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Mobility for Development      mobility for development The Mobility for Development project set out to investigate We would further like to thank Prof. Yoshitsugu Hayashi of what the sustainable mobility challenge means for some of Nagoya University and the authors of the background reports: the world’s fastest growing cities and regions, and to discuss solutions with key stakeholders in each location. The aims of s Bangalore: The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI); the project were to: dialogue organized by Renault and Toyota* s Raise awareness of the importance of mobility as a driver s Dar es Salaam: Dr. Lucy M. Mboma of the University of of economic development Dar es Salaam; dialogue organized by BP* s Develop a better understanding of the sustainable mobility s São Paulo: Engenharia de Tráfego e de Transportes S/C challenges in rapidly growing cities in the developing Ltda (TTC); dialogue organized by Brisa*, GM*, Michelin*, world so that business can engage more effectively with Petrobras* and Conselho Empresarial Brasileiro para o policy-makers on this issue Desenvolvimento Sustentável (CEBDS Brazil) s Investigate ways to narrow the “mobility opportunity s Shanghai: Prof. Pan Haixiao of Tongji University; dialogue divide” and mitigate negative transport impacts through organized by Michelin* and China Business Council for innovative and profitable business solutions. Sustainable Development (CBCSD) Participating companies www.wbcsd.org/web/m4dev.htm BP (project co-chair), Toyota (project co-chair), Brisa, General Motors, Michelin, Petrobras Acknowledgements We would like to extend our gratitude and appreciation to Dr. George Eads for his contribution as lead consultant for this project. * Mobility for Development project member mobility for development Foreword 4 Introduction – The global context 7 Investigating mobility challenges in four cities 13 ■ Bangalore 15 ■ Dar es Salaam 27 ■ São Paulo 39 ■ Shanghai 53 What we have learned 65 Conclusion 80 Key messages to stakeholders 82 Further information Appendix 1: Learning from other cities 84 Appendix 2: Resources 88 Boxes Box 1: Mobility and the Millennium Development Goals 8 Box 2: Technology support for pollution modeling 24 Box 3: Pragmatic transport demand management 25 Box 4: DART – Dar es Salaam Rapid Transit 35 Box 5: São Paulo’s Motoboys 44 Box 6: CONPET – Rationalizing fuel and energy use 48 Box 7: PROÁLCOOL and PROCONVE – Reducing oil dependence and emissions 48 Box 8: The fast lane – Reforming São Paulo’s bus system 49 Box 9: Public-private partnerships 51 Box 10: Novadutra – Pioneering public-private partnership 51 Box 11: Electric bikes 58 Box 12: Car sharing – Logical yet illegal 58 Box 13: Shanghai’s expressways 59 Box 14: Supporting road safety education in China 64 Contents Figures Figure 1: Population growth (estimates to 2050) 7 Figure 2: Annual vehicle-related road deaths 9 Figure 3: The sustainable mobility dilemma 11 Figure 4: City locations 11 Figure 5: Rural and urban population trends (1950-2030) 13 Figure 6: National development (2005) 13 Figure 7: Urban expansion (1950-2003) 17 Figure 8: Transport modal shares (Bangalore) 19 Figure 9: Vehicular growth rates in Bangalore (1985-2005) 20 Figure 10: Road traffic injury trends in Bangalore (1988-2006) 21 Figure 11: Results simulation of Bangalore atmospheric modeling 24 Figure 12: Informal settlements in Dar es Salaam 29 Figure 13: Transport modal shares (Dar es Salaam) 31 Figure 14: Transport corridors in Tanzania 33 Figure 15: Changes in car and public transport trips (1967-2002) 42 Figure 16: Transport modal shares (São Paulo, 2002) 43 Figure 17: Traffic speeds on main arterials in the city of São Paulo (1981-2005) 45 Figure 18: Traffic fatalities in the city of São Paulo (1990-2005) 45 Figure 19: Traffic fatalities in the city of São Paulo by type (2005) 46 Figure 20: Air quality monitoring in São Paulo State (1997-2006) 46 Figure 21: São Paulo’s “rodizio” system 49 Figure 22: The “bilhete único” – one ticket 49 Figure 23: Shanghai freight traffic 56 Figure 24: International container throughput of Shanghai ports 56 Figure 25: Transport modal shares (Shanghai, 2004) 57 Figure 26: CO emissions in São Paulo (1980-2030) 73 Figure 27: VOC emissions in São Paulo (1980-2030) 73 Figure 28: NOx emissions in São Paulo (1980-2030) 73 Figure 29: Particulate matter emissions in São Paulo (1980-2030) 74 3 Mobility is essential to economic and social development. Four common themes emerge from our research: It enables people to access goods, services and information as well as jobs, markets, family and friends. Mobility can s Sustainable mobility is a key contributor to enhance quality of life, but the development of mobility development. Each of the cities we studied has in today’s conditions also brings congestion, air pollution, experienced rapid urban and economic growth, traffic-related accidents and the environmental costs of accompanied by growth in transportation, both passenger transportation. and freight, public and private. We saw not only how the efficient movement of people and goods opens up The situation is nowhere more acute than in the cities of the opportunities for broad economic development, but also developing world where rapid growth, population density, how the problems of uncontrolled, uncoordinated and poverty and inequality, limited public capacity and resource under-resourced transport development are obstacles to shortages add further to the challenge of enabling people and development. goods to move about sustainably. s Cities can learn from one another and history. As members of the business sector we are keen to see our Although there are no universal solutions or blueprints products and services penetrate new markets in the for sustainable mobility development, the cities studied developing world. We also recognize that we have to play our and others around the world share common issues. part to increase access to mobility and to reduce its negative While the path to address challenges is particular to impacts. We believe that through effective engagement with each city, stakeholders can nevertheless benefit from others these goals are achievable. the experiences – both good and bad – of other cities, and apply this learning to their own situation. This is why we initiated the WBCSD Mobility for Development project to research the state of mobility in rapidly growing s Each component of society has a role to play, both cities at various stages of economic development. individually and in collaboration with others. Government at national, regional and municipal levels, The project builds on earlier work of the WBCSD, summarized business as both a provider and user of mobility solutions, in the publication: Mobility 2030: Meeting the Challenges and citizens as individuals and as members of civil to Sustainability. The report concluded: “Today’s system of society organizations must join together in the search mobility is not sustainable. Nor is it likely to become so if present for appropriate local solutions. We cannot find solutions trends continue.” With 3 billion people surviving on less than without such collaboration. Each of us must approach US$ 2 per day who are poorly served by existing mobility the challenge with our own commitment, passion and systems, the urgent challenge is not only to reduce the intelligence, as well as with the foresight and an open environmental footprint of mobility, but also to increase the mind necessary to learn from and work with others. At the spread of its benefits to those currently excluded. Mobility same time, we must all take responsibility for our personal 2030 referred to this as “narrowing the mobility opportunity choices with respect to the sustainable use of transport divide”, i.e., finding ways to help increase the mobility and mobility services. opportunities for people at all societal levels. s It takes motivated and committed leadership to create The project set out on a process of research, dialogue and a functioning mobility system. Cities need overarching learning in four cities – Bangalore in India, Dar es Salaam institutions to coordinate transport and regional in Tanzania, São Paulo in Brazil and Shanghai in China – to development, and accountable leadership capable of better understand how public agencies, business and civil mobilizing stakeholder support, setting overall priorities society in these rapidly growing cities are working to develop for transport systems and associated financing, and solutions to the mobility opportunity divide and the negative ensuring effective coordination between institutions. impacts associated with mobility. 4 Foreword Our findings can only present a snapshot of the status of This needs to take place not only in the regions and cities mobility in these cities today. However, we hope that the where the challenge is greatest, but also at a global level dialogues we initiated in each city will not be one-off events, in order to understand and learn from interactions, good but part of a continuing debate, through which results will be practices and solutions. measured over time. As members of the mobility sector, our companies are We believe that breaking down barriers between mobility’s committed to making a contribution to this dialogue and different stakeholders is a crucial step to understanding its towards finding sustainable solutions that promote and complexity. It is also necessary to identify obstacles and preserve access and opportunity for all. synergies and create governance structures that work at the
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