CHANGING DYNAMICS OF PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY: FROM BIPOLAR TO UNIPOLAR WORLD Directorate of Information and Short Term Educational Programmes Allama Iqbal Open University Islamabad tgan- COURSE DEVELOPMENT TEAM Prof. Javaid lqbal Syed Syed Riffat Hussain Amanullah Memon COURSE DEVELOPMENT COORDINATOR Amanullah Memon STEPS TEAM Prof. Javaid lqbal Syed Vice Chancellor Qasim Haider •Director Information & STEPS •Muhammad Umar Farooq Assistant Director STEPS Riaz Ahmed Materials Coordinator STEPS S. Athar Hussain ljaz Ahmed Designer Directorate of Information and Short Term Educational Programmes Allama lqbal Open University Islamabad OP' CONTENTS FOREWORD vii COURSE DESCRIPTION PAKISTAN'S RELATIONS WITH THE MUSLIM WORLD AND THIRD WORLD COUNTRIES Amanullah Memon 1. PAKISTAN'S RELATIONS WITH USA a. First Phase (1947-1954) Reading 1: S. M Burke 11 Reading 2: G. W. Choudhry 29 Reading 3: Venkatramani 35 (b) Second Phase (1955-1962) Reading 4: S. M. Burke 53 Reading 5: Venkatramani 99 (c) Third Phase (1963-1969) Reading 6: S. M. Burke 105 Reading 7: G. W. Choudhry 109 (d) Fourth Phase (1970-1977) Reading 8: G. W. Choudhry 113 (e) Fifth Phase (1978 todate) Reading 9: Tahir Amin and Muhammad Islam 121 2. PAKISTAN'S RELATIONS WITH FORMER UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC (a) Pak-Soviet Relations before 1954 Reading 10: S. M. Burke 133 Reading 11: G. W. Choudhry 137 (b) Pak-USSR Relations after 1955 Reading 12: G. W. Choudhry 145 Reading 13: S. M. Burke 159 (c) Pak-Soviet Relations from 1965-1970) Reading 14: G. W. Choudhry 173 Reading 15: S. M. Burke 183 (d) Pak-Soviet Relations after 1970 Reading 16: G. W. Choudhry 187 Reading 17: Syed Riffat Hussain 195 (e) Pak-Soviet Relations in the Wake of Soviet Military Intervention in Afghanistan Reading 18: S. M. Burke 207 Reading 19: Syed Riffat Hussain 212 (v) 1 FOREWORD The AIlama Iqbal Open University since its inception in 1974 has rendered valuable contribution in dissemination of learning in a wide range of studies through its framework of Distance Learning System. Now, on the eve of its 20th anniversary, the AIOU cherishes to explore new possibilities by introducing exclusive professional study programme titled "Short-Term Educational Programmes (STEPS)" without traditions of degree- oriented and period-bound semesters and sequence of examinations. These STEPS Courses are progressive in character and open new avenues for further indepth studies in respective disciplines. Such academic activities are successfully in practice in the universities and colleges of many developed nations. Thus AIOU STEPS provides this facility to professionals and other interested groups in Pakistan as well. The study material contained in the given book is only to help enhance your working proficiency and knowledge pertaining to the profession and therefore does not entail any formal examination. However, the Evaluation Paper is supplemented with the purpose of self-monitoring at the student's end. I would put on record my appreciation for efforts of STEPS Committee which made the dream of Short-Term Educational Programmes come true. (Prof. Javaid Iqbal Syed) Vice-Chancellor ... « i COURSE DESCRIPTION CHANGING DYNAMICS OF PAKISTAN'S FOREIGN POLICY: FROM BIPOLAR TO UNIPOLAR WORLD By Amanullah Memon , fter the disunion of the Soviet Union, U.S.A. has emerged as a sole politico-military power of the world. The demise of Soviet Union paved A the way for the new international order of unipolarity and hence the post 1945 phenomena of the two super powers confrontation, called Bipolarity, ceases to exist. During the era of bipolarity for a considerable period (1954-1962), Pakistan remained allied ally, of the pro-western bloc. By aligning itself with one of the existing roles vis-a-vis India, Afghanistan and also against the ideological threat of communism. With the end of bipolarity new realities have emerged on global and regional levels have compelled the world actors to reevaluate their- foreign policy behaviour. The WARSAW Pact, a counter balance to NATO, was dissolved in 1989. The NATO was established in 1949 at the juncture when the Soviet armies were at the Elbe and invasion of Western Europe seemed imminent. Today, Soviet armies stand 1000 miles to the East, the number of U.S. troops in Europe is being drastically reduced, and Germany's unification and growing power have over thrown the unspoken premix of Atlantic institution.' These views reveal a significant change in the world order of Post Cold War era: In consequence of the liquidation of the WARSAW pact NATO has lost its relevance for certain powers of the Europe. Some NATO members question the relevance of spending huge amount of money on security when enemy has disappeared."2 The idea of a European Community (E.C.) is gaining a momentum. In this regard two different trends are rapidly emerging in the European political horizon. One is the Franco-German axis which pleads for the European Community. They are trying to establish a bloc of European countries which • includes the newly emerged East European democracies. While the other group of countries which can be termed as the Anglo-American axis, intends to maintain the status quo, which indicates that it wants to see a European bloc with the dominant role of the U.S. This situation has created doubts regarding the future of NATO: While the Americans are also suspicious of the true intentions behind the new Franco-German proposal for a joint bridge under the political control of the EC (European Community) and the US administration could not accept a situation where NATO might be bypassed or duplicated by a separate European army established under the aegis of the EC or the CSCE (Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe).4 These facts indicate that the end of the Cold War syndrome has proved a watershed in the world history. After the end of Cold War the geo-political system has gone under seminal change redrawing the world map to a considerable extent. A new equilibrium of power has emerged. Several new independent states have appeared in the Europe and Asia. The dismemberment of Yugoslavia and the emergence of several independent states have posed a new threat for the peace in Europe. The independent Central Asian Republics have given the new dimensions to the geo-political affairs of Asia. As the Central Asian Republics are predominantly Muslim populated, some Western politicians who consider 'Islam_ as a rival belief system to western liberalism, and democracy...- are cautious about the emerging wave of Islamic fundamentalism. A former U.S. Vice President, Dan Qual even did not hesitate to declare radical Islamism as dangerous as the Communism and Nazism were!' Senator Pressler has expressed his fears about the growing Islamic fundamentalism from. Pakistan to the Muslim countries of South Asia, Middle East in general and to the Central Asian States in particular.' With the failure of communism in the U.S.S.R. the doctrine of Controlled Economy has lost its relevance, and in some Communist Countries it has been replaced by the doctrine of Open Market Economy. In several Communist countries including China the free market economic reforms have been introduced which aim to liberalize the economy and polity. So it seems that the Post Cold war world has brought the ideological victory of the Western political and economic liberalism over the Socialist doctrine. These realities have compelled Francis Fakuyama to comment What we may be witnessing is not just the end of Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of postwar history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.8 These views give an impression that the end of cold war has brought peace and tranquillity in the world and all the dialectical conflicts in global politics have been vanished. But the situation, however, is not that simple. In this regard there are still several questions to be asked and answered about the future of the Unipolar World and the supremacy of the U.S.A. Does this Unipolar Order possess adequate strength to perpetuate? Or will it be translated into a more complex phenomena of the multipolarity? These and other similar questions need answers. Henry Kissinger has expressed his doubts regarding the perpetuality of Unipolarity. He believes that due to access of the other powers of world to the technology and anticipatory cuts in the American defence budget, it would be difficult for the Americans to maintain the status of 2 the sole supper power of the world. He also maintains that eventually this Unipolarity might culminate into a Multipolarity. He maintains The widespread perception that the Gulf War certified America as the last. remaining supper power misses The real significance of that conflict. That war rnarked a glorious sunset to the Cold War world, not a new dawn for the period of American predominance. America remains militarily the strongest nation, but the spread() of technology and reduced military budget make this a declining asset.' The Post Cold war era can be termed as an era of transition which has compelled the several states to reassess their policies. In the aftenbath of the end of cold war, the Post World War II equation of the .power has been disturbed. Consequently several sensitive spots have appeared in the different regions of Europe and Asia. After the end of the Cold War, Central Asian states have emerged as a strategically pivot because several states are trying to extend their sphere of influence in this region and get strategic advantages. These states have inherited many conflicts as the legacy of the 150 years colonial rule of the communists and Czar.