Klickitat County, Washington Community Wildfire Protection Plan 2018

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Klickitat County, Washington Community Wildfire Protection Plan 2018 Klickitat County, Washington Community Wildfire Protection Plan 2018 Klickitat County Emergency Management 199 Industrial Way Goldendale, WA 98620 (509) 773-0582 Prepared By Northwest Management, Inc. -This page intentionally left blank- Acknowledgements This Community Wildfire Protection Plan represents the efforts and cooperation of a number of organizations and agencies working together to improve preparedness for wildfire events while reducing factors of risk. Cities and Communities of Klickitat County: Klickitat County Fire City of Goldendale Districts City of Bingen #1-15 City of White Salmon Town of Bickleton Unincorporated Communities Town of Centerville & Town of Dallesport Local Businesses and Citizens Town of Glenwood of Klickitat County Eastern Klickitat Conservation District Town of Klickitat Central Klickitat Conservation District To obtain copies of this plan contact: Klickitat County Department of Emergency Management 199 Industrial Way Goldendale, Washington 98620 509-773-0582 i Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... I FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................... IV SIGNATURE PAGES ............................................................................................................... VI KLICKITAT COUNTY COMMISSIONERS ............................................................................................................... VI KLICKITAT COUNTY FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICTS AND DEPARTMENTS ....................................................................VII OTHER COMMITTEE REPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................. X CHAPTER 1: PLAN OVERVIEW AND DEVELOPMENT ................................................................ 1 GOALS AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES ..................................................................................................................... 1 UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT ACCOUNTABILITY OFFICE (GAO) ........................................................................... 3 STATE AND FEDERAL CWPP GUIDELINES ........................................................................................................... 4 INTEGRATION WITH OTHER LOCAL PLANNING DOCUMENTS .................................................................................. 4 CHAPTER 2: DOCUMENTING THE PLANNING PROCESS ........................................................... 6 DESCRIPTION OF THE PLANNING PROCESS .......................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 3: KLICKITAT COUNTY CHARACTERISTICS .............................................................. 11 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS ................................................................................................................. 11 LAND OWNERSHIP ....................................................................................................................................... 13 DEVELOPMENT TRENDS ................................................................................................................................ 13 AGRICULTURE ............................................................................................................................................. 13 NATURAL RESOURCES .................................................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 4: RISK AND PREPAREDNESS ASSESSMENTS .......................................................... 19 WILDLAND FIRE CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................................. 19 WILDFIRE HAZARDS ..................................................................................................................................... 21 WILDFIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................................... 32 OVERVIEW OF FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM ........................................................................................................ 46 FIRE PROTECTION ISSUES .............................................................................................................................. 61 CURRENT WILDFIRE MITIGATION ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................... 69 CHAPTER 5: LANDSCAPE RISK ASSESSMENTS........................................................................ 73 OVERALL FUELS ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................................................ 75 OVERALL MITIGATION ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................................... 79 EASTERN AND SOUTH CENTRAL LANDSCAPE RISK ASSESSMENT ........................................................................... 82 NORTH CENTRAL AND WESTERN LANDSCAPE RISK ASSESSMENT.......................................................................... 86 CHAPTER 6: MITIGATION RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................... 91 MAINTENANCE AND MONITORING ................................................................................................................. 92 PRIORITIZATION OF MITIGATION ACTIVITIES ..................................................................................................... 92 POLICY AND PLANNING EFFORTS .................................................................................................................... 92 FIRE PREVENTION AND EDUCATION PROJECTS .................................................................................................. 95 INFRASTRUCTURE ENHANCEMENTS ................................................................................................................. 97 PROPOSED PROJECT AREAS ......................................................................................................................... 100 ii APPENDIX 1 - MAPPING PRODUCTS ................................................................................... 111 APPENDIX 2 - DOCUMENTING THE PLANNING PROCESS ..................................................... 112 COMMITTEE INVOLVEMENT DOCUMENTATION ............................................................................................... 112 PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT DOCUMENTATION ...................................................................................................... 121 APPENDIX 3 - RISK ANALYSIS MODELS ............................................................................... 124 HISTORIC FIRE REGIME ............................................................................................................................... 124 APPENDIX 4 –CONTACT INFORMATION .............................................................................. 127 KLICKITAT COUNTY FIRE DEPARTMENTS AND FIRE DISTRICTS ............................................................................ 127 OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES ENTITIES AND AGENCIES .................................................................................... 128 APPENDIX 5 - STATE AND FEDERAL CWPP GUIDANCE ......................................................... 129 NATIONAL COHESIVE STRATEGY ................................................................................................................... 129 NATIONAL FIRE PLAN ................................................................................................................................. 130 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE FORESTERS ............................................................................................... 131 HEALTHY FORESTS RESTORATION ACT ........................................................................................................... 134 FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY PHILOSOPHY ............................................................................ 134 APPENDIX 6 - POTENTIAL CWPP PROJECT FUNDING SOURCES ............................................ 136 APPENDIX 7 – POST FIRE RECOVERY INFORMATION ........................................................... 139 DURING THE FIRE RESOURCES ...................................................................................................................... 139 AFTER THE FIRE RESOURCES ........................................................................................................................ 139 FIRE RECOVERY SAFETY TIPS ........................................................................................................................ 142 OTHER POST-FIRE CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................. 148 POST FIRE RECOVERY: WAYS TO MOVE FORWARD .......................................................................................... 150 APPENDIX 8 – GLENWOOD STRUCTURE PROTECTION PLAN ................................................ 157 APPENDIX 9 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ......................................................................... 174 GLOSSARY OF TERMS ................................................................................................................................. 174 GENERAL MITIGATION STRATEGIES ..............................................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Flood Basalts and Glacier Floods—Roadside Geology
    u 0 by Robert J. Carson and Kevin R. Pogue WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES Information Circular 90 January 1996 WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENTOF Natural Resources Jennifer M. Belcher - Commissioner of Public Lands Kaleen Cottingham - Supervisor FLOOD BASALTS AND GLACIER FLOODS: Roadside Geology of Parts of Walla Walla, Franklin, and Columbia Counties, Washington by Robert J. Carson and Kevin R. Pogue WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES Information Circular 90 January 1996 Kaleen Cottingham - Supervisor Division of Geology and Earth Resources WASHINGTON DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Jennifer M. Belcher-Commissio11er of Public Lands Kaleeo Cottingham-Supervisor DMSION OF GEOLOGY AND EARTH RESOURCES Raymond Lasmanis-State Geologist J. Eric Schuster-Assistant State Geologist William S. Lingley, Jr.-Assistant State Geologist This report is available from: Publications Washington Department of Natural Resources Division of Geology and Earth Resources P.O. Box 47007 Olympia, WA 98504-7007 Price $ 3.24 Tax (WA residents only) ~ Total $ 3.50 Mail orders must be prepaid: please add $1.00 to each order for postage and handling. Make checks payable to the Department of Natural Resources. Front Cover: Palouse Falls (56 m high) in the canyon of the Palouse River. Printed oo recycled paper Printed io the United States of America Contents 1 General geology of southeastern Washington 1 Magnetic polarity 2 Geologic time 2 Columbia River Basalt Group 2 Tectonic features 5 Quaternary sedimentation 6 Road log 7 Further reading 7 Acknowledgments 8 Part 1 - Walla Walla to Palouse Falls (69.0 miles) 21 Part 2 - Palouse Falls to Lower Monumental Dam (27.0 miles) 26 Part 3 - Lower Monumental Dam to Ice Harbor Dam (38.7 miles) 33 Part 4 - Ice Harbor Dam to Wallula Gap (26.7 mi les) 38 Part 5 - Wallula Gap to Walla Walla (42.0 miles) 44 References cited ILLUSTRATIONS I Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of Ecoregions of Idaho
    1 0 . C o l u m b i a P l a t e a u 1 3 . C e n t r a l B a s i n a n d R a n g e Ecoregion 10 is an arid grassland and sagebrush steppe that is surrounded by moister, predominantly forested, mountainous ecoregions. It is Ecoregion 13 is internally-drained and composed of north-trending, fault-block ranges and intervening, drier basins. It is vast and includes parts underlain by thick basalt. In the east, where precipitation is greater, deep loess soils have been extensively cultivated for wheat. of Nevada, Utah, California, and Idaho. In Idaho, sagebrush grassland, saltbush–greasewood, mountain brush, and woodland occur; forests are absent unlike in the cooler, wetter, more rugged Ecoregion 19. Grazing is widespread. Cropland is less common than in Ecoregions 12 and 80. Ecoregions of Idaho The unforested hills and plateaus of the Dissected Loess Uplands ecoregion are cut by the canyons of Ecoregion 10l and are disjunct. 10f Pure grasslands dominate lower elevations. Mountain brush grows on higher, moister sites. Grazing and farming have eliminated The arid Shadscale-Dominated Saline Basins ecoregion is nearly flat, internally-drained, and has light-colored alkaline soils that are Ecoregions denote areas of general similarity in ecosystems and in the type, quality, and America into 15 ecological regions. Level II divides the continent into 52 regions Literature Cited: much of the original plant cover. Nevertheless, Ecoregion 10f is not as suited to farming as Ecoregions 10h and 10j because it has thinner soils.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical and Current Forest and Range Landscapes in the Interior
    United States Department of Historical and Current Forest Agriculture Forest Service and Range Landscapes in the Pacific Northwest Research Station United States Interior Columbia River Basin Department of the Interior and Portions of the Klamath Bureau of Land Management General Technical and Great Basins Report PNW-GTR-458 September 1999 Part 1: Linking Vegetation Patterns and Landscape Vulnerability to Potential Insect and Pathogen Disturbances Authors PAUL F. HESSBURG is a research plant pathologist and R. BRION SALTER is a GIS analyst, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 1133 N. Western Avenue, Wenatchee, WA 98801; BRADLEY G. SMITH is a quantitative ecologist, Pacific Northwest Region, Deschutes National Forest, 1645 Highway 20 E., Bend, OR 97701; SCOTT D. KREITER is a GIS analyst, Wenatchee, WA; CRAIG A. MILLER is a geographer, Wenatchee, WA; CECILIA H. McNICOLL was a plant ecol- ogist, Intermountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory, and is currently at Pike and San Isabel National Forests, Leadville Ranger District, Leadville, CO 80461; and WENDEL J. HANN was the regional ecologist, Northern Region, Intermountain Fire Sciences Laboratory, and is currently the National Landscape Ecologist stationed at White River National Forest, Dillon Ranger District, Silverthorne, CO 80498. Historical and Current Forest and Range Landscapes in the Interior Columbia River Basin and Portions of the Klamath and Great Basins Part 1: Linking Vegetation Patterns and Landscape Vulnerability to Potential Insect and Pathogen Disturbances Paul F. Hessburg, Bradley G. Smith, Scott D. Kreiter, Craig A. Miller, R. Brion Salter, Cecilia H. McNicoll, and Wendel J. Hann Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project: Scientific Assessment Thomas M.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Environmental Impact Statement and Proposed Land-Use Plan Amendments for the Boardman to Hemingway Transmission Line Proje
    B2H Final EIS and Proposed LUP Amendments Appendix H—Visual Resources Supporting Data Appendix H VISUAL RESOURCES SUPPORTING DATA This appendix includes the following: Appendix H1 – Visual Analysis Unit Descriptions - Visual Analysis Unit Descriptions Table - Change in Cultural Modification to the Scenic Quality Rating Units Appendix H2 – Contrast Rating Worksheets - Baker Field Office Visual Contrast Rating Worksheets* - Malheur Field Office Visual Contrast Rating Worksheets* - Owyhee Field Office Visual Contrast Rating Worksheets* - Additional Visual Contrast Rating Worksheets Appendix H3 – Photo Simulations - Photo Simulations from Visual Resource Report 1 - Additional Photo Simulations *NOTE: For the Final Environmental Impact Statement, additional route variations have been analyzed. As a result, certain routes analyzed for the Draft Environmental Impact Statement have been renamed. They are as follows: Proposed Action changed to Applicant’s Proposed Action Alternative Burnt River Alternative to Flagstaff A – Burnt River Alternative Flagstaff Hill to Flagstaff A Alternative Double Mountain Alternative to Variation S5-B2 H-1 This page intentionally left blank. B2H Final EIS and Proposed LUP Amendments Appendix H1—Visual Analysis Unit Descriptions Appendix H1 VISUAL ANALYSIS UNIT DESCRIPTIONS The Visual Analysis Unit (VAU) descriptions are provided in Table H1-1, which includes an overall description of each VAU within the B2H Project area for visual resources. The descriptions of the units include information about the landforms, topography, water, and vegetation within the units, as well as other features and information. The VAUs are identified by two digits, followed by three numbers, and a unit name. The two digits represent the BLM field office or resource area in which the unit is located (BR=Border Resource Area; CE=Central Oregon Resource Area; BA=Baker Resource Area; MA=Malheur Resource Area; OW=Owyhee Field Office; FR=Four Rivers Field Office).
    [Show full text]
  • Summary of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer-System Analysis, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho
    SUMMARY OF THE COLUMBIA PLATEAU REGIONAL AQUIFER-SYSTEM ANALYSIS, WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND IDAHO PROFESSIONAL PAPER 1413-A USGS tience for a changing world Availability of Publications of the U.S. Geological Survey Order U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) publications from the Documents. Check or money order must be payable to the offices listed below. Detailed ordering instructions, along with Superintendent of Documents. Order by mail from prices of the last offerings, are given in the current-year issues of the catalog "New Publications of the U.S. Geological Superintendent of Documents Survey." Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 Books, Maps, and Other Publications Information Periodicals By Mail Many Information Periodicals products are available through Books, maps, and other publications are available by mail the systems or formats listed below: from Printed Products USGS Information Services Box 25286, Federal Center Printed copies of the Minerals Yearbook and the Mineral Com­ Denver, CO 80225 modity Summaries can be ordered from the Superintendent of Publications include Professional Papers, Bulletins, Water- Documents, Government Printing Office (address above). Supply Papers, Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, Printed copies of Metal Industry Indicators and Mineral Indus­ Circulars, Fact Sheets, publications of general interest, single try Surveys can be ordered from the Center for Disease Control copies of permanent USGS catalogs, and topographic and and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and thematic maps. Health, Pittsburgh Research Center, P.O. Box 18070, Pitts­ burgh, PA 15236-0070. Over the Counter Mines FaxBack: Return fax service Books, maps, and other publications of the U.S. Geological Survey are available over the counter at the following USGS 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Iron Horse State Park Master Plan Addendum Iron Horse Palouse – Malden to Idaho Border
    MASTER PLAN IRON HORSE STATE PARK MASTER PLAN ADDENDUM IRON HORSE PALOUSE – MALDEN TO IDAHO BORDER WASHINGTON STATE PARKS AND RECREATION COMMISSION Approved March 27, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 PURPOSE ................................................................................................................................................... 1 STUDY AREA .............................................................................................................................................. 1 RECREATION USE ...................................................................................................................................... 3 RECREATION SERVICE AREA ...................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 2: EXISTING CONDITIONS .............................................................................................................. 5 STUDY APPROACH ..................................................................................................................................... 5 LAND OWNERSHIP .................................................................................................................................... 5 EXISTING BRIDGES ..................................................................................................................................... 5 REMOVED BRIDGES
    [Show full text]
  • Land Use Variation on Mid-Columbia Plateau Upland and Lowland Archaeology Sites
    Central Washington University ScholarWorks@CWU All Master's Theses Master's Theses Spring 2016 Land Use Variation on Mid-Columbia Plateau Upland and Lowland Archaeology Sites Cathy J. Anderson Central Washington University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd Part of the Anthropology Commons, and the Geography Commons Recommended Citation Anderson, Cathy J., "Land Use Variation on Mid-Columbia Plateau Upland and Lowland Archaeology Sites" (2016). All Master's Theses. 385. https://digitalcommons.cwu.edu/etd/385 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses at ScholarWorks@CWU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@CWU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LAND USE VARIATION ON MID-COLUMBIA PLATEAU UPLAND AND LOWLAND ARCHAEOLOGY SITES A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty Central Washington University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Resource Management By Cathy Jean Anderson June 2016 i CENTRAL WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY Graduate Studies We here by approve the thesis of Cathy Jean Anderson Candidate for the degree of Master of Science APPROVED FOR THE GRADUATE FACULTY ______________ __________________________________________ Dr. Patrick T. McCutcheon, Committee Chair ______________ __________________________________________ Dr. Steven Hackenberger ______________ __________________________________________ Dr. Craig S. Revels ______________ __________________________________________ Dr. Kevin Archer, Dean of Graduate Studies ii ABSTRACT LAND USE VARIATION ON MID-COLUMBIA PLATEAU UPLAND AND LOWLAND ARCHAEOLOGY SITES by Cathy Jean Anderson June 9, 2016 Investigators of the Mid-Plateau archaeological record have interpreted artifact deposits in their environmental settings as evidence of human land use labeled as site types.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Level 1 Watershed Assessment
    ASPECT CONSULTING Chapter 7. References Agee, Jim 1993. Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests. Island Press. Washington, D.C. Andrews, Scott 2004. Written Communication: Andrews Farms well information and water level data. Bauer, H.H., J.J. Vaccaro, and R.C. Lane 1985. Maps Showing Ground-Water Level in the Columbia River Basalt and Overlying Materials, Spring 1983, Southeastern Washington. USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 84-4360. Bauer, H.H. and J.J. Vaccaro 1990. Estimates of Ground-Water Recharge to the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington., Oregon, and Idaho, for Predevelopment and Current Land-Use Conditions. USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4108. Beeman, J.W. and Novotny, J. F. 1990. Pen Rearing and Imprinting of Fall Chinook Salmon, Annual Report 1989 to Bonneville Power Administration. Portland, OR. Contract 83-AI-13084. BPA Report DOE/BP-13084-5. 40 electronic pages. Benton County Water Conservancy Board 2000. Revised Table of Efficiency Factors for Use Under 90.03.380, Efficiency Estimates Minus Return Flows. Prepared by Darryll Olsen, Chairman. May 4, 2000. Berg, L, T. W. Conley Bachman, F. Dobler, J. Matthews, and B. Sharp 2001. Draft Rock Creek Subbasin Summary. Prepared for the Northwest Power Planning Council. Bilby, R.E., K. Sullivan and S.H. Duncan 1989. The Generation and Fate of Road- surface Sediment in Forested Watersheds in Southwestern Washington. Forest Science Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 453-468. Brown, J. C. 1979. Geology and Water Resources of Klickitat County. Washington State Department of Ecology Water Supply Bulletin No. 50. August 1979. Bureau of Land Management (BLM) 1985.
    [Show full text]
  • Ecoregions of Idaho Te N 15H A
    117° 116° 49° CANADA K 49° oo 15h Ecoregions of Idaho te n 15h a i R 10 Columbia Plateau 12 Snake River Plain 16 Idaho Batholith (continued) i v e 10f Dissected Loess Uplands 12aTreasure Valley 16e Glaciated Bitterroot Mountains and r 10hPalouse Hills 12bLava Fields Canyons 15m Bonners 10j Nez Perce Prairie 12cCamas Prairie 16f Foothill Shrublands–Grasslands Priest Ferry Lake 10l Lower Snake and Clearwater Canyons 12dDissected Plateaus and Teton Basin 16gHigh Glacial Drift-Filled Valleys 15y 15h 15 11 Blue Mountains 12eUpper Snake River Plain 16hHigh Idaho Batholith P 12f Semiarid Foothills 16i South Clearwater Forested r 15q i e 11dMelange 15 s t 12gEastern Snake River Basalt Plains Mountains R 11eWallowas/Seven Devils Mountains i v e 15h 15h Libby 12hMountain Home Uplands 16j Hot Dry Canyons r 11f Canyons and Dissected Highlands 15w Sandpoint 12i Magic Valley 16kSouthern Forested Mountains ille R. 11gCanyons and Dissected Uplands re 12j Unwooded Alkaline Foothills Pend O 11i Continental Zone Foothills 17 Middle Rockies 15u 11l Mesic Forest Zone 13 Central Basin and Range 17e Barren Mountains Lake 11mSubalpine–Alpine Zone Pend 13bShadscale-Dominated Saline 17hHigh Elevation Rockland Alpine 48° Oreille Basins Zone 48° 15s Level III ecoregion 13cSagebrush Basins and Slopes 17j West Yellowstone Plateau 15w Level IV ecoregion 13dWoodland- and Shrub-Covered 17l Gneissic–Schistose Forested Low Mountains Mountains County boundary 15o 13i Malad and Cache Valleys 17nCold Valleys Coeur d’Alene State boundary 15h 17oPartly Forested Mountains Spokane 15 Northern Rockies International boundary 17aaDry Intermontane Sagebrush Coeur 15f Grassy Potlatch Ridges d’Alene Valleys Lake Kellogg 115° 114° 15hHigh Northern Rockies 17abDry Gneissic–Schistose–Volcanic 15h 15i Clearwater Mountains and Breaks 15 Hills 15j Lower Clearwater Canyons 17adWestern Beaverhead Mountains 15h 15mKootenai Valley Saint St.
    [Show full text]
  • The "Palouse Soil" Problem with an Account of Elephant Remains in Wind-Borne Soil on the Columbia Plateau of Washington
    THE "PALOUSE SOIL" PROBLEM WITH AN ACCOUNT OF ELEPHANT REMAINS IN WIND-BORNE SOIL ON THE COLUMBIA PLATEAU OF WASHINGTON By KIRK BRYAN INTRODUCTION Wheat is the great crop of eastern Washington. Grown on an extensive scale with all the ingenuity of modern labor-saving devices, it forms the basis for the stable prosperity of the " Inland Empire " which has its commercial center at Spokane. Deep, rich soil is the controlling factor in the growth of wheat in this area, for the rain­ fall is light, though advantageously concentrated in the winter sea­ son. The system of summer fallow is necessary to conserve the mois­ ture of one season into the next, but thereby one-half the land lies plowed and idle. The wheat region, therefore, is a checkerboard of bare brown rectangles of plowed land alternating with rectangles of wheat that are green, gold, or buff according to the season. The great Columbia Plateau, underlain except in a few small areas by basalt flows several hundred feet thick, has nearly every­ where a mantle of so-called soil, deep and retentive of moisture, the basis of this great wheat growing industry. This " soil" * is a fine­ grained mass that is intimately dissected into hills and valleys. (PI. 4, A and B.) The little valleys are usually cut to or just below the level of the underlying basalt, so that the height of the hills, from 100 to 150 feet, measures the thickness of this " soil." This material is locally known as " Palouse soil," from the rich wheat-growing area along Palouse Kiver south of Spokane, which is popularly known as the " Palouse country." The Bureau of Soils, as shown in the summary of the history of the subject, on pages 22-26, recognizes in the region a number of soil series, only, one of which bears the name Palouse.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolving Landscape of the Columbia River Gorge
    The Evolving Landscape of the Columbia River Gorge Jim E. O’Connor Carleton Watkins, photographer, OHS neg., OrHi A reprint from the Oregon Historical Quarterly Special Issue Dissecting the Columbia: Lewis and Clark West of the Divide William L. Lang, guest editor Volume , Number Fall the journal of record for oregon history Jim E. O’Connor The Evolving Landscape of the Columbia River Gorge Lewis and Clark and Cataclysms on the Columbia ravelers retracing lewis and clark’s journey to the Pacific over the past two hundred years have witnessed tre- mendous change to the Columbia River Gorge and its pri- mary feature, the Columbia River. Dams, reservoirs, timber Tharvest, altered fisheries, transportation infrastructure, and growth and shrinkage of communities have transformed the river and valley. This radically different geography of human use and habitation is commonly contrasted with the sometimes romantic view of a prior time provided both by early nineteenth-century chroniclers and present-day critics of the modern condition — an ecotopia of plentiful and perpetual resources sustaining a stable culture from time immemorial. Reality is more com- plicated. Certainly the human-caused changes to the Columbia River and the gorge since Lewis and Clark have been profound; but the geologic his- tory of immense floods, landslides, and volcanic eruptions that occurred before their journey had equally, if not more, acute effects on landscapes and societies of the gorge. In many ways, the Lewis and Clark Expedi- tion can be viewed as a hinge point for the Columbia River, the changes engineered to the river and its valley in the two hundred years since their visit mirrored by tremendous changes geologically engendered in the thousands of years before.
    [Show full text]
  • Ground-Water Flow Simulation of the Columbia Plateau Regional Aquifer System, Washington, Oregon, and Idaho
    GROUND-WATER FLOW SIMULATION OF THE COLUMBIA PLATEAU REGIONAL AQUIFER SYSTEM, WASHINGTON, OREGON, AND IDAHO By A. J. Hansen, Jr., J. J. Vaccaro, and H. H. Bauer A Contribution of the Regional Aquifer-System Analysis Program U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-4187 Tacoma, Washington 1994 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For more information Copies of this report may be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center 1201 Pacific Avenue, Suite 600 Open-File Reports Section Tacoma, Washington 98402-4384 Box 25286, MS 517 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 CONTENTS Page Abstract............................................................^^ 1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................................^ Purpose and scope................................................................................................................................................ 3 Description of study area...................................................................................................................................... 3 Hydrogeology....................................................................................................................................................^
    [Show full text]