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Italian SKA White Book Italian SKA White Book June 28, 2013 Editors1 & Contributors: L. Feretti1, I. Prandoni1, G. Brunetti1, C. Burigana2,35, A. Capetti3, M. Della Valle4, A. Ferrara5, G. Ghirlanda6, F. Govoni7, S. Molinari8, A. Possenti7, R. Scaramella9, L. Testi10,11, P. Tozzi11, G. Umana12, A. Wolter13 Other Contributors: L. Amati2, C. Baccigalupi14, M.T. Beltrán11, G. Bonnoli6, S. Borgani15,16,17, E. Branchini18, J.R. Brucato11, C. Buemi12, Z.-Y. Cai15, S. Campana6, S. Capozziello19,20, V. Casasola1, P. Caselli21,11, R. Cassano1, P. Castangia7, , C. Ceccarelli22,11, R. Cesaroni11, C. Codella11, L. Costamante23, S. Covino6, G. Cresci24, P. D’Avanzo6, M. De Laurentis19,20, G. De Lucia15, A. De Rosa2, G. de Zotti25, I. Donnarumma8,31, S. Ettori24, M. Feroci8,36, F. Finelli2, F. Fontani11,F. Fraternali26, F. Gastaldello27, G. Ghisellini6, G. Giovannini26,1, M. Giroletti1, M. Gitti26,24, A. Gruppuso2, D. Guidetti1, L. Guzzo6, L. Hunt11, P. Leto1, C. Maccone28, M. Magliocchetti8, F. Mannucci11, A. Marconi29, M. Massardi1, S. Matarrese30, P. Mazzotta31, A. Melandri6, A. Melchiorri32, N. Menci9, A. Mesinger5, M. Murgia7, M. Negrello25, M.E. Palumbo12, F. Panessa8, D. Paoletti2, P. Parma1, F. Perrotta16, C. M. Raiteri3, E. M. Rossi33, A. C. Ruggeri19,20, R. Salvaterra27, L. Stella9, G. Tagliaferri6, F. Tavecchio6, A. Tarchi7, A. Tramacere34, C. Trigilio12, G. Trinchieri13, T. Trombetti2, S. Turriziani31, V. Vacca1,T. Venturi1, D. Vergani2, M. Viel16,17, L. Zampieri25 1E-mail to: [email protected],[email protected] Affiliations: 1INAF – IRA,Via Piero Gobetti 101, I-40129, Bologna, Italy 2INAF – IASF, Via Piero Gobetti 101, I-40129, Bologna, Italy 3INAF – OA Torino, Strada Osservatorio 20, I-10025, Pino Torinese (To), Italy 4INAF – OA Capodimonte, Salita Moiariello 16, I-80131, Napoli, Italy 5Scuola Normale Superiore, Piazza dei Cavalieri 7, I-56126, Pisa, Italia 6INAF – OA Brera, via Bianchi 46, I-23807, Merate, Italy 7INAF – OA Cagliari, loc. Poggio dei Pini, Strada 54, I-09012 Capoterra 8INAF – IAPS Roma, Via Fosso del Cavalaiere 100, I-00133, Roma, Italy 9INAF – OA Roma, Via Frascati 33, I-00040, Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy 10ESO – Karl-Schwarzshild-Strasse 2, D-85748, Garching b. München, Germany 11INAF, OA Arcetri, Largo E. Fermi 5, I-50125, Firenze, Italy 12INAF, OA Catania, via S. Sofia 78, I-95123, Catania, Italy 13INAF – OA Brera, via Brera 28, I-20121, Milano, Italy 14SISSA, via S. Sofia 78, I-95123, Triestre, Italy 15Università di Trieste, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Valerio 2, I-34127, Trieste, Italy 16INAF – OA Trieste, via G.B. Tiepolo 11, I-34143, Trieste, Italy 17INFN - Sez. di Trieste, Università di Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127, Italy 18Università di Roma Tre, Dip. di Matematica e Fisica, via della Vasca Navale 84, I-00146, Roma, Italy 19Università di Napoli "Federico II", Dip. di Scienze Fisiche, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Ed.G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy 20INFN, Sez. di Napoli, Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo Ed.G, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Napoli, Italy 21School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK 22Institut de Planétologie et d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG) UMR 5274, UJF-Grenoble 1/CNRS- INSU, Grenoble F-38041, France 23University of Perugia, I-06123 Perugia, Italy 24INAF – OA Bologna, Via Ranzani 2, I–40126, Bologna, Italy 25INAF – OA Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio 5, I-35122, Padova, Italy 26Universitá di Bologna, Dip. di Astronomia, Via Ranzani 2, I-40126, Bologna, Italy 27INAF – IASF, via Bassini 15, I-20133, Milano, Italy 28International Academy of Astronautics (IAA), P.O. Box 1268-16, F-75766, Paris Cedex 16, France 29Universitá di Firenze, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Via Sansone 1, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy 30Universitá di Padova, Dipartimento di Fisica, Via Marzolo 8, I-35131, Padova, Italy 31Universitá di Roma "Tor Vergata", Dipartimento di Fisica, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Roma, Italy 32Universitá di Roma "La Sapienza", Dipartimento di Fisica, P.le Aldo Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy 33Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9513, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands 34ISDC, Geneve University, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, F-1290 Versoix, Switzerland 35Universitá di Ferrara, Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Via Giuseppe Saragat 1, I-44100, Ferrara, Italy 36INFN, Sez. di Roma "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 1, I-00133, Roma, Italy –1– This Book has been produced in the framework of SKA–related INAF initiatives and has been endorsed by the INAF Scientific Council Contents Preface 6 I Introduction 7 1 The SKA and its Scientific Perspectives 8 1.1 SKA Science Drivers 8 2 Italian Involvement in Preparatory Work for the SKA 13 2.1 SKA-driven Scientific Activity 13 2.2 Synergies with Other Future Facilities 18 II Italian Astrophysical Science Interests 19 3 Cosmology 20 3.1 Studying the Dark Ages and Cosmic Dawn with the Square Kilometer Array A. Mesinger & A. Ferrara 20 3.2 Dark energy observational tests and the SKA perspective S. Capozziello, M. De Laurentis, A. C. Ruggeri 24 3.3 Probing the matter power spectrum at small scales M. Viel 30 3.4 Cosmological Constraints from the Large Scale Structure E. Branchini, L. Guzzo, M. Magliocchetti, G. de Zotti 32 3.5 Cosmology with Gamma–Ray Bursts: status, perspectives and SKA contribution L. Amati, M. De Laurentis, M. Della Valle 36 3.6 Synergy with CMB projects C. Burigana, T. Trombetti, G. de Zotti, C. Baccigalupi, F. Finelli, A. Gruppuso, F. Perrotta, A. De Rosa 41 4 Galaxy Formation and Evolution 56 4.1 Theoretical Background G. De Lucia, S. Borgani 56 4.2 Radio-Continuum Studies I. Prandoni, G. de Zotti, L. Hunt, M. Magliocchetti, P. Tozzi, Z.-Y. Cai, M. Negrello 58 4.3 Line Studies G. Cresci, F. Fraternali, L. Hunt, A. Marconi, A. Wolter, A. Capetti, F. Gastaldello, F. Mannucci, N. Menci, P. Tozzi, G. Trinchieri, V. Casasola, D. Vergani 70 3 5 AGN physics 81 5.1 Relativistic jets with SKA A. Wolter, F. Tavecchio, G. Bonnoli, M.Giroletti, S. Turriziani, A. Tramacere, I. Don- narumma, L. Costamante 81 5.2 Radio emission from Low Luminosity radio-AGNs M. Giroletti, F. Panessa 83 5.3 Nuclear radio emission from quiescent galaxies A. Capetti 84 5.4 The life cycle of radio AGN M. Murgia, P. Parma 85 5.5 Probing AGNs with Water (Mega)Masers A. Tarchi, P. Castangia 88 6 Galaxy Clusters and Magnetic Fields 92 6.1 Galaxy Clusters, Cosmic Web, and Particle Acceleration Mechanisms G. Brunetti, L. Feretti, F. Govoni, P. Tozzi, R. Cassano, M. Gitti, P. Mazzotta, T. Venturi, S. Ettori 92 6.2 Magnetic Fields F. Govoni, V. Vacca, M. Murgia, L. Feretti, F. Finelli, G. Giovannini, D. Guidetti, G. Brunetti, D. Paoletti 105 7 Stellar Astronomy 111 7.1 Stellar Radio Emission in the SKA Era G. Umana, C. Trigilio, C. Buemi and P. Leto 111 7.2 Pulsar astrophysics with SKA A. Possenti 114 7.3 Supernovae and GRB-Supernovae M. Della Valle 119 7.4 Gamma Ray Bursts G. Ghirlanda, S. Campana, S. Covino, P. D’Avanzo, G. Ghisellini, A. Melandri, R. Salvaterra, G. Tagliaferri, A. Wolter 121 7.5 Radio investigation of Ultra-Luminous X-ray Sources A. Wolter, L. Zampieri 127 7.6 Tidal Disruption Events: Synergies between SKA and LOFT I. Donnarumma, E.M. Rossi, L. Stella, M. Feroci 129 8 Interstellar Medium, Solar System, Planetary Science, Bioastronomy 134 8.1 High-Mass Star Formation M. Beltrán, S. Molinari, R. Cesaroni 134 8.2 Complex organic molecules in protostellar environments C. Codella, F. Fontani, P. Caselli, C. Ceccarelli, M.T. Beltra´n,J.R. Brucato, M.E. Palumbo 136 8.3 Galactic foregrounds versus Galactic astronomy C. Burigana 139 8.4 SETI C. Maccone 141 III Appendices 145 A Telescope Specifications 146 B Bibliography 149 Preface Radio astronomy is in the midst of a transformation. State-of-the-art technology, together with devel- opments in high-speed digital signal processing and broad-band optical fibre links between antennas, have enabled a ten-fold sensitivity boosts to existing radio facilities (e.g. e-MERLIN, JVLA, ATCA- CABB, eEVN, APERTIF), and are leading to next-generation radio telescopes (e.g. LOFAR, MWA, ASKAP, MeerKAT). All these e↵orts will ultimately lead to a new global facility, the Square Kilo- metre Array (SKA), a revolutionary, gigantic, radio telescope with a total collective area of 1 square km. These upgraded/next-generation facilities (referred to as SKA pathfinders and/or precursors) are or are becoming soon operational, and are essential technological and scientific test-beds for the first phase of the SKA, expected to start scientific observations in 2020. The expected advances in sen- sitivity, field-of-view, frequency range and spectral resolution will yield transformational science in many research fields, from cosmology to astrophysics. Italy is one of the founding members of the SKA Organization, an independent body that will seek funding and will coordinate the design phase of the SKA project. Thanks to their internationally recognized expertise, several Italian researchers are already involved in major legacy projects planned for SKA pathfinders/precursors, in some cases with leading roles. Moreover, the scientific interest to the SKA is rapidly growing in the Italian community as a whole. This Book represents the first Italian SKA-driven coordinated e↵ort to exploit existing synergies and scientific expertise/excellence in a variety of research fields, to build an Italian science roadmap to the SKA. This Book briefly presents SKA–driven scientific activities currently on-going in Italy, and a collection of science cases and/or topics, in which the Italian community has strong expertise, where SKA, in its various phases of implementation (from SKA pathfinfders and precursors to SKA phase 1 and 2), is expected to play a major role.
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