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The Democratic Republic of Congo: Background and Current Developments
The Democratic Republic of Congo: Background and Current Developments Ted Dagne Specialist in African Affairs February 4, 2010 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov R40108 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress The Democratic Republic of Congo: Background and Current Developments Summary In October 2008, the forces of the National Congress for the Defense of the Congolese People (CNDP), under the command of General Laurent Nkunda, launched a major offensive against the Democratic Republic of Congo Armed Forces (FARDC) in eastern Congo. Within days, the CNDP captured a number of small towns and Congolese forces retreated in large numbers. Eastern Congo has been in a state of chaos for over a decade. The first rebellion to oust the late President Mobutu Sese Seko began in the city of Goma in the mid-1990s. The second rebellion in the late 1990s began also in eastern Congo. The root causes of the current crisis are the presence of over a dozen militia and extremist groups, both foreign and Congolese, in eastern Congo, and the failure to fully implement peace agreements signed by the parties. Over the past 14 years, the former Rwandese armed forces and the Interhamwe militia have been given a safe haven in eastern Congo and have carried out many attacks inside Rwanda and against Congolese civilians. A Ugandan rebel group, the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA), is also in Congo, despite an agreement reached between the LRA and the Government of Uganda. In November 2008, United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon appointed former Nigerian President Olusegun Obasanjo as his envoy to help broker a peace agreement to end the crisis in eastern Congo. -
[ 1980 ] Appendices
Roster of the United Nations 1347 Appendix I Roster of the United Nations (As at 31 December 1980) DATE OF DATE OF DATE OF MEMBER ADMISSION MEMBER ADMISSION MEMBER ADMISSION Afghanistan 19 Nov. 1946 Greece 25 Oct. 1945 Poland 24 Oct. 1945 Albania 14 Dec. 1955 Grenada 17 Sep. 1974 Portugal 14 Dec. 1955 Algeria 8 Oct. 1962 Guatemala 21 Nov. 1945 Qatar 21 Sep. 1971 Angola 1 Dec. 1976 Guinea 12 Dec. 1958 Romania 14 Dec. 1955 Argentina 24 Oct. 1945 Guinea-Bissau 17 Sep. 1974 Rwanda 18 Sep. 1962 Australia 1 Nov. 1945 Guyana 20 Sep. 1966 Saint Lucia 18 Sep. 1979 Austria 14 Dec. 1955 Haiti 24 Oct. 1945 Saint Vincent and Bahamas 18 Sep. 1973 Honduras 17 Dec. 1945 the Grenadines 16 Sep. 1980 Bahrain 21 Sep. 1971 Hungary 14 Dec. 1955 Samoa 15 Dec. 1976 Bangladesh 17 Sep. 1974 Iceland 19 Nov. 1946 Sao Tome and Barbados 9 Dec. 1966 India 30 Oct. 1945 Principe 16 Sep. 1975 Belgium 27 Dec. 1945 Indonesia2 28 Sep. 1950 Saudi Arabia 24 Oct. 1945 Benin 20 Sep. 1960 Iran 24 Oct. 1945 Senegal 28 Sep. 1960 Bhutan 21 Sep. 1971 Iraq 21 Dec. 1945 Seychelles 21 Sep. 1976 Bolivia 14 Nov. 1945 Ireland 14 Dec. 1955 Sierra Leone 27 Sep. 1961 Botswana 17 Oct. 1966 Israel 11 May 1949 Singapore3 21 Sep. 1965 Brazil 24 Oct. 1945 Italy 14 Dec. 1955 Solomon Islands 19 Sep. 1978 Bulgaria 14 Dec. 1955 Ivory Coast 20 Sep. 1960 Somalia 20 Sep. 1960 Burma 19 Apr. 1948 Jamaica 18 Sep. 1962 South Africa 7 Nov. -
Annual Report
COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS ANNUAL REPORT July 1,1996-June 30,1997 Main Office Washington Office The Harold Pratt House 1779 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021 Washington, DC 20036 Tel. (212) 434-9400; Fax (212) 861-1789 Tel. (202) 518-3400; Fax (202) 986-2984 Website www. foreignrela tions. org e-mail publicaffairs@email. cfr. org OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS, 1997-98 Officers Directors Charlayne Hunter-Gault Peter G. Peterson Term Expiring 1998 Frank Savage* Chairman of the Board Peggy Dulany Laura D'Andrea Tyson Maurice R. Greenberg Robert F Erburu Leslie H. Gelb Vice Chairman Karen Elliott House ex officio Leslie H. Gelb Joshua Lederberg President Vincent A. Mai Honorary Officers Michael P Peters Garrick Utley and Directors Emeriti Senior Vice President Term Expiring 1999 Douglas Dillon and Chief Operating Officer Carla A. Hills Caryl R Haskins Alton Frye Robert D. Hormats Grayson Kirk Senior Vice President William J. McDonough Charles McC. Mathias, Jr. Paula J. Dobriansky Theodore C. Sorensen James A. Perkins Vice President, Washington Program George Soros David Rockefeller Gary C. Hufbauer Paul A. Volcker Honorary Chairman Vice President, Director of Studies Robert A. Scalapino Term Expiring 2000 David Kellogg Cyrus R. Vance Jessica R Einhorn Vice President, Communications Glenn E. Watts and Corporate Affairs Louis V Gerstner, Jr. Abraham F. Lowenthal Hanna Holborn Gray Vice President and Maurice R. Greenberg Deputy National Director George J. Mitchell Janice L. Murray Warren B. Rudman Vice President and Treasurer Term Expiring 2001 Karen M. Sughrue Lee Cullum Vice President, Programs Mario L. Baeza and Media Projects Thomas R. -
Overcoming Conflicts in Africa: Impact on World Peace
Overcoming Conflicts in Africa: Impact on World Peace by Salim Ahmed Salim President, The Julius K. Nyerere Foundation Former Prime Minister of Tanzania Former Secretary General of the Organization of African Unity Salim Ahmed Salim is President of the Julius K. Nyerere Foundation. He studied at Lumumba College in Zanzibar, pursued undergraduate studies (1965-1968) at St. Stephen's College of the University of Delhi (India), and in 1975 obtained a masters degree in International Affairs from the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University in New York. He holds seven honorary doctorates, a Doctor of Laws from the University of Philippines at Los Baños (1980), a Doctor of Humanities from the University of Maiduguri, Nigeria (1983), a Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Mauritius (1991), a Doctor of Arts in International Affairs from the University of Khartoum, Sudan (1995), a Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations from the University of Bologna, Italy (1996), a Doctor of Laws from the University of Cape Town, South Africa (1998), and a Doctor of Laws from Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia (2003). And notwithstanding, his other notable honors and decorations include: The Star of Africa (Liberia, 1980), The Order of the United Republic of Tanzania – Nishani Ya Jamhuri Ya Muungano Wa Tanzania, 1985, The Order of Mille Collines (Rwanda, 1993), Grande Croix de l’Ordre Congolais du Dévouement (Republic of Congo, 1994), Grand Officier de l’Ordre du Mérite (Central African Republic, 1994), The Medal of Africa (Libya, 9.9.99), Grand Officier de l’Ordre National du Lion (Sénégal, 2000), The Order of the Two Niles (Sudan, 2001), Ordre El-Athir (Algeria, 2001), Ordre du Mono (Togo, 2001), The Commandant de l’Ordre National (Mali, 2001), and the Order of the Supreme Companions of Oliver R. -
A/59/565/Corr.1 General Assembly
United Nations A/59/565/Corr.1 General Assembly Distr.: General 6 December 2004 Original: English Fifty-ninth session Agenda item 55 Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit Note by the Secretary-General Corrigendum Paragraph 2 The paragraph should read: 2. I asked Anand Panyarachun, former Prime Minister of Thailand, to chair the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change, which included the following eminent persons from around the world, who represent a wide range of experience and expertise: Robert Badinter (France), João Clemente Baena Soares (Brazil), Gro Harlem Brundtland (Norway), Mary Chinery-Hesse (Ghana), Gareth Evans (Australia), David Hannay (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Enrique Iglesias (Uruguay), Amre Moussa (Egypt), Satish Nambiar (India), Sadako Ogata (Japan), Yevgeny Primakov (Russian Federation), Qian Qichen (China), Salim Ahmed Salim (United Republic of Tanzania), Nafis Sadik (Pakistan) and Brent Scowcroft (United States of America). Transmittal letter dated 1 December 2004 from the Chair of the High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change addressed to the Secretary-General Penultimate paragraph The paragraph should read: Our deliberations drew on inputs from a wide range of sources, including Governments, academic experts and civil society organizations across the globe. None of our work would have been possible were it not for the extensive support we received. The following Governments made generous financial contributions to our work: Austria, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Mauritius, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Qatar, Russian Federation, Singapore, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey and United Kingdom. -
The Chair of the African Union
Th e Chair of the African Union What prospect for institutionalisation? THE EVOLVING PHENOMENA of the Pan-African organisation to react timeously to OF THE CHAIR continental and international events. Th e Moroccan delegation asserted that when an event occurred on the Th e chair of the Pan-African organisation is one position international scene, member states could fail to react as that can be scrutinised and defi ned with diffi culty. Its they would give priority to their national concerns, or real political and institutional signifi cance can only be would make a diff erent assessment of such continental appraised through a historical analysis because it is an and international events, the reason being that, con- institution that has evolved and acquired its current trary to the United Nations, the OAU did not have any shape and weight through practical engagements. Th e permanent representatives that could be convened at any expansion of the powers of the chairperson is the result time to make a timely decision on a given situation.2 of a process dating back to the era of the Organisation of Th e delegation from Sierra Leone, a former member African Unity (OAU) and continuing under the African of the Monrovia group, considered the hypothesis of Union (AU). the loss of powers of the chairperson3 by alluding to the Indeed, the desirability or otherwise of creating eff ect of the possible political fragility of the continent on a chair position had been debated among members the so-called chair function. since the creation of the Pan-African organisation. -
1 Chairperson, President Olusegun Obasanjo, Your Excellencies
Chairperson, President Olusegun Obasanjo, Your Excellencies, Friends, Ladies and gentlemen: It is of course not by accident that we have convened in Algiers to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the historic UN Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples. Much as the Declaration made an important contribution to international law and the ordering of the system of international relations, in favour of the colonised, it was at the same time a product of the heroic struggles of the colonised, a signal of the invincibility of the struggles for independence and national liberation. In terms of the events calendar of Africa’s fighters for liberation, 1960, the year of the adoption of the Declaration, started here in this city on January 24 with the counter-revolutionary insurrection of the colonisers during what in France was called La semaine des barricades ("the barricades week"), which ultimately failed. When General Charles de Gaulle addressed a call to the French armed forces during that week, on January 29, which forces were engaged in a desperate struggle to defeat the Algerian Front for National Liberation, he said: “I say to all of our soldiers: your mission comprises neither equivocation, nor interpretation. You have to liquidate the rebellious force which wants to oust France out of Algeria and impose on this country its dictatorship of misery and sterility...” De Gaulle’s dream of liquidating ‘the rebellious force’ proved to be as illusory as the wishes of the pieds- noirs that they could deny Algeria her independence. However, as the year 1960 began, these events from afar communicated the message to us that the sister people of Algeria would have to make more sacrifices to achieve their victory. -
Press Statement on the Briefing by Dr. Salim Ahmed Salim, Au Special Envoy for Darfur, on the Status of the Implementation of the Au-Un Road-Map for Peace in Darfur
AFRICAN UNION UNION AFRICAINE UNIÃO AFRICANA P.O. Box: 3243, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Tel.:(251-11) 551 38 22 Fax: (251-11) 551 93 21 Email: [email protected] PRESS STATEMENT ON THE BRIEFING BY DR. SALIM AHMED SALIM, AU SPECIAL ENVOY FOR DARFUR, ON THE STATUS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE AU-UN ROAD-MAP FOR PEACE IN DARFUR The Peace and Security Council, during its 88th meeting, held today, 14 August 2007, was briefed by Dr. Salim Ahmed Salim, on the status of the implementation of the AU-UN Road-map for peace in Darfur, including in particular, on the outcome of the Arusha consultations with the leading personalities of the non-signatories of the Darfur Peace Agreement (DPA). Council expressed appreciation for the efforts deployed by the AU and UN Special Envoys and lauded their determination to achieve a lasting solution to the conflict in Darfur. Council welcomed the successful outcome of the Arusha Consultations and the expressed readiness of the non- signatories to fully participate in the forthcoming negotiations under the leadership of the AU/UN, in partnership with regional actors, and with the support of the international community. Council recalled the adoption of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769 on 31 July 2007, which authorized the deployment of the Hybrid Operation as well as the two Tripoli communiqués of 29 April 2007 and 16 July 2007, which were aimed at finalizing the convergence phase of the Road-map and the preparation for the pre-negotiation phase. It concluded that these positive developments augured well and provided momentum for the renewed political process. -
Twenty Years on the African Union's Continental Diplomacy Has Changed
Candice Moore April 30th, 2021 Twenty years on the African Union’s continental diplomacy has changed 0 comments | 6 shares Estimated reading time: 5 minutes On the 20th anniversary of the Constitutive Act of the African Union entering into force, Candice Moore reects on the diplomacy, vision and paradigm changes that brought it into being, and the differences between then and the Union today. Just over 20 years ago, something noteworthy occurred. In a very unusual outcome for continental politics, African statesmen agreed to the creation of a new continent-wide African institution to replace the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), a body that had been known as a ‘Club of Dictators’. Under the strong leadership of three African leaders, each with their own agenda, the continent’s ruling class was ushered to a new understanding of continental security and cooperation, even if only on paper. South Africa’s Thabo Mbeki, Libya’s Muammar Ghadda and Nigeria’s Olusegun Obasanjo, through varying degrees of deft diplomacy and, it must be said, money on Ghadda’s part, fashioned a new African organisation whose premises were starkly different from its predecessor’s. More generally, the rst decade of the 21st century was an inspiring time in continental politics. The new African Union (AU) was agreed to in August 1999. The Constitutive Act that gives shape to the new worldview embraced by the continent entered into force in 2001 – the same year the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) was established. The AU itself was launched in Durban, South Africa, in 2002. -
131 Nigeria-Ghana Relations from 1960 to 2010
An International Multidisciplinary Journal, Ethiopia Vol. 5 (6), Serial No. 23, November, 2011 ISSN 1994-9057 (Print) ISSN 2070--0083 (Online) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/afrrev.v5i6.12 Nigeria-Ghana Relations from 1960 to 2010: Roots of Convergence and Points of Departure (Pp. 131-145) Otoghile, Aiguosatile - Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria Obakhedo, Neville Onebamhoi - Department of Political Science and Public Administration, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria E- mail: [email protected] Abstract Over the years, relationship between Nigeria and Ghana has faced dramatic twists and turns. In a restless manner the interactions between the two countries has oscillated between co-operation and mutual suspicion. Even though the two countries have so many things in common, their interactions have defied the logic of simple prediction. The paper attempts to give reasons for this trend. Concentrating on a period that covers from Nigeria’s independence to 2010, the paper discusses that relations between the two countries demonstrate the characteristic dynamism of the study of international relations. It also shows how far the ruling elite can shape the disposition of one country toward another, and concludes by demonstrating how the unstable nature of African government can affect their relations, and stresses the need for collaboration between the two countries. Copyright © IAARR 2011: www.afrrevjo.com 131 Indexed African Journals Online: www.ajol.info Vol. 5 (6), Serial No. 23, November, 2011. Pp. 131-145 Introduction The study of the relations between two countries constitute an interesting field of study for both scholars of international relations and all those interested in understanding the dynamics of international relations. -
Obasanjo. Nigeria and the World
John Iliffe. Obasanjo: Nigeria and the World. Oxford: James Currey, 2011. 326 S. $80.00, cloth, ISBN 978-1-84701-027-8. Reviewed by Dirk Kohnert Published on H-Soz-u-Kult (June, 2011) There already exists a wealth of literature on The book is mainly based on published General Olusegun Obasanjo and the impact of the sources, including political memoires, newspaper latter’s rule during his lifetime. Most of these articles and recently released Foreign Office docu‐ books and articles, however, are of limited value ments. It is structured in 24 chapters, spread over because of their apparent partisan and biased five parts (I. Making a Career [1937-70]; II. Mili‐ writing. Nevertheless, apart from these, about a tary Rule [1970-9]; III. Private Citizen [1979-99]; IV. dozen scholarly publications written by The First Presidential Term [1999-2003]; V. The renowned academics like Victor E. Dike deal ex‐ Second Presidential Term [2003-7]). The descrip‐ plicitly with different aspects of Obasanjo’s tion of Obasanjo is intimately embedded in a de‐ regime. Victor E. Dike, Nigeria and the politics of tailed analysis of the political and economic de‐ unreason. A study of the Obasanjo regime, Lon‐ velopment at his time. To make both ends meet don 2003. They contribute significantly to the the publisher apparently had to compromise on evaluation of the life and the actions of one of the the length of the book that grew somewhat out of most prominent African elder statesmen. Evident‐ proportion; its more than 300 close-typed pages ly not all of them have been consulted by Iliffe. -
Assemblée Générale Distr
NATIONS UNIES A Assemblée générale Distr. GENERALE A/AC.96/857/Rev.1 23 octobre 1995 ORIGINAL: FRANCAIS/ANGLAIS COMITE EXECUTIF DU PROGRAMME DU HAUT COMMISSAIRE Quarante-sixième session (Genève, 16 - 20 octobre 1995) EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE HIGH COMMISSIONER’S PROGRAMME Forty-sixth session (Geneva, 16 - 20 October 1995) LISTE DES PARTICIPANTS LIST OF PARTICIPANTS GE.95-03654 A/AC.96/857/Rev.1 page 2 TABLE DES MATIERES Page I. ETATS 3 A. Etats membres 3 B. Etats représentés par des observateurs 36 II. AUTRES OBSERVATEURS 62 III. ORGANISATIONS INTERGOUVERNEMENTALES 64 A. Système des Nations Unies 64 1. Nations Unies 64 2. Institutions spécialisées 66 B. Autres organisations intergouvernementales 67 IV. ORGANISATIONS NON GOUVERNEMENTALES 70 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. STATES 3 A. States members 3 B. States represented by Observers 36 II. OTHER OBSERVERS 62 III. INTERGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 64 A. United Nations system 64 1. United Nations 64 2. Specialized agencies 66 B. Other intergovernmental organizations 67 IV. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 70 A/AC.96/857/Rev.1 page 3 I. ETATS - STATES A. Etats membres/States members ALGERIE - ALGERIA Représentant S.E. M. Hocine Meghlaoui Ambassadeur, Représentant permanent auprès de l’Office des Nations Unies à Genève Représentants suppléants M. Abdelhamid Bendaoud Conseiller, Mission permanente auprès de l’Office des Nations Unies à Genève Mme Anissa Bouabdallah Conseiller, Mission permanente auprès de l’Office des Nations Unies à Genève M. Mohamed Hassaine Conseiller, Mission permanente auprès de l’Office des Nations Unies à Genève ALLEMAGNE - GERMANY Representative H.E. Dr. Alois Jelonek Ambassador, Permanent Representative to the United Nations Office at Geneva Alternate Representatives Mr.