j`dgfikXekkfefk\k_Xki\]\i\eZ\jkfÊi\[\Ôe`k`feËfiÊi\]iXd`e^Ë FjnXc[#)'') j_flc[efk Y\`ek\igi\k\[XjdXb`e^C>9Kg\fgc\ZXiipk_\Yli[\ef]i\jgfej`Y`c`kpkfZflek\i_fdfg_fY`X# kiXejg_fY`Xfi_\k\ifj\o`jk\og\i`\eZ\j%K_\`ek\ek`fe`jefk#`efk_\infi[j#kf\e[fij\XeXm\m`\n k_Xk`e[`m`[lXcjZXej`dgcpfie\Z\jjXi`cpkiXej]fidjlZ_\og\i`\eZ\j%8eldY\if]i\jgfe[\ekj`e]XZk \ogi\jj\[k_`j[peXd`ZjlZZ`eZkcp% I am proud to be a lesbian but it took me a long time to accept my sexuality and it would have been easier to accept if society was a little more understanding (Lesbian, Female, 26, Survey Participant). Society definitely seems to be becoming more tolerant of ‘alternative’ relationships but there’s still some way to go (Bisexual, Male, 21, Survey Participant). G8><131:?8GK Self-efficacy and self-esteem J\c]$\jk\\dXdfe^jkfe$c`e\jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekjnXjXjj\jj\[lj`e^Ifj\eY\i^ËjJ\c] K_\[\m\cfgd\ekf]j\c]$\jk\\dXe[j\c]$\]ÔZXZp[\jg`k\X[m\ij`kp]\Xkli\[jkife^cp`edXepf]k_\ eXiiXk`m\XZZflekjf]i\j`c`\eZ\%=fi\oXdgc\#Xck_fl^_i\Zflek`e^\Xic`\ie\^Xk`m\\og\i`\eZ\j#X eldY\if]i\jgfe[\ekj[i\njg\Z`ÔZXkk\ek`fekfk_\`ig\ijfeXc^ifnk_Xe[kfnXpj`en_`Z_k_\p_X[ gfj`k`m\cpdXeX^\[jki\jj%@ejfd\ZXj\jk_`jnXjX]XZ`c`kXk\[gifZ\jj \%^%k_ifl^_Xjg\Z`ÔZjlggfik ^iflg n_`cjk#`efk_\ij#`knXjXi\jfliZ\k_Xkg\fgc\Xgg\Xi\[kf_Xm\Zlck`mXk\[fm\ik`d\%8^XpdXe# X^\[)(#i\cXk\[_`j\og\i`\eZ\f]^X`e`e^ZfeÔ[\eZ\n`k_`ek_\Zfek\okf]XÊjX]\Ë\em`ifed\ek#XÊ]iXd\ f]d`e[Ën_`Z_Xcjf\ok\e[\[kfgcXZ\jXe[Zfek\okjY\pfe[k_\C>9Kpflk_^iflg_\Xkk\e[\[% It [LGBT youth group] sort of gave me the confidence to just be myself in any setting, not just in the group, because sometimes when you are out you don’t feel comfortable enough to be yourself everywhere like, I seemed to gain confidence to not change who I am in whatever setting, like working, college, out, like in any club. It put me in a good frame of mind (Gay, Male, 21). 8efk_\ii\jgfe[\ek\ogcX`e\[_fnj_\_X[c\Xie\[kfZfg\n`k_[\gi\jj`feXe[\dfk`feXc[`jki\jj fm\ik`d\% I mean now that I deal with my mental health problem, I very rarely get depressed now, not in the same way that I did before. So now I suppose I don’t really have many emotional issues. I like to try and keep things as simplified as possible, so when I do have relationship problems with my girlfriend, like they just have to be dealt with immediately. I hate to let things fester, things have to be dealt with and then, I mean, if it’s a good outcome it’s good, if it’s bad it’s bad ... So that I suppose is my key to mental success or mental health is to just know that if something is bad so I won’t be always be bad, and if something is good it won’t always be good either but you know (Lesbian, Female, 25). K_\j\XZZflekjXi\\oXdgc\jf]nXpj`en_`Z_C>9Kg\fgc\[\m\cfgZfdg\k\eZ`\jk_XkXjj`jkk_\d`e dXeX^`e^k_\`i`[\ek`kpXe[&fi`e[\Xc`e^n`k_jg\Z`ÔZ`jjl\jjlZ_Xjcfnj\c]$\jk\\d#[\gi\jj`fefi fk_\i[`jki\jj`e^\dfk`feXcjkXk\j%@k`jj`^e`ÔZXekk_Xkk_\j\XZZflekjXcjfi\]\i\eZ\k_\[\m\cfgd\ek f]j\c]$le[\ijkXe[`e^Xe[k_\ZfejkilZk`fef]`ek\igi\kXk`fejXe[d\Xe`e^jk_Xkjlggfik#iXk_\ik_Xe k_i\Xk\e#n\cc$Y\`e^% Turning points J`^e`ÔZXekXd`[XZZflekjf]gi`fi\og\i`\eZ\f][`jki\jjn\i\k_\i\]\i\eZ\jdX[\Ypjfd\i\jgfe[\ekj kfÊklie`e^gf`ekË\og\i`\eZ\jk_Xkc\[kfgfj`k`m\Z_Xe^\`ek_\`ic`m\j%8efkXYc\Z_XiXZk\i`jk`Zf]k_\j\ eXiiXk`m\jnXjk_Xk`e[`m`[lXcjXjj\ik\[k_\`iX^\eZp#f]k\e`ek_\Zfek\okf]Zfej`[\iXYc\jki\jj#`e j\\b`e^kfX]]\ZkZ_Xe^\`ek_\`ic`m\j%@ek_\]fccfn`e^\oZ\igkXc\jY`XenfdXe[\jZi`Y\[_\i[\Z`j`fekf X[[i\jjXgXkk\ief]gifYc\dXk`Z[i`eb`e^% I was never a heavy whiskey drinker or anything like that but I would have used alcohol to take the edge off for at least fifteen years … And then you wake up one morning and you think, ‘No, you’ve got to stop all of this and cop on, you’re going to kill yourself’. And there’s a lot of living to do (Lesbian, Female, 47). *@k\djfek_\IJ K_\XZZflekf]k_`jdXc\$kf$]\dXc\kiXej^\e[\ig\ijfeXcjf`[\ek`Ô\jklie`e^gf`ek\og\i`\eZ\jXe[ [iXnjXkk\ek`fekfnXpj`en_`Z_C>9Kg\fgc\dfY`c`j\Zfej`[\iXYc\g\ijfeXci\jfliZ\j`eXe\]]fikkf X]]\ZkZ_Xe^\`ek_\`ic`m\j% I think I was 28 and I said, ‘I better do something before I get too old because your life is just flying by and, you know, you have to do something about it’. At that stage, you have two choices, you do something about it, or you commit suicide, it gets to that stage, so I went off to the UK and I got some sort of help (Male-to-Female Trans, Heterosexual, 37). N_`c\XcXi^\eldY\if]k_`jjkl[pËji\jgfe[\ekji\gfik\[gjpZ_fcf^`ZXc[`jki\jj#j\m\iXcXcjfi\cXk\[ \og\i`\eZ\jXe[\m\ekjk_XkXgg\Xi\[kfjki\e^k_\ek_\dXkjg\Z`ÔZ#Xe[jfd\k`d\jZilZ`Xc#aleZkli\j% G\\iXe[gXi\ekXcXZZ\gkXeZ\#Xj[\dfejkiXk\[\Xic`\i#nXj]iXd\[XjXgfj`k`m\klie`e^gf`ek\og\i`\eZ\ ]fiXZfej`[\iXYc\eldY\i%@eX[[`k`fekf_`^_c`^_k`e^nXpj`en_`Z_gXik`ZlcXi\m\ekjdXpX]]\Zkgfj`k`m\ [\m\cfgd\ekXe[Z_Xe^\#k_\j\eXiiXk`m\j[\dfejkiXk\k_\ZXgXZ`kpf]C>9Kg\fgc\kfX[[i\jje\^Xk`m\ ]\\c`e^jXe[k_\`iXY`c`kpkfj\\bflkXe[lj\jfZ`Xcjlggfik% Coping strategies =lik_\ikfk_\gifZ\jjf]Êi\]iXd`e^ËXe[k_\gfj`k`m\`dgXZkf]jg\Z`ÔZklie`e^gf`ekj#dXepjgfb\XYflk k_\jkiXk\^`\jk_\plj\[kfXcc\m`Xk\jki\jj%K_\j\XZZflekj_`^_c`^_kXiXe^\f]gfj`k`m\Zfg`e^jkiXk\^`\j n_`Z_Xi\efk\nfik_p`ek_\Zfek\okf]le[\ijkXe[`e^i\j`c`\eZ\% Nature and quietness. I find it very healing (Gay, Male, 50). Sometimes I paint. Like I’ve been painting a while, painting when ever I feel like, I suppose they are the ways that I kind of release stress (Bisexual, Female, 20). If I’m really annoyed I love going to the gym and just spending hours in the gym on treadmills … and then go swimming, just go swimming for hours (Lesbian, Female, 27). KXYc\.%)gi\j\ekjk_\iXe^\f]Zfg`e^jkiXk\^`\jk_Xkjlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj\e^X^\[`en_\e]\\c`e^[fne# `efi[\ikf_\cgk_\dkf]\\cY\kk\ifikf]fi^\kXYflkk_\`igifYc\dj%8j[\jZi`Y\[XYfm\#j`^e`ÔZXek fk_\ijXe[]i`\e[j#`egXik`ZlcXi#n\i\`dgfikXekjfliZ\jf]jlggfik`eg\fgc\Ëjc`m\j% G8><133:?8GK KXYc\.%)18Zk`m`k`\j\e^X^\[`ekf]\\cY\kk\i&]fi^\kXYflkfe\ËjgifYc\dj1jlim\pjXdgc\ Activity n% Talk to friends -0) -)%* Listen to music ,). +.%, Talk to partner +(( *.%' Exercise *0+ *,%, Drink alcohol to get drunk *(* )/%) Go clubbing/dancing *'* ).%* Drink alcohol (not to get drunk) )/* ),%, Smoke cigarettes ).) )+%, Talk to a therapist/counsellor or other mental health professional )-' )*%+ Talk to family (other than partner) ),/ )*%) Go to the cinema )++ ))%' Meditate/pray )(, (0%+ Take medication that is prescribed for you by a doctor/psychiatrist (eg. anti-depressants) (0) (.%* Yoga (or similar relaxation technique) (-) (+%- Alternative/complementary medicine (e.g. acupuncture) (-' (+%+ Attend GP/family doctor (+* ()%0 Attend LGBT support group (*0 ()%, Take prescription drugs (without a doctor or medical worker telling you to do so) (*- ()%* Attend other support group (*) ((%0 Take illegal drugs ((( ('%' Other (please tell us) (.0 (-%( @e$[\gk_`ek\im`\ngXik`Z`gXekjjfd\k`d\j[\jZi`Y\[Yfk_ZfejkilZk`m\Xe[e\^Xk`m\Zfg`e^jkiXk\^`\j `ei\jgfej\kfjki\jj%=fi\oXdgc\#jfd\n_fi\gfik\[j\c]$_Xidfifk_\ij\c]$[\jkilZk`m\Y\_Xm`fliXcjf i\]\i\eZ\[dfi\gfj`k`m\Zfg`e^jkiXk\^`\j#Xjn\ccXjf]]\i`e^`ej`^_kj`ekf]\\c`e^jXe[Y\_Xm`flik_Xk d`^_kY\m`\n\[Xj`dgfikXekjfliZ\jf]i\j`c`\eZ\% I started drawing so that’s how I got my stress out. When I got angry I’d just draw and draw and draw and then I go for walks. But that’s only the healthy side of things. It was worse with the cutting and I’d hit myself and punch myself and punch walls and very self- destructive kind of things. Some days recently enough I’ve really wanted to cut but that was only recently where I kind of got that really strong urge again like. But generally I draw or I ring my friends (Gay, Male, 20). 8ZZflekjjlZ_Xjk_\fe\XYfm\#n_`Z_j`dlckXe\fljcpi\]\i\eZ\Xjg\Zkjf]i\j`c`\eZ\Xe[i`jb#Xi\ `ejkilZk`m\`ek_Xkk_\p[`i\ZkXkk\ek`fekfk_\dlck`gc`Z`kpXe[Zfdgc\o`kpf]\og\i`\eZ\%G\fgc\dXp \e^X^\`eY\_Xm`flik_Xk`jÊi`jbpËYlkk_\pdXpY\XcjfXnXi\Xe[j\\bkfX[[i\jjk_`jY\_Xm`fli% K_\j\XZZflekj_`^_c`^_kk_\`eZi\d\ekXcfi[\m\cfgd\ekXceXkli\f]i\j`c`\eZ\#k_ljZ_Xcc\e^`e^k_\ i\[lZk`fe`jkg\ijg\Zk`m\n_`Z_m`\nji\j`c`\eZ\XjXe`e_\i\ekkiX`k%@e[\\[#dlZ_f]k_\[XkXjkife^cp jl^^\jkk_Xkg\fgc\[fefk[\m\cfgi\j`c`\eZ\`e[`m`[lXc`jk`ZXccpfi`e`jfcXk`feYlkiXk_\i`e`ek\iXZk`fe n`k_jlggfik`m\fk_\ij% I’m lucky at the moment that I suppose my outlook and everything like that is a lot more positive than it was in the past. And I think the more positive you can try to be, the more positive you kind of get back in the way people deal with you or the stuff that happens to you, or the way you perceive the things that happen to you (Lesbian, Female, 25). G8><134:?8GK :FE:CLJ@FE K_`jZ_Xgk\i_XjXkk\dgk\[kfleiXm\cb\pjfliZ\jf]i\j`c`\eZ\`ek_\c`m\jf]C>9Kg\fgc\#gifm`[`e^Xe `dgfikXekZflek\iYXcXeZ\kf\Xic`\iZ_Xgk\ijn_`Z_]fZlj\[fec`]\\m\ekjXe[\og\i`\eZ\jk_Xk_Xm\ e\^Xk`m\Zfej\hl\eZ\j]fic\jY`Xe#^Xp#Y`j\olXcXe[kiXej^\e[\ig\fgc\c`m`e^`e@i\cXe[%K_\[`jZljj`fe ZfeZ\ekiXk\[fejfliZ\jf]jfZ`Xcjlggfik#_`^_c`^_k`e^XiXe^\f]`e[`m`[lXcjXe[Zfek\okjk_Xk]fjk\i i\j`c`\eZ\Xe[\eXYc\C>9Kg\fgc\kfZfg\gfj`k`m\cpn`k_d`efi`kpjki\jj%=i`\e[j\d\i^\[Xjk_\dfjk ZfddfecpZ`k\[jfliZ\f]jlggfik#]i`\e[j_`gjgcXp`e^XZi`k`ZXcifc\`ek\idjf]\m\ip[XpZfdgXe`fej_`g Xe[[li`e^[`]ÔZlckfiZ_Xcc\e^`e^g\i`f[j%Kiljk\[]i`\e[jn\i\gXik`ZlcXicp`dgfikXek[li`e^k_\ Zfd`e^flkgifZ\jj#n`k_kpg`ZXcXZZflekj`ccld`eXk`e^nXpj`en_`Z_]i`\e[jYfcjk\i\[gfj`k`m\ZfeZ\gkj Xe[j\c]$nfik_#k_\i\Ypd`k`^Xk`e^k_\g\ig\klXk`fef]e\^Xk`m`kpXe[i`jb% N_\eg\fgc\Zfd\flkXjC>9Kk_\pZfekiX[`ZkZfddfegcXZ\\og\ZkXk`fejf]_\k\ifj\olXc`kpXe[ dXepXi\efkXZZ\gk\[Yp]Xd`cpd\dY\ij%?fn\m\i#Xj[\dfejkiXk\[#jfd\]Xd`c`\jXi\gfj`k`m\Xe[ jlggfik`m\f]k_\`iC>9KZ_`c[i\efij`Yc`e^j#\m\e`]]lcc\e[fij\d\ekfiXZZ\gkXeZ\`jefkXggXi\ekXk k_\k`d\f][`jZcfjli\%@k`j`e]XZkXi^l\[k_XkdXep]Xd`c`\jf]C>9Kg\fgc\^iX[lXccpX[XgkXe[k_Xk jlggfik`m\]Xd`cpi\cXk`fej_`gji\jld\fm\ik`d\ JXm`e$N`cc`Xdj#(00/ %:\ikX`ecp#]fiC>9Kg\fgc\n_f i\Z\`m\[jlggfikXe[X]ÔidXk`fe]ifd]Xd`cpd\dY\ij#k_\Zfej\hl\eZ\jn\i\\oki\d\cpgfj`k`m\% 8gXik]ifd]i`\e[jXe[]Xd`cp#jkl[pi\jgfe[\ekji\cXk\[k_\gfj`k`m\Xjg\Zkjf]Y\cfe^`e^kf#fi_Xm`e^ jkife^Zfee\Zk`fejn`k_#fk_\ijn_fXi\^Xp#c\jY`Xe#Y`j\olXcfikiXej^\e[\i\[%K_\C>9KZfddle`kp ]fjk\i\[Xj\ej\f]Zfee\Zk\[e\jj#gifm`[\[XÊjX]\ËjgXZ\]fig\fgc\kf`ek\iXZk#Xe[_\cg\[kfZlck`mXk\ jfc`[Xi`kp% 8jk_\XZZldlcXk`e^\m`[\eZ\fei\j`c`\eZ\k\ccjlj Ilkk\i#(0/. #g\fgc\ËjZXgXZ`kpkffm\iZfd\ Z_Xcc\e^\jj_flc[efkY\le[\i\jk`dXk\[efij_flc[`kY\Xjjld\[k_Xki\j`c`\eZ\`jXkiX`kgfjj\jj\[ Ypjfd\`e[`m`[lXcjXe[efkYpfk_\ij%K_\Ôe[`e^jgi\j\ek\[jl^^\jkk_XkZfdgc\o[\m\cfgd\ekj Xe[d\Xe`e^jjliifle[k_\gifZ\jjf]Y\Zfd`e^i\j`c`\ek%=fi\oXdgc\#jfd\gXik`Z`gXekji\gfik\[ nXpj`en_`Z_k_\p^X`e\[[\\g\e\[`ej`^_k`ekfk_\`ic`m\jXe[j`klXk`fejfm\ik`d\Xe[_fnk_`j#`e klie#\eXYc\[k_\dkfgfj`k`m\cpi\$]iXd\k_\`ij\ej\f]j\c]Xe[k_\`i`[\ek`kp%Fk_\ij[\jZi`Y\[klie`e^ gf`ekjn_`Z_]fjk\i\[gfj`k`m\^ifnk_Xe[_\`^_k\e\[ZfeÔ[\eZ\%@kdljkXcjfY\i\d\dY\i\[k_Xk C>9Kg\fgc\_Xm\gfj`k`m\\m\ip[Xp\og\i`\eZ\j I`^^c\\kXc%#)''/ %@e[\\[#XdXafi`kpf]k_`jjkl[pËj jlim\pgXik`Z`gXekj`e[`ZXk\[k_Xkk_\pn\i\#fek_\n_fc\#_Xgg`\ik_Xek_\pn\i\le_Xggpn`k_k_\`i c`m\j%C`]\dXp_Xm\Y\\e[`]ÔZlck]fidXep`ek_\gXjkXe[#]fiXZfej`[\iXYc\eldY\i#Z_Xcc\e^\jZc\Xicp i\dX`e%Efe\k_\c\jj#XcXi^\eldY\ikXcb\[XYflkk_\Êfi[`eXi`e\jjË JXm`e$N`cc`Xdj#)''(X f]\m\ip[Xp c`]\Xe[k_\gc\Xjli\k_\p^X`e\[]ifdk_\`ic`m\jXe[i\cXk`fej_`gj% CHAPTER 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION G8><136:?8GK SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION K_`jZ_Xgk\in`ccjlddXi`j\k_\jkl[pËjb\pÔe[`e^jXe[Zfdd\ekYi`\Õpfe_fnk_\pZfdgXi\n`k_k_\ `ek\ieXk`feXcc`k\iXkli\%=`ijk#_fn\m\i#`k`j`dgfikXekkfYi`\Õpi\kliekfk_\jkl[pËjd\k_f[fcf^pXe[# 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