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BRINGING BACK the FORESTS Policies and Practices for Degraded Lands and Forests Proceedings of an International Conference 7–10 October 2002, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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BRINGING BACK the FORESTS Policies and Practices for Degraded Lands and Forests Proceedings of an International Conference 7–10 October 2002, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia BRINGING BACK THE FORESTS Policies and Practices for Degraded Lands and Forests Proceedings of an International Conference 7–10 October 2002, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand 2003 RAP PUBLICATION 2003/14 BRINGING BACK THE FORESTS Policies and Practices for Degraded Lands and Forests Proceedings of an International Conference 7–10 October 2002, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Editors: H.C. Sim, S. Appanah and P.B. Durst Organised by: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific Bangkok, Thailand 2003 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the permission of the copyright owner. Applications for such permission, with a statement of the purpose and extent of the reproduction, should be addressed to the Senior Forestry Officer, Food and Agridulture Organization of the United Nations, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 39 Phra Atit Road, Bangkok, Thailand. @ FAO 2003 ISBN No: 974-7946-43-2 For copies of the report, write to: Patrick B. Durst Senior Forestry Officer FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific 39 Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200 Thailand Tel: (66-2) 697 4000 Fax: (66-2) 697 4445 Email: [email protected] FOREWORD Forests are important natural resources that fuel the continuous economic and social development of many countries. This is especially true for many of the developing countries in the Asia Pacific region. However, the rather rapid economic and social development experienced by many of these countries was partly fuelled through exploiting these natural resources in an unsustainable manner. Additionally, inappropriate logging practices, shifting cultivation, repeated burning and other human disturbances are also rampant in many of these countries. All these unsustainable practices and rapid expansion for agriculture production have resulted in vast tracts of degraded forests and lands. A critical consequence has been the reduction in productive forest area, lowering of genetic diversity, changes in global climate, greater frequency and severity of floods and storms, and increasing poverty. Concerned with the severity of the problems, a number of countries in the region have initiated national policies and implemented numerous forest rehabilitation projects to Bring Back the Forests. While much knowledge and experience have been gained from these initiatives, they have not been widely publicized or adopted. There is an urgent need to bring this understanding to the natural resource managers and policy-makers so that appropriate action is taken and supporting policies are adopted. This International Conference on Bringing Back the Forests: Policies and Practices for Degraded Lands and Forests was therefore designed to bring together all the stakeholders, including the project planners and implementers, as well as beneficiaries, to exchange experiences and knowledge and to promote successful approaches. Besides new technological advances, much care was given to the critical issues of policy and implementation. Furthermore, the Conference also provided opportunities to establish closer collaboration and networking among all the concerned parties for future undertakings. This volume, the proceedings of the conference, is a collection of some of the most valuable papers that have been recently produced on the subject. Professionals and practitioners in forest rehabilitation should find this volume valuable, and avoid repeating mistakes and errors and wasting already scarce resources in this region. Dr. He Changchui Dato’ Dr. Abdul Razak Mohd. Ali Assistant Director-General Chairperson, and Regional Representative Asia Pacific Association of Forestry Research Institutions for Asia and the Pacific Director-General, FAO Regional Office Forest Research Institute Malaysia for Asia and the Pacific iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The International Conference on “Bringing Back the Forests: Policies and Practices for Degraded Lands and Forests” was jointly organized by the Asia Pacific Association of Forestry Research Institutions (APAFRI), the Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Forestry Research Support Programme for Asia and the Pacific (FORSPA) and the International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) from 7 to 10 October 2002, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The conference was attended by delegates from Australia, Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Denmark, Germany, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Syria, Thailand, United States of America and Viet Nam. FRIM and Cambodia’s Department of Forestry and Wildlife greatly facilitated the field trips in Malaysia and Cambodia. A major portion of the funds for organizing this Conference was provided by FAO- FORSPA. A number of other organizations and private enterprises have also contributed financially and in kind. We wish to thank the delegates and authors for their contributions to the Conference and the proceedings. Special thanks are due to the sub-committee headed by Dr. Raja Barizan of FRIM for the initial compilation of this publication. iv CONTENTS FOREWORD iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv OPENING 1 Welcoming address on behalf of FAO 3 Patrick B. Durst 2 Introduction: restoration of degraded forests as opportunities for development 7 S. Appanah SESSION I 3 Is it possible to reforest degraded tropical lands to achieve economic and also biodiversity benefits? 17 David Lamb 4 Bringing back the forests: by whom and for whom? 27 Stephanie Mansourian, Geoffrey Davison and Jeff Sayer SESSION II 5 The use of forest succession for establishment of production forest in northeastern Viet Nam 39 Ulrich Apel and Knut Sturm 6 Variable success of native trees planted on degraded pasture in Costa Rica 51 F. Lynn Carpenter and J. Doland Nichols 7 Growth of subtropical rain forest trees planted on degraded farmland in eastern Australia 65 Kevin Glencross and J. Doland Nichols 8 Local knowledge on indigenous trees: towards expanding options for smallholder timber tree planting and improved farm forestry in the Philippine uplands 75 Fernando Santos, Manuel Bertomeu, Belita Vega, Eduardo Mangaoang, Marco Stark and Rumila Bullecer 9 Forest rehabilitation on post-mining landscapes—a German case study 85 Reinhard F. Hüttl and Werner Gerwin SESSION III 10 Rehabilitation of Malaysian forests: perspectives and delimitation of planting bamboo as a commercial species 99 Azmy Hj. Mohamed and Abd. Razak Othman 11 Incentives for tree growing: setting the right instruments for sustained local participation 107 Paulo N. Pasicolan 12 Forest degradation and rehabilitation in China 119 Shen Guofang 13 Integrating rural livelihoods with forest rehabilitation: need for community forest management 127 P.K. Biswas 14 Forest recovery with villagers—based on a case study in Khong Chiam, northeast Thailand 141 Anders P. Pedersen and Chana Piewluang SESSION IV 15 Measuring forest capital of India—its usefulness for forest regeneration 157 Swarna S. Vepa 16 How can silviculturists support the natural process of recovery in tropical rain forests degraded by logging and wild fire? 171 Charles Garcia and Jan Falck 17 Using native tree species to restore degraded hillsides in Hong Kong, China 179 Billy C.H. Hau and Ken K.Y. So 18 Forest rehabilitation case study: rehabilitation after bauxite mining in the jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest of southwestern Australia 191 John Gardner and Carl Grant 19 Economic value of skid-track rehabilitation: a case study in Sabah, Malaysia 197 Ulrik Ilstedt, Edmund Gan and Paul Liau SESSION V 20 Institutional financing of forestry programmes including afforestation of wastelands in India: some issues and options 213 Kulbhushan Balooni and Katar Singh 21 Forest rehabilitation and forest genetic diversity—management implications and research needs 229 Jarkko Koskela, Percy Sajise and L.T. Hong 22 The rehabilitation of the poorly-stocked hill forests in Peninsular Malaysia: crucial for timber production 245 Abdul Rahman Abdul Rahim, Shashiah Abdul Karim and Mohd. Jinis Abdullah 23 Financing community-based watershed reforestation in the Philippines 257 Danilo C. Mero 24 Initiatives for improving reforestation strategies: an enabling framework of criteria and indicators for forest land evaluation 263 V.P. Mohan and Vu Tan Phuong 25 Operational use of remote sensing and GIS for forest rehabilitation planning 277 Safiah Yusmah Muhammad Yusoff, Khali Aziz Hamzah, Raja Barizan Raja Sulaiman and Abd. Azhan Shah Idris 26 Policies and practices for the rehabilitation of degraded lands and forests in leasehold forestry, Nepal 285 Shree Prasad Baral 27 The effects of forest restoration activities on the species diversity of naturally establishing trees and ground flora 295 Oranut Khopai and Stephen Elliott 28 Company–community partnership outgrower schemes in forestry plantations in Indonesia:
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